Kampani ya Dutch East India

Pala mwapenjanga vya ntchito zinyake, wonani Kampani ya East India (kuzatula).

Kampani Yakukolerana ya East India1602–1799

Mbendera ya kampani (1630)
Native name	Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie Generale Vereenichde Geoctrooieerde Compagnie (zina lakwamba) Vereenigde Nederlandsche Geoctroyeerde Oostindische Compagnie (zina lakovwira pa malango)
Type	Kampani yakulongozgeka na boma na ŵanthu
Industry	Kampani yakwamba yakusazga mabizinesi
Predecessor	Voorcompagnieën{{}}Makampani ghakwamba (1594–1602) Compagnie van Verre Brabantsche Compagnie Compagnie van De Moucheron Veerse Compagnie
Founded	20 March 1602 (1602-03-20),["The) Dutch East India Company (VOC)". Canon van Nederland. Archived from [the original on 1) December 2010. Retrieved 19 March 2011. {{cite web}}: Check |archive-url= value (help); Check |url= value (help); Check date values in: |archive-date= (help) na Konsili Yikuru ya Netherlands kuyunganizga makampani agho ghakaŵako/makampani ghakwamba
Founder	Johan van Oldenbarnevelt na Konsili Yikuru ya Dutch Republic
Defunct	31 December 1799 (1799-12-31)
Fate	Yikamazgika ndipo yikapokeka na boma kuŵa Dutch East Indies
Headquarters	Amsterdam, Dutch Republic (likuru la kampani pa charu chose) Batavia, Dutch East Indies (likuru lachiŵiri panji malo ghakulamulirako ku vyaru vinyake)
Area served	South East Asia South Asia Asia–Pacific Southern Africa
Key people	Heeren XVII{{}}Ŵalongozgi 17 (Dutch Republic, 1602–1799) Governors-general of the Dutch East Indies (Batavia, 1610–1800)
Products	Vakununkhira, silika, porcelain, visulo, viŵeto, tiyi, tirigu, mpunga, soya, nzimbe, vinyu, khofi, ŵazga

Kampani ya United East India Company yikapangika na Johan van Oldenbarnevelt, munthu wakuzirwa chomene mu ndyale za Dutch Republic.

Msika wa malonda wa Hendrick de Keyser

United East India Company (Dutch: Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie nl; abbr.VOC nl), iyo yikudziŵika chomene kuti Kampani ya Dutch East India, yikaŵa kampani yakupika chiphaso yakuchita malonda kweniso yikaŵa yimoza mwa makampani ghakwamba gha masheya pa charu chapasi. Likapangika pa 20 Malichi 1602 na Wupu wa Ŵalongozgi wa Netherlands ukusazga pamoza makampani agho ghakaŵako kale, ndipo likapika ufumu wa malonda wakuŵikika yekha wa vyaka 21 kuti lichite malonda ku Asia. Masheya gha kampani iyi ghakaŵa ghakugulika na nzika yiliyose ya Dutch Republic ndipo ghakaguliskikanga pa misika yakuwonekera kwa wose ya masheya agho ghaguliskikaso, ndipo umoza wa misika iyi ukazgoka Msika wa Masheya wa Amsterdam. Kampani iyi yikaŵa na nkhongono zakuyana na za boma, kusazgapo nkhongono zakuchita nkhondo, kuŵika ŵakayidi mu jele na kuŵakoma, kupanga mapangano, kupanga ndalama zake, na kukhazikiska maderahene. Chifukwa chakuti yikachitanga malonda pakati pa maderahene na vyaru vinandi vya ku East na West, VOC nyengo zinyake yikuwoneka kuti yikaŵa kampani yakwamba pa charu chose chapasi yakuchita ntchito mu vyaru vinandi. Mbiri ya Ulamuliro wa Ŵachidachi] VOC ku Laibulare ya Charu ya Netherlands (mu Chidachi)

Kuwoneska mu 1602 kuti yisange phindu mu malonda gha vyakununkhira gha ku Maluku, VOC yikakhazikiska likuru lake mu msumba wa madoko wa Jayakarta mu 1619 ndipo yikasintha zina lake kuŵa Batavia, uwo sono ukuchemeka Jakarta. Mu vyaka viŵiri vyakulondezgapo, kampani iyi yikasanga madoko ghanyake kuŵa malo ghake gha malonda ndipo yikavikilira vyakukhumba vyake mwa kupoka malo agho ghakaŵa kuzingilira. Yikalutilira kuŵa kampani yakuzirwa ya malonda ndipo yikapelekanga vigawanyo vya phindu vya chaka na chaka ivyo pa avareji vikaŵa pafupi 18% ya ndalama zakuguliskira kampani iyi kwa vyaka pafupifupi 200. Chifukwa cha uzgaŵa wa malonda, vimbundi na kukwera kwa ndalama zakulongozgera kampani mu vyaka vyakumalizga vya m'ma 18, kampani iyi yikafilisika ndipo yikamazgika mwalamulo mu 1799. Katundu wake na ngongole zake vikapokeka na boma la Dutch Batavian Republic.

Zina la kampani, chimanyikwilo na mbendera

Chizindikiro cha m'ma 17 cha Kampani Yakukolerana ya East India, VOC, ku Hoorn

[[File\:VOC-Amsterdam.svg|thumb|upright|Chimanyikwilo cha Amsterdam Chamber ya VOC]]

Mu Chidachi, zina la kampani iyi likaŵa Vereenigde Nederlandsche Geoctroyeerde Oostindische Compagnie, ilo likachemekanga mwakufupikiska kuti VOC, ndipo likung'anamura kuti 'Kampani Yakukolerana ya Dutch Yakupika Chiphaso ya East India' (Kampani Yakukolerana ya East India). Chimanyikwilo cha kampani iyi chikaŵa na V yikuru, na O kumazere ndipo C ku chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro, ndipo panji chikaŵa chimanyikwilo chakwamba cha kampani icho chikamanyikwa pa charu chose. Chikawonekanga pa vinthu vya kampani, nga ni mbendera, mizinga na ndalama.

Kalata yakwamba ya zina la msumba uko chipinda cha kampani chikachitira ntchito yikaŵikikanga pachanya. Kusinthasintha, kupulikikwa makora, kuphweka, kuyana kwa vigaŵa, kuleka kuchita ukalamba na uthenga wa chimanyikwilo ichi vikuwoneka kuti ni vinthu vyakuzirwa vya chimanyikwilo cha VOC icho chikapangika mwaluso. Vinthu ivi vikawovwira kuti chimanyikwilo ichi chizomerezeke pa nyengo iyo fundo ya chimanyikwilo cha kampani yikamanyikwanga viŵi yayi. Munthu wakulima mpheska ku Australia wagwiliskira ntchito chimanyikwilo cha VOC kufuma kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 20, wati walembeskaso zina la kampani iyi na chilato ichi.

Pa charu chose, chomene mu vyaru ivyo vikuyowoya Chingelezi, VOC yikumanyikwa chomene kuti ni 'Kampani ya Dutch East India'. Zina lakuti 'Kampani ya Dutch East India' likugwiliskirika ntchito kupambaniska kampani iyi na [ya ku Britain] Kampani ya East India (EIC) na makampani ghanyake gha ku East India, nga ni Kampani ya Danish East India, Kampani ya French East India, Kampani ya Portuguese East India, na Kampani ya Swedish East India. Mazina ghanyake agho kampani iyi yikumanyikwira nagho ghakusazgapo 'Kampani ya Dutch East Indies', 'Kampani Yakukolerana ya East India', 'Kampani ya Jan', panji 'Jan Compagnie'. Kampani ya Dutch East India] , European Heritage Project.

