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Ed Husain

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Ed Husain
Rayuwa
HaihuwaMile End (en) Fassara, 25 Disamba 1974 (51 shekaru)
ƙasaBirtaniya
MazauniNew York
Karatu
MakarantaTower Hamlets College (en) Fassara
Damascus University (en) Fassara
SOAS, University of London (en) Fassara
London Metropolitan University (mul) Fassara
HarsunaTuranci
Sana'a
Sana'aautobiographer (en) Fassara, policy advisor (en) Fassara da ɗan jarida
Imani
AddiniMusulunci
cfr.org…

Ed Husain (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1974) [1] marubuci ne na Burtaniya, Farfesa a Makarantar Harkokin Waje ta Jami'ar Georgetown, Mataimakin Farfesa na Harkokin Kasa da Kasa da Jama'a a Jami'ar Columbia, kuma Babban Fellow a Majalisar kan Harkokin Wajen (CFR). [2] A matsayinsa na mai ba da shawara kan siyasa ya yi aiki tare da shugabannin da gwamnatoci a duk faɗin duniya. Ayyukan Husain a CFR suna mai da hankali ne kan manufofin kasashen waje na Amurka ga Gabas ta Tsakiya gabaɗaya, kuma musamman a tsakiya na dangantakar Larabawa da Isra'ila bayan Yarjejeniyar Ibrahim, hulɗar siyasa ta jihohin Gulf na Larabawa, ƙarfin duniya na Sin da Musulmi, da ta'addanci na Islama. A Jami'o'in Columbia da Georgetown, yana koyar da darussan kan tsaron duniya, zaman lafiya na Larabawa da Isra'ila, Race, Religion, da Ta'addanci, da kuma tushen ilimi na Yamma da Islama.[3]

Ya kuma kasance a baya babban jami'i kuma darektan shirin N7 na Majalisar Atlantic wanda ke mai da hankali kan zaman lafiya a Gabas ta Tsakiya da fadadawa da karfafa dangantaka tsakanin Isra'ila da maƙwabtanta Larabawa da Musulmai.[4] Ya rike manyan zumunci a tankuna masu tunani a London da New York, gami da a Majalisar kan Harkokin Waje (CFR) a lokacin tashin hankali na Larabawa (2010-2015). Yayinda yake a CFR, bayaninsa na manufofin ya haifar da kirkirar asusun duniya na Geneva da ke jagoranta don taimakawa wajen yaki da ta'addanci: Asusun Kasuwancin Duniya da Resilience Fund (GCERF). [5] GCERF ta ci gaba da yaki da akidar ta'addanci a duniya.[6] Har ila yau, memba ne na kwamitin edita na Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, wata mujallar ilimi da ake nazari da ita kowane wata wanda ke rufe bincike kan ta'addanci da ta'addance.[7]

Husain ya kasance babban mai ba da shawara ga tsohon Firayim Ministan Burtaniya Tony Blair (2015-2018). Daga 2018 zuwa 2021, ya kammala karatunsa na digiri a kan falsafar Yamma da Islama a karkashin jagorancin masanin falsafar Ingilishi Sir Roger Scruton . Shi ne marubucin The Islamist (Penguin, 2007), The House of Islam: A Global History (Bloomsbury, 2018), da kuma Among the Mosques (Bloumsbury, 2021). An sanya rubuce-rubucensa a cikin jerin sunayen George Orwell Prize . Mai ba da gudummawa na yau da kullun ga mujallar Spectator, ya bayyana a BBC da CNN kuma ya rubuta wa Telegraph, The Times, New York Times, Guardian da sauran wallafe-wallafen.[5]

Rayuwa ta farko

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Dan asalin East End na London, Husain an haife shi ne ga mahaifiyar Saudi Arabiya [8] da mahaifin Musulmi na Bengali wanda ya kasance zuriyar saint Shah Jalal daga yankin Hadramout na Yemen. Mahaifin Husain ya yi ƙaura zuwa Ingila a 1953. A yau, a Masallacin Annabi Muhammadu a Madina, Saudi Arabia, 'yan uwan mahaifiyar Husain suna koyar da wallafe-wallafen Hadith ga ɗalibai da masu bautar.

