-ing

See also: Appendix:Variations of "ing"

Languages (25)

Danish • Dutch • East Central German • French • Fuyug • German • Hungarian • Icelandic • Low German • Middle English • Norwegian Bokmål • Norwegian Nynorsk • Ojibwe • Old English • Old Norse • Old Swedish • Ottawa • Polish • Scots • Spanish • Sundanese • Swedish • Tagalog • Uzbek

Page categories

English

English Wikipedia has an article on:

-ing

Wikipedia

Cognates

Cognate with Scots -in, -in', -ing (“-ing”), Yola -een (“-ing”), Saterland Frisian -enge (“-ing”), Dutch -ing (“-ing”), German and Luxembourgish -ung (“-ing”), Danish -ing, -ning (“-ing”), Icelandic, Norwegian Bokmål, Norwegian Nynorsk, and Swedish -ing (“-ing”), French -ange (“-ing”).

Unrelated to Brahui -اِنْگ (-iṅg, “a suffix used to form infinitive or verbal noun from the base verb; -ing”).

Suffix

-ing

Used to form nouns or noun-like words (or elements of noun phrases) from verbs, denoting the act of doing something, an action, or the embodiment of an action.
1. As true nouns.
  My hearing is not good.
  
  I have had several meetings with him.
3. As gerunds.
  Smoking marijuana cigarettes daily is bad for your health.
  
  She has a habit of sleeping late.
  
  I like meeting people.
  
  There's no escaping the fact that the bodywork needs painting.
Used to form nouns denoting materials or systems of objects which are used or employed in an action, or considered collectively.
Roofing is material that is used to roof.

Clothing is material with which one is clothed.

The piping is a system of pipes considered collectively.

Usage notes

Compare -tion, which can be applied to some (Latinate) nouns with almost the same meaning:

the activating of the weapon must be stopped

the act of activating the weapon must be stopped

the activation of the weapon must be stopped

In the first and third phrases the words in bold are nouns, while in the second phrase the word in bold is a gerund and the noun is act, cognate with action.

There was formerly a tendency for the final vowel of a word to contract when this suffix was added; hence carrying /ˈkæɹ(j)ɪŋ/, /ˈkæɹ(j)ɪn/, following /ˈfɒlwɪŋ/, /ˈfɒlwɪn/, but analogy has usually now resulted in restoration of the full form (e.g., /ˈkæɹi.ɪŋ/, /ˈfɒloʊ.ɪn/). ^[3] The same kind of analogy has resulted in pronunciations of bottling such as /ˈbɒtəlɪŋ/, /ˈbɒtəlɪn/ (for earlier /ˈbɒtlɪŋ/, /ˈbɒtlɪn/).

Synonyms

(act of doing something, action): -tion, -ment
(activity): -ery, -ment
(collection): -age, -ery

Derived terms

(collection):

Translations

The translations below are a guide only. See individual words for precise translations.

to form gerunds

Catalan: -ant (ca), -ent (ca), -int
Danish: -ing (da)
Dutch: -ing (nl)
Esperanto: -ado (eo)
Faroese: -ing
Finnish: -minen (fi), -nti (fi)
French: -age (fr)
Galician: -ando, -endo, -indo
German: Use zu (de) + infinitive
Greek: Use το (el) (to) να (el) (na) + second person singular present verb form
Icelandic: -ing
Interlingua: -ion, -mento, -ar, -er, -ir
Italian: (first-conjugation gerund) -ando, (second- and third-conjugation gerund) -endo
Japanese: (use a verb in continuative form) (i.e., 泳ぎ (oyogi, “swimming”) from 泳ぐ (oyogu, “to swim”)), -の (ja) (-no), -こと (ja) (-koto)
Khmer: ការ (km) (kaa) (prefix)
Lao: please add this translation if you can
Malay: peng--an
Norwegian: -ing (no)
Nǀuu: -ki
Old Norse: -ing
Persian: ـش
Polish: -anie (pl) n, -cie n
Portuguese: -ando (pt), -endo (pt), -indo (pt)
Romanian: -ând, -ind
Spanish: -ando (es), -iendo (es)
Tamil: -அல் (-al)
Thai: การ- (th) (gaan-), ความ- (th) (kwaam-)
Turkish: -yor, -mekte, -makta