Mbili

Kwambira

Further information: Malonda gha vyakununkhira and Njira ya Cape

Pambere pa kuwukira kwa ŵa Dutch, uko kukamba mu 1566/68, msumba wa Brabant wa Antwerp ukachita ntchito yakuzirwa nga ni malo ghakugawirako katundu kumpoto kwa Europe. Pamanyuma pa 1591, Ŵapwitikizi ŵakagwiliskira ntchito gulu la malonda la vyaru vinandi la ŵa German Fugger na Welser, pamoza na makampani gha ku Spain na Italy, agho ghakagwiranga ntchito kufuma ku Hamburg nga ni doko likuru la kumpoto lakugawirako katundu wawo, mwakuti ŵamalonda ŵa ku Dutch ŵakatolekera kuwalo kwa malonda. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, dongosolo la malonda la Ŵapwitikizi likatondeka kusazgirako katundu kuti likwaniriske kusazgikira kwa khumbo, chomene khumbo la pepper. Khumbo la vyakununkhira likaŵa lakusuzga kusintha mwakuyana na mtengo; ntheura, kuchedwa kulikose pa kupereka pepper kukapangiska kuti mitengo ya pepper yikwere chomene.

Mu 1580, ufumu wa Portugal ukakolerana mu umoza wa mafumu na ufumu wa Spain, uwo ukamanyikwa kuti Iberian Union. Pa nyengo iyi Dutch Republic yikaŵa pa nkhondo na Spain. Ntheura, Ufumu wa Portugal ukazgoka chilato chakwenelera cha nkhondo za ŵa Dutch. Vinthu ivi vikapangiska ŵamalonda ŵa ku Dutch kuti nawo ŵambe kuchita malonda gha vyakununkhira pakati pa makontinenti. Kweniso, ŵamalonda na ŵakupenja vinthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Dutch, nga ni Jan Huyghen van Linschoten na Cornelis de Houtman, ŵakasanga umanyi waŵeneŵene wa nthowa za malonda na nthowa za ntchito za Ŵapwitikizi "zachisisi", ndipo ivi vikapeleka mwaŵi unyake ku ŵa Dutch kuti ŵanjire mu malonda agha. Mwaŵi ukaŵa wakunozgeka kuti ŵa Dutch ŵambe maulendo ghawo ghakupenja ku visiwa vya Indonesia, kuyambira na Cornelis de Houtman mu 1595 ndipo mu 1598, Jacob Van Neck mu 1598, pakati pa ŵanyake. Pa ulendo wakupenja wa zombo vinayi uwo ukalongozgeka na Frederick de Houtman mu 1595 ku Banten, doko likuru la pepper ku West Java, ŵalendo ŵa mu sitima ŵakasangana na Ŵapwitikizi na ŵa ku Java. Ulendo wa Houtman ukalutilira kuya kumafumiro gha dazi mumphepete mwa nyanja ya kumpoto kwa Java, ndipo ŵanthu 12 ŵa mu gulu lake ŵakakomeka pa nkhondo na ŵa ku Java ku Sidayu, uku iwo ŵakakoma mulongozgi wa malo ku Madura. Hafu ya gulu la ŵalendo ŵakaŵa kuti ŵatayika pambere ulendo uwu undafike ku Netherlands mu 1596, kweni ŵakiza na vyakununkhira vinandi ivyo vikaŵapa phindu likuru. [[File\:De terugkomst in Amsterdam van de tweede expeditie naar Oost-Indië, Hendrik Cornelisz Vroom, 1599, Rijksmuseum SK-A-2858.jpg|thumb|260px|Kuwelera kwa ulendo wachiŵiri wa ku Asia wa Jacob van Neck mu 1599, wakajambulika na Cornelis Vroom]]

Mu 1598, magulu gha zombo ghakupambanapambana ghakatumika na magulu gha ŵamalonda ghakupambanapambana kufuma mu Netherlands yose. Zombo vinyake vikazgeŵeka, kweni vinandi vikafika makora, ndipo maulendo ghanyake ghakapanga phindu likuru. Mu 1598, gulu la zombo vinayi ilo likalongozgeka na Jacob van Neck likaŵa gulu lakwamba la zombo za ku Dutch kufika ku 'Visiwa vya Vyakununkhira' vya Maluku, ivyo vikamanyikwangaso kuti Moluccas, ndipo likasindika ŵamalonda ŵa pakati ŵa ku Java. Zombo izi zikawelera ku Europe mu 1599 na 1600, ndipo ulendo uwu ukapanga phindu la 400%.

Mu 1600, ŵa Dutch ŵakakolerana na ŵa Hitu Ŵasilamu pa Ambon Island mu phangano lakulimbana na Ŵapwitikizi. Pa phangano ili, ŵa Dutch ŵakapika wanangwa wakugura vyakununkhira kufuma kwa ŵa Hitu pera. Ŵa Dutch ŵakamba kulamulira Ambon apo Ŵapwitikizi ŵakajipeleka na kupereka linga lawo ku Ambon ku phangano la ŵa Dutch na ŵa Hitu. Mu 1613, ŵa Dutch ŵakafumiska Ŵapwitikizi ku linga lawo la Solor, kweni nkhondo yinyake ya Ŵapwitikizi yikapangiska kuti ulamuliro usinthe kachiŵiri. Pamanyuma pa kupokaso linga ili, ŵa Dutch ŵakapokaso Solor mu 1636.

Kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Solor, pa chisumbu cha Timor, kuluta panthazi kwa ŵa Dutch kukakanizgika na gulu lakujilamulira ilo likaŵa na nkhongono la Ŵapwitikizi ŵa ku Eurasia ilo likachemekanga Topasses. Iwo ŵakalutilira kulamulira malonda gha mtengo wa sandalwood. Kukanizgika kwawo kukalutilira mu vyaka vya m'ma 17 na 18, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti Portuguese Timor chilutilire kuŵa pasi pa ulamuliro wa Ŵapwitikizi.(in Portuguese) Matos, Artur Teodoro de (1974), Timor Portugues, 1515–1769, Lisboa: Instituto Histórico Infante Dom Henrique.(in Dutch) Roever, Arend de (2002), De jacht op sandelhout: De VOC en de tweedeling van Timor in de zeventiende eeuw, Zutphen: Walburg Pers.

Vyaka vyakwambilira

[[File\:Sd2-baggala.JPG|thumb|Mughal Bengal's baghlah yikaŵa mtundu wa sitima uwo ŵamalonda ŵa ku Dutch ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito chomene mu Indian Ocean, Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, Strait of Malacca na South China Sea.]] [[File\:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Reproductie van een plattegrond van Batavia uit circa 1627 TMnr 496-3.jpg|thumb|Chithuzithuzi chakubwerezga mapu gha msumba wa Batavia pafupi na 1627, mu Wereldmuseum Amsterdam]] [[File\:Waere affbeeldinge Wegens het Casteel ende Stadt BATAVIA gelegen opt groot Eylant JAVA Anno 1681.jpg|thumb|Batavia ya ŵa Dutch mu 1681, yakazengeka pa malo agho sono ni North Jakarta]]

Pa nyengo iyi, chikaŵa chizolowezi kuti kampani yipelekekenge ndalama kwa nyengo ya ulendo umoza pera ndipo yimazgikenge apo gulu la zombo lawelera. Kugwiliskira ntchito ndalama pa maulendo agha kukaŵa kwakofya chomene chifukwa cha vyakofya vya kawirikawiri vya ŵankhondo ŵa panyanja, matenda na kusweka kwa sitima, kweniso chifukwa cha kusangana kwa khumbo ilo likusintha viŵi yayi mwakuyana na mtengo na katundu uyo wakusangika mwaluso gha vyakununkhira, uko kukapangiskanga kuti mitengo yiwile chomene na kuparanya chigomezgo cha kupanga phindu. Kuti ŵalamulire ngozi iyi, kupanga gulu la makampani ghakukolerana kuti lilamulire katundu uyo wakuperekeka kukawoneka kuti ni nthowa yakwenelera. Mu 1600, Ŵaingelezi ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵakwamba kugwiliskira ntchito nthowa iyi mwa kusazga vinthu vyawo mu kampani yakukhala na ulamuliro wa yekha, Kampani ya East India ya ku England, ndipo ivi vikawofya ŵapikisana nawo ŵa ku Dutch kuti ŵangaparanyika.

