Tazdukla

Tasnakta n tzdukla, d yiwet n tiẓri tasertit, tadamsant, akked tmettit i d-yeflalin i wakken ad d-teglu s ubeddel aẓaran deg unagraw ametti. Iswi-ines agejdan d asali n tmetti war tiserkm, anda ayla uslig n wallalen n ufares ad yettwakkes, ad yuɣal d ayla amagraw (ayla amazday) iwumi ara d-tezzizdig tmetti s timmad-is. Deg unagraw-a, yal yiwen ad yefk ilmend n tezmert-is, yal yiwen ad yaweḍ ilmend n tesri-ines.

Aẓar d Laṣel

Aẓar n tiẓri-a yettarra ɣer lqern wis XIX, sɣur sin n yigaggen ilmaniyen: Karl Marks akked Friedrich Engels. Deg useggas n 1848, ssufɣen-d adlis-nsen yettwassnen aṭas, i wumi semman Ameskan n Ukabar Azduklan (neɣ ulɣu n ukabar azduklan).

Deg tallit-nni, timura n Turuft llant ddrent tallit n tgrawla temguranit. Annect-a yegla-d s unagraw amsihran, anda inesbaɣuren, neɣ tiburjwazit, ttqemmiren imɣidan (aprolitari), wid ur nesɛi ara ayla, ssexdamen-ten s rxa d leɛtab ameqqran i wakken ad snernin ayla-nsen. D lḥif-a n yimahilen d tɣara n tudert-nsen i d-yeǧǧan Marks d Engels ad d-sbedden tasnakta i d-yessawalen ɣer tnekra mgal anagraw-a asihri i d-yeglan s miḥyaf d lbaṭel.

Tiktiwin d Tiẓriyin Tigejdanin

Tasnakta n tzdukla tebna ɣef waṭas n tamiḍranin yezdin ɣef yiwen n lqaleb. Gar tigejdanin-a, nezmer ad d-nebder:

Amennuɣ n Tserkam: Marks yeqqar-d belli amezruy n tmetti n wemdan d amezruy n umennuɣ gar tserkam. Amennuɣ-a amezray yella gar wid yesɛan allalen n ufares d wengaw ɣer tama, akked wid yesnuzuyen afus n lḥirfa-nsen akken ad idiren ɣer tama nniḍen.

"Amennuɣ n tserkam" d netta i d lsas, neɣ d ul n tesnakta tazduklant i d-sbedden Karl Marks akked Friedrich Engels. Di teẓri-nsen, llan ttwalin d akken amezruy n tmetti n wemdan, seg wasmi i d-tebda alamma d ass-a, d amezruy n umennuɣ gar tserkam timettiyin. Amennuɣ-a ur yelli ara d ayen i d-yekkan s lebɣi n yimdanen, maca d ayen i d-ilulen s usrag n wamek i tebna tadamsa d wassaɣen n ufares. Deg yal tallit n umezruy, timetti tettwabḍa ɣef sin n yigrawen igejdanen: wid yesɛan akked wid ur nesɛi ara, asemsan akked d win yettwaɛeffsen, i yettidiren deg yiwen waddad n umennuɣ d umcewwel ur nḥebbes ara. Ihi, amennuɣ-a yettwaḥsab d mutur i d-yettawin abeddel amezray, imi d netta i d-igellun s tnekra n yinagrawen imaynuten n tadamsa d tsertit.

Deg tallit n tmsihrit i deg ddren Marks d Engels, amennuɣ-a yuɣal d amesfari ugar n zik. Anagraw amsihran yegla-d s beṭṭu n tmetti ɣef snat n tserkam timeqqranin i yemgaraden s waṭas, yerna mgalent yiwet ɣer tayeḍ deg yiswi d yinzwayen-nsent. Ɣer tama, tella tburjwazit neɣ inesbaɣuren, d nutni i d imawlan n wallalen n ufares am tmacinin, tiferkiwin, d wallalen n tnezzut. Ɣer tama nniḍen, llan yimɣiden neɣ imahilen (ixeddamen), i d-yufan iman-nsen ur sɛin kra n wayla ara ten-isidren, ayen i ten-yessawḍen ad znuzun afus n yirq-nsen d tezmert-nsen i inesbaɣuren-nni s lexlaṣ d aḥafi. Assaɣ-a yellan gar-asen mačči d assaɣ n tegdazalt, maca d assaɣ yebnan ɣef tduli d wassar.