act of doing something

Chinese:
Mandarin: (with no suffix, verbs can be used as nouns)
Danish: -ing (da) c
Dutch: -ing (nl) f (nominalization of the infinitive)
Faroese: -ing f
Finnish: -minen (fi)
French: -age (fr) m, -tion (fr) f, -ment (fr) m
German: -ung (de) f
Italian: -zione f (-azione f, -uzione f), -mento m, (informal) -aggio f
Low German: -d n; -ung f
German Low German: -en f; -inge, -ing f, -unge, -ung

Middle Low German: -t n; -inge f
Norwegian:
Bokmål: -ing (no) m or f

Nynorsk: -ing f
Old Norse: -ing f
Polish: -nie n, -cie n
Romanian: -re f
Russian: -а́ние n (-ánije), -е́ние n (-énije), -о́вка f (-óvka), -ля (ru) f (-lja)
Swedish: -ing (sv) c
Tagalog: pag- (tl)
Turkish: -ma (tr), -ış
Yiddish: ־ונג f (-ung)

materials, systems of objects

Dutch: -werk n, -systeem (nl) n
Faroese: -ing f
Italian: -tura f
Malay: -an (ms)
Old Norse: -ing f

Etymology 2

From Middle English -inge, -ynge, alteration of earlier -inde, -ende, -and (see -and), from Old English -ende (present participle ending), from Proto-West Germanic *-andī, from Proto-Germanic *-andz (present participle ending), from Proto-Indo-European *-onts.

Cognate with West Frisian -end, Dutch -end, Afrikaans -ende, German -end, Low German -end, Danish -ende, Swedish -ande, Icelandic -andi, Gothic -𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 (-ands), -𐍉𐌽𐌳𐍃 (-ōnds), Latin -ans, -ant-, Ancient Greek -ων (-ōn), Sanskrit -अन्त् (-ant), Persian ـنده (-ande), Polish -ący, -ąc, Czech -oucí, Ukrainian -учий (-učyj), Serbo-Croatian -ući/-ући. More at -and.

Suffix

-ing

Used to form present participles of verbs.
Rolling stones gather no moss.

My new cabin, which is going to look over the lake, is getting a brand new roof this winter.

I wondered what time the play was starting.

Anybody touching this wire will get a deadly shock.

When it occurred, I was flying to New York a great deal.

She told us they were skiing in Burgos the following week.

We were boogieing from midnight until three o’clock in the morning.

It's a very creative job, allowing us a great deal of latitude.

Refusing to apologise, I stormed out the room. I'm regretting doing such a stupid thing already.

I was listening to music while I was driving here.
- a. 2001, Brian Hall, “Beej's Guide to Network Programming”, “Using Internet Sockets”
  If you are connect()ing to a remote machine […] you can simply call connect(), it'll check to see if the socket is unworthy, and will bind() it to an unused local port if necessary.

Translations

to form present participles

Belizean Creole: di
Chinese:
Cantonese: 緊 / 紧 (yue) (gan²), 住 (zyu⁶)