Ilimi

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Husain yana da BA a tarihi daga Jami'ar London, kuMA daga baya ya yi karatu a SOAS, Jami'ar Landan, inda ya kammala MA a Nazarin Gabas ta Tsakiya a karkashin Farfesa Gerald Hawting da Farfesa Charles Tripp . Ya kuma shafe shekaru biyu yana karatu da koyarwa a Jami'ar Damascus a Siriya.

Binciken digirinsa na digiri a kan The Common Intellectual Inheritance of Islam and the West ya kasance a karkashin kulawar Sir Roger Scruton a Jami'ar Buckingham . Yayinda mutane da yawa ke fassara Scruton a matsayin mai adawa da Musulmi, Husain ya ga Scruton a matsayinsa na aboki na Islama ta gargajiya.[9]

Ayyuka

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Bayan kammala karatun digiri, Husain ya yi aiki a HSBC a Landan na shekaru da yawa. Daga nan sai ya koma Damascus, inda ya yi aiki ga Majalisar Burtaniya tana koyar da Turanci yayin da yake karatun Larabci a Jami'ar Damascus . Bayan shekaru biyu a Siriya, Husain da matarsa sun koma Jeddah don kusanci da wuraren tsarki na Musulmi na Makka da Madina yayin da suke ci gaba da aiki ga Majalisar Burtaniya.

Bayan ya dawo Burtaniya, Husain ya yi aiki a matsayin babban mai ba da shawara ga tsohon Firayim Ministan Burtaniya Tony Blair . A shekara ta 2008, ya kafa wani tanki mai tunani tare da manufar "ƙalubalanci labaran masu tsattsauran ra'ayi yayin da yake ba da shawara ga zaɓuɓɓukan dimokuradiyya da suka dace da ƙa'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya" da kuma tsayawa "don 'yancin addini, daidaito, haƙƙin ɗan'uwa da dimokuradiya".[10]

Husain daga baya ya shiga Majalisar kan Harkokin Kasashen Waje a New York, inda ya kasance Babban Fellow a Nazarin Gabas ta Tsakiya. Ya mayar da hankali kan abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin addinin Musulunci na Larabawa, ra'ayoyin Yamma a cikin Duniyar Larabawa, da manufofin Amurka game da Gabas ta Tsakiya, yana rubutu a kan Arab Spring da tasirinsa ga yankin da kuma shigar kasashen waje.[11]

An nada shi a cikin Freedom of Religion or Belief Advisory Group na Ofishin Harkokin Waje da Commonwealth na Burtaniya a shekarar 2014.

A cikin 2017, Husain ya shiga Cibiyar Wilson a matsayin Global Fellow a cikin Shirin Gabas ta Tsakiya. Ya kasance Babban Fellow a Civitas: Cibiyar Nazarin Jama'a a London, inda ya gudanar da aikin bincike na 'Islama, Yamma, da Geopolitics'.[12]

An naɗa Hussain a matsayin farfesa a Makarantar Walsh ta Ayyukan Ƙasashen Waje da ke Jami'ar Georgetown a shekarar 2021 kuma babban jami'i kuma darektan Cibiyar N7 ta Atlantic Council a shekarar 2023.

Ra'ayoyi

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Yayinda yake a Majalisar kan Harkokin Kasashen Waje, Husain ya yi sharhi game da manufofin Amurka kan batutuwan da suka fara daga sauraron majalisa na Amurka na 2011 game da tsattsauran ra'ayi wanda Rep. Peter King (R-NY) ya jagoranci zuwa abubuwan da suka faru na Arab Spring da mutuwar Osama bin Laden.[13] Tun lokacin da ya shiga Civitas, Husain ya yi sharhi game da Islama da al'umma, tsarin siyasar Burtaniya, yiwuwar Tarayyar Gabas ta Tsakiya, da kuma rawar da Saudi Arabia ke takawa a cikin siyasar Islama.

A cikin wata kasida a cikin Spectator a ƙarshen 2019, Husain ya nuna sauye-sauye na kawance a Gabas ta Tsakiya da yiwuwar sabuwar kawancen Larabawa da Isra'ila.[14] An tattauna shi sosai a yankin.[15]

Ya bayyana a kan CNN, Fox, NPR, BBC, Al-Jazeera, kuma an buga shi a cikin New York Times, Financial Times, Guardian, National Review, Spectator, Telegraph da Jewish Chronicle, da sauran kafofin watsa labarai.