Taggara n wassaɣ-a yellan gar snat n tserkmin-a d amennuɣ ameqqran i d-yettilalin seg umnekni yexṣren gar-asen. Marks yessefhem-d belli aburjwazi ur yettxelliṣ ara amahil ɣef wakken yeswa s tidet, maca yettak-as kan ayen ara t-yeǧǧen ad yidir akken ad ikemmel ad ixeddem azekka-nni. Ayen i d-yernan seg ufares n umahil, i wumi yeqqar Marks "azal amernu" (la plus-value), yettaṭṭaf-it umsihran(ukapitali) i yiman-is. D ayen i t-yettaǧǧan ad yesnerni ayla-s d cci-ines s lbaṭel, ayen i d-yettaken yiwet n tmetti anda amesbaɣur yettnernay deg tnesbaɣurt-is, ma d axeddam yettɣaraq deg lḥif-is d tmeɣbunt-is. Addad-a yessawaḍ amdan ɣer wayen iwumi ssawalen takufḍa, anda axeddam ur yettḥussu ara iman-is deg wayen i d-yessufuɣ, yettwali iman-is d allal kan gar wallalen n ufares nniḍen, ayen i s-yettkessan agemmir-is d yiseɣ-is.

Ɣer taggara, tiẓri n umennuɣ n tserkam ur teḥbis ara kan deg tesleḍt n tmetti n yimir-nni, maca tettak-d ula d asirem ɣer yimal. Imsiḍnen neɣ imeslaḍen n tezdukla qeblen belli amennuɣ-a ur yezmir ara ad ikemmel i lebda war ma yegla-d s ubeddel aẓaran i unagraw s timmad-is. Tickki imahilen ad d-akin s waddad-nsen, ad d-slalen tafrit n tserkemt, amennuɣ-nsen ad yuɣal d amaḍlan u d asertan. D tafrit-a ara d-yessawḍen ɣer tgrawla n yimahilen ara yesseɣlin anagraw amsihran s tezmert. Iswi n tgrawla-a mačči d asekcem n tserkemt ɣef tayeḍ am zik, maca d tukksa n wayla uslig s timmad-is, i wakken ad tesbedd deg umkan-is awanek anemlay, sakin ad taweḍ ɣer iswi aneggaru: asali n tmetti n tzduklant war tiserkam, anda ur yelli lbaṭel, ur yelli umennuɣ, yal amdan ad yili d amegday gar watmaten-is.

Tukksa n Wayla Uslig: Tazdukla ur teqbil ara ad yili wayla uslig i wallalen d tanga n ufares, am tkuziyin, tisegza, d tferkiwin. Iswi d asekcem n wayla-ya gar yifassen n tmetti akken ad yili umnekni d tgdazalt akked tgada gar yimdanen.

Tukksa n wayla uslig d yiwet gar tgejdanin timakkiyin ɣef i tebna tesnakta n tzdukla. Deg teẓri n Karl Marks d Friedrich Engels, annect-a mačči d asurif kan n tsertit neɣ n tdamsa, maca d aẓar n ubeddel ameqqran ara d-yessuksen imdanen seg uɣmar, d tneggayt ara d-yeslalen timetti tamaynut. Tiẓri-a tettawi-d d akken ayla uslig d netta i d ssebba tagejdant n beṭṭu n tmetti ɣef tserkam d ssebbat n lḥif i d-ttmagaren yimahilen deg yal tallit n umezruy. Iwakken ad neṭṭef amkan n tmiḍrant-a akken iwata, ssefk ad tnfhem deg tazwara amgired gar uyla uslig i d-tebɣa tzdukla(tkumunist) ad tekkes, akked uyla udmawan.

Mi d-yemmeslay Marks ɣef tukksa n wayla, ur d-yenni ara ad yettwakkes wayen yesɛa wemdan i yiman-is neɣ "ayla udmawan" am uxxam, llebsa, idlisen, neɣ tiɣawsiwin n yal ass i ssexdamen yimdanen akken ad idiren. Iswi n tzdukla mačči d tukksa n tegmit i yessexdam wemdan i dduzan-is. Ayen i tebɣa ad tekkes, d ayla-nni i d-yesrusuyen lḥif ɣef wiyyaḍ, id-yessawaḍen ad yekseb wemdan tigemmi ɣef uqerruy n lɛetab n wiyyaḍ. Meḥsub, ayla uslig-a yerza "allalen n ufares": timacinin, isenfaṛen imeqqranen, tiferkiwin, imɣiren, tisegza, d wallalen n tnezzut. D allalen-a i d-yettfarasen ayen tesri tmetti, asmi ara ilin gar yifassen n kra kan n yimdanen, ad uɣalen d allalen n uqemmer d miḥyaf.

Deg unagraw amsihran, imawlan n wallalen-a n ufares, iwumi ssawalen tiburjwazit, ssexdamen ayla-nsen i wakken ad farsen idrimen d rrbeḥ i iman-nsen, war ma ḥusben assas(laɛtab) n yimahilen. Imahilen neɣ imɣiden, imi ur sɛin ara ayla s wayes ara xedmen iman-nsen, ttuḥettmen ad znuzun afus n uxeddim-nsen i yinesbaɣuren s wazal n lexlaṣ yettaɣen di lqaɛa. S wakka, ayla uslig yettuɣal d allal n wammud. Marks yessefhem-d d akken akatar-a n wayla uslig yessawaḍ ɣer "takufḍa". Amdan ur d-yettaf ara iman-is deg wayen i d-yessufeɣ s ufus-is, ur yettwali ara aselkam n uxeddim-is, yerna tametti tettidir di tezɣenin tidamsanin ur nḥebbes imi iswi n ufares yeqqen ɣer rrbeḥ n yiwet n tarbaɛt (akatar n rbeḥ), mačči ɣer tneflit n tmetti d tririt ɣef tesriyin-is.

Ɣef waya, tukksa n wayla uslig tettawi-d ɣer ubeddel n unagraw n usuddes ametti d udamsan s lekmal-is. Amkan n uyla-a ad t-yeṭṭef "wayla amagraw amettan" neɣ ayla amezdi. Deg waddad-a anemlay d uzduklan, allalen n ufares ad uɣalen d ayla n tmetti s timmad-is, ur ttakken ara abaɣur i yiwen udmawan neɣ i yiwet n twacult. Tametti d nettat ara ten-yesferken s wudem amegday d anɣiwes. Afares ad yili ibedd ɣef lɛeqliya tamaynut: ad d-nfares ayen tesri tmetti akken ad idir yal amdan s liser, mačči akken ad nessiweḍ cci d yisufar ɣer lqella n yinesbaɣuren i ixeddmen fell-asen tarwa n lḥif.

S tukksa n wayla uslig-a n wallalen n ufares, ad negren s wudem awurman tiserkam timettiyin. Imi ma yella ur yelli win i d-yugaren wayeḍ deg wayen yerzan akcam ɣer wallalen-a, d tɣbula n tmurt, ur d-tettagri ara ssebba n umennuɣ gar yimdanen neɣ gar tserkam. Tukksa n wayla-a d nettat i d asurif agejdan ara d-yelden abrid i usbeddi n tmetti tazduklant tummidt i deg yettwaseḥbiber ɣef yiswi-nni aɛlayan n tesnakta n Marks: "Seg yal yiwen ilmend n tezmert-is, ɣer yal yiwen ilmend n tesri-ines". D anagraw anda ad ifak awanek i d-yessuksen ayla uslig i lbaṭel, d wanda yal amdan ad yesɛu tilelli ad yeflali deg tudert-is war ma yella umennuɣ gar tserkam, s ddemma n idrimen, neɣ s temḥeqranit tadamsant.

Seg Tnemla ɣer Tzdukla: Ɣer yimsiḍnen n tesnakta-a, tanemla (socialisme) d aḥric kan n uɛeddi. Asmi ara d-tili tgrawla n yimahilen, awanek ad yeṭṭef allalen n ufares s yisem n tmetti, ad yexdem anagraw anemlay. Syin akkin, asmi ara d-taweḍ tmetti ɣer tegmi-ines tummidt, awanek ad yenger s timmad-is, ad d-tegri tmetti n tzduklant anda ur tella tsertit n miḥyaf gar yimdanen, ur yelli udrim, ur tella tmurt (tilisa).

Di teẓri n Karl Marks d Friedrich Engels, abeddel seg unagraw n usihri ɣer tmetti n tzdukla ur yezmir ara ad d-yili deg yiwen n wass neɣ s yiwen n ussurif kan. Marks yessefhem-d belli asali n tmetti war tiserkam yesra ɣer yiwet n tallit n uɛeddi, d tallit tamenzut iwumi isemma "tanemla", i wakken ad taweḍ tmetti s wudem uktu ɣer tzduklant tatrat.

