Hepatic vein obstruction (Budd-Chiari)

Hepatic vein obstruction prevents blood from flowing out of the liver and back to the heart. This blockage can cause liver damage. Obstruction of this vein can be caused by a tumor or growth pressing on the vessel, or by a clot in the vessel (hepatic vein thrombosis).

Most often, it is caused by conditions that make blood clots more likely to form, including:

• Abnormal growth of cells in the bone marrow (myeloproliferative disorders)
• Cancers
• Chronic inflammatory or autoimmune diseases
• Infections
• Inherited (hereditary) or acquired problems with excessive blood clotting
• Oral contraceptives
• Pregnancy
• Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome
• Paroxysmal nocturnal hematuria

Hepatic vein blockage is the most common cause of Budd-Chiari syndrome.

Symptoms include:

• Abdominal swelling or stretching due to fluid in the abdomen
• Pain in the right upper abdomen
• Vomiting blood
• Yellowing of the skin (jaundice)

One of the signs is swelling of the abdomen from fluid buildup (ascites). The liver is often swollen and tender.

Tests include:

• CT scan or MRI of the abdomen
• Doppler ultrasound of the liver veins
• Liver biopsy
• Liver function tests
• Ultrasound of the liver

The treatment varies, depending on the cause of the blockage.

Your health care provider may recommend the following medicines:

• Blood thinners (anticoagulants)
• Clot-busting medicines (thrombolytic treatment)
• Medicines to treat the liver disease, including ascites

Surgery may be recommended. This may involve:

• Angioplasty and stent placement
• Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS)
• Venous shunt surgery
• Liver transplant

Hepatic vein obstruction can get worse and lead to cirrhosis and liver failure. This can be life threatening.

Contact your provider if:

• You have symptoms of hepatic vein obstruction
• You are being treated for this condition and you develop new symptoms

Budd-Chiari syndrome; Hepatic veno-occlusive disease; Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome

Kahi CJ. Vascular diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. In: Goldman L, Cooney KA, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 27th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2024:chap 129.

Nery FG, Valla DC. Vascular diseases of the liver. In: Chung RT, Rubin DT, Wilcox CM, eds. Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease. 12th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2026:chap 87.

Updated by: Todd Eisner, MD, Private practice specializing in Gastroenterology in Boca Raton and Delray Beach, Florida at Gastroenterology Consultants of Boca Raton. Affiliate Assistant Professor, Florida Atlantic University School of Medicine. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.