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格

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
格 U+683C, 格
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-683C
← 栻
[U+683B] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 栽 →
[U+683D]

Translingual

[edit]
Stroke order
10 strokes

Han character

[edit]

格 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+6, 10 strokes, Cangjie input 木竹水口 (DHER), composition ⿰木各)

Derived characters

[edit]
Additional Derived Characters

References

[edit]
  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 524, character 11
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14749
  • Dae Jaweon: page 912, character 13
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1203, character 6
  • Unihan data for U+683C

Chinese

[edit]
simp. and trad.
 格
alternative forms 𠲱 original
㦴 ancient
挌
𭡗
𥰋

Glyph origin

[edit]
Historical forms of the character 格
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (各) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
髂 *kʰraːɡs
路 *ɡ·raːɡs
輅 *ɡ·raːɡs
賂 *ɡ·raːɡs
虂 *ɡ·raːɡs
露 *ɡ·raːɡs
潞 *raːɡs
鷺 *raːɡs
璐 *raːɡs
簬 *raːɡs
簵 *ɡ·raːɡs
洛 *ɡ·raːɡ
駱 *ɡ·raːɡ
絡 *ɡ·raːɡ
酪 *ɡ·raːɡ
烙 *ɡ·raːɡ
雒 *ɡ·raːɡ
珞 *ɡ·raːɡ
硌 *ɡ·raːɡ
袼 *ɡ·raːɡ, *klaːɡ
笿 *ɡ·raːɡ
鉻 *ɡ·raːɡ, *kraːɡ
鮥 *ɡ·raːɡ
鵅 *ɡ·raːɡ, *kraːɡ
挌 *ɡ·raːɡ, *kraːɡ
落 *ɡ·raːɡ
各 *klaːɡ
胳 *klaːɡ
閣 *klaːɡ
格 *klaːɡ, *kraːɡ
擱 *klaːɡ
恪 *kʰlaːɡ
愙 *kʰaːɡ
貉 *ɡlaːɡ, *mɡraːɡ
狢 *ɡlaːɡ
佫 *ɡlaːɡ
略 *ɡ·raɡ
茖 *kraːɡ
骼 *kraːɡ
觡 *kraːɡ
蛒 *kraːɡ
敋 *kraːɡ
客 *kʰraːɡ
喀 *kʰraːɡ
揢 *kʰraːɡ
額 *ŋɡraːɡ
峉 *ŋɡraːɡ
頟 *ŋɡraːɡ
詻 *ŋɡraːɡ
垎 *ɡraːɡ
楁 *ɡraːɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *klaːɡ, *kraːɡ): semantic 木 (“wood”) + phonetic 各 (OC *klaːɡ).

Etymology 1

[edit]
“to go; to come; to arrive”
Possibly cognate to Tibetan འགྲོ་བ། ('gro ba, “to go, walk, travel”), འགྲོ་བ་པོ ('gro ba po, “traveler”), འགྲོན་པ ('gron pa, “to go, travel”), མགྲོན (mgron, “guest”), མགྲོན་ཁང (mgron khang, “inn”) (Geilich, 1994). If so, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ɢʷrat (“to go through, to travel”). However, STEDT does not compare this to Tibeto-Burman lexical items under *grwat.
Baxter (1992) proposes that this is related to 路 (OC *ɡ·raːɡs, “road”). Compare 客 (OC *kʰraːɡ, “guest, visitor”), 旅 (OC *ɡ·raʔ, “travel, lodge”), and 行 (OC *ɡaːŋ, *ɡaːŋs, *ɡraːŋ, *ɡraːŋs, “to go”)
“to obstruct; to hinder”
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
“frame; square”
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
“style; form; pattern; standard; personality; character”
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Semantically derived from "square, frame" sense?”)

