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. 2012 May;3(1):195-210.
doi: 10.1515/lp-2012-0011.

A gestural account of the velar fricative in Navajo

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A gestural account of the velar fricative in Navajo

Khalil Iskarous et al. Lab Phonol. 2012 May.

Abstract

Using the framework of Articulatory Phonology, we offer a phonological account of the allophonic variation undergone by the velar fricative phoneme in Navajo, a Southern or Apachean Athabaskan language spoken in Arizona and New Mexico. The Navajo velar fricative strongly coarticulates with the following vowel, varying in both place and manner of articulation. The variation in this velar fricative seems greater than the variation of velars in many well-studied languages. The coronal central fricatives in the inventory, in contrast, are quite phonetically stable. The back fricative of Navajo thus highlights 1) the linguistic use of an extreme form of coarticulation and 2) the mechanism by which languages can control coarticulation. It is argued that the task dynamic model underlying Articulatory Phonology, with the mechanism of gestural blending controlling coarticulation, can account for the multiplicity of linguistically-controlled ways in which velars coarticulate with surrounding vowels without requiring any changes of input specification due to context. The ability of phonological and morphological constraints to restrict the amount of coarticulation argues against strict separation of phonetics and phonology.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Spectrograms of three variants of the back fricative in intervocalic position in the onset of noun stems before front, round and low vowels respectively: top to bottom; bihis [pɪçɪѕ] ‘3SG-POSS-pus’, biwozh [powo#x00292;] ‘3SG-POSS-cactus’, bagháá’[pɑɰáːʔ] ‘3SG-POSS-wool’. Note that harmonization of the prefix vowel is sometimes reflected in the orthography.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Constriction Degree (CD) and Constriction Location (CL) estimates from ultrasound data. The central mark is the median, the edges of the boxes are the 25th (Q1) and 75th (Q3) percentiles, and the whiskers indicate one and a half standard deviations. Crosses indicate outliers. These accounted for 7.4% of the data, but all were for CD of /i/. Data is considered to be an outlier if larger than Q3 + 1.5 (Q3 − Q1) or smaller than Q3 − 1.5 (Q3 − Q1).
Figure 3
Figure 3
TADA simulations for a) CL-only coarticulation, b) CD-only coarticulation, and c) CD & CL coarticulation.
Figure 3
Figure 3
TADA simulations for a) CL-only coarticulation, b) CD-only coarticulation, and c) CD & CL coarticulation.

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