Mu 1602, boma la Dutch likalondezga nthowa iyi, likawovwira kukhazikiska "Kampani Yakukolerana ya East Indies" yimoza iyo yikapikikaso ulamuliro wa yekha pa malonda gha ku Asia.[(https://www.nationaalarchief.nl/onderzoeken/archief/1.04.02/invnr/1/file/NL-HaNA_1.04.02_1_01) Octrooi verleend door de Staten-Generaal betreffende de alleenhandel ten oosten van Kaap de Goede Hoop en ten westen van de Straat van Magallanes voor de duur van 21 jaar] [Patent granted by the States General concerning exclusive trade east of the Cape of Good Hope and west of the Strait of Magallanes for a period of 21 years] (in Dutch). Amsterdam. 1602 [20 March 1602]. p. 5. [(https://web.archive.org/web/20220422184915/https://web.archive.org/web/20220422184915/https://www.nationaalarchief.nl/onderzoeken/archief/1.04.02/invnr/1/file/NL-HaNA_1.04.02_1_01) Archived] from the original on 22 Epulelo 2022. Retrieved 22 Epulelo 2022 – via Nationaal Archief. 'Dese vereenichde Compaignie sal beginnen ende aenvanck nemen met desen Jaere xvi C ende twee ende sal gedurende den tyt van eenentwintich Jaren achter (This United Company shall commence operations in the year of 1602, and shall continue for a period of twenty-one consecutive years)' {{cite book}}: Check |archive-url= value (help); Check |url= value (help) Kwa nyengo yinyake mu vyaka vya m'ma 17, yikakwaniska kulamulira malonda gha nutmeg, mace na cloves, na kuguliska vyakununkhira ivi mu maufumu gha ku Europe na mu Mughal Empire wa Emperor Akbar the Great pa mitengo iyo yikaŵa yakukwera maulendo 14–17 kuluska mtengo uwo yikaguliranga ku Indonesia.Reid, Anthony (1993). Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450–1680. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. p. 290.

Apo phindu la ŵa Dutch likakweranga chomene, chuma cha ku Visiwa vya Vyakununkhira chikaparanyika, chifukwa nga ni mugulisi yumoza pera, VOC yikachichizga kuti mitengo iyo ŵalimi ŵa ku Visiwa vya Vyakununkhira ŵakapokeranga yiŵe yichoko chomene. Na ndalama zakwamba za 6,440,200 guilders{{cite book|first=John|last=Bruce|title=Annals of the Honourable East-India Company |url=(https://archive.org/details/annalshonorable00brucgoog|year=1810|publisher=Black), Parry, and Kingsbury|page=[(https://archive.org/details/annalshonorable00brucgoog/page/n42) 28]}} (yakuyana na € million mu 2016), chiphaso cha kampani yiphya chikayipa mazaza ghakuzenga malinga, kusungilira ŵasilikari, na kuchita mapangano na ŵawusi ŵa ku Asia. Chikapeleka mwaŵi wa kampani iyo yikeneranga kulutilira kwa vyaka 21, kweni kuŵerengera vya ndalama kukeneranga kuchitika paumaliro wa chaka chilichose cha vyaka 10.

[[File\:Willem Blaeu00.jpg|thumb|Early map of the Maluku Islands made during the Age of Discovery, by Willem Blaeu, 1630. North is on the right, with Ternate as the rightmost followed by Tidore, both were known as the Spice Islands (trade secret, outposts of the VOC). |left]] Mu Febuluwale 1603, kampani iyi yikapoka Santa Catarina, sitima ya malonda ya Ŵapwitikizi ya matani 1,500, pafupi na mphepete mwa nyanja ya Malay Peninsula. Mu chaka cheneko, gulu lakukolerana la ŵa Dutch na Ŵaingelezi likapoka sitima yinyake ya malonda ya Ŵapwitikizi kufupi na Macau.Boxer, C. R. (1948). Fidalgos in the Far East, 1550–1770. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. p. 50. Ndalama izo zikapatika pakuguliska katundu wa mu sitima ziŵiri izi zikaŵa zakujumpha 50% ya ndalama zakwamba izo ŵanthu ŵakaŵika mu VOC.Boyajian, James C. (2008). [(https://books.google.com/books?id=C0lrDYYzMyAC\&pg=PA151) Portuguese Trade in Asia under the Habsburgs, 1580–1640]. JHU Press. p. 151. ISBN 978-0-8018-8754-3. [(https://web.archive.org/web/20230411160033/https://books.google.com/books?id=C0lrDYYzMyAC\&pg=PA151) Archived] from the original on 11 Epulelo 2023. Retrieved 2 Juni 2016. {{cite book}}: Check |archive-url= value (help); Check |url= value (help)

Mu 1603, malo ghakwamba gha malonda gha Ŵa Dutch agho ghakaŵa ghakukhazikika ku Indonesia ghakakhazikiskika ku Banten, West Java. Mu 1611, ghanyake ghakakhazikiskika ku Jayakarta (pamanyuma likachemekanga "Batavia" ndipo pamanyuma "Jakarta"). Mu 1610, VOC yikakhazikiska udindo wa mulongozgi mukuru kuti yikwaniske kulamulira makora nkhani zake ku Asia. Kuti walangure na kulamulira ngozi ya ulamuliro wankhaza wa ŵalongozgi ŵakuru, Khonsolo ya Indies (Raad van Indië) yikapangika. Mulongozgi mukuru wakazgoka mulongozgi mukuru wa ntchito za VOC ku Asia. Heeren XVII, gulu la ŵanthu 17 awo ŵakaŵa na magawo gha kampani ndipo ŵakimiranga vipinda vyakupambanapambana, likalutilira kuŵa na ulamuliro wose pa kampani iyi mwalamulo.

[[File\:Amboina. 17th century print, most likely English..jpg|thumb|Chisumbu cha Amboina, chithuzithuzi cha m'ma 17, panji chikajambulika na Mungwelezi]] Likuru la VOC likaŵa ku Ambon mu nyengo ya ŵalongozgi ŵakuru ŵatatu ŵakwamba (1610–1619), kweni malo agha ghakaŵa ghambura kwenelera. Nangauli ghakaŵa pakati pa malo agho vyakununkhira vikapangikanga, ghakaŵa kutali na nthowa za malonda gha ku Asia na malo ghanyake agho VOC yikachitirangako ntchito, kufuma ku Africa kuya ku India na Japan. Om Prakash, The Dutch East India Company and the Economy of Bengal, 1630–1720 (Princeton University Press, 1985)William De Lange, Pars Japonica: the first Dutch expedition to reach the shores of Japan, (2006) Ntheura, malo gha kumadzulo kwa chigaŵa ichi ghakapenjeka. Straits of Malacca ghakaŵa ghakuzirwa pa nkhani za nkhondo na malonda kweni ghakamba kuŵa ghakofya pamanyuma pa kupoka na Ŵapwitikizi, ndipo malo ghakwamba gha VOC ghakukhazikika ku Banten ghakaŵa pasi pa ulamuliro wa mulongozgi wa ku malo uyo wakaŵa na nkhongono, kweniso ghakakumana na chipikano chikuru kufuma kwa ŵamalonda ŵa ku China na Ŵaingelezi.

