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Phu Kradung Formation

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Phu Kradung Formation
Stratigraphic range: Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous
~180–145 Ma
Paleoenvironment of the Phu Kradung Formation
TypeGeological formation
Unit ofKhorat Group
UnderliesPhra Wihan Formation
OverliesNam Phong Formation
Lithology
PrimarySiltstone, mudstone
OtherSandstone
Location
Coordinates17°12′N 102°24′E / 17.2°N 102.4°E / 17.2; 102.4
Approximate paleocoordinates14°42′N 108°30′E / 14.7°N 108.5°E / 14.7; 108.5
RegionIsan
CountryThailand
ExtentKhorat Plateau
Type section
Named byWard & Bunnag
Year defined1964
Phu Kradung Formation is located in Thailand
Phu Kradung Formation
Phu Kradung Formation (Thailand)

The Early Cretaceous Phu Kradung Formation is the lowest member of the Mesozoic Khorat Group which outcrops on the Khorat Plateau in Isan, Thailand. This geological formation consists of micaceous, brown to reddish-brown siltstone beds with minor brown and grey shale and sandstone beds. Occasional lime-noduled conglomerate occurs.[1]

The Phu Kradung Formation sediments were deposited in a lake-dominated floodplain cut by meandering and occasionally braided river channels.[2]

The Phu Kradung Formation is considered, on the basis of recent vertebrae fossil discoveries, to be Late Jurassic in age. However, new palynology and biostratigraphic data suggests an age of Early Cretaceous for the upper section.[2][3]

More recent datations trought detrital zircon U–Pb ages of samples from the conglomerates have stablished a lowermost age of late Early Jurassic (Toarcian), with a maximum depositional age of 180 Ma, which is older than the previously estimated Late Jurassic–Berriasian age based on fossil evidence.[4] This discrepancy suggests the absence of syn-depositional zircons. The zircon data also help clarify the timing of the Indosinian III Event, placing the Indosinian III Unconformity between 201 and 182 Ma, marking a hiatus of about 20 million years. The Phu Kradung Formation deposition likely occurred after the Nam Phong Formation and may correlate with the Upper part of the last in the Khorat Basin subsurface.[4]

Dinosaur remains have been recovered from this formation, although few have been referred to a specific genus.[5][6]

Chalawan, an extinct genus of pholidosaurid mesoeucrocodylian, is currently known solely from its holotype, a nearly complete mandible collected in the early 1980s from a road-cut near the town of Nong Bua Lamphu in the upper part of the Phu Kradung Formation. This single specimen is the most well preserved vertebrate fossil that has been found from the formation. It contains a single species, Chalawan thailandicus.[7]

Fossil content

[edit]
Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon

Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text
crossed out taxa are discredited.

Amphibians

[edit]
Amphibians reported from the Phu Kradung Formation
GenusSpeciesPresence MaterialNotesImages
Brachyopidae indet. Phu Noi locality, Kham Muang district, Kalasin province.[8] Posterior part of the skull (KS34-1481) and two intercentra (KS34-1474 and KS34-1489).[8]
Brachyopoidea indet. Intercentra (TF 3328, TF 3329, and TF 3144).[8] Also found in the Klong Min Formation.
Khao Wong locality, Khao Wong district, Kalasin province.[8] Intercentrum (KS37-8).[8]

Archosaurs

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Dinosaurs

[edit]
Dinosaurs reported from the Phu Kradung Formation
GenusSpeciesPresence MaterialNotesImages
Mamenchisauridae indet. Indeterminate Phu Dan Ma, Kalasin province[9] Isolated posterior cervical vertebra[9]
Indeterminate Phu Noi, Ban Khok Sanam, Dan Luang and Chong Chat localities[10] Dental remains
Metriacanthosauridae indet. Indeterminate "a nearly complete left tibia"[11][12]
Indeterminate Partial skull and appendicular elements of more than one individual[12]
Metriacanthosauridae indet. Indeterminate Mukdahan A single tooth[13]
Minimocursor M. phunoiensis Phu Noi, Kalasin province[14] Partial articulated skeleton, isolated lower jaw, and left leg[14] A basal neornithischian
Stegosauridae indet. Indeterminate Single dorsal vertebra[15][5][16][17] Informally known as "Siamodracon altispinus"
Proceratosauridae indet. Indeterminate Phu Noi, Kalasin province[18] Three isolated teeth[18] A basal proceraosaurid tyrannosauroid; closely related to Guanlong wucaii and Proceratosaurus bradleyi.
Uragasaurus[19] U. kalasinensis Phu Noi, Kalasin province Isolated anterior dorsal vertebra A mamenchisaurid sauropod; other cranial and postcranial elements are present in the same locality but not referred to this taxon.