Pronunciation

[edit]
Note: gaak3-2 - "square".
Note:
  • kak/gag5 - "square";
  • kiet/kiat/gêd5 - other senses (including "pattern", "personality").
Note:
  • gáh - vernacular;
  • gáik - literary.
Note:
  • ga5 - vernacular;
  • geh6 - literary.
Note:
  • keh/keeh - vernacular (“pattern; frame; special property; grid; breed; classifier; to change the original structural layout (Zhangzhou); topography of a watershed”);
  • kek/kiak/kerk - literary (“to examine; to change the original structural layout (Xiamen, Quanzhou); to build by laying bricks or stones”).
Note:
  • (Suzhounese) 7kaq - vernacular;
  • (Suzhounese) 7keq - literary.
Rime
Character 格 格
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Initial (聲) 見 (28) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 鐸 (103) 陌 (113)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open Open
Division (等) I II
Fanqie 古落切 古伯切
Baxter kak kaek
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kɑk̚/ /kˠæk̚/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kɑk̚/ /kᵚak̚/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kɑk̚/ /kak̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kak̚/ /kaɨjk̚/
Li
Rong 		/kɑk̚/ /kɐk̚/
Wang
Li 		/kɑk̚/ /kɐk̚/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/kɑk̚/ /kɐk̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		ge ge
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		gok3 gak1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 格
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		gé
Middle
Chinese 		‹ kæk ›
Old
Chinese 		/*kˁrak/
English go to

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 格 格
Reading # 1/2 2/2
No. 3885 3894
Phonetic
component 		各 各
Rime
group 		鐸 鐸
Rime
subdivision 		0 0
Corresponding
MC rime 		各 格
Old
Chinese 		/*klaːɡ/ /*kraːɡ/

Definitions

[edit]

格

  1. (literary, or in compounds) pattern; standard; form; style
    表格  ―  biǎogé  ―  table; form
    規格／规格  ―  guīgé  ―  standard; norm
  2. square; frame
  3. (literary, or in compounds) special property; personality; character (Can we add an example for this sense?) (particularly for the "personality" in literary form)
    風格／风格  ―  fēnggé  ―  personality; style
    性格  ―  xìnggé  ―  temperament; nature
  4. (grammar) case
    共格  ―  gònggé  ―  comitative case
    益格  ―  yìgé  ―  benefactive case
  5. (mathematics) lattice; grid; cross-hatch; checkers
    網格／网格  ―  wǎnggé  ―  mesh; lattice
    格子  ―  gézǐ  ―  checkers; lattice
  6. (literary) to beat; to lash; to strike; to hit
  7. (Cantonese) partitioned cell; cubicle
    臭格 [Cantonese]  ―  cau3 gaak3 [Jyutping]  ―  holding cell (literally, “stinky cell”)
    病格 [Cantonese]  ―  beng6 gaak3 [Jyutping]  ―  cubicle of a ward
    廁格／厕格 [Cantonese]  ―  ci3 gaak3 [Jyutping]  ―  toilet cubicle
  8. (alt. form 假) (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to come; to arrive; to go to
  9. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to obstruct; to hinder
  10. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to investigate
  11. 22nd tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "resistance" (𝌛)
  12. (Hokkien) breed; body type (of certain poultry and livestock)
  13. (Hokkien) Classifier for graduation in a measuring container.
  14. (Mainland China Hokkien) to examine; to explore; to inspect; to check out (the reason, principle, etc.)
  15. (Mainland China Hokkien) to change the original structural layout (to increase number of spaces, etc.)
  16. (Taiwanese Hokkien) Used in place names to describe the topography of a watershed.
  17. (Zhangzhou Hokkien) to build by laying bricks or stones
  18. a surname
  19. (informal, computing) Clipping of 格式化 (géshìhuà, “to format (a disk, etc.)”)

Synonyms

[edit]
  • (standard):
  • (special property):
  • (to beat):
  • (to build by laying bricks or stones): 砌 (qì)

Compounds

[edit]

Etymology 2

[edit]

Onomatopoeic.

Pronunciation

[edit]

Definitions

[edit]

格

  1. An onomatopoeia.

Compounds

[edit]

Etymology 3

[edit]

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-ka(:)k (“fork, branch, crotch”). Cognate with Apatani á-ha (“branch”), Mizo kâk (“fork of a tree”), Burmese အခက် (a.hkak, “tree branch”).