Mu 1604, ulendo wachiŵiri wa Ŵaingelezi wa Kampani ya East India uwo ukalongozgekanga na Sir Henry Middleton ukafika ku visiwa vya Ternate, Tidore, Ambon na Banda. Ku Banda, ŵakasangana na kususka kukuru kufuma ku VOC, ndipo ichi chikapangiska chipikano cha ŵa Dutch na Ŵaingelezi pa nkhani ya kusanga vyakununkhira. Kufuma mu 1611 mpaka 1617, Ŵaingelezi ŵakakhazikiska malo gha malonda ku Sukadana (kumwera chakumafumiro gha dazi kwa Kalimantan), Makassar, Jayakarta na Jepara ku Java, kweniso Aceh, Pariaman na Jambi ku Sumatra, ndipo ivi vikawofya khumbo la ŵa Dutch lakuti ŵaŵe na ulamuliro wawo watekha pa malonda gha East Indies.

Mu 1620, mapangano gha ubwezi mu Europe ghakapanga nyengo ya kukolerana pakati pa malonda gha vyakununkhira gha ŵa Dutch na Ŵaingelezi. Ivi vikamalira pa kupharazgana na kukoma ŵa Amboyna, apo Ŵaingelezi 10 ŵakakakika, ŵakayuzgika ndipo ŵakadumulika mitu chifukwa cha kuyuzgika kuti ŵakapangana kugalukira boma la Dutch.Miller, George, ed. (1996). To The Spice Islands and Beyond: Travels in Eastern Indonesia. New York: Oxford University Press. xvi. ISBN 967-65-3099-9. Nangauli ivi vikapangiska ukali ukuru mu Europe na suzgo la ubwezi pakati pa vyaru, Ŵaingelezi mwakufwasa ŵakafumapo mu vinandi mwa vyakuchita vyawo ku Indonesia, kweni ŵakalutilira kuguliska malonda ku Banten, ndipo ŵakaŵika mtima pa vyakukhumba vinyake ku Asia.

Kukura

[[File\:Melaka-St-Paul-Dutch-graves-2182.jpg|thumb|Manda gha ŵanthu ŵakuzirwa ŵa ku Dutch mu mabwinja gha St. Paul's Church, Malacca, mu Dutch Malacca yakale]] [[File\:De handelsloge van de VOC in Hougly in Bengalen Rijksmuseum SK-A-4282.jpeg|thumb|260px|Fakitale ya Kampani ya Dutch East India ku Hugli-Chuchura, Mughal Bengal — Hendrik van Schuylenburgh (1665)]]

Mu 1619, Jan Pieterszoon Coen wakimikika kuŵa mulongozgi mukuru wa VOC. Wakamanya kuti VOC yingazgoka nkhongono ku Asia, pa nkhani za ndale kweniso chuma. Pa 30 Meyi 1619, Coen, wakovwirika na gulu la zombo 19, wakaluta ku Jayakarta mwankhondo, wakachimbizga ŵasilikari ŵa Banten; ndipo kufuma pa mabwinja gha msumba uwu wakakhazikiska Batavia kuŵa likuru la VOC. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1620, pafupifupi ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Banda Islands ŵakachimbizgika, ŵakafa na njala, panji ŵakakomeka pakuyezga kuŵikapo minda ya ŵa Dutch. Minda iyi yikagwiliskirikanga ntchito pakulima nutmeg kuti yiguliskike ku vyaru vinyake. Coen wakakhumbanga kusamuska ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Dutch kuti ŵakakhale ku East Indies, kweni ndondomeko iyi yikafika yayi pa chilato chake, chomene chifukwa ŵa Dutch ŵachoko chomene ŵakaŵa ŵakunozgeka kusamukira ku Asia. The Dutch Seaborne Empire 1600–1800, page 218

Chinthu chinyake icho Coen wakachita chikenda makora chomene. Suzgo likuru mu malonda gha ku Europe na Asia pa nyengo iyi likaŵa lakuti Ŵaevulopu ŵakaŵavya katundu munandi uyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Asia ŵakakhumbanga, kupatulapo siliva na golide. Ntheura ŵamalonda ŵa ku Europe ŵakeneranga kulipira vyakununkhira na visulo vyamtengo, ivyo vikaŵa vichoko ku Europe, kupatulapo ku Spain na Portugal. Ŵa Dutch na Ŵaingelezi ŵakeneranga kusanga visulo ivi mwa kupanga malonda ghakujumpha na vyaru vinyake vya ku Europe. Coen wakasanga nthowa yakupulikikwa ya kumazgira suzgo ili: kwambiska dongosolo la malonda pakati pa vyaru vya ku Asia, ilo phindu lake likatenge ligwiliskikenge ntchito kulipilira malonda gha vyakununkhira na Europe. Mu nyengo yitali, ivi vikamazga kufipa mtima na kufumiska visulo vyamtengo kufuma ku Europe, nangauli pakwamba vikakhumbanga kuti pakhale ndalama zinandi za malonda ku Indies. VOC yikawelerangaso kuŵika chigaŵa chikuru cha phindu lake mu chilato ichi mu nyengo yakufika ku 1630.