Mandarin: 著 (zh), 着 (zh) (zhe), 正在 (zh) (zhèngzài)
Danish: -ende (da)
Dutch: -end
Esperanto: -anta (eo)
Estonian: -v
Faroese: -andi
Finnish: -va (fi), -vä (fi)
French: -ant (fr)
Galician: -ando, -endo, -indo
German: -end (de)
Hungarian: -ó (hu)/-ő (hu)
Icelandic: -andi
Ido: -anta
Interlingua: -ante, -ente, -iente
Italian: (first-conjugation persent participle) -ante, (second- and third-conjugation present participle) -ente (it)
Japanese: ている (ja) ((-te iru))
Khmer: កំពុង (km) (kɑmpuŋ) (prefix)
Kurdish:
Northern Kurdish: -er (ku), -ende (ku), -bar (ku)
Lao: please add this translation if you can
Latin: -ens
Neapolitan: -anno, -enno
Norwegian: -ende (no)
Polish: -ący (pl)
Portuguese: -ando (pt), -endo (pt), -indo (pt)
Russian: -ающий (-ajuščij), -ящий (-jaščij), -ущий (-uščij), -ющий (-juščij), -ащий (-aščij), -еющий (-ejuščij), -ующий (-ujuščij), -я́ющий (-jájuščij), -щий (-ščij)
Spanish: -ando (es) (verbs ending in -ar), verbs ending in -er and -ir: -iendo (es) (after a consonant), -yendo (after a vowel); estar que (es)
Swedish: -ande (sv) (verbs ending in -a), -ende (sv) (verbs ending in other letter than -a)
Thai: กำลัง (gam-lang)
Turkish: -iyor, -yor, -uyor, -ıyor, -üyor, -en (tr), -yen (tr), -an, -yan
Xibe: -maħ

Etymology 3

From Middle English -ynge, from Old English -ing, from Proto-West Germanic *-ing, from Proto-Germanic *-ingaz. Akin to Old Norse -ingr.

Suffix

-ing

(no longer productive) Forming derivative nouns (originally masculine), with the sense ‘son of, belonging to’, as in placenames, patronymics or diminutives; -ite.
Ealing, Dorking, Reading, Worthing

Browning, Channing, Ewing

‎Middle English *bunt + ‎-ing → ‎bunting

‎skill + ‎-ing → ‎shilling

‎fourth + ‎-ing → ‎farthing
Forming nouns having a specified quality, characteristic, or nature; of the kind of
‎sweet + ‎-ing → ‎sweeting

‎white + ‎-ing → ‎whiting

‎geld + ‎-ing → ‎gelding

Derived terms

English terms suffixed with -ing (diminutive)

References

^ Orton, H. et al., The Linguistic Atlas of England, Croom Helm, London: 1978.
^ Allan Metcalf, How We Talk: American Regional English, Houghton Mifflin, Boston: 2000, p 143
^ Jespersen, Otto (1909), A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles (Sammlung germanischer Elementar- und Handbücher; 9)‎^[1], volume I: Sounds and Spellings, London: George Allen & Unwin, published 1961, § 9.812, page 275.

Anagrams

IGN, Gin, gin, nig, NGI, GNI

Danish

Alternative forms

-ning

Etymology

From Old Norse -ing, -ung, from Proto-Germanic *-ingō, *-ungō.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [eŋ]

Suffix

-ing c (singular definite -ingen, plural indefinite -inger)

added to a verb to form a noun for an action or process, the result of or the subject performing such action
designates a person of a certain origin or with certain qualities

Declension

Declension of *-ing*
common gender	singular		plural
common gender	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	-ing	-ingen	-inger	-ingerne
genitive	-ings	-ingens	-ingers	-ingernes

Synonyms

(added to a verb to form a noun for an action or process): -else, -tion

Derived terms

Danish terms suffixed with -ing

References

“-ing” in Den Danske Ordbog

Dutch

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɪŋ/

Etymology 1

Inherited from Middle Dutch -inge, from Old Dutch -inga, -unga, -onga, from Proto-West Germanic *-ingu, *-ungu, from Proto-Germanic *-ungō.

Suffix

-ing f (plural -ingen, diminutive -inkje or -ingetje)

Creates action nouns referring to the performance of a verb, or the result thereof.

Derived terms

Dutch terms suffixed with -ing

Etymology 2

From Middle Dutch -inc, from Old Dutch -ing, from Proto-West Germanic *-ing, from Proto-Germanic *-ingaz.

Alternative forms

-inck, -ink

Suffix

-ing m

(no longer productive) Forms nouns for a person originating from a place or family.

Usage notes

The suffix is no longer productive and is not generally recognised in this meaning. It is found in many place names and surnames, however.

