Makamai

Makamai
type of physical object by use (en) da product category (en)
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	artificial physical object (en) , makami da disposable product (en)
Gajeren suna	Mun.
Amfani wajen	Bindiga da projectile weapon (en)

Ammunition, also known as ammo, is the material fired, scattered, dropped, or detonated from any weapon or weapon system. The term Ammunition includes both expendable weapons (e.g., bombs, missiles, grenades, land mines), and the parts of other weapons that create the effect on a target (e.g., bullets and warheads).

manufa harsashi ita ce tsara karfi a kan wani manufa da aka zaɓa don samun sakamako (yawanci, amma ba koyaushe ba, mai kisa). Misali na harsashi shine katako na bindiga, wanda ya haɗa da duk abubuwan da ake buƙata don isar da tasirin makamin a cikin kunshin guda ɗaya. Har zuwa karni na 20, baƙar fata shine mafi yawan man fetur da aka yi amfani da shi, amma yanzu an maye gurbinsa a kusan dukkanin lokuta da mahadi na zamani.

Harsashi ya zo ne a cikin nau'o'i da nau'o-nau'i kuma galibi an tsara shi don aiki ne kawai tare da takamaiman tsarin makamai. Koyaya, akwai ƙa'idodin da aka sani a duniya don wasu nau'ikan harsashi (misali, 5.56×45mm NATO) waɗanda ke ba da damar amfani da su a cikin makamai daban-daban da masu amfani daban-daban. Har ila yau, akwai takamaiman nau'ikan harsashi waɗanda aka tsara don samun sakamako na musamman a kan manufa, kamar harsashi mai fashewa da harsashi, wanda aka yi amfani da shi kawai a wasu yanayi. Ana amfani da harsashi ko launi a takamaiman hanya don taimakawa wajen gano shi da kuma hana amfani da nau'ikan harsashi marasa kyau ba tare da sanarwa ba ko kuma ba daidai ba.

Kalmomin

• A round is a single cartridge containing a projectile, propellant, primer and casing.
• A shell is a form of ammunition that is fired by a large caliber cannon or artillery piece. Before the mid-19th century, these shells were usually solid and relied on kinetic energy for effectiveness. However, since that time, they are more often filled with high explosives (see artillery).
• A shot is a single release of a weapons system. This may involve firing just one round or piece of ammunition (e.g., from a semi-automatic firearm), but can also refer to ammunition types that release a large number of projectiles at the same time (e.g., cluster munitions or shotgun shells).
• A dud is loaded ammunition that fails to function as intended, typically failing to detonate on landing. However, it can also refer to ammunition that fails to fire inside the weapon (a misfire) or to ammunition that only partially functions (a hang fire). Dud ammunition, which is classified as an unexploded ordnance (UXO), is regarded as highly dangerous. In former conflict zones, it is common for dud ammunition to remain buried in the ground for many years. Large quantities of ammunition from World War I continue to be regularly found in fields throughout France and Belgium, and occasionally still claim lives. Although classified as UXO, landmines left behind after conflict are not considered duds, as they have not failed to function and may still be fully operational.
• A bomb or, more specifically, a guided or unguided bomb (also called an aircraft bomb or aerial bomb), is typically an airdropped, unpowered explosive weapon. Mines and the warheads used in guided missiles and rockets are also referred to as bomb-type ammunition.

The term ammunition dates back to the mid-17th century. The word comes from the French la munition, for the material used for war. Ammunition and munition are often used interchangeably, although munition now usually refers to the actual weapons system with the ammunition required to operate it. In some languages other than English ammunition is still referred to as munition, such as: Dutch ("munitie"), French ("munitions"), German ("Munition"), Italian ("munizione") and Portuguese ("munição").

Cannonballs daga Yaƙin basasar Amurka

Tsarin makamai ya samo asali a cikin tarihi yayin da aka haɓaka makamai daban-daban kuma ana buƙatar sakamako daban-daban. A tarihi, harsashi yana da ƙirar sauƙi da gini (misali, sling-shot, duwatsu da aka jefa ta hanyar catapults), amma yayin da ƙirar makamai suka bunkasa (misali rifling) kuma suka zama mafi ƙwarewa, buƙatar ƙarin harsashi na musamman ya karu. Harsashi na zamani na iya bambanta sosai a cikin inganci amma yawanci ana ƙera shi zuwa ƙa'idodi masu girma.