The VOC yikachitanga malonda mu Asia yose, ndipo yikasanga phindu likuru chomene ku Bengal. Zombo izo zikafumanga ku Netherlands kuya ku Batavia zikanyamuranga vinthu vyakukhumbikwa ku malo gha VOC mu Asia. Siliva na mkuwa kufuma ku Japan vikagwiliskirikanga ntchito kuchita malonda na maufumu ghakukhupuka chomene pa charu, India ya Mughal na China ya Qing, kuti ŵasange silika, thonje, porcelain na vyakuvwara. Katundu uyu wakagulikanga mu Asia kuti ŵasange vyakununkhira ivyo ŵanthu ŵakakhumbanga chomene, panji wakanyamulika kuwelera ku Europe. VOC yikaŵaso yakuzirwa chomene pakwambiska maghanoghano gha ku Europe na tekinoloje ku Asia. Kampani iyi yikawovwiranga ŵamisiri ŵa Chikhristu ndipo yikachitanga malonda gha tekinoloje yiphya na China na Japan. Malo gha malonda gha VOC gha mtende ku Dejima, chisumbu chakupangika na ŵanthu icho chili kufupi na Nagasaki, ghakaŵa kwa vyaka vyakujumpha 200 malo ghakwamba pera agho Ŵaevulopu ŵakazomerezgekanga kuchitira malonda na Japan.Ames, Glenn J. (2008). The Globe Encompassed: The Age of European Discovery, 1500–1700. p. 115. Apo VOC yikayezga kugwiliskira ntchito nkhongono za nkhondo kuti yikakamizge mafumu gha Ming kuzomerezga malonda na ŵa Dutch, Ŵachina ŵakathereska ŵa Dutch mu nkhondo ya visiwa vya Penghu kufuma mu 1623 mpaka 1624, ndipo VOC yikachichizgika kuleka Penghu na kuluta ku Taiwan. Ŵachina ŵakathereskaso VOC pa Nkhondo ya ku Liaoluo Bay mu 1633. Ŵalongozgi ŵa Vietnam ŵa Nguyen ŵakathereska VOC mu nkhondo ya 1643 pa nyengo ya Nkhondo ya Trịnh–Nguyễn, ndipo ŵakaphulika sitima ya Ŵa Dutch. Ŵa Cambodia ŵakathereska VOC mu Nkhondo ya Cambodia na Dutch kufuma mu 1643 mpaka 1644 pa Mlonga wa Mekong. [[File\:Dutch settlement at Chunchura on the Hugli river, West Benga Wellcome V0050427 (cropped).jpg|thumb|260px|Malo ghakukhala gha ŵa Dutch mu Suba ya Bengal]] Mu 1640, VOC yikasanga dowoko la Galle, Ceylon, kufuma kwa Ŵapwitikizi ndipo yikamazga ulamuliro wawo watekha pa malonda gha sinamoni. Mu 1658, Gerard Pietersz Hulft wakazingilizga Colombo, ndipo msumba uwu ukapokeka na wovwiri wa Fumu Rajasinghe II ya Kandy. Mu 1659, Ŵapwitikizi ŵakaŵachimbizga mu vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja, ivyo pamanyuma vikapokeka na VOC, ndipo ichi chikawovwira VOC kuŵa na ulamuliro wawo watekha pa malonda gha sinamoni. Kuti Ŵapwitikizi panji Ŵaingelezi ŵaleke kupokaso Sri Lanka, VOC yikalutilira kupoka Malo gha Malabar ghose kufuma ku Ŵapwitikizi, ndipo pafupifupi yikaŵachimbizga wose ku mphepete mwa nyanja ya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa India. Mu 1652, Jan van Riebeeck wakakhazikiska malo ghakupumulirapo na kusazgirako vyakukhumbikwa pa Cape of Storms (kumwera chakumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa, sono Cape Town, South Africa) kuti ghawovwire zombo za kampani pa ulendo wawo kuya na kufuma ku East Asia. Pamanyuma, cape iyi yikachemekaso Cape of Good Hope chifukwa cha kuŵapo kwa malo agha. Nangauli zombo izo zikaŵavya ubwezi na kampani zikazomerezgekanga kugwiliskira ntchito malo agha, zikakhomeskekanga ndalama zinandi chomene. Pamanyuma malo agha ghakazgoka koloni lakukwana, Cape Colony, apo ŵa Dutch na ŵa ku Europe ŵanyake ŵakamba kukhala kwenekura. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 17, malo gha malonda gha VOC ghakakhazikiskikaso ku Persia,[(https://www.nla.ae/en/our-history/historical-periods/dutch-era/) "Dutch era"]. Retrieved 8 Epulelo 2026. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help) Bengal, Malacca, Siam, Formosa (sono Taiwan), kweniso ku mphepete mwa nyanja ya Malabar na Coromandel ku India. Kufika mwakudunjika ku China mainland kukiza mu 1729 apo fakitale yikakhazikiskika ku Canton.Hertroijes, Frasie (2011). [(https://web.archive.org/web/20220407020410/http://research.uni-leipzig.de/eniugh/congress/fileadmin/eniugh2011/dokumente/Going_Dutch_Hertroijs_2011_4_7.pdf) "Meeting the Dutch: cooperation and conflict between Jesuits and Dutch merchants in Asia, 1680–1795"]. Paper Presented at the Conference of ENIUGH, London: 10. Archived from [(http://research.uni-leipzig.de/eniugh/congress/fileadmin/eniugh2011/dokumente/Going_Dutch_Hertroijs_2011_4_7.pdf) the original] on 7 Epulelo 2022. Retrieved 28 Julayi 2018. {{cite journal}}: Check |archive-url= value (help); Check |url= value (help) Mu 1661, mulongozgi wa Ming Koxinga wakalongozga gulu la zombo kuti lithere ŵa Dutch. Ŵati ŵanthu ŵakugomezgeka ku Ming ŵathereska ŵasilikari ŵakuwovwira ŵa Dutch awo ŵakafuma ku Java mu 1662, Frederick Coyett, mulongozgi wa ŵa Dutch, wakapereka Taiwan.Andrade, Tonio (2005). [How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century. Columbia University Press. Archived from [the original on 19 April 2021. Retrieved 16) May 2012. {{cite book}}: Check |archive-url= value (help); Check |url= value (help); Check date values in: |access-date= (help); Invalid |url-status=live) (help) (wonani History of Taiwan). Mu 1663, VOC yikasayina "Pangano la Painan" na ŵalongozgi ŵa ku malo ŵanandi mu chigaŵa cha Painan awo ŵakagalukira Aceh Sultanate. Phangano ili likazomerezga VOC kuzenga malo gha malonda mu chigaŵa ichi ndipo pamanyuma kuŵa na ulamuliro wawo watekha pa malonda, chomene malonda gha golide.[(https://web.archive.org/web/20120314193208/http://majalah.tempointeraktif.com/id/arsip/1982/07/31/BK/mbm.19820731.BK47129.id.html) "170 tahun kepahlawanan minangkabau"]. Majalah Tempo Online (in Indonesian). 31 Julayi 1982. Archived from [(http://majalah.tempointeraktif.com/id/arsip/1982/07/31/BK/mbm.19820731.BK47129.id.html) the original] on 14 Malichi 2012. Retrieved 11 Malichi 2012. {{cite web}}: Check |archive-url= value (help); Check |url= value (help) Kufika mu 1669, VOC yikaŵa kampani yakukhupuka chomene ya ŵanthu ŵapadera iyo charu chikaŵa nacho kufika pa nyengo iyo, ndipo yikaŵa na zombo za malonda zakujumpha 150, zombo za nkhondo 40, ŵantchito 50,000, ŵasilikari ŵake 10,000, kweniso malipiro gha phindu gha 40% pa ndalama zakwamba izo zikaŵikika. Ŵantchito ŵanandi ŵa VOC ŵakasangananga na ŵanthu ŵa ku malo ndipo ŵakasazgiranga chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵa Indo mu mbili ya nyengo ya ukoloni undandambe.De Witt, D. [(https://web.archive.org/web/20090814022910/http://www.dutchmalaysia.net/press/Easternization.html) "The Easternization of the West: The Role of Melaka, the Malay-Indonesian archipelago and the Dutch (VOC). (International seminar by the Melaka State Government, the Malaysian Institute of Historical and Patriotism Studies (IKSEP), the Institute of Occidental Studies (IKON) at the National University of Malaysia (UKM) and the Netherlands Embassy in Malaysia. Malacca, Malaysia, 27 July 2006"]. Children of the VOC at. Archived from [(http://www.dutchmalaysia.net/press/Easternization.html) the original] on 14 Ogasiti 2009. Retrieved 14 Febuluwale 2010. {{cite web}}: Check |archive-url= value (help); Check |url= value (help)Blusse, Leonard. Strange Company: Chinese Settlers, Mestizo Women and the Dutch in VOC Batavia. (Dordrecht-Holland; Riverton, US, Foris Publications, 1986. xiii, 302p.) number: 959.82 B659.