Musulunci da al'umma

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Husain ya goyi bayan fassarar sassaucin ra'ayi game da shari'ar Musulunci, yana gaya wa wani ɗan jarida:

A cikin al'adun gargajiya, ba a yarda Mata Musulmi su auri maza da ba Musulmai ba. Amma a cikin duniya mai yawa a cikin 2007, inda maza da mata marasa musulmi ke yin aure, ba za ku iya cewa, 'Ba za ku iya yin hakan ba.'

Husain ya kuma tambayi koyarwar da ta shafi jihar Islama ko KHalifa, yana jayayya:

... dawlah ([jiha] ba 'jiha' ba) na iya kuma ya kamata ya kiyaye da kare addini. Amma 'jiha' ba rukn [ginshiƙi] ne na cult (addini watau Islama) kuma ba tare da shi ba ba an rasa cult ba. Kuma mutum na iya kasancewa mai imani mai ƙarfi, mutadayyin, ba tare da imam da Jama'ah ba.[16]

Ya yi imanin cewa Islama ta dace da al'ummar dimokuradiyya ta Yamma, yana mai cewa Alkur'ani ba ya koyar da tilasta wa bangaskiya ko kisan marasa imani.[17] Husain ya goyi bayan wannan ra'ayi a cikin sharhi da yawa, labarai, da littattafai, yana mai cewa:

... gaskiyar rayuwar Islama a matsayin addini na tausayi, pluralism, coexistence, da zaman lafiya ya yi nisa da yadda mutane da yawa a Yamma suke fahimta.[18]

Dalilin kasancewa na wayewar Musulunci da shari'a na shekaru dubu shine samar da abubuwa biyar: tsaro, bauta, adana iyali, abinci mai gina jiki da kariya ga dukiya. Wadannan ana kiransu maqasid, ko manyan manufofi na shari'a. Burtaniya tana ba da waɗannan a cikin taron ga kowane Musulmi a yau.[19]

Husain ya kuma bukaci Musulmai a Yamma da su amsa kalubalen tsattsauran ra'ayi na Islama. A cikin wata kasida a cikin Evening Standard, ya bayyana cewa:

Sau da yawa a Burtaniya, a cikin sunan 'yanci muna ba da kariya ga wannan tunanin kisan kai. Wannan cakuda akidar siyasa da tauhidin Puritan yana haifar da la'anar Salafi-Jihadism ta duniya. Dole ne mu daina kare shi... Yawancin wadanda Salafi-Jihadism ke fama da su Musulmai ne na yau da kullun. A Burtaniya, malamai, Imamai, 'yan siyasa, ma'aikatan zamantakewa da iyalai ba za su kare rashin haƙuri ba, amma su ƙi shi.[20]

Tarayyar Gabas ta Tsakiya

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Husain ya yi kira ga hadin gwiwar tarayya na jihohin Gabas ta Tsakiya tare da layin Tarayyar Turai don kayar da ɗarika ta addini a yankin da inganta hadin gwiwoyin tattalin arziki da siyasa.

Ya rubuta cewa:

Bayan haka, yawancin matsalolinta - ta'addanci, talauci, rashin aikin yi, ɗarika, rikicin 'yan gudun hijira, karancin ruwa - suna buƙatar amsoshin yanki. Babu wata ƙasa da za ta iya warware matsalolinta da kanta.[21]

Saudi Arabia

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Husain sanannen mai sukar cin zarafin 'yancin ɗan adam na Saudi Arabia da rawar da ta taka wajen inganta tsattsauran ra'ayi na Islama a duk duniya.