Misali, ana iya tsara harsashi don farauta don faɗaɗa cikin manufa, haɓaka lalacewar da aka haifar ta zagaye ɗaya. An tsara harsashi na kashe-mutumi don raguwa cikin ɓangarori da yawa kuma suna iya shafar babban yanki. Ana ƙarfafa zagaye na makamai musamman don shiga cikin makamai, yayin da harsashi na hayaki ke haifar da hazo wanda ke rufe mutane daga gani. Za'a iya canza ƙarin harsashi na yau da kullun (misali, 5.56×45mm NATO) sau da yawa kaɗan don cimma takamaiman sakamako (misali., mai ganowa, mai ƙonewa), yayin da za'a iya sauya manyan zagaye masu fashewa ta amfani da fuzes daban-daban.

Shirya 105 mm M119 howitzer harsashi: foda propellant, cartridge, da harsashi tare da fuze

• fuze ko na farko
• kayan fashewa da kayan kwalliyaabubuwan motsa jiki
• makamai masu yawa
• katako

The fuze of a weapon can be used to alter how the ammunition works. For example, a common artillery shell fuze can be set to "point detonation" (detonation when it hits a target), delay (detonate after it has hit and penetrated a target), time-delay (explode a specified time after firing or impact) and proximity (explode above or next to a target without hitting it, such as for airburst effects or anti-aircraft shells). These allow a single ammunition type to be altered to suit the situation it is required for. There are many fuze designs, ranging from simple mechanical to complex radar- and barometric-based systems.

Fuzes yawanci suna dauke da makamai ta hanyar hanzarin harbi kuma suna dauke da kayan aiki na mita da yawa bayan sun share makamin. Wannan yana taimakawa wajen tabbatar da cewa harsashi ya fi aminci don sarrafawa yayin ɗorawa cikin makamin kuma yana rage damar fashewar fashewa kafin harsashi ta share makamin.

Propellant shine bangare na harsashi wanda aka kunna a cikin makamin kuma yana ba da makamashi da ake buƙata don motsa makamin daga makamin zuwa manufa. Kafin amfani da gunpowder, wannan makamashi za a samar da shi ta hanyar inji ta hanyar tsarin makamai (misali, catapult ko crossbow); a zamanin yau, yawanci wani nau'i ne na makamashi na sinadarai wanda ke ƙonewa da sauri don ƙirƙirar ƙarfin motsi, kuma an shirya adadin sinadarin sinadarai mai dacewa tare da kowane zagaye na harsashi. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, an yi amfani da iskar gas, makamashi na magnetic, da makamashi ya lantarki a matsayin abubuwan da ke motsawa.

Cajin man fetur ya bambanta da cajin makami, wanda aka kunna ta hanyar fuze, wanda ke haifar da tasirin harsashi (misali, fashewar zagaye na bindigogi).

Fayil:Inspecting Cases.jpg

Ma'aikatan Ordnance suna binciken shari'o'in katako a Los Angeles, 1943

Katin shine akwati wanda ke riƙe da makami da man fetur. Ba duk nau'ikan harsashi ba ne ke da akwatin katako. A maimakon haka, ana iya amfani da kayan aiki masu yawa don ƙunshe da fashewa da sassa. Tare da wasu manyan makamai, ana adana kayan aikin harsashi daban har sai an ɗora su cikin tsarin makami don harbi. Tare da ƙananan makamai, harsashi mara kwalliya na iya rage nauyi da farashin harsashi da sauƙaƙe tsarin harbi, ƙara yawan harsashi, amma fasahar har yanzu tana balaga kuma tana da matsalolin aiki.

Cikin harsashi na zamani na 12.7 mm "anti-material"

Makamin shine ɓangaren harsashi wanda ke barin makamin kuma yana shafar abin da aka nufa. Wannan tasirin yawanci ko dai yana motsawa (misali, kamar yadda yake tare da daidaitattun harsashi) ko fashewa.

Wani zubar da makamai kayan aiki ne na soja don adana makamai masu rai da fashewa don rarrabawa da amfani da su a kwanan wata. Irin wannan wurin ajiya yana da haɗari sosai, tare da haɗarin haɗari yayin saukewa, shiryawa, da canja wurin harsashi. A yayin gobara ko fashewa, ana kwashe shafin da kewayenta nan da nan, kuma ana barin harsashin da aka adana don fashewa gaba ɗaya, tare da iyakantaccen ƙoƙarin kashe wuta daga nesa mai aminci. A cikin manyan wurare, akwai yiwuwar tsarin ambaliyar ruwa don kashe wuta ko hana fashewa ta atomatik. Yawanci, zubar da makamai zai sami babban yanki da ke kewaye da shi don kauce wa wadanda suka mutu idan akwai hadari. Hakanan za'a sami matakan tsaro na kewayen don hana ma'aikatan da ba a ba da izini daga shiga yankin da kuma karewa daga yiwuwar barazanar daga sojojin abokan gaba.

mujallar wuri ne inda ake adana yawan harsashi ko wasu kayan fashewa na ɗan lokaci kafin a yi amfani da su. Ana iya amfani da kalmar don kayan aiki wanda ke adana adadi mai yawa na harsashi, kodayake ana kiran wannan a matsayin zubar da harsashi. Mujallu yawanci suna cikin filin don samun dama cikin sauri yayin da suke shiga abokan gaba. Yankin ajiyar makamai a kan jirgin yaki ana kiransa "mujallar jirgin". A kan karamin sikelin, mujallar ita ce sunan da aka ba da ajiyar makamai da na'urar ciyar da bindiga mai maimaitawa.

Nau'ikan da aka saba amfani da su

Kayan bindiga daban-daban idan aka kwatanta da tsawo na takardar kudi na US $ 1.

Kyakkyawan makami na soja na zamani shine bindiga mai kai hari, wanda, kamar sauran ƙananan makamai, yana amfani da harsashi mai girman katako don makamin. Ana ɗaukar harsashi a kan mutum a cikin mujallu na akwatin takamaiman makamin, akwatunan harsashi, jaka, ko bandoliers. Adadin harsashi da aka ɗauka ya dogara da ƙarfin soja, aikin da ake tsammani, da kuma ikon harsashi na motsawa ta hanyar sarkar kayan aiki don sake cika kayan. Soja na iya ɗaukar ƙaramin adadi na harsashi na musamman don makamai masu nauyi, kamar bindigogi da bindigogi, don haka yada nauyin makamai tsakanin mutane da yawa. Ƙananan harsashi suna barazana ga aikin, yayin da yawa yana iyakance motsi na soja kuma yana barazana ga manufa.

Harsashi wani abu ne mai ɗaukar kaya wanda, ba kamar harbi ba, yana dauke da fashewa ko wasu cikawa, ana amfani da su tun daga karni na 19.

M107 harsashi

Harsashi na artillery harsashi ne wanda aka tsara don a harba shi daga artillery, wanda ke da tasiri a kan nesa mai nisa, yawanci a kaikaice (watau, ba tare da ganin abin da aka yi niyya ba). Akwai nau'ikan bindigogi daban-daban, amma yawanci suna da fashewa sosai kuma an tsara su don fashewa cikin raguwa akan tasiri don kara lalacewa. Fuse a kan harsashi na artillery na iya canza yadda yake fashewa ko nuna hali, yana ba shi sakamako na musamman. Nau'ikan bindigogi na yau da kullun sun haɗa da babban fashewa, hayaki, haskakawa, da kuma motsa jiki. An tsara wasu zagaye na bindigogi a matsayin makamai masu yawa. Harsashi na bindigogi kusan koyaushe zai haɗa da makami (kawai ban da zanga-zangar ko zagaye mara kyau), fuze, da kuma wani nau'i na wani nau'in. Lokacin da ba a mai amfani da shari'ar katako ba, ana amfani da wata hanyar ƙunshe da jakunkuna, yawanci a cikin makami mai ɗorawa; duba Breechloader.

Cartridges na zamani na tanki na 120 mm tare da makamai daban-daban

An kirkiro bindigogi na tanki a yakin duniya na lokacin da tankuna suka fara bayyana a fagen fama. Koyaya, yayin da yaƙin tanki-a-tank ya ci gaba (gami da ci gaban bindigogi na yaki da tanki), an haɓaka wasu nau'ikan harsashi na musamman, kamar manyan makamai masu fashewa (HEAT) da Sabot mai fashewa da makamai (APDS), gami da makamai masu tsagewa da sabot (APFSDS). Ci gaban cajin da aka tsara ya yi tasiri sosai a kan ƙirar makamai masu linzami, yanzu ya zama ruwan dare a cikin makamai masu lanzami da kuma makamai masu makamai masu guba, gami da makamai masu luƙu masu linzami.

Harsashi na inci goma sha huɗu a kan bene na jirgin yaƙi a cikin 1944.

Makamai na sojan ruwa sun kasance daidai da makamai da yawa na ƙasa, amma an tsara harsashi don takamaiman amfani, kamar harbi mai ƙarfi wanda aka tsara don rami jirgin abokin gaba da harbi mai sarkar don yanke rigging da sails. Ayyukan sojan ruwa na zamani sun faru a cikin nesa da yaƙe-yaƙe na tarihi, don haka yayin da makamai na jirgin ruwa suka karu da ƙarfi da kauri, harsashi don kayar da shi ma ya canza. Yanzu an tsara bindigogi na sojan ruwa don isa ga saurin gudu (don inganta iyawar fashewar makamai) kuma yana iya samun ƙwarewar ƙwarewa don kayar da takamaiman nau'ikan jiragen ruwa. Koyaya, saboda tsawo da kewayon da yaƙin sojan ruwa na zamani zai iya faruwa, makamai masu linzami da aka jagoranta sun fi maye gurbin bindigogi da harsashi.

Jirgin sama da masu yaki da jirgin sama

Tare da kowane ci gaba a cikin makamai na soja, canji mai dacewa ya faru a cikin hanyar samar da harsashi a cikin adadin da ake buƙata. Da zaran an buƙaci makamai (kamar javelins da kibiyoyi), ana buƙatar hanyar sake cikawa. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da makamai marasa ƙwarewa, waɗanda za a iya musanyawa, ko waɗanda za a dawo da su (misali, kibiyoyi), yana yiwuwa a karɓi kibiyoyi da aka yi watsi da su (abokan hulɗa da abokan gaba) kuma a sake amfani da su. Koyaya, tare da zuwan bindigogi masu fashewa ko wadanda ba za a iya dawo da su ba, wannan ba zai yiwu ba, kuma za a buƙaci sabbin kayan bindigogi.

Nauyin harsashi da ake buƙata, musamman don harsashi, na iya zama babba, yana buƙatar ƙarin lokaci don sake cika kayan aiki. A zamanin yau, an sami karuwa a cikin daidaitattun nau'ikan makamai da yawa tsakanin abokan hulɗa (misali, Yarjejeniyar NATO) wanda ya ba da damar raba nau'ikan harsashi (misali., 5.56×45mm NATO).

Ya zuwa shekara ta 2013, samar da makamai masu tushe shine na biyu mafi girma a shekara-shekara na amfani da gubar a Amurka, yana da lissafin sama da tan 60,000 da aka cinye a shekarar 2012. Harsasai na gubar da suka rasa burinsu ko kuma sun kasance a cikin gawawwakin ko jikin da ba a taɓa dawo da shi ba na iya shiga tsarin muhalli kuma ya zama mai guba ga namun daji. Sojojin Amurka sun yi gwaji tare da maye gurbin gubar da jan ƙarfe a matsayin slug a cikin harsashin su wanda ke rage haɗarin da gubar ke kawowa a cikin muhalli sakamakon bindigogi. Tun daga shekara ta 2010, wannan ya kawar da fiye da tan 2000 na gubar a cikin magudanan sharar gida.

Ana kuma ƙarfafa mafarauta su yi amfani da harsashi na monolithic, wanda ya ware duk wani abun ciki na gubar.

Makamai da ba a fashe su ba

Harsashi da ba a fashe ba na iya ci gaba da aiki na dogon lokaci kuma yana haifar da babbar barazana ga mutane da muhalli.