Kusintha kwa nkhani

Kuzingira mu 1670, vinthu viŵiri vikapangiska kuti malonda gha VOC ghaleke kukura. Chakwamba, malonda ghakupindulitsa chomene na Japan ghakamba kuchepa. Kutayika kwa malo gha VOC pa Formosa chifukwa cha Koxinga mu kuzingilizga Fort Zeelandia mu 1662, pamoza na masuzgo gha mukati mwa China (apo Ming dynasty yikasinthikanga na ufumu wa Qing wa China), kukamazga malonda gha silika pamanyuma pa 1666. Nangauli VOC yikagwiliskira ntchito silika wa Bengal ya Mughal m'malo mwa silika wa ku China, vinthu vinyake vikakhwaska umo siliva na golide wa ku Japan vikafikiranga ku malonda. Shogunate yikakhazikiska nthowa zinandi zakukanizgira kufumiskika kwa visulo ivi vyamtengo, ndipo pakuchita nthena yikakanizga mwaŵi wa VOC wa malonda na kusazgirapo kuŵinya kwa malonda. Ntheura, Japan yikaleka kuŵa chinthu chakuzirwa chomene mu malonda gha VOC pakati pa vyaru vya Asia kufika mu 1685.

Chinthu chakuzirwa chomene ntchakuti, Nkhondo yachitatu ya Anglo-Dutch yikakanizga kwa nyengo yichoko malonda gha VOC na Europe. Ivi vikapangiska kuti mtengo wa pepper ukwere chomene, ndipo vikakopa Kampani ya East India ya Ŵaingelezi (EIC) kuti yinjire mwankhongono mu msika uwu mu vyaka vyakafuma pamanyuma pa 1672. Pambere apa, chimoza mwa malango gha VOC pa kuŵika mitengo chikaŵa chakuti ŵaŵikenge pepper yinandi pachoko mu msika kuti ŵachitiske mitengo kukhira pasi pa mlingo uwo ŵamalonda ŵanyake ŵangakhumbiranga kunjira mu msika (m'malo mwa kupenja phindu likuru chomene mu nyengo yichoko). Vinjeru vya ndondomeko iyi vikawoneka apo pakawuka nkhondo yikuru ya mitengo na EIC, apo kampani iyi yikazuzga msika na katundu wuphya kufuma ku India. Mu chipikano ichi cha kutora chigaŵa chikuru cha msika, VOC (iyo yikaŵa na ndalama zinandi chomene) yikakwaniska kulindilira mpaka EIC yileke nkhongono. Nadi, kufika mu 1683, EIC yikaŵa pafupi kusoŵa ndalama; mtengo wa magawo ghake ukakhira kufuma pa 600 kuya pa 250; ndipo purezidenti wake Josiah Child wakachichizgika kwa kanyengo kufumapo pa udindo.

Kweni vimanyikwilo vya suzgo vikamba kuwoneka. Makampani ghanyake, nga ni Kampani ya East India ya Ŵafaransa na Kampani ya East India ya ŵa Denmark, nagho ghakamba kunjira mu dongosolo la ŵa Dutch. Ntheura VOC yikajara malo ghakuzura malonda gha pepper agho ghakaŵa ghakuchita makora ku Bantam kwizira mu phangano ilo likachitika na Sultan mu 1684. Kweniso, pa mphepete mwa nyanja ya Coromandel, yikasamuska malo ghake ghakuru ghakukhora kufuma ku Pulicat kuya ku Nagapattinam, kuti yisungilire ulamuliro wawo watekha pa malonda gha pepper mwakukwenyerezga Ŵafaransa na ŵa Denmark. Kweni, pa nyengo iyi kuzirwa kwa katundu wa mtundu uwu mu malonda gha pakati pa Asia na Europe kukamba kuchepa mwaluŵiro. Ndalama izo VOC yikeneranga kugwiliskira ntchito pa nkhondo kuti yisungilire ulamuliro wawo watekha zikaŵa zambura kwenelera kuyana na phindu ilo likafumanga mu malonda agha agho ghakamba kuchepa.

Nangauli vikaŵa nthena, kusambira kwa VOC pa nkhani iyi kukachedwa, ndipo pakwamba VOC yikapanga chakusankha cha ndondomeko chakuti yinozge malo ghake gha nkhondo pa mphepete mwa nyanja ya Malabar (na chilindizga chakuti yichepeskenge nkhongono za Ŵaingelezi mu chigaŵa ichi na kumazga kutayika kwa ndalama zake chifukwa cha kugwiliskira ntchito magulu gha ŵasilikari gha ku Malabar) mwa kugwiliskira ntchito nkhongono kukakamizga Zamorin wa Calicut kuti wajilambike ku ulamuliro wa ŵa Dutch. Mu 1710, Zamorin wakachichizgika kusayina phangano na VOC ilo likamuphaliranga kuti wachitire malonda mwapadera na VOC pera na kuchimbizga ŵamalonda ŵanyake wose ŵa ku Europe. Kwa kanyengo kachoko, ichi chikawoneka kuti chikusazgiranga mwaŵi wa kampani. Kweni mu 1715, na chikhukhumaliro cha EIC, Zamorin wakakana phangano ili. Nangauli ŵasilikari ŵa Dutch ŵakakwaniska kuzimazga kugaluka uku kwa kanyengo, Zamorin wakalutilira kuchita malonda na Ŵaingelezi na Ŵafaransa, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti malonda gha Ŵaingelezi na Ŵafaransa ghakwere chomene. VOC yikaghanaghana mu 1721 kuti chikaŵaso chakwenelera yayi kusuzgika kuyezga kulamulira malonda gha pepper na vyakununkhira vya Malabar. Chisankho cha ndondomeko chikapangika chakuti ŵachepeske ŵasilikari ŵa Dutch na kusiya chigaŵa ichi pasi pa chikoka cha EIC.

Eustachius De Lannoy wa Kampani ya Dutch East India wakujipereka kwa Maharaja Marthanda Varma wa Ufumu wa Travancore wa ku India pamanyuma pa Nkhondo ya Colachel (chithuzithuzi ku Padmanabhapuram Palace).

Mu Nkhondo ya Colachel ya 1741, ŵankhondo ŵa Travancore pasi pa Fumu Marthanda Varma ŵakathereska ŵa Dutch. Mulongozgi wa ŵa Dutch, Kaputeni Eustachius De Lannoy, wakakakika. Marthanda Varma wakazomera kuleka umoyo wa kaputeni wa Dutch pa sharti lakuti wanjire mu gulu lake la ŵasilikari na kusambizga ŵasilikari ŵake maluso gha nkhondo gha mazuŵa ghano. Kuthereska uku mu Nkhondo ya Travancore–Dutch kukuwoneka kuti ntchakuwonerapo chakwamba cha nkhongono ya ku Asia yakukhazikika kuthera tekinoloje na nthowa za nkhondo za ku Europe; ndipo kukalongora kwamba kwa kuchepa kwa nkhongono za ŵa Dutch ku India.

Ntheura, kuyezga kulutilira kuchita vinthu nga kale nga kampani ya malonda ya katundu wuchoko kweni phindu likuru, iyo yikakhazikika pa malonda gha vyakununkhira, kukatondeka. Kweni kampani iyi yikaŵa kuti yamba kale (nangauli yikakhumbanga yayi) kulondezga chakuwonerapo cha ŵapikisanawo ŵa ku Europe mwa kusazgirako katundu munyake wa ku Asia, nga ni tiyi, khofi, thonje, vyakuvwara na shuga. Katundu uyu wakaperekanga phindu lichoko, ntheura wakakhumbanga kuti ŵaguliske vinandi kuti ŵasange ndalama zakuyana. Kusintha uku kwa mtundu wa katundu mu malonda gha VOC kukamba mu vyaka vya m'ma 1680, pamanyuma pakuti EIC yikagwa kanyengo mu 1683, ndipo ichi chikapeleka mwaŵi uwemi chomene wa kunjira mu misika iyi. Chifukwa cheneko cha kusintha uku, kweni, chikaŵa mu vinthu viŵiri vyakukhwaskana na kapangidwe ka nyengo yiphya.