Attested since the Northern and Southern dynasties period. According to Schuessler (2007), the word may be much older as the graph already appeared in Zhou texts and was intended to mean "branch" (with 木 radical).

Pronunciation

[edit]

Definitions

[edit]

格

  1. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) tree branch

Etymology 4

[edit]
simp. and trad.
 格
alternative forms 搿
葛
個／个

Checked-tone variant of 個／个.

Pronunciation

[edit]

Definitions

[edit]

格 (Wu)

  1. this
    格是啥西？ [Hangzhounese, trad. and simp.]
    What is this?
  2. alternative form of 個 / 个 (possessive particle)
Synonyms
[edit]
Dialectal synonyms of 的 (“possessive particle”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 之
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 的
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 的
Taiwan 的
Malaysia 的
Singapore 的
Central Plains Mandarin Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) 的
Masanchin (Shaanxi Dungan) 的
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 的
Guilin 的
Kokang 的
Dagudi (Maliba) 的
Reshuitang (Longling) 的
Mae Salong (Lancang) 的
Mae Sai (Tengchong) 的
Pematangsiantar 的
Cantonese Guangzhou 嘅 †
Hong Kong 嘅 †
Macau 嘅 †
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 嘅
Taishan 個, 嘅
Dongguan 個, 嗰
Beihai 個
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) 個
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) 嘅
Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) 個
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 嘅
Penang (Guangfu) 嘅
Singapore (Guangfu) 嘅
Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) 嘅
Móng Cái 個
Gan Nanchang 個
Lichuan 個
Hakka Meixian 個
Wuhua (Meilin) 個
Nanxiong (Zhuji) 個
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 個
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 個
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 個
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 個
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 個
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 個
Kuching (Hepo) 嘅
Huizhou Jixi 仂
Jin Taiyuan 的
Jiuxing Yumin Lanxi 個
Northern Min Jian'ou 個
Eastern Min Fuzhou 其
Southern Min Xiamen 個
Xiamen (Tong'an) 個
Quanzhou 個
Zhangzhou 個
Zhao'an 個
Dongshan 個
Taipei 個
Kaohsiung 個
Tainan 個
Penang (Hokkien) 個
Singapore (Hokkien) 個
Manila (Hokkien) 個
Chaozhou 個 †
Shantou 個 †
Jieyang 個 †
Haifeng 個
Singapore (Teochew) 個 †
Leizhou 個
Wenchang 個
Singapore (Hainanese) 個
Puxian Min Xianyou 兮
Central Min Yong'an 兮
Zhongshan Min Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) 個 †
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 嘅
Northern Pinghua Guilin (Liutang, Lingui) 嘅
Wu Shanghai 個 †
Suzhou 個 †
Wuxi 個 †
Hangzhou 的 †
Ningbo 個 †
Wenzhou 個 †
Xiang Changsha 的
Loudi 個
Shaoyang 個
Note † - may use corresponding classifier in certain contexts
Dialectal synonyms of 這 (“this”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 此, 斯, 是, 之, 茲 anteclassical, 夫, 爾
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 這
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 這
Taiwan 這
Chengde 這
Chifeng 這
Hulunbuir (Hailar) 這
Heihe 這
Qiqihar 這
Jiamusi 這
Baicheng 這
Changchun 這
Tonghua 這
Shenyang 這
Jinzhou 這
Malaysia 這
Singapore 這
Jilu Mandarin Tianjin 這
Tangshan 這
Cangzhou 這
Baoding 這
Shijiazhuang 這
Lijin 這
Jinan 這
Jiaoliao Mandarin Dalian 這
Dandong 這
Yantai 這
Qingdao 這
Zhucheng 這
Central Plains Mandarin Lingbao 這
Jining 這
Linfen 這
Shangqiu 這
Yuanyang 這
Zhengzhou 這
Xinyang 這
Baihe 這
Xi'an 這
Baoji 這
Tianshui 這
Xining 這
Dunhuang (Hedong dialect) 這
Xuzhou 這
Pizhou 這
Lianyungang (Ganyu) 這
Donghai 這
Fuyang 這
Lanyin Mandarin Yinchuan 這
Lanzhou 這
Hami 這
Ürümqi 這
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 這
Nanchong 這
Dazhou 這
Hanyuan 這
Xichang 這
Zigong 這
Chongqing 這
Wuhan 這
Yichang 這
Tianmen 這
Guiyang 這
Zunyi 這
Bijie 這
Liping 這
Zhaotong 這
Dali 這
Kunming 這
Mengzi 這
Guilin 這
Liuzhou 這
Jishou 這
Changde 這
Hanzhong 這
Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 這
Yangzhou 這
Baoying 這
Taizhou 這
Zhenjiang 這
Lianyungang 這
Huai'an (Huaiyin) 這
Lianshui 這
Xuyi 這
Nantong 這
Rugao 這
Yancheng 這
Funing 這
Sihong 這
Wuhu 這
Hefei 這
Hong'an 這
Cantonese Guangzhou 呢, 依
Hong Kong 呢, 依
Macau 呢
Taishan 該
Dongguan 呢
Yangjiang 果
Nanning 阿
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 呢
Singapore (Guangfu) 呢, 依
Gan Nanchang 箇
Nanchang (Wangcheng) 箇
Anyi 箇
Lushan 箇
Duchang 箇
Wuning (Quankou) 該
Poyang 箇
Yugan 該
Wannian 該
Yanshan (Hekou) 這
Yichun 箇
Yifeng 箇
Gao'an 箇
Fengxin 箇
Shanggao 里
Wanzai 箇
Fengcheng 該
Xinyu 該
Fuzhou (Shangdundu) 該
Fuzhou (Dongxiang) 箇
Nancheng 箇
Nanfeng 箇
Yihuang 箇
Lichuan 該
Chongren 該
Pingxiang 該
Ji'an 蓋
Taihe 箇
Xiajiang 該
Yingtan (Yujiang) 箇
Guixi 箇
Jianning 個
Jinxian 箇
Jinxi 箇
Le'an 該
Guangchang 改
Suichuan 底
Wan'an 介
Jing'an 箇
Zhangshu 該
Xingan 個
Fenyi 改
Hakka Changting 爾
Ninghua 只
Qingliu 這
Yudu 底
Ningdu 底
Ruijin 底
Shicheng 底
Xunwu 底
Huichang 底
Xingguo 界
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 這
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 這
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 這
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 這
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 這
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 這
Hong Kong 這
Huizhou Jixi 爾
Shexian 這
Wuyuan 伊
Jin Taiyuan 這
Yangyuan 這
Datong 這
Xinzhou 這
Lüliang (Lishi) 這
Changzhi 這
Linhe 這
Jining 這
Hohhot 這
Erenhot 這
Pingshan 這
Zhangjiakou 這
Handan 這
Suide 這
Northern Min Jian'ou 𱕇
Eastern Min Fuzhou 只, 者, 嚽
Fuzhou (Changle) 這
Lianjiang 這
Fuqing 者
Pingtan 這
Yongtai 這
Minqing 這
Gutian 這
Pingnan 這
Luoyuan 這
Fu'an 這
Ningde 這
Xiapu 這
Zherong 這
Shouning 這
Zhouning 這
Fuding 這
Singapore (Fuqing) 這
Southern Min Xiamen 這
Xiamen (Tong'an) 這
Quanzhou 只, 這
Jinjiang 這
Nan'an 這
Shishi 這
Hui'an 這
Anxi 這
Yongchun 這
Dehua 這
Zhangzhou 這
Zhangzhou (Longhai) 這
Zhangzhou (Changtai) 這
Hua'an 這
Nanjing 這
Pinghe 這
Zhangpu 這
Yunxiao 這
Zhao'an 只
Dongshan 這
Taipei 這
Kinmen 這
Penang (Hokkien) 這
Singapore (Hokkien) 這
Manila (Hokkien) 這
Longyan 迄好
Zhangping 這
Chaozhou 只
Shantou 只
Jieyang 只
Haifeng 只
Singapore (Teochew) 只
Batam (Teochew) 只
Wenchang 這
Haikou 這
Singapore (Hainanese) 這
Puxian Min Putian 只蜀
Xianyou 只蜀
Central Min Yong'an 這
Sanming (Shaxian) 這
Shaojiang Min Guangze 當
Jiangle 者
Mingxi 只
Shunchang 這
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 亞
Shehua Cangnan 這
Jingning (Hexi) 個
Wu Shanghai 搿, 迭 dated, 第 obsolete
Shanghai (Songjiang) 搿
Shanghai (Fengxian) 格
Shanghai (Jinshan) 格
Shanghai (Chongming) 吉, 講, 葛 also that
Suzhou 哀, 該, 搿 also that
Suzhou (Shengze, Wujiang) 個
Wuxi 意
Changshu 俚
Jiaxing 葛
Jiashan 葛
Pinghu 葛
Haining (Yanguan) 葛
Tongxiang 葛
Haiyan 葛
Changzhou 資
Danyang 格
Nanjing (Gaochun) 格
Huzhou 格
Changxing 格
Anji 格
Deqing 葛
Hangzhou 葛
Hangzhou (Yuhang) 葛
Hangzhou (Lin'an) 葛
Hangzhou (Fuyang) 葛
Tonglu 葛
Tonglu (Wusheng) 個個
Shaoxing 咸
Zhuji 咸
Shengzhou 咸
Xinchang 咸
Ningbo 葛
Ningbo (Zhenhai) 葛
Yuyao 耶
Cixi 葛
Taizhou (Huangyan) 葛
Tiantai 葛
Sanmen 葛
Wenling 葛, 格
Wenzhou 個
Yueqing 個
Yongjia (Fenglin) 個
Rui'an 個
Pingyang 個
Taishun 這
Wencheng 個
Lishui 已
Qingtian 已
Jinyun 已
Songyang (Xiping) 益
Yunhe 益
Qingyuan 這
Longquan 搭
Suichang 益
Jiangshan 益
Changshan 益
Kaihua 益
Longyou 個
Jinhua 等, 待
Yiwu 吾
Yongkang 個
Pujiang 這, 吉
Dongyang 個
Wuyi 愛個
Lanxi 個
Shangrao 這
Shangrao (Guangfeng) 伊
Yushan 伊
Xiang Changsha 咯
Shuangfeng 咯
Hengyang 箇

References

[edit]

Japanese

[edit]

Kanji

[edit]
格

(Fifth grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

[edit]
  • Go-on: きゃく (kyaku)
  • Kan-on: かく (kaku, Jōyō)
  • Kan’yō-on: こう (kō, Jōyō †)
  • Kun: ただす (tadasu, 格す)、いたる (itaru, 格る)

Compounds

[edit]
Derived terms

Pronunciation

[edit]

Noun

[edit]
Kanji in this term
格
かく
Grade: 5
kan'on

格(かく) • (kaku) 

  1. status, rank
  2. (grammar) case (of a word)
    何格を取るか？ ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)
  3. capacity
  4. character
  5. case (law)

Proper noun

[edit]

格(いたる) • (Itaru) 

  1. a male given name

Proper noun

[edit]

格(かく) • (Kaku) 

  1. a male given name

Proper noun

[edit]

格(とおる) • (Tōru) 

  1. a male given name

References

[edit]

Korean

[edit]

Etymology 1

[edit]

From Middle Chinese 格 (MC kaek).

Hanja

[edit]

格 (eumhun 바로잡을 격 (barojabeul gyeok))

  1. hanja form? of 격 (“status”)

Compounds

[edit]

Etymology 2

[edit]

Hanja

[edit]

格 (eumhun 가지 각 (gaji gak))

  1. (literary Chinese) hanja form? of 각 (“tree branch”)

References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [3]

Vietnamese

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Han character

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格: Hán Nôm readings: cách, ghếch

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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