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. 2023 Nov 15;10(11):231171.
doi: 10.1098/rsos.231171. eCollection 2023 Nov.

To glide or to swim? A reinvestigation of the enigmatic Wapitisaurus problematicus (Reptilia) from the Early Triassic of British Columbia, Canada

Affiliations

To glide or to swim? A reinvestigation of the enigmatic Wapitisaurus problematicus (Reptilia) from the Early Triassic of British Columbia, Canada

Dylan Bastiaans et al. R Soc Open Sci. .

Abstract

Wapitisaurus problematicus was initially described as a member of the Weigeltisauridae, a clade of Late Permian gliding reptiles from Eurasia and Madagascar. However, the poor preservation of the holotype and only known specimen, from the lower Sulphur Mountain Formation at Ganoid Ridge (British Columbia, Canada), raised doubts about this assignment. Here, we redescribe W. problematicus and reassess its systematic position among diapsid reptiles. Comparison with all known weigeltisaurids, as well as contemporaneous reptiles from the Sulphur Mountain Formation, indicates that the taxon instead represents a thalattosauroid thalattosauriform, with noted similarities to Thalattosaurus and Paralonectes. This reidentification restricts weigeltisaurids to the Late Permian, with no occurrence in North America. Wapitisaurus problematicus potentially represents one of the oldest thalattosauriforms and increases our understanding of their diversity and disparity during the late Early and Middle Triassic. The close morphological similarities with later (thalattosauroid) thalattosauriforms and their high abundance in (shallow) marine settings may indicate an earlier invasion of this realm than previously assumed. This parallels observations in early ichthyopterygians with widespread opportunistic trophic niche diversification occurring relatively rapidly after the end-Permian mass extinction event.

Keywords: Early Triassic; Spathian; Thalattosauria; Wapiti Lake; Wapitisaurus; Weigeltisauridae.

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Conflict of interest statement

We have no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Photograph (a) and interpretative sketch (b) of the holotype TMP 86.153.14 of Wapitisaurus problematicus [1]. The fossil consisting of bone fragments and bone imprints shows mostly the right side of the skull and mandible in internal view if not indicated otherwise (l = left side; r = right side). adf, adductor fossa; an, angular; cop, coronoid process; d, dentary; en, external naris; fr, frontal; gf, glenoid fossa; mx, maxilla; n, nasal; pa, parietal; pdc, postdentary complex (incl. articular, surangular and potentially aspects of prearticular and angular); pl, palatine; pmx, premaxilla; prf, prefrontal; pof, postorbitofrontal; pt, pterygoid; rp, retroarticular process; sp, splenial; sq, squamosal; vo, vomer; *, marginal or palatal dentition.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Close up photographs and interpretative sketch of rostral (a,b) and postorbital (c,d) regions, and dentary (e), maxillary (f), and vomerine (g) teeth of the holotype TMP 86.153.14 of Wapitisaurus problematicus [1]. The fossil consisting of bone fragments and bone imprints shows mostly the right side of the skull and mandible in internal view if not indicated otherwise (l = left side; r = right side). Arrowheads indicate the separation between the tooth and bone of attachment. Arrows indicate anterior (A), dorsal (D), and ventral (V) direction. cop, coronoid process; d, dentary; en, external naris; fr, frontal; gf, glenoid fossa; mx, maxilla; n, nasal; pa, parietal; pdc, postdentary complex; pl, palatine; pmx, premaxilla; pof, postorbitofrontal; prf, prefrontal; pt, pterygoid; rp, retroarticular process; sp, splenial; sq, squamosal; vo, vomer; *, marginal or palatal dentition.
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
Photograph (a) and interpretative sketch (b) of the holotype TMP 89.127.1 of Paralonectes merriami [14]. The fossil consisting also of bone fragments and bone imprints, showing most parts of a disarticulated but associated skull mostly in right lateral view (l = left side; r = right side; note that most of associated postcranial remains are excluded here so please refer to [14] for complete specimen). adf, adductor fossa; an, angular; cop, coronoid process; d, dentary; en, external naris; fr, frontal; gf, glenoid fossa; ju, jugal; lad, lacrimal duct; mx, maxilla; n, nasal; pa, parietal; pl, palatine; pdc, postdentary complex; pof, postorbitofrontal; prf, prefrontal; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; rp, retroarticular process; sp, splenial; sq, squamosal; v, vertebra; vo, vomer; *, marginal or palatal dentition.
Figure 4.
Figure 4.
Photograph (a) and interpretative sketch (b) of the holotype TMP 89.127.6 of Agkistrognathus campbelli [14]. The specimen is disarticulated and only few elements can be identified herein. an, angular; d, dentary; mx, maxilla; pl, palatine; pmx, premaxilla; sa, surangular; sp, splenial; vo, vomer; *, marginal or palatal dentition.

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