Chakwamba, kukachitika kusintha kukuru chomene mu vinthu ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakakhumbanga, chomene pa vyakuvwara vya ku Asia, khofi na tiyi, kuzungulira kwamba kwa vyaka vya m'ma 18. Chachiŵiri, nyengo yiphya ya ndalama zinandi chomene zakukhazikika pa chiwongolero chichoko yikamba mwamabuchi pa nyengo iyi. Chinthu chachiŵiri ichi chikawovwira kampani kuti yipeze ndalama mwambura kusuzga kuti yikuzge malonda ghake mu vigaŵa viphya. Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1680 na 1720, VOC yikakwaniska kunozga na kuŵika ŵanthu ŵakukwana mu zombo zake zinandi, kweniso kugura visulo vinandi vyamtengo kuti yilipire kugula katundu munandi wa ku Asia kuti wanyamulike kuya ku Europe. Ivi vikapangiska kuti kukula kwa kampani kukwere pafupifupi kaŵiri.

Kulemera kwa zombo izo zikaŵeranga kuwelera kunyumba kukakwera na 125% mu nyengo iyi. Kweni ndalama izo kampani yikasanganga chifukwa cha kuguliska katundu uyo wakafikanga ku Europe zikakwera na 78% pera. Ivi vikulongora kusintha kukuru mu umo VOC yikaŵira: sono yikachitanga ntchito mu misika yiphya ya katundu uyo ŵanthu ŵakakhumbanga chomene para mtengo ukusintha, ndipo yikeneranga kuphalizgana mwakuyana na ŵalonda ŵanyake. Ivi vikapangiska kuti phindu liŵe lichoko. Ndondomeko za malonda za nyengo iyo zikapangiskanga kuti chiŵe chakusuzga kwa ŵalongozgi ŵa kampani kumanya vinthu ivi, ndipo ichi chingalongosora mwakudunjika vifukwa vya vinthu vinyake ivyo ŵakabudiska pakuwona ivyo vikachitika pamanyuma. Kusoŵa kwa chidziŵitso uku katenge kungamazgika (nga umo vikaŵira mu nyengo zakwamba za mbili ya VOC) na luso lwa ŵalongozgi pa malonda. Kweni pa nyengo iyi, ŵalongozgi aŵa pafupifupi wose ŵakasankhikanga kufuma mu gulu la ndale la ŵalongozgi ŵa regent, ilo likaŵa kuti lataya kale ubwezi wake wapafupi na magulu gha ŵamalonda.

Maupangiro ghachoko gha phindu pera ghakulongosora yayi kuchepa kwa ndalama izo kampani yikasanganga. Pa mulingo ukuru, ndalama za ntchito za VOC zikaŵa na kawonekero ka "fixed" (malo gha nkhondo; kusungilira zombo na vinyake). Ntheura, viŵelengero vya phindu mphanyi vikulutilira kuŵa vyakukhora usange kukura kwa malonda agho ghakachitikanga mphanyi kwapangiska kusunga ndalama chifukwa cha kukura kwa ntchito. Kweni, nangauli zombo zikuru zikanyamura vinthu vinandi ivyo vikakuranga, ntchito ya ŵantchito yikakura yayi mwakukwana kuti yipange phindu ili. Mwakawiro, ndalama zose za kampani zikakuranga pamoza na kukura kwa malonda; kuchepa kwa phindu lakupambura ndalama kukapangiska mwakudunjika kuchepa kwa phindu la ndalama izo zikaŵikikamo. Nyengo ya kukura yikaŵa ya "kukura kwambura phindu".

Mwakudunjika: "[t]he long-term average annual profit in the VOC's 1630–70 'Golden Age' was ƒ2.1 M (±€ M in 2016), of which just under half was distributed as dividends and the remainder reinvested. The long-term average annual profit in the 'Expansion Age' (1680–1730) was ƒ2.0 M (±€ M in 2016), of which three-quarters was distributed as dividend and one-quarter reinvested. In the earlier period, profits averaged 18% of total revenues; in the latter period, 10%. The annual return of invested capital in the earlier period stood at approximately 6%; in the latter period, 3.4%."

Ndipouli, pamaso pa ŵakuŵikamo ndalama, VOC yikachita viheni chomene yayi. Mtengo wa magawo ghake ukalutilira kuŵa pafupi na 400 kufuma pakati pa ma 1680 (kupatula kusintha pachoko pa Kusintha kwa Ulemerero mu 1688), ndipo ukafika pachanya chomene pa 642 mu ma 1720. Magawo gha VOC pa nyengo iyi ghakaperekanga phindu la 3.5%, ilo likaŵa pachoko waka kuluska phindu la ma bond gha boma la Netherlands.

\===Kuchepa na kumara=== [[File\:Chinezenmoord Van Stolk.jpg|thumb|A print of the 1740 Batavia massacre]] [[File\:The East Indiaman General Goddard capturing Dutch East Indiamen, June 1795, by Thomas Luny.jpg|thumb|The British East Indiaman General Goddard attacking seven VOC East Indiamen on 14 June 1795]]

Pamanyuma pa 1730, vinthu vya VOC vikamba kuchepa. Pali vinthu vinkhondi vikuru ivyo vikapangiska kuti kampani iyi yimare nkhongono mu vyaka 50 pakati pa 1730 na 1780:

- Pakaŵa kuchepa kwambura kuleka kwa malonda gha pakati pa vyaru vya ku Asia chifukwa cha kusintha kwa ndale na chuma mu Asia, uko VOC yikaŵa na nkhongono yichoko waka yakuchitapo kanthu. Vinthu ivi pachokopachoko vikachichizga kampani kufuma ku Persia, Suratte, ku Malabar Coast, na Bengal. Kampani yikeneranga kuchepeska ntchito zake ku chigaŵa icho yikaŵa nacho mwakuthupi, kufuma ku Ceylon kwizira mu visumbu vya Indonesia. Ntheura, unandi wa malonda agha gha pakati pa vyaru vya ku Asia na phindu lake vikeneranga kuchepa.

- Umo kampani yikaŵikikira mu Asia (pakati pa malo ghake ghakuru ku Batavia), uko pakwamba kukaŵa kwakovwira pakusanga nkhani za misika, kukamba kuŵa suzgo mu vyaka vya m'ma 18 chifukwa cha kulephera kwa kutumiza vinthu vyose dankha ku malo agha ghakuru. Suzgo ili likawoneka chomene mu malonda gha tiyi, apo ŵapikisano nga ni EIC na Kampani ya Ostend ŵakatumizanga vinthu mwakudunjika kufuma ku China kuya ku Europe.

- "Venality" ya ŵantchito ŵa VOC (mu ng'anamuro la uryarya na kuleka kuchita ntchito), nangauli yikaŵa suzgo ku makampani ghose gha East India pa nyengo iyo, yikuwoneka kuti yikasuzga VOC pa mulingo ukuru kuluska ŵapikisano ŵake. Kuyowoya unenesko, kampani yikaŵa "mwenezi muwemi" yayi. Malipiro ghakaŵa ghachoko, ndipo "malonda pa nkhani ya munthu" ghakaŵa ghakuzomerezgeka yayi mwalamulo. Ghakamba kusazgikira mu vyaka vya m'ma 18, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti ntchito ya kampani yichepe. Kwambira pafupifupi mu ma 1790, mazgu ghakuti perished under corruption (vergaan onder corruptie, agho ghakafupikiskikanga kuŵa VOC mu Chidachi) ghakamba kugwiriskirika ntchito kulongosora ivyo vikachitikira kampani iyi.