Tickki tagrawla n yimahilen teɣleb anagraw n usihri, timetti ad tkecem deg tallit n tnemla. Deg waddad-a, awanek mazal-it yella, maca ad yuɣal d allal gar yifassen n yimahilen, ayen iwumi ssawalen "aḥkam aɣrudan n yimahilen". Iswi n uwanek-a anemlay d asuffeɣ n wallalen n ufares seg yifassen n tburjwazit, i wakken ad uɣalen d ayla n tmetti s umata. Deg tallit-a, tamhazt tadamsant d tmettit tettban-d deg ubeddel n lqaleb n ufraq n wayla. Ilugan n tnemla bnan ɣef wawal-a: "Seg yal yiwen ilmend n tezmert-is, ɣer yal yiwen ilmend n umahil-is". Meḥsub, yal amdan ad yettwaxelleṣ ɣef wakken ixeddem d wakken yefka tezmert-is i tmetti, imi idrimen mazal-iten ddren s wudem-nsen alɣawan deg umbaddel.

Amezruy d Umhaz

Tirmit n tkumunist tɛedda-d seg waṭas n wudmawen d talliyin deg umezruy n talsa:

1. Tagrawla n Trusit d Unagraw Asuvyati (1917)

Termit tamezwarut n tesnakta-a s wudem asertan teḍra-d deg Tmurt n Rrus s tneggayt n Vladimir Lenin akked yibulcuvikiyen. Sseɣlin anagraw n ugellid (Tsar) deg 1917, sbedden awanek amezwaru anemlay deg umaḍal, i d-yuɣalen syin d Tadukli n Tegdudiyin Tinemlayin Tisuvyatiyin (URSS). Lenin yesnerna tiẓri n Marks s wakken iwata ilmend n usatal n tmurt-is, ayen i d-yefkan yiwen umhaz d amaynut: Amarksizm-Alininizm.

2. Afukti deg Umaḍal d Wamgaru Asemmaḍ

Deffir n Wemgaru Amaḍlan Wis Sin, tasnakta n tzdukla tenfufed ɣer waṭas n tmura, dɣa tger-d llsas di Turuft tagmuḍant s ddaw n tezrirt n URSS. Deg Asya, tegla-d tgrawla meqqren deg Ccinwa s uqerruy n Mao Zedong (1949), i d-yessuflen tiẓri tamaynut i yebnan ɣef yifellaḥen mačči kan ɣef yimahilen n temdinin (Amawizm). Ɣer tama-s, ddukklent-d tmura am Kuba, Vietnam, akked Kurya n Ugafa, ayen i d-yeldin tiwwura i wemgaru asnaktan mgal tmura timsihriyin n Umalu (Amgaru Asemmaḍ).

3. Tazɣent d Uɣelluy

Deg yiseggasen n 1980, anagraw asuvyati yekcem deg tezɣent tasertant d tadamsant muqqran mliḥ. Lqella n tnafa, Tazzla ɣer yimrigen(leslaḥ), d tagmat i d-yeqqimen d awal kan gar tmura tizduklanin, wwint-d ɣer uɣelluy n Weɣrab n Birlin deg 1989, d uɣelluy n URSS s timmad-is deg 1991. Deg aṭas n tmura n Turuft, tirmit-a n tzuklant(tkumunist) tegla-d s ubrir.

Ayen i d-iqqimen seg-s deg Umaḍal Atrar

Ass-a, deg lqern wis XXI, ur llint ara aṭas n tmura i iṭṭfen deg tesnakta n tzdukla s wudem-is alugen yecban win n zik.

Tamurt	Addad Atrar
Ccinwa	Mazal teṭṭef deg yisem n tezdukla tasertant, maca deg wannar n tadamsa tessemres aṭas n yilugan n usihri.. Teddu s wayen iwumi ssawalen "Tanemla s udem n ulzuz(ssuq)".
Kukba / Vietnam	Seḥbunt ɣef ukabar awḥid, maca lldint tiwwura i wayla uslig d tnezzut tagraɣlant akken ad ssifsent ɣef tadamsa-nsent.
Kurya n Ugafa	Tuɣal d awanek agensas yebnan ɣef tesnakta tasimanit (Juche), tebɛed aṭas ɣef tmiḍranin timarkisiyin timezwura.

Asemdu deg Tmetti

Ɣas akken inagrawen isertanen n tezdukla wwḍen ɣer taggara-nsent, tiktiwin n tzdukla ǧǧant-d lǧerra meqqren i d-yessawen asemdu ɣef tmetti tatrart. Uɣalent d tameskart n izerfan n yimahilen, am umnekni di tɣara n umahil, timɣriwin n tegmat gar yigduden, akked uḥareb mgal tamnukda d miḥyaf. Tasnakta-a mazal-itt d azɣan lqayen ɣef lqella n tegdazalt, taɣtest n ddin, d lmeḥnat i d-yettawi unagraw amsihran amaḍlan ass-a.