East Central German

Alternative forms

-üng

Suffix

-ing

(Erzgebirgisch) -ing

French

Etymology

Unadapted borrowing from English -ing.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /iŋ(ɡ)/
(Canada) IPA^(key): /ɪŋ/

Suffix

-ing m (noun-forming suffix, plural -ings)

(productive) Used to form verbal nouns from verbs

Usage notes

The suffix is used productively to create pseudo-anglicisms with terms borrowed from English, for example, footing (“jogging”) and relooking (“makeover”).^[1]

Derived terms

French terms suffixed with -ing

References

^ Saugera, Valérie (2017), Remade in France: Anglicisms in the Lexicon and Morphology of French, Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN

Fuyug

Suffix

-ing

plural marker
amul (“woman”) : amuling (“women”)

References

Robert L. Bradshaw, Fuyug grammar sketch (2007)

German

Etymology

Borrowed from English -ing. Doublet of native -ung.

Suffix

-ing n (genitive -ings, plural -ings)

(in English borrowings) -ing
(productive, colloquial, humorous) Used to form verbal nouns which jocularly imply that something is a sport, trend, or fashionable concept.
Extremsparing ― extreme saving: saving money as a sport

Cloud-Abwasching ― cloud dish washing: dish washing following the cloud principle
- 2001, Ulrich Busse, Typen von Anglizismen, in: Gerhard von Stickel (ed.), Neues und Fremdes im deutschen Wortschatz, De Gruyter, Berlin/Boston, p. 131-155 [only a mentioning]
  Typen von Anglizismen: von der heilago geist bis Extremsparing – aufgezeigt anhand ausgewählter lexikographischer Kategorisierungen.
  Types of anglicisms: from der heilago geist [Old High German for “the Holy Spirit”] to extreme saving – illustrated by means of selected lexicographic categorisations.
- 2012, Hans Zippert, “Wir verlagern das ganze Leben in die Internetwolke”, in Website of Die Welt:
  Beim Cloud-Abwasching wird das schmutzige Geschirr einfach ausgelagert, damit es keinen Speicherplatz in der Spüle wegnimmt und jeder darauf zugreifen kann, der die Lizenz zum Abwasch hat.
  In cloud dish washing, the dirty crockery is simply swapped out, so it doesn’t take up any memory in the kitchen sink and everybody who has a wash-up licence can access it.

Usage notes

Productive use is chiefly restricted to ad-hoc formations (such as the two examples above).

Hungarian

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [iŋɡ]

Suffix

-ing

(frequentative suffix) Added to a verb or to an onomatopoeic stem to form a verb denoting repetitive action.
kering (“to circulate, orbit”)

Usage notes

(frequentative suffix) Variants:
-ong is added to back-vowel words
‎hajol (“to bend”) + ‎-ing → ‎hajlong (“to bow repetitively”)

-eng is added to unrounded front-vowel words
‎derül (“to clear up”) + ‎-ing → ‎dereng (“to dawn; to appear vaguely”)

-öng is added to rounded front-vowel words
‎őrül (“to go insane”) + ‎-ing → ‎őrjöng (“to be wild, furious, raging”)

‎düh (“fury, rage”) + ‎-ing → ‎dühöng (“to be in a raging temper”)

-ang is added to back-vowel words (rare)
lappang (“to lurk”)

-ing is added to front-vowel words (rare)
kering (“to circulate, orbit”)

Derived terms

Hungarian verbs suffixed with -ing

kering

References

-ng in Zaicz, Gábor (ed.). Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete (‘Dictionary of Etymology: The origin of Hungarian words and affixes’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2006, page 568, →ISBN. (See also its 2nd edition.)

Icelandic

Etymology

Inherited from Old Norse -ing, from Proto-Germanic *-ingō, *-ungō.

Suffix

-ing f (noun-forming suffix, genitive singular -ingar, nominative plural -ingar)

-ing; indicates an action performed by a verb

Declension

Declension of *-ing* (feminine)
	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	-ing	-ingin	-ingar	-ingarnar
accusative	-ingu	-inguna	-ingar	-ingarnar
dative	-ingu	-ingunni	-ingum	-ingunum
genitive	-ingar	-ingarinnar	-inga	-inganna

Derived terms

Icelandic terms suffixed with -ing

Low German

Etymology

Inherited from Middle Low German -inc, from Old Saxon -ing, from Proto-West Germanic *-ing, from Proto-Germanic *-ingaz.

Suffix

-ing (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern)

used to form diminutives

Usage notes

Nouns derived with this suffix are neuters and their plural end in -ings.
The suffix can not only be added to nouns, but also to other parts of speech like adverbs.

Derived terms

Bläuming
Bräuding = Brüderchen (little brother)
Dirning = Dirnken < Dirn (young girl)
Döchting = Töchterchen (little daughter)
fixing
Körling
Nahwersching
nipping

References

Carl Friedrich Müller, Zur Sprache Fritz Reuters. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der mecklenburgischen Mundart, Leipzig: Max Hesse's Verlag, 1902, pp. 41-2, 47.

Middle English

Etymology 1

Suffix

-ing

alternative form of -ynge (gerund)

Etymology 2

Suffix

-ing

alternative form of -ynge (present participle)

Etymology 3

Suffix

-ing

alternative form of -yng

Norwegian Bokmål

Etymology

Inherited from Old Norse -ingr m, -ingi m, -ing f, from Proto-Germanic *-ingō, *-ungō.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɪŋ/
Rhymes: -ɪŋ

Suffix

-ing m or f or m (see below)

Used to form verbal nouns from verbs; -ing.
Han var lei av masing. ― He was tired of nagging.
Used to form demonyms.
‎Færøyene + ‎-ing → ‎færøying

Usage notes

The gender is usually m or f (in Bokmål) if the word ended in -ing in Old Norse and m if it ended in -ingr or -ingi. Living things like islending (“Icelander”) and dumming (“idiot”) are usually m whilst inanimate things like stråling (“radiation”) and eting (“the act of eating”) usually are m or f.

Derived terms

Norwegian Bokmål terms suffixed with -ing

References

“-ing” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Norse -ing f.

Suffix

-ing f

Used to form verbal nouns from verbs; -ing.

Derived terms

Norwegian Nynorsk terms suffixed with -ing

Etymology 2

From Old Norse -ingr m, -ingi m.

Suffix

-ing m

Used to form demonyms.
‎Færøyane + ‎-ing → ‎færøying

References

“-ing” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

Ojibwe

Final

-ing

used in certain adverbs

Derived terms

Suffix

-ing

A suffix denoting the locative form of a noun

References

The Ojibwe People's Dictionary https://ojibwe.lib.umn.edu/word-part/ing-final

Old English

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /inɡ/, [iŋɡ]

Etymology 1

Variant of -ung.

Alternative forms

-ung

Suffix

-ing f

Forming nouns from verbs, indicating action, process or material.

Declension

Strong ō-stem:

	singular	plural
nominative	-ing	-inga, -inge
accusative	-inge	-inga, -inge
genitive	-inge	-inga
dative	-inge	-ingum

Derived terms

Etymology 2

From Proto-West Germanic *-ing, from Proto-Germanic *-ingaz.

Suffix

-ing m

Forming derivatives of nouns with sense of ‘belonging to, son of’.

Declension

Strong a-stem:

	singular	plural
nominative	-ing	-ingas
accusative	-ing	-ingas
genitive	-inges	-inga
dative	-inge	-ingum

Derived terms

Old Norse

Alternative forms

-ung

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Germanic *-ingō.

Suffix

-ing f

forms gerund nouns from verbs

Declension

Declension of *-ing* (strong ō-stem)
feminine	singular		plural
feminine	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	-ing	-ingin	-ingar	-ingarnar
accusative	-ing	-ingina	-ingar	-ingarnar
dative	-ingu	-ingunni	-ingum	-ingunum
genitive	-ingar	-ingarinnar	-inga	-inganna

Note the dative -u that is a staple of the declension of these words

Derived terms

Descendants

Danish: -ing
Faroese: -ing
Icelandic: -ing, -ung
Norwegian Bokmål: -ing
Norwegian Nynorsk: -ing
Old Swedish: -ing, -ung
- Swedish: -ing, -ung (fossilized, may arize from pattern)

Old Swedish

Etymology

Inherited from Old Norse -ing, from Proto-Germanic *-ingō, *-ungō.

Suffix

-ing

Forms gerund nouns from verbs

Declension

Declension of *-ing* (strong ō-stem)
masculine	singular		plural
masculine	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	-ing	-ingin	-ingar	-ingarnar, -inganar
accusative	-ing	-ingina	-ingar	-ingarnar, -inganar
dative	-ing, -ingo	-inginni, -inginne	-ingum, -ingom	-ingumin, -ingomen
genitive	-ingar	-ingarinnar	-inga	-inganna

Descendants

Swedish: -ing, -ung

Ottawa

Suffix

-ing

locative

References

Jerry Randolph Valentine (2001), Nishnaabemwin Reference Grammar, University of Toronto, page 194

Polish

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Germanic *-ungō

Old English -ung

Middle English -ynge

English -ingbor.

Polish -ing

Borrowed from English -ing. Doublet of -unek.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /iŋk/
Rhymes: -iŋk
Syllabification: -ing

Suffix

-ing m inan

Forms colloquial or humorous nouns.
‎grzyb + ‎-ing → ‎grzybing

Declension

Declension of -ing

	singular	plural
nominative	-ing	-ingi
genitive	-ingu	-ingów
dative	-ingowi	-ingom
accusative	-ing	-ingi
instrumental	-ingiem	-ingami
locative	-ingu	-ingach
vocative	-ingu	-ingi

Derived terms

Polish terms suffixed with -ing

Scots

Suffix

-ing

alternative form of -in (“ing”)

Spanish

Alternative forms

-in

Etymology

Unadapted borrowing from English -ing.

Suffix

-ing m (noun-forming suffix, plural -ings)

forms verbal nouns from verbs

Usage notes

Most terms suffixed with -ing are borrowed directly from English, but some are not (e.g., footing (pseudo-anglicism), puenting, edredoning).

Usage notes

According to Royal Spanish Academy (RAE) prescriptions, unadapted foreign words should be written in italics in a text printed in roman type, and vice versa, and in quotation marks in a manuscript text or when italics are not available. In practice, this RAE prescription is not always followed.

Derived terms

Spanish terms suffixed with -ing

Sundanese

Etymology 1

From Old Sundanese -iṅ. Reanalyzed as derivative of aing.

Suffix

-ing (Sundanese spelling -ᮄᮀ)

(archaic, poetic) Possessive first person singular oblique enclitic pronoun
anaking ― my child

Etymology 2

From Javanese ꦲꦶꦁ (ing), from Old Javanese iṅ. Doublet of ing

Suffix

-ing (Sundanese spelling -ᮄᮀ)

(formal or literary, rare) suffix indicating possession or belonging within a given place or time
ratuning sajagat ― the ruler of the world

salebeting galih ― the contents of one's heart

salianing Raden ― except for the Raden

Alternative forms

-ning

Swedish

Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Swedish -ing, -ung, from Old Norse -ing, -ung, from Proto-Germanic *-ingō, *-ungō. Cognate with German -ung.

Suffix

-ing c or f

Used to form verbal nouns from verbs; -ation; -ing

Derived terms

Swedish terms suffixed with -ing (verbal noun)

Related terms

-ning
-ung (archaic)

Etymology 2

From Old Swedish -inger, from Old Norse -ingr, from Proto-Germanic *-ingaz. Cognate with Icelandic -ingur, English -ing (derivative suffix).

Suffix

-ing c or m

(rarely productive) added to a noun stem, causing i-mutation (if applicable), forming a noun denoting an inhabitant or original of a particular place, a descendant of a person, etc.; -er, -ite. See also -ling.
‎Skåne (“Scania”) + ‎-ing → ‎skåning (“Scanian”)

‎Island (“Iceland”) + ‎-ing → ‎islänning (“Icelander”)
(rarely productive) diminutive suffix
‎get (“goat”) + ‎-ing → ‎geting (“wasp”)

‎släkt (“(extended) family”) + ‎-ing → ‎släkting (“relative”)

‎galen (“crazy”) + ‎-ing → ‎galning (“crazy person, lunatic, madman”)

Derived terms

Swedish terms suffixed with -ing (demonym)

Swedish terms suffixed with -ing (diminutive)

Anagrams

gin, nig

Tagalog

Alternative forms

-ng — for roots ending in vowels

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *-nós

Proto-Indo-European *-iHnos

Proto-Italic *-īnos

Latin -īnus

Spanish -índer.?

Tagalog -ing

Possibly from Spanish -ín, from Latin -īnus, from Proto-Italic *-īnos, from Proto-Indo-European *-iHnos, from *-nós. Compare tsikiting with Spanish chiquitín and list of derived terms.

Pronunciation

(Standard Tagalog) IPA^(key): /ˈiŋ/ [ˈɪŋ]
Rhymes: -iŋ
Syllabification: -ing

Suffix

-ing (proper noun-forming suffix, Baybayin spelling ᜒᜅ᜔)

diminutive suffix, used to form diminutives ending in consonants, especially given names, often one already shortened or with a diminutive suffix.

Derived terms

Uzbek

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

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Suffix

postconsonantal	-ing
postvocalic	-ng

Other scripts
Arabic (Afghan Uzbek)		—
Cyrillic		-инг
Latin		—

-ing

second-person singular possessive suffix, used after a noun ending in a consonant
Bu kitobing. ― This is your book.

Usage notes

When directly addressing another person, it is polite to use the plural -ingiz or -ngiz forms.

[1] Orton, H. et al., The Linguistic Atlas of England, Croom Helm, London: 1978.

[2] Allan Metcalf, How We Talk: American Regional English, Houghton Mifflin, Boston: 2000, p 143

[3] Jespersen, Otto (1909), A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles (Sammlung germanischer Elementar- und Handbücher; 9)‎^[1], volume I: Sounds and Spellings, London: George Allen & Unwin, published 1961, § 9.812, page 275.

[4] Saugera, Valérie (2017), Remade in France: Anglicisms in the Lexicon and Morphology of French, Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN

[1]

[2]

[3]

[1]

		singular	plural
1st person exclusive	lemes	abdi¹, sim kuring²	abdi sadayana¹, simkuring sadayana²
	loma	urang¹, kuring², kami^{3, 4}	kuring sareréa
	cohag	aing	aing kabéhan
	enclitic	-ing †	-
1st person inclusive	lemes	-	urang samudayana
1st person inclusive	loma	-	arurang, urang
2nd person	lemes	anjeun, hidep⁵	aranjeun, haridep⁵
	loma	manéh, silaing	maranéh
	cohag	sia, dia⁴	saria, sararia
3rd person	lemes	mantenna⁶, anjeunna	aranjeunna
	loma	manéhna, inya⁴, nyana⁴, inyana⁴	maranéhna
	cohag	si éta	-
	enclitic	-na	-
reflexive	lemes	nyalira
reflexive	loma	sorangan, diri

English

Alternative forms

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Suffix

Usage notes

Synonyms

Derived terms

Translations

See also

Etymology 2

Suffix

Translations

Etymology 3

Suffix

Derived terms

See also

References

Further reading

Anagrams

Danish

Alternative forms

Etymology

Pronunciation

Suffix

Declension

Synonyms

Derived terms

References

Dutch

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Suffix

Derived terms

Etymology 2

Alternative forms

Suffix

Usage notes

East Central German

Alternative forms

Suffix

French

Etymology

Pronunciation

Suffix

Usage notes

Derived terms

References

Fuyug

Suffix

References

German

Etymology

Suffix

Usage notes

Hungarian

Pronunciation

Suffix

Usage notes

Derived terms

See also

References

Icelandic

Etymology

Suffix

Declension

Derived terms

Low German

Etymology

Suffix

Usage notes

Derived terms

See also

References

Middle English

Etymology 1

Suffix

Etymology 2

Suffix

Etymology 3