- Suzgo yinyake iyo VOC yikasangananga nayo pamoza na makampani ghanyake yikaŵa viŵelengero vyapachanya vya ŵantchito kufwa na kulwara. Ivi vikamalanga ŵantchito ŵa kampani na kuchepeska nkhongono za ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakapona.

- Suzgo yinyake yikachitika chifukwa cha ndondomeko ya kampani yakugaŵira phindu. Ma dividend agho kampani yikagaŵanga ghakajumphanga ndalama zakusazgikira izo yikasanganga ku Europe mu vyaka vyose kufuma mu 1690 mpaka 1760 kupatula 1710–1720. Kweni, mu nyengo yakufika mu 1730, ŵalongozgi ŵakatumizga vinthu ku Asia kuti ŵakwezge ndalama za malonda kwenekuko. Ntheura, ma buku gha ndalama ghakuphatikizika mphanyi ghakalongora kuti phindu lose likajumphanga ma dividend. Kweniso, pakati pa 1700 na 1740 kampani yikafumiskamo ƒ5.4 M (±€ M mu 2016) ya ngongoli ya nyengo yitali. Ntheura, kampani yikaŵa pa malo ghakukhora gha ndalama mu vyaka ivi. Ivi vikasintha pamanyuma pa 1730. Apo phindu likagwa chomene, bewindhebbers ŵakachepeska waka pachoko ma dividend kufuma pa mulingo wa kale. Ntheura, ma dividend agho ghakagaŵikanga ghakajumphanga ndalama izo zikasangikanga mu vyaka vyose kupatula chimoza (1760–1770). Kuti ŵafiske kuchita ivi, ndalama za kampani izo zikaŵikika ku Asia zikeneranga kuchepetskeka na ƒ4 M pakati pa 1730 na 1780, ndipo ndalama zakusungika izo zikaŵapo ku Europe zikachepa na ƒ20 M mu nyengo yeneyiyo. Ntheura, ŵalongozgi ŵakachichizgika kusazgirapo ndalama zakugwiliskirika ntchito za kampani mwa kukopa ndalama za nyengo yifupi kufuma ku ngongoli zakudikirira, izo zikakhazikiskikanga pa ndalama izo zikayembekezekanga kufuma ku zombo izo zikaŵeranga ku nyumba.Gaastra, Femme (2003), The Dutch East India Company: Expansion and Decline (Zutphen: Walberg Pers). Nangauli pakaŵa masuzgo agha, mu 1780 VOC yikaŵa nipera kampani yikuru chomene. Chuma chake mu Republic, icho chikaŵa na sitima na katundu wakusungika, chikaŵa ƒ28 M (±€ M mu 2016); chuma chake mu Asia, icho chikaŵa na ndalama zakugwiliskira ntchito pa malonda kweniso katundu uyo wakaŵa paulendo kuluta ku Europe, chikaŵa ƒ46 M (±€ M mu 2016). Chuma chose, para wangabwisikapo ngongole zose izo zikaŵa zindabwezgeke, chikaŵa ƒ62 M (±€ M mu 2016). Ntheura, nyengo iyi kampani yikaŵa yikuru chomene ndipo vinthu vyake vikaŵa vyakuti vingalutilira, usange nthowa yimoza ya kunozga kampani yikatekeleka makora. Mu 1780, Nkhondo ya Nayi ya Anglo-Dutch yikamba, ndipo pa nyengo ya nkhondo ŴaBritain ŵakawukira kampani ya Dutch East India, ŵakachepeska sitima za VOC na hafu ndipo ŵakalopweska chomene nkhongono zake mu Asia. Chifukwa cha nkhondo iyi, VOC yikaluza ndalama zakukwana ƒ43 M (±€ M mu 2016). Ngongole izo zikaperekeka kuti kampani yilutilire kugwira ntchito zikapangiska kuti chuma chake chose chambura ngongole chifike pa ziro.

Kwambira mu 1720, msika wa shuga wakufuma ku Indonesia ukamba kuchepa chifukwa mpikisano wa shuga wa mtengo waku Brazil ukakura. Misika ya ku Europe yikazura na shuga. Ŵamalonda ŵa shuga ŵa ku China ŵakukwana makumi ghanandi ŵakafika pa ubankirapuse, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵaleke ntchito. Pamanyuma pake, magulu gha ŵantchito ŵa ku Asia awo ŵakaŵavya ntchito ghakamba kupanga. Boma la Netherlands ku Batavia likatondeka kuchitapo kanthu mwakukwana pa masuzgo agha. Mu 1740, mphekesera zakuti magulu gha ŵanthu agha ghachimbizgikenge mu chigaŵa cha Batavia zikapangiska chipolowe chikuru. Ŵasilikari ŵa Netherlands ŵakasanda nyumba za Ŵachina ku Batavia kuti ŵapenje vilwero. Nyumba yinyake yati yaphya mwangozi, ŵasilikari na ŵanthu ŵakavu ŵakamba kukoma na kupoka katundu wa Ŵachina.Kumar, Ann (1997). Java and Modern Europe: Ambiguous Encounters. p. 32. Kukoma Ŵachina uku kukawoneka kuti kukaŵa kwakofya chomene mwakuti bungwe la ŵalongozgi ŵa VOC likamba kufufuza mwalamulo Boma la Dutch East Indies kwa ulendo wakwamba mu mdauko wake.

Nkhondo ya Nayi ya Anglo-Dutch yati yamara mu 1783, masuzgo gha ndalama gha VOC ghakakura chomene. Pamanyuma pa kuyezga kwambura phindu kunozga kampani kwizira mu maboma gha zigawo za Holland na Zeeland, bungwe la ŵalongozgi ŵa VOC likachimbizgika mu 1796 ndipo kayendetsedwe ka kampani kakaperekeka ku Komiti ya Vinthu vya Malonda gha ku East Indies na Vinthu Vyake (Dutch: Komiti ya vinthu vya malonda gha ku East Indies na vinthu vyake).Koenders, Pieter (1 Janyuwale 2007), [(http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004163652.1-556.9) "TANAP And The Co-Operation Between ANRI And Nationaal Archief"], The Archives of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Local Institutions in Batavia (Jakarta), BRILL, pp. 169–180, doi:10.1163/ej.9789004163652.1-556.9, ISBN 978-90-474-2179-5, retrieved 27 Janyuwale 2024 {{citation}}: Check |chapter-url= value (help)[(http://museum.wa.gov.au/explore/dirk-hartog/voc-united-dutch-east-india-company) "VOC – Kampani Yakukolerana ya Dutch East India | Nyumba ya Vyakale ya Western Australia"]. Nyumba ya Vyakale ya Western Australia. Retrieved 27 Janyuwale 2024. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help) Kuyamba kwa Nkhondo za ku France za Kusintha Boma kukamazga umaliro wa VOC, chifukwa kugwa kwa Republic ya Netherlands na kusinthika kwake kuŵa Republic ya Batavia mu 1795 kukapangiska kuti ŴachiDutch na ŴaBritain ŵambe nkhondo. Kuwukira kwa ŴaBritain pa sitima na makoloni gha VOC kukapangiska kuti kampani iyi yitaye vinthu vinandi, ndipo nangauli chikalata cha VOC chikawonjezgeka kanandi, chikazomerezgeka kumara pa 31 Disembala 1799, ndipo kampani yikazgoka ya boma. TANAP, Umaliro wa VOC

Kapangidwe ka kampani

[[File\:Simon\_Fokke,\_Afb\_010097014121.jpg|thumb|Ŵalongozgