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Ike ikuku

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Ugbo ikuku na Xinjiang, China
Mmepụta ọkụ eletrik n'ụwa site na isi iyi, 2000-2024

  Ike ikuku bụ iji ike ikuku arụ ọrụ bara uru. N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, a na-eji ike ifufe eme ihe site n'iji ákwà mgbochi mmiri, igwe ikuku na ọkpọkọ ikuku, mana taa a na-ejikarị ya emepụta ọkụ eletrik. Isiokwu a na-ekwu maka naanị ike ifufe maka imepụta ọkụ eletrik. Taa, a na-eji turbine ikuku emepụta ike ifufe ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ kpamkpam, nke a na-ejikọtakarị na ugbo ikuku ma jikọọ na grid eletrik.

N'afọ 2025, ikuku nyere ihe dị ka 2,700 TWh nke ọkụ eletrik, nke bụ ihe karịrị 8% nke ọkụ eletriki ụwa.[1] Site na ihe dị ka 100 GW gbakwunyere n'oge 2021, karịsịa na China na United States, ikike ike ikuku zuru ụwa ọnụ karịrị 800 GW.[2][3][4] Mba iri atọ mepụtara ihe karịrị otu ụzọ n'ụzọ iri nke ọkụ eletrik ha site na ike ikuku n'afọ 2024 na mmepụta ikuku fọrọ nke nta ka ọ mụbaa okpukpu atọ kemgbe afọ 2015.[5] Iji nyere aka mezuo ebumnuche Nkwekọrịta Paris iji belata mgbanwe ihu igwe, ndị nyocha na-ekwu na ọ ga-agbasa ngwa ngwa - site na ihe karịrị 1% nke mmepụta ọkụ eletrik kwa afọ.[6]

Ike ikuku bụ isi iyi ike na-adịgide adịgide, nke a na-emegharị emegharị, ọ na-enwekwa obere mmetụta na gburugburu ebe obibi karịa ọkụ mmanụ ala. Ike ikuku na-agbanwe agbanwe, yabụ ọ chọrọ nchekwa ike ma ọ bụ isi iyi ike mmepụta ndị ọzọ a na-ebuga iji nweta ọkụ eletrik a pụrụ ịdabere na ya. Ugbo ikuku nke dị n'ala (n'ụsọ oké osimiri) nwere mmetụta anya dị ukwuu na ala karịa ọtụtụ ọdụ ike ndị ọzọ kwa ike emepụtara. [7][8] Ugbo ikuku ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri nwere mmetụta dị ala ma nwee ihe ndị dị elu, ọ bụ ezie na ha dị oke ọnụ.[2] Ike ikuku n'ụsọ oké osimiri ugbu a nwere òkè nke ihe dị ka 10% nke nrụnye ọhụrụ.[9]

Ike ikuku bụ otu n'ime ebe ọkụ eletrik kacha ọnụ ala maka otu nkeji ike a na-emepụta. N'ọtụtụ ebe, ugbo ikuku ọhụrụ dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri dị ọnụ ala karịa ụlọ ọrụ kol ma ọ bụ gas ọhụrụ..[10]

Mpaghara ndị dị n'ebe ugwu na ndịda latitudes nwere ikike kachasị elu maka ike ifufe.[11] N'ọtụtụ mpaghara, mmepụta ike ikuku dị elu n'abalị, na n'oge oyi mgbe mmepụta ike anyanwụ dị ala. Ya mere, njikọta nke ikuku na ike anyanwụ dabara adaba n'ọtụtụ mba.[12]

Ihe onwunwe nke ike ikuku

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Map zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ọsọ ikuku na mita 100 n'ala na gburugburu ụsọ mmiri.[13]
Nkesa ọsọ ikuku (uhie) na ike (acha anụnụ anụnụ) maka afọ 2002 niile na ebe Lee Ranch dị na Colorado. Histogram ahụ na-egosi data a tụrụ atụ, ebe usoro ahụ bụ nkesa ụdị Rayleigh maka otu ọsọ ikuku nkezi.
Map zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ike ikuku nwere ike ịdị arọ [14]

Ifufe bụ mmegharị ikuku n'ime ikuku ụwa. N'otu nkeji nke oge, dịka ọmụmaatụ otu sekọnd, olu nke ikuku gafere otu mpaghara. bụ Ọ bụrụ na njupụta ikuku dị , ọnụego mmiri nke olu ikuku a bụ , na nnyefe ike, ma ọ bụ nnyefe ike kwa sekọnd bụ Ike ikuku si otú a dakọọ ike nke atọ nke ọsọ ifufe; ike dịnụ na-abawanye okpukpu asatọ mgbe ọsọ ikuku na-amụba okpukpu abụọ. Mgbanwe nke ọsọ ifufe site na ihe dị ka 2.1544 na-eme ka ike ikuku dịkwuo elu site n'otu usoro nke nha (mụbaa site na 10).

Ike ikuku zuru ụwa ọnụ mere ihe dịka 1.50 MJ / m2 n'ime oghere na 1.70 MJ / mm2 na Southern Hemisphere. Ikuku na-arụ ọrụ dị ka injin na-ekpo ọkụ, na-amịkọrọ okpomọkụ na okpomọkụ dị elu, na-ewepụta okpomọkụ n'okpomọkụ dị ala. Usoro a na-ahụ maka mmepụta nke ike ikuku na ọnụego nke 2.46 W / m2 si otú a na-akwado mgbasa nke ikuku megide ịfụfụ.[15]

Site na nyocha akụrụngwa ikuku, o kwere omume ịkọ atụmatụ ike ike ikuku n'ụwa niile, site na mba ma ọ bụ mpaghara, ma ọ bụ maka ebe a kapịrị ọnụ. Global Wind Atlas nke Mahadum Teknụzụ nke Denmark nyere na mmekorita ya na World Bank na-enye nyocha zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ike ikuku. [13] N'adịghị ka 'static' akụrụngwa ikuku nke na-eme atụmatụ nkezi ọsọ ikuku na njupụta ike n'ime ọtụtụ afọ, ngwaọrụ dịka Renewables.ninja na-enye ihe atụ nke ọsọ ifufe na mmepụta ike site na ụdị turbine ikuku dị iche iche na mkpebi kwa elekere.[16] Enwere ike inweta nyocha zuru ezu, nyocha nke ebe nke ikike ikuku site na ndị ọkachamara na-enye azụmahịa, ọtụtụ n'ime ndị mmepe ikuku buru ibu nwere ikike imepụta ihe n'ụlọ.

Oke ike a na-enweta n'ụzọ akụ na ụba site na ikuku karịrị nke mmadụ ji eme ihe ugbu a site na isi mmalite niile.[17] Ike nke ikuku na-agbanwe agbanwe, uru nkezi maka ebe enyere abụghị naanị na ọ na-egosi oke ike nke turbine ikuku nwere ike imepụta ebe ahụ.

Iji chọpụta ebe ike ikuku dị, ọrụ nkesa ihe gbasara ohere na-adabakarị na data ọsọ ikuku a na-ahụ anya.[18] Ebe dị iche iche ga-enwe nkesa ọsọ ikuku dị iche iche. Ụdị Weibull na-egosipụta nke ọma nkesa nke ọsọ ikuku kwa awa/nkeji iri n'ọtụtụ ebe. Ihe Weibull na-adịkarị nso na 2, ya mere enwere ike iji nkesa Rayleigh dị ka ihe nlereanya na-ezighi ezi, mana dị mfe karị.[19]

Ugbo ikuku

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Nnukwu ugbo ikuku n'ụsọ oké osimiri
Ugbo ikuku Ikike (MW)
Mba Ndị na-agba ọsọ
Gansu Wind Farm 7,965  China
Muppandal Wind Farm 1,500  India [20]
Alta (Oak Creek-Mojave) 1,320  United States
Ogige Mmiri Jaisalmer 1,064  India

Ugbo ikuku bụ otu ìgwè turbine ikuku dị n'otu ebe. Ugbo ikuku buru ibu nwere ike inwe ọtụtụ narị turbine ikuku nke kesara n'ebe sara mbara. A pụrụ iji ala dị n'etiti turbine ahụ mee ihe maka ọrụ ugbo ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ. Ugbo ikuku nwekwara ike ịdị n'ụsọ oké osimiri. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ turbine ifufe buru ibu niile nwere otu imewe - turbine ikuku kwụ ọtọ nke nwere rotor elu ikuku nwere agụba atọ, nke ejikọtara na nacelle n'elu ụlọ elu tubular dị ogologo. 

N'ụlọ ọrụ ikuku, a na-ejikọta turbines n'otu n'otu na usoro nchịkọta ike (nke na-abụkarị 34.5 kV) [21] na netwọk nkwukọrịta. N'ozuzu, a na-etinye anya nke 7D (ugboro asaa nke dayameta rotor nke turbine ikuku ) n'etiti turbine ọ bụla na ugbo ikuku zuru oke.[22] Na substation, a na-abawanye ọkụ eletrik a dị n'etiti na voltaji na transformer maka njikọ na usoro nnyefe ike eletrik dị elu.[23] 

Njirimara na nkwụsi ike nke ihe nrụpụta

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ọtụtụ turbine ọgbara ọhụrụ na-eji jenereta ọsọ dị iche iche yana ihe mgbanwe ike nke akụkụ ma ọ bụ nke zuru oke n'etiti jenereta turbine na sistemụ nchịkọta, nke na-enwekarị ihe ndị a na-achọsi ike maka njikọ grid ma nwee ikike ịnyagharị voltaji dị ala.[24] Turbine ọgbara ọhụrụ na-eji igwe eletriki e tinyere nri ugboro abụọ nwere ihe mgbanwe akụkụ ma ọ bụ jenereta induction nke squirrel ma ọ bụ jenereta synchronous (ma na-adịgide adịgide ma na-akpali ọkụ eletrik) yana ihe mgbanwe zuru oke.[25] Mmalite ojii ga-ekwe omume ma na-aga n'ihu maka ebe (dị ka Iowa) nke na-emepụta ọtụtụ ọkụ eletrik ha site na ikuku . [26][27]

Ndị na-arụ ọrụ sistemụ nnyefe ga-enye onye na-emepụta ugbo ikuku koodu grid iji kọwaa ihe achọrọ maka njikọ na grid nnyefe. Nke a ga-agụnye ihe ọkụ eletrik, oge na-aga n'ihu, na omume na-agbanwe agbanwe nke turbines ugbo ikuku n'oge nsogbu sistemụ. [28][29]

Ike ikuku n'ụsọ oké osimiri

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  Ike ikuku dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri bụ ugbo ikuku dị n'ime nnukwu mmiri, nke na-abụkarị oké osimiri. Ebe ndị a nwere ike iji ikuku na-efekarị na nke siri ike dị na ebe ndị a ma nwee obere mmetụta anya na ala karịa ọrụ ndị dabere na ala. Agbanyeghị, ọnụ ahịa owuwu na mmezi dị elu nke ukwuu.[30][31]

Ruo ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2021, Hornsea Wind Farm dị na mba United Kingdom bụ ugbo ikuku kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa n'ụwa nke nwere ike 1,218 MW.[32]

Nchịkọta na netwọk mgbasa ozi

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Enwere ike ijikọ ugbo ikuku dị nso n'ụsọ oké osimiri site na AC na HVDC site na mpụga oké osimiri.[33]

Akụrụngwa ike ikuku anaghị adị nso ebe ndị mmadụ bi na ya. Ka eriri nnyefe na-adị ogologo, mfu ndị metụtara nnyefe ike na-abawanye, ka ụdị mfu ndị dị obere na-akawanye njọ, ụdị mfu ọhụrụ anaghịzikwa adị mkpa ka ogologo ya na-abawanye; na-eme ka ọ sie ike ibufe ibu buru ibu n'ebe dị anya.

Mgbe ikike nnyefe anaghị eru oke ikike mmepụta, a na-amanye ugbo ikuku imepụta ihe n'okpuru ikike ha zuru oke ma ọ bụ kwụsị ịrụ ọrụ kpamkpam, n'usoro a maara dị ka mbelata. Ọ bụ ezie na nke a na-eduga na mmepụta mmeghari ohuru enwere ike ịhapụ ya n'enweghị ihe ọ bụla, ọ na-egbochi oke ibu ma ọ bụ ihe egwu nke ọrụ a pụrụ ịtụkwasị obi nwere ike ibute.

Otu n'ime ihe ịma aka kachasị na njikọta grid ike ikuku na mba ụfọdụ bụ imepụta eriri nnyefe ọhụrụ iji buru ike site na ugbo ikuku, nke na-abụkarị n'ebe ndị mmadụ bi n'ebe dị anya n'ihi ikuku dị, gaa na ebe ndị mmadụ na-ebu ibu dị elu.[34] Ahịrị nnyefe ọ bụla dị adị n'ebe ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ nwere ike ọ bụghị maka ibufe nnukwu ike. N'ógbè ụfọdụ, ọsọ ifufe kachasị elu nwere ike ọ gaghị adaba na oke mkpa maka ike eletrik, ma ọ bụ n'ụsọ oké osimiri ma ọ bụ na ala. Nhọrọ nwere ike ime n'ọdịnihu nwere ike ịbụ ijikọ mpaghara mpaghara dịgasị iche iche na HVDC super grid.[35]

Ikike ikuku na mmepụta

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
  1. ↑ Electricity Data Explorer. ember-energy.org. Retrieved on June 12, 2026.
  2. 1 2 Wind Power – Analysis (en-GB). IEA. Archived from the original on 23 November 2021. Retrieved on 2021-11-23.
  3. ↑ Wind energy generation vs. installed capacity. Our World in Data. Archived from the original on 19 October 2021. Retrieved on 2021-11-23.
  4. ↑ Global wind industry breezes into new record (en-US). Energy Live News (2022-03-25). Retrieved on 2022-04-02.
  5. ↑ Global Electricity Review 2025 (en-US). Ember (2024-05-07). Retrieved on 2025-04-13.
  6. ↑ Expansion of wind and solar power too slow to stop climate change (en). ScienceDaily. Retrieved on 2021-11-24.
  7. ↑ What are the pros and cons of onshore wind energy?. Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, London School of Economics and Political Science (2018-01-12). Archived from the original on 22 June 2019.
  8. ↑ Jones (2015-01-22). "The Energy Footprint: How Oil, Natural Gas, and Wind Energy Affect Land for Biodiversity and the Flow of Ecosystem Services". BioScience 65 (3): 290–301. DOI:10.1093/biosci/biu224. ISSN 0006-3568. Retrieved on 2022-11-09. 
  9. ↑ Global Wind Report 2019. Global Wind Energy Council (19 March 2020). Archived from the original on 24 June 2023. Retrieved on 28 March 2020.
  10. ↑ Levelized Cost Of Energy, Levelized Cost Of Storage, and Levelized Cost Of Hydrogen (en). Lazard.com. Retrieved on 2021-11-24.
  11. ↑ Global Wind Atlas. DTU Technical University of Denmark. Archived from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved on 28 March 2020.
  12. ↑ Nyenah (2022-05-01). "Pieces of a puzzle: solar-wind power synergies on seasonal and diurnal timescales tend to be excellent worldwide". Environmental Research Communications 4 (5). DOI:10.1088/2515-7620/ac71fb. ISSN 2515-7620. 
  13. 1 2 Global Wind Atlas. Technical University of Denmark (DTU). Archived from the original on 18 January 2019. Retrieved on 23 November 2021.
  14. ↑ Global Wind Atlas. Archived from the original on 18 January 2019. Retrieved on 14 June 2019.
  15. ↑ Huang (2015). "A 32-year perspective on the origin of wind energy in a warming climate". Renewable Energy 77: 482–92. DOI:10.1016/j.renene.2014.12.045. Retrieved on 6 February 2015. 
  16. ↑ Staffell (1 November 2016). "Using bias-corrected reanalysis to simulate current and future wind power output". Energy 114: 1224–39. DOI:10.1016/j.energy.2016.08.068. 
  17. ↑ Hurley. How Much Wind Energy is there?. Claverton Group. Archived from the original on 15 May 2012. Retrieved on 8 April 2012.
  18. ↑ Savenkov, M (2009). "On the truncated weibull distribution and its usefulness in evaluating potential wind (or wave) energy sites". University Journal of Engineering and Technology 1 (1): 21–25. 
  19. ↑ Describing Wind Variations: Weibull Distribution. Danish Wind Industry Association. Archived from the original on 2 August 2021. Retrieved on 8 July 2021.
  20. ↑ Muppandal (India). thewindpower.net. Archived from the original on 14 August 2014. Retrieved on 21 November 2015.
  21. ↑ Wind Farm Electrical Systems. Archived from the original on 18 March 2021. Retrieved on 2020-07-11.
  22. ↑ Meyers (1 March 2012). "Optimal turbine spacing in fully developed wind farm boundary layers". Wind Energy 15 (2): 305–17. DOI:10.1002/we.469. 
  23. ↑ Making of the modern offshore substation (en-US). Windpower Engineering & Development. Archived from the original on 24 November 2021. Retrieved on 14 June 2019.
  24. ↑ Falahi (1 October 2014). "Low voltage ride through control of modular multilevel converter based HVDC systems", IECON 2014 – 40th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, 4663–68. DOI:10.1109/IECON.2014.7049205. ISBN 978-1-4799-4032-5. 
  25. ↑ Cheng (2014). "The state of the art of wind energy conversion systems and technologies: A review". Energy Conversion and Management 88. DOI:10.1016/j.enconman.2014.08.037. 
  26. ↑ ScottishPower in 'pioneering world first' after wind farm black-out boost (en). www.scotsman.com (2020-11-03). Retrieved on 2022-09-19.
  27. ↑ As the grid adds wind power, researchers have to reengineer recovery from power outages (en). ScienceDaily. Retrieved on 2022-09-19.
  28. ↑ Demeo (2005). "Wind plant integration". IEEE Power and Energy Magazine 3 (6): 38–46. DOI:10.1109/MPAE.2005.1524619. 
  29. ↑ Zavadil (2005). "Making connections". IEEE Power and Energy Magazine 3 (6): 26–37. DOI:10.1109/MPAE.2005.1524618. 
  30. ↑ Hulazan (16 February 2011). Offshore wind power – Advantages and disadvantages. Renewable Energy Articles. Archived from the original on 13 October 2018. Retrieved on 9 April 2012.
  31. ↑ Millborrow (6 August 2010). Cutting the cost of offshore wind energy. Wind Power Monthly. Haymarket. Archived from the original on 2 December 2012. Retrieved on 10 April 2012.
  32. ↑ World's Largest Offshore Wind Farm Fully Up and Running (en-US). Offshore Wind (2020-01-30). Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved on 2020-02-03.
  33. ↑ Action. Connecting offshore wind energy to the grid (en). www.bmwk.de. Retrieved on 2023-01-20.
  34. ↑ From West to East: The Charged Challenge of Delivering Electricity (en-US). China Business Review (2021-04-07). Retrieved on 2021-11-24.
  35. ↑ Barnard (2021-11-11). Breaking News: China & USA Joint Declaration On Climate Action Collaboration (en-US). CleanTechnica. Archived from the original on 12 November 2021. Retrieved on 2021-11-23.
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