Pseudosuchians

[edit]
Pseudosuchians reported from the Phu Kradung Formation
GenusSpeciesPresence MaterialNotesImages
Chalawan C. thailandicus Mandible.[5][7] A pholidosaurid tethysuchian
Indosinosuchus I. kalasinensis [20] A teleosaurid thalattosuchian
I. potamosiamensis Skulls and postcrania.[21] A teleosaurid thalattosuchian
Sunosuchus S. thailandicus A mandible.[7] Reassigned to Chalawan.
Cf. Theriosuchus Cf. T. sp. Chong Chat, Nong Bua Lamphu province.[22] Part of a left dentary (CCC-1) and a lanceolate tooth (PRCMR 283).[22] A atoposaurid neosuchian

Pterosaurs

[edit]
Pterosaurs reported from the Phu Kradung Formation
GenusSpeciesPresence MaterialNotesImages
Rhamphorhynchidae indet. Indeterminate Humerus.[23] Originally identified as an azhdarchid.[24]

Turtles

[edit]
Turtles reported from the Phu Kradung Formation
GenusSpeciesPresence MaterialNotesImages
Basilochelys B. macrobios Kham Phok, Mukdahan Province.[25] A trionychoid trionychian
Eucryptodira indet. [5]
Kalasinemys K. prasarttongosothi Phu Noi locality, Kalasin Province.[26] Skull and shell material.[26] A xinjiangchelyid turtle
Phunoichelys P. thirakhupti Phu Noi locality, Kalasin Province.[27] Shell remains.[27] A xinjiangchelyid turtle
Yakemys Y. multiporcata Khorat Plateau.[28] Shell elements.[28] A macrobaenid turtle

Fish

[edit]

Bony fish

[edit]
Bony fish reported from the Phu Kradung Formation
GenusSpeciesPresence MaterialNotesImages
Ferganoceratodus F. annekempae Phu Noi.[29] A ceratodontiform lungfish[30]
F. martini
Isanichthys I. lertboosi Phu Noi locality, Kalasin province.[31] 4 specimens. A Lepidotid fish
I. palustris A single, nearly complete specimen.[32] A lepidoti fish
Khoratichthys K. gibbus "Impression of a single articulated fish".[33] A lepisosteiform fish
Thaiichthys T. buddhabutrensis Phu Nam Jun, Kalasin Province.[34] A lepisosteoidean lepisosteiform

Cartilaginous fish

[edit]

Multiple fin spines have been found in the Phu Kradung Formation which cannot be precisely identified.[35]

Cartilaginous fish reported from the Phu Kradung Formation
GenusSpeciesPresence MaterialNotesImages
Acrodus A. kalasinensis Kalasin province.[35] Teeth.[35] A acrodontid hybodont
Heteroptychodus H. cf. H. kokutensis One almost complete tooth and 20 fragmentary crowns.[35]
?Hybodontidae Dermal denticles of 2 morphotypes.[35] A hybodontid hybodont.
Hybodus aff. H. sp. "One almost complete anterior crown (SM2012-1-004) and a complete posterior tooth (SM2012-1-005)".[35]
H. sp. Teeth.[35] "Similar to the teeth of H. huangnidanensis (which is probably a junior synonym of H. antingensis)".
Jiaodontus J. sp. 10 teeth.[35] A lonchidiid hybodontiform
Lonchidion L. sp. A SM2012-1-015-6 and 12 crowns.[35] A lonchidiid hybodontiform
L. sp. B Teeth and crowns.[35] A lonchidiid hybodontiform

Plants

[edit]
Plants reported from the Phu Kradung Formation
GenusSpeciesPresence MaterialNotesImages
Xenoxylon X. phyllocladoides Fossil wood.[36]

See also

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References

[edit]
  1. ↑ Suteetorn and Jarnyahran (1986). "Geological Map of Thailand 1:250,000, Sheet NE 48-14 (Roi Et).
  2. 1 2 Racey and Goodall (2009). "Late Palaeozoic and Mesozoic Ecosystems in SE Asia". Geological Society. London. Special Publication 315 Pp 69-84.
  3. ↑ Tong, Haiyan; Chanthasit, Phornphen; Naksri, Wilailuck; Ditbanjong, Pitaksit; Suteethorn, Suravech; Buffetaut, Eric; Suteethorn, Varavudh; Wongko, Kamonlak; Deesri, Uthumporn; Claude, Julien (December 2021). "Yakemys multiporcata n. g. n. sp., a Large Macrobaenid Turtle from the Basal Cretaceous of Thailand, with a Review of the Turtle Fauna from the Phu Kradung Formation and Its Stratigraphical Implications". Diversity. 13 (12): 630. doi:10.3390/d13120630. ISSN 1424-2818.
  4. 1 2 Hara, Hidetoshi; Charoentitirat, Thasinee; Tokiwa, Tetsuya; Kurihara, Toshiyuki; Suzuki, Keisuke; Sardsud, Apsorn (2024). "Record of the Indosinian Orogeny from conglomerates and detrital zircon U–Pb ages of the western Indochina Block, central Thailand". Gondwana Research. 128: 368–389. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2023.11.009. ISSN 1342-937X.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Weishampel, et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution." Pp. 517-607.
  6. ↑ Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. 861 pp. ISBN 0-520-24209-2.
  7. 1 2 3 Martin, J. E.; Lauprasert, K.; Buffetaut, E.; Liard, R.; Suteethorn, V. (2013). Angielczyk, Kenneth (ed.). "A large pholidosaurid in the Phu Kradung Formation of north-eastern Thailand". Palaeontology. 57 (4): 757–769. doi:10.1111/pala.12086. S2CID 128482290.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 Nonsrirach, Thanit; Manitkoon, Sita; Lauprasert, Komsorn (2021-03-12). "First occurrence of brachyopid temnospondyls in Southeast Asia and review of the Mesozoic amphibians from Thailand". Fossil Record. 24 (1): 33–47. Bibcode:2021FossR..24...33N. doi:10.5194/fr-24-33-2021. ISSN 2193-0074.
  9. 1 2 Suteethorn, S., Le Loeuff, J., Buffetaut, E., Suteethorn, V., and Wongko, K. 2013. First evidence of a mamenchisaurid dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous Phu Kradung Formation of Thailand. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 58 (3): 459–469.
  10. ↑ Chowchuvech, Wongwech; Manitkoon, Sita; Chanthasit, Phornphen; Ketwetsuriya, Chatchalerm (15 September 2026). "Sauropod teeth from the Khorat Group of Thailand suggest the faunal replacement of sauropod dinosaurs across the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous". Historical Biology. 0 (0): 1–27. doi:10.1080/08912963.2026.2710631.
  11. ↑ Buffetaut, Eric; Suteethorn, Varavudh (2007-11-01). "A sinraptorid theropod (Dinosauria: Saurischia) from the Phu Kradung Formation of northeastern Thailand". Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France. 178 (6): 497–502. doi:10.2113/gssgfbull.178.6.497. ISSN 0037-9409.
  12. 1 2 Samathi, Adun; Chanthasit, Phornphen; Sander, Paul Martin (2019-07-01). "A review of theropod dinosaurs from the Late Jurassic to mid-Cretaceous of Southeast Asia". Annales de Paléontologie. Palaeobiodiversity of Southeast Asia, issue 1. 105 (3): 201–215. Bibcode:2019AnPal.105..201S. doi:10.1016/j.annpal.2019.03.003. ISSN 0753-3969. S2CID 197574833.
  13. ↑ Samathi, A.; Suteethorn, S.; Suteethorn, V. (2025). "A Metriacanthosaurid Tooth (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Phu Kradung Formation (Upper Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous) of Mukdahan, Thailand". Paleontological Journal. 59 (7): 776–787. doi:10.1134/S0031030124601385. ISSN 0031-0301.
  14. 1 2 Manitkoon, Sita; Deesri, Uthumporn; Khalloufi, Bouziane; Nonsrirach, Thanit; Suteethorn, Varavudh; Chanthasit, Phornphen; Boonla, Wansiri; Buffetaut, Eric (July 2023). "A New Basal Neornithischian Dinosaur from the Phu Kradung Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Northeastern Thailand". Diversity. 15 (7): 851. doi:10.3390/d15070851. ISSN 1424-2818.
  15. ↑ Buffetaut, Eric; Suteethorn, Varavudh; Tong, Haiyan (24 January 2001). "The first thyreophoran dinosaur from Southeast Asia: a stegosaur vertebra from the Late Jurassic Phu Kradung Formation of Thailand". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Monatshefte. 2001 (2): 95–102. doi:10.1127/njgpm/2001/2001/95.
  16. ↑ Ulansky, R. E., 2014. Evolution of the stegosaurs (Dinosauria; Ornithischia). Dinologia, 35 pp. [in Russian]. PDF.
  17. ↑ Peter M. Galton; Kenneth Carpenter (2016). "The plated dinosaur Stegosaurus longispinus Gilmore, 1914 (Dinosauria: Ornithischia; Upper Jurassic, western USA), type species of Alcovasaurus n. gen". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 279 (2): 185–208. doi:10.1127/njgpa/2016/0551.
  18. 1 2 Chowchuvech, Wongwech; Manitkoon, Sita; Chanthasit, Phornphen; Ketwetsuriya, Chatchalerm (2024-06-12). "The First Occurrence of a Basal Tyrannosauroid in Southeast Asia: Dental Evidence from the Upper Jurassic of Northeastern Thailand". Tropical Natural History. 24: 84–95. ISSN 2586-9892.
  19. ↑ Nilpanapan, Apirut; Manitkoon, Sita; Suteethorn, Varavudh; Lauprasert, Komsorn (2026-07-08). "A new mamenchisaurid sauropod from the Lower Phu Kradung Formation, Upper Jurassic of northeastern Thailand". Scientific Reports. 16 (1). doi:10.1038/s41598-026-49822-3. ISSN 2045-2322.
  20. ↑ Johnson, Michela M.; Young, Mark T.; Brusatte, Stephen L. (2020). "The phylogenetics of Teleosauroidea (Crocodylomorpha, Thalattosuchia) and implications for their ecology and evolution". PeerJ. 8 e9808. doi:10.7717/peerj.9808. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 7548081. PMID 33083104.
  21. ↑ Martin, Jeremy E.; Suteethorn, S.; Lauprasert, K. (February 2019). "A new freshwater teleosaurid from the Jurassic of northeastern Thailand" (PDF). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 64 (2): 239–260. doi:10.1080/02724634.2018.1549059. S2CID 91988192.
  22. 1 2 Lauprasert, Komsorn; Laojumpon, Chalida; Saenphala, Wanitchaphat; Cuny, Gilles; Thirakhupt, Kumthorn; Suteethorn, Varavudh (2010-06-12). "Atoposaurid crocodyliforms from the Khorat Group of Thailand: first record of Theriosuchus from Southeast Asia". Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 85 (1): 37–47. doi:10.1007/s12542-010-0071-z. ISSN 0031-0220. S2CID 128623617.
  23. ↑ Buffetaut, Eric (2015). "An azhdarchoid pterosaur humerus from the latest Jurassic (Phu Kradung Formation) of Phu Noi, north-eastern Thailand". 1. 1: Research & Knowledge. doi:10.14456/RANDK.2015.3.
  24. ↑ Unwin, David M.; Martill, David M. (2018). "Systematic reassessment of the first Jurassic pterosaur from Thailand". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 455 (1): 181–186. Bibcode:2018GSLSP.455..181U. doi:10.1144/SP455.13. ISSN 0305-8719. S2CID 133811716.
  25. ↑ Tong, H.; Claude, J.; Naksri, W.; Suteethorn, V.; Buffetaut, E.; Khansubha, S.; Wongko, K. & Yuangdetkla, P. 2009. Basilochelys macrobios n. gen. and n. sp., a large cryptodiran turtle from the Phu Kradung Formation (latest Jurassic-earliest Cretaceous) of the Khorat Plateau, NE Thailand . In: Buffetaut, E.; Cuny, G.; Le Loeuff, J. & Suteethorn, V. (eds.). Late Palaeozoic and Mesozoic Ecosystems in SE Asia. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 315: 229-243.
  26. 1 2 Tong, Haiyan; Naksri, Wilailuck; Buffetaut, Eric; Suteethorn, Suravech; Suteethorn, Varavudh; Chantasit, Phornphen; Claude, Julien (October 2019). "Kalasinemys, a new xinjiangchelyid turtle from the Late Jurassic of NE Thailand". Geological Magazine. 156 (10): 1645–1656. Bibcode:2019GeoM..156.1645T. doi:10.1017/S0016756818000791. ISSN 0016-7568. S2CID 134746960.
  27. 1 2 TONG, HAIYAN; NAKSRI, WILAILUCK; BUFFETAUT, ERIC; SUTEETHORN, VARAVUDH; SUTEETHORN, SURAVECH; DEESRI, UTHUMPORN; SILA, SAITONG; CHANTHASIT, PHORNPHEN; CLAUDE, JULIEN (2014-06-19). "A new primitive eucryptodiran turtle from the Upper Jurassic Phu Kradung Formation of the Khorat Plateau, NE Thailand". Geological Magazine. 152 (1): 166–175. doi:10.1017/s0016756814000223. ISSN 0016-7568. S2CID 55028418.
  28. 1 2 Tong, Haiyan; Chanthasit, Phornphen; Naksri, Wilailuck; Ditbanjong, Pitaksit; Suteethorn, Suravech; Buffetaut, Eric; Suteethorn, Varavudh; Wongko, Kamonlak; Deesri, Uthumporn; Claude, Julien (November 2021). "Yakemys multiporcata n. g. n. sp., a Large Macrobaenid Turtle from the Basal Cretaceous of Thailand, with a Review of the Turtle Fauna from the Phu Kradung Formation and Its Stratigraphical Implications". Diversity. 13 (12): 630. doi:10.3390/d13120630. ISSN 1424-2818.
  29. ↑ Cavin, Lionel; Deesri, Uthumporn; Chanthasit, Phornphen (2020-07-03). "A New Lungfish from the Jurassic of Thailand". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 40 (4) e1791895. Bibcode:2020JVPal..40E1895C. doi:10.1080/02724634.2020.1791895. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 225146856.
  30. ↑ Challands, Tom J.; Cavin, Lionel; Zondo, Michel; Munyikwa, Darlington; Choiniere, Jonah N.; Barrett, Paul M. (2023-11-02). "A new lungfish from the Upper Triassic of the Mid-Zambezi Basin, Zimbabwe". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 43 (6) e2365391. doi:10.1080/02724634.2024.2365391. ISSN 0272-4634.
  31. ↑ Deesri, Uthumporn; Lauprasert, Komsorn; Suteethorn, Varavudh; Wongko, Kamonlak; Cavin, Lionel (June 2014). "A New Species of the Ginglymodian Fish Isanichthys from the Late Jurassic Phu Kradung Formation, Northeastern Thailand". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 59 (2): 313–331. doi:10.4202/app.2012.0013. ISSN 0567-7920. S2CID 55334010.
  32. ↑ CAVIN, LIONEL; SUTEETHORN, VARAVUDH (March 2006). "A New Semionotiform (Actinopterygii, Neopterygii) from Upper Jurassic - Lower Cretaceous Deposits of North-East Thailand, with Comments on the Relationships of Semionotiforms". Palaeontology. 49 (2): 339–353. Bibcode:2006Palgy..49..339C. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00539.x. ISSN 0031-0239. S2CID 84971079.
  33. ↑ Deesri, Uthumporn; Jintasakul, Pratueng; Cavin, Lionel (2016-11-01). "A new Ginglymodi (Actinopterygii, Holostei) from the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous of Thailand, with comments on the early diversification of Lepisosteiformes in Southeast Asia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 36 (6) e1225747. Bibcode:2016JVPal..36E5747D. doi:10.1080/02724634.2016.1225747. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 89359438.
  34. ↑ Cavin, Lionel; Suteethorn, Varavudh; Khansubha, Sasidhorn; Buffetaut, Eric; Tong, Haiyan (2003-07-01). "A new Semionotid (Actinopterygii, Neopterygii) from the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous of Thailand". Comptes Rendus Palevol. 2 (5): 291–297. Bibcode:2003CRPal...2..291C. doi:10.1016/S1631-0683(03)00062-9. ISSN 1631-0683.
  35. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Cuny, Gilles; Liard, Romain; Deesri, Uthumporn; Liard, Tida; Khamha, Suchada; Suteethorn, Varavudh (2013-12-03). "Shark faunas from the Late Jurassic—Early Cretaceous of northeastern Thailand". Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 88 (3): 309–328. doi:10.1007/s12542-013-0206-0. ISSN 0031-0220. S2CID 129714897.
  36. ↑ Boonchai, Nareerat; Suteethorn, Suravech; Sereeprasirt, Weerawat; Suriyonghanphong, Chanon; Amiot, Romain; Cuny, Gilles; Legrand, Julien; Thévenard, Frédéric; Philippe, Marc (2020-03-01). "Xenoxylon, a boreal fossil wood in the Mesozoic redbeds of Southeast Asia: Potential for the stratigraphy of the Khorat group and the palinspatic reconstruction of Southeast Asia". Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 189 104153. Bibcode:2020JAESc.18904153B. doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2019.104153. ISSN 1367-9120. S2CID 210621255.
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