Duk da haka, ya yi magana game da ware Saudi Arabia a siyasa, yana jayayya cewa hauhawar mulkin Iran a Gabas ta Tsakiya yana buƙatar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin yamma da abokanta na Larabawa. Bayan nadin Yarima Mohammed bin Salman na Saudiyya, Husain ya rubuta don goyon bayan yamma, kuma musamman Birtaniya, goyon baya ga matakansa na farko zuwa ga sake fasalin don 'sanya makomar canjin duniya zuwa zaman lafiya da haɗin kai' tsakanin Gabas ta Tsakiya da Yamma.[22]

Husain yanzu yana kallon rawar da Saudi Arabia ke takawa a matsayin tsakiya ga jagorancin Musulmi na duniya, yana jayayya cewa Musulmai biliyan 2 suna fuskantar jagorancin Makka.[23]

Bahrain

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A cikin wani labari ga New York Times a cikin 2012, Husain ya bincika rikice-rikicen siyasa a Bahrain a yayin Arab Spring bayan ziyarar da ya kai ga Yarima Salman bin Hamad bin Isa al-Khalifa. Da yake lura da tasirin da limamin adawa da dimokuradiyya na Iran Ayatollah Issa Qasim ya yi a kan jam'iyyar adawa ta Shi'a Al Wefaq (wanda ya toshe takardun kudi don kare hakkin mata da daidaito waɗanda duka jam'iyyun sarakuna da Sunni suka goyi bayan su), Husain ya bukaci Yammaci kada su "ba da kariya ta diflomasiyya ga masu tayar da malamai cikin sunan haƙƙin ɗan adam da dimokuradiki".

Ya kira Bahrain "'mai da hankali kan abin da ke faruwa a Gabas ta Tsakiya a yau - yaƙin neman daidaituwa tsakanin adana mafi kyawun dabi'un al'adun Islama yayin da yankin ke sauƙaƙa hanyar shiga duniyar zamani".

Isra'ila da Falasdinu

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Husain ya goyi bayan mafita ta jihohi biyu don kawo karshen rikicin Isra'ila da Palasdinawa. Ya yi Allah wadai da harin bam da aka yi wa fararen hula na Isra'ila da kuma kisan fararen hula da gwamnatin Gaza da Hamas ke jagoranta, da kuma abin da ya kira ta'addanci na Zionist na ƙungiyar Stern da sauransu.

Ya nuna adawa da kauracewa Isra'ila ta duniya ta masu fafutuka, yana mai cewa a cikin 2013 a cikin The New York Times:

Many people condemn Israeli settlements and call for an economic boycott of their produce, but I saw that it was Arab builders, plumbers, taxi drivers and other workers who maintained Israeli lifestyles. Separatism in the Holy Land has not worked and it is time to end it. How much longer will we punish Palestinians to create a free Palestine?[24]

A rubuce-rubuce don Wall Street Journal a cikin 2023, ya bayyana dalilin da ya sa Yarjejeniyar Ibrahim ta kasance tsakiya ga tsarin tsaro na Amurka tsakanin abokanta.[25]

Husain ya karfafa Amurka da ta "gina kan Yarjejeniyar Ibrahim," yana jayayya a cikin wata kasida ta Politico ta 2022:

Muddin masallatai, makarantu, asibitoci, jami'o'i da kungiyoyin agaji suna tallafawa halakar Misira'ila da mutuwa ga Yahudawa, Amurka ba za ta iya ba da ikon tushen ta'addanci wanda ya ba mu Oktoba 7 da alkawuran ƙarin irin waɗannan hare-hare ba. Ya kamata a kawo kasashe kamar Indonesia, Brunei da Mauritania kusa da Isra'ila. Dole ne Falasdinu ta nemi zaman lafiya a karkashin sabon shugabanci. Kuma idan Masar da Jordan sun yi adawa da ra'ayin kwashe Gaza, dole ne su kawo nasu shirin game da yadda za a cire Hamas da Jihad na Islama daga Gaza da West Bank.[26]

ISIL

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Husain ya nemi ya bayyana yadda ISIL ke janyewa a Yamma ta hanyar nazarin fassarorin ra'ayi na Islama. Ya bukaci gwamnatocin yamma da su fahimci ra'ayinsu na duniya mai tsattsauran ra'ayi, yana jayayya:

Sai dai idan muka lalata roƙon tauhidi da akidar Isis, za mu ga tasowa na karfi mai karfi da tashin hankali. Isis ya ba da halifa da mutuwa. Sakonmu yana buƙatar zama na rayuwa, Musulunci na mafi yawan Musulmai da ke goyan bayan shekaru 1,400 na tarihi. Dole ne mu taimaka wa magoya bayan Larabawa don sake fasalin, don ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar Gabas ta Tsakiya ta yanki wacce ta wuce iyakokin wucin gadi, ta haifar da wadatar tattalin arziki kuma ta dawo da darajar Larabawa. 'Yan ta'adda ba za su iya yin gasa a wannan matakin ba.[27]

Amsar Amurka ga Arab Spring

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A kan Arab Spring, ya ce:

Duniyar Larabawa ba ta fadin teku ba. Har ila yau, yana kan titunanmu a nan. Miliyoyin 'yan ƙasar Amurka sun fito ne daga zuriyar Larabawa. Miliyoyin mutane sun kasance a nan a matsayin ma'aikata da dalibai. Abin da ke faruwa a can yana da mahimmanci a nan. Shin Amurka za ta yi alfahari da waɗannan mutane kuma ta ba su ƙarfi a kan masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na Musulmai ta hanyar canza labarin Amurka da kuma sanya mu duka lafiya? Haka ne, zai iya. Dole ne ya zama.

Husain yana ba da shawarar ikon Amurka mai laushi da jagoranci a cikin tsarin dimokuradiyya. Da yake adawa da martani na Amurka game da mamayewar sojojin Masar a ofisoshin NGO a shekarar 2012, ya ce:

Ya kamata gwamnatin Amurka ta nemi abokan huldarta na soja su koma barikin su kuma su China kashe masu zanga-zangar - kuma ya kamata su ɗaure waɗannan buƙatun zuwa taimakon Amurka. ... Masu juyin juya halin Larabawa ba su kalli kasar Sin ko Rasha don samfurin gwamnati ba. Sun kalli wa'adin shugaban kasa na shekaru hudu, wanda aka yi wahayi kai tsaye daga Dimokuradiyya ta Amurka. Shugabannin Islama irin su Mohamed Ghannouchi na Tunisia sun yi Allah wadai da ra'ayin addini na Faransa amma sun nuna yadda Amurka ke karɓar addini a matsayin abin koyi na jihar da ba ta da ƙiyayya ga addini.

Koyaya, Husain ya yi jayayya da shigar sojojin Amurka a Siriya, yana mai cewa:

Abin da ke faruwa a Siriya bai kasance a Siriya ba. ... Harkokin soja na Amurka a Siriya na iya ganin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya suna tallafawa kungiyoyin adawa (Sunni da Muslim Brotherhood ta Turkiyya da Saudi Arabia, misali, Shia da Alawites ta Iran, Druze da Kiristoci ta Faransa, tsohon mai mulkin mallaka, ko ma a kaikaice Isra'ila). Mafi muni, akwai yiwuwar fitowar wata kungiya mai wahayi zuwa ga al-Qaeda a cikin Siriya don yaƙi da "masu mulkin mallaka na Yamma," kamar al-Qaida ko "Sunni insurgency" a Iraki.

Al-Qaeda

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A cikin wani labari na Mayu 2011 a cikin The Times, Husain ya yi gargadi game da nasarar al-Qaeda a matsayin alama:

Ba tare da wata shakka ba, Amurka ta yi daidai da cire bin Laden, amma ba daidai ba ne a yi tunanin cewa mutuwarsa za ta raunana al-Qaeda. Haka ne, an yi mummunan rauni, amma al-Qaeda ba kungiya ce kawai ba, amma alama ce ta duniya, ra'ayi, falsafar da yanzu tana da shahadar Saudiyya ta farko daga ƙasashe masu tsarki na Islama.

Koyaya, Husain ya soki kisan gillar da aka yi a watan Satumbar 2011 na ɗan ƙasar Amurka Anwar al-Awlaki, yana bayanin cewa "ba shi da amfani ga kayar da ta'addanci a cikin dogon lokaci saboda yana rushe dabi'un da Amurka ke tsaye: mulkin doka da shari'a ta juriya". Bugu da ƙari, "Hanyar da ta fi sauƙi, mafi arha kuma mafi tasiri don lalata al-Awlaka da kuma magance saƙonsa zai kasance ya bayyana kama shi uku don neman karuwanci

Yaƙin basasar Siriya da Gwamnatin Canji

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Husain ya yi gargadi game da shigar Al-Qaeda da kuma kungiyoyi masu tunani a Yaƙin basasar Siriya:

Ko Assad ya zauna ko ya tafi, jihadi yanzu yana da karfi a Siriya. Sojojin Siriya masu 'yanci na iya so su kori abokan hulɗarsu na al-Qaeda a matsayin marasa amfani don tabbatar da Yammaci kuma su ci gaba da samun goyon bayan Yamma, amma shafukan yanar gizo na jihadi da hotunan al-Qaïda da ke fada a Damascus da Aleppo suna ba da labari daban.[28]

A cikin wata wasika ta budewa ga Sakataren Harkokin Waje Marco Rubio a watan Fabrairun 2025, Husain ya yi jayayya game da soke Dokar Kaisar da kuma samar da sauƙin takunkumi ga Siriya, yana mai cewa:

Amma yayin da sabon shugaban Siriya na iya musayar kayan yaƙi don sutura da taye, ba za a iya yaudarar mu cikin sauƙi ba. Kungiyarsa kungiya ce ta'addanci. Lalle ne, Ahmad al-Sharaa na iya da'awar cewa ya canza matsayinsa, amma na farko, muna buƙatar amsoshin muhimman tambayoyi: Wane rawar da fassarar shari'a za ta taka a Siriya? Shin ya goyi bayan Hare-haren 9/11? Menene ra'ayinsa game da Osama bin Laden? Ya kashe 'yan Amurka nawa ko kungiyarsa a Iraki? Shin yana tunanin Hamas da Jihad na Musulunci sun cancanci goyon bayan Siriya? Kuma ya amince da halattaccen Isra'ila? Za mu iya karɓar canji a cikin 'yan siyasa - Anwar Sadat na Masar da Mikhail Gorbachev na Rasha sun nuna tabbacin hakan. Ba tare da amsoshi ba, ba mu da tallafi.[26]

Littattafai

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Dokta Husain marubucin littattafai ne da yawa da aka fi sani da su: The Islamist (2007), House of Islam (2018), da kuma Among the Mosques (2021).

Daga cikin Masallatai (2021), littafinsa na baya-bayan nan, The Economist ya yaba da shi a matsayin "ƙarin ban sha'awa ga al'adar Orwellian". [1] Aikin ya bincika masallatai goma a Arewacin Burtaniya, yana gano yadda babban fassarar fassarar Musulunci ya inganta ci gaban al'ummomin Musulunci "daidai". Mai daraja Sajid Javid MP, a rubuce a cikin The Times, ya bayyana littafin a matsayin "mai la'akari da shi kuma mai la'akari... dole ne a karanta shi" kuma Tom Holland, marubucin Dominion, ya bayyana shi a matsayin "ma'ana da motsawa".

Littafinsa na baya, House of Islam (2018), ya bi diddigin shakku na ƙungiyar Salafist ta zamani a cikin petrostates a duk faɗin Gabas ta Tsakiya wanda, a cikin kalmomin The Times, ya yi "aroka don sabuntawa na gargajiya, addinin gargajiya na Islama game da matsanancin da kuma siyasar siyasa. " [29] Financial Times ya bayyana rubutun Dr. Husain a matsayin "mai saurin fasalin addinin Salafist ya zama dole ga waɗannan fassarar addinin shari'ar Musulunci, "wanda ya fahimci shi da ya zama dole a waje"[30][31]

Littafinsa na farko, The Islamist (2007), an sanya shi cikin jerin sunayen don Kyautar George Orwell ta 2008 da Kyautar PEN Ackerley ta 2008. [32][33] Labarin ya biyo bayan kwarewar Husain a matsayin matashi na Burtaniya wanda ya ja hankalin addinin 'Musulunci' kafin ya ƙi motsi da koyarwarsa. Kamar yadda Anushka Asthana ta rubuta a cikin Guardian, The Islamist "littafi ne mai ban sha'awa, kuma mai ban tsoro, littafi" wanda ke kawo masu karatu cikin tunanin matasa masu tsatstsauran ra'ayi da ke aiki a matsayin "kira ga al'adun al'adu guda ɗaya na Burtaniya". Melanie Phillips na Daily Mail ya yaba da Dokta Husain saboda "ƙarfin kai" da "gaskiya da hankali" a cikin The Islamist, wanda Martin Amigos ya goyi bayan shi wanda, a cikin wani yanki daban na The Times, ya kira shi "litta mai ƙarfafawa da motsawa".

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ @Ed_Husain. "Honored to share a birthday with Jesus and Jinnah! Blessed to have a family that makes best cake!" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  2. ↑ "People". Center for Jewish Civilization (in Turanci). 1 August 2018. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
  3. ↑ "Ed Husain | Council on Foreign Relations". www.cfr.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-10-22.
  4. ↑ @Ed_Husain. "Honored to share a birthday with Jesus and Jinnah! Blessed to have a family that makes best cake!" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  5. 1 2 "People". Center for Jewish Civilization (in Turanci). 1 August 2018. Retrieved 16 April 2021. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content.
  6. ↑ "People". Center for Jewish Civilization (in Turanci). 1 August 2018. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
  7. ↑ "Ed Husain | Council on Foreign Relations". www.cfr.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-10-22.
  8. ↑ @Ed_Husain. "Honored to share a birthday with Jesus and Jinnah! Blessed to have a family that makes best cake!" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  9. ↑ @Ed_Husain. "Honored to share a birthday with Jesus and Jinnah! Blessed to have a family that makes best cake!" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  10. ↑ @Ed_Husain. "Honored to share a birthday with Jesus and Jinnah! Blessed to have a family that makes best cake!" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  11. ↑ @Ed_Husain. "Honored to share a birthday with Jesus and Jinnah! Blessed to have a family that makes best cake!" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  12. ↑ @Ed_Husain. "Honored to share a birthday with Jesus and Jinnah! Blessed to have a family that makes best cake!" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  13. ↑ "Council on Foreign Relations". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 15 February 2019.
  14. ↑ @Ed_Husain. "Honored to share a birthday with Jesus and Jinnah! Blessed to have a family that makes best cake!" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  15. ↑ "People". Center for Jewish Civilization (in Turanci). 1 August 2018. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
  16. ↑ @Ed_Husain. "Honored to share a birthday with Jesus and Jinnah! Blessed to have a family that makes best cake!" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  17. ↑ @Ed_Husain. "Honored to share a birthday with Jesus and Jinnah! Blessed to have a family that makes best cake!" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  18. ↑ @Ed_Husain. "Honored to share a birthday with Jesus and Jinnah! Blessed to have a family that makes best cake!" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  19. ↑ @Ed_Husain. "Honored to share a birthday with Jesus and Jinnah! Blessed to have a family that makes best cake!" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  20. ↑ @Ed_Husain. "Honored to share a birthday with Jesus and Jinnah! Blessed to have a family that makes best cake!" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  21. ↑ @Ed_Husain. "Honored to share a birthday with Jesus and Jinnah! Blessed to have a family that makes best cake!" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  22. ↑ @Ed_Husain. "Honored to share a birthday with Jesus and Jinnah! Blessed to have a family that makes best cake!" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  23. ↑ @Ed_Husain. "Honored to share a birthday with Jesus and Jinnah! Blessed to have a family that makes best cake!" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  24. ↑ Husain, Ed (6 March 2013). "Op-Ed: End the Arab Boycott of Israel". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 March 2013.
  25. ↑ @Ed_Husain. "Honored to share a birthday with Jesus and Jinnah! Blessed to have a family that makes best cake!" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  26. 1 2 "Suggestions for US success in the Middle East". POLITICO (in Turanci). 2025-02-10. Retrieved 2025-11-30. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "politico.eu" defined multiple times with different content.
  27. ↑ @Ed_Husain. "Honored to share a birthday with Jesus and Jinnah! Blessed to have a family that makes best cake!" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  28. ↑ @Ed_Husain. "Honored to share a birthday with Jesus and Jinnah! Blessed to have a family that makes best cake!" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  29. ↑ Goodhart, David (2018-05-11). "Review: The House of Islam: A Global History by Ed Husain — why Islam must expel its extremists". www.thetimes.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-11-10.
  30. ↑ @Ed_Husain. "Honored to share a birthday with Jesus and Jinnah! Blessed to have a family that makes best cake!" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  31. ↑ "People". Center for Jewish Civilization (in Turanci). 1 August 2018. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
  32. ↑ @Ed_Husain. "Honored to share a birthday with Jesus and Jinnah! Blessed to have a family that makes best cake!" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  33. ↑ "People". Center for Jewish Civilization (in Turanci). 1 August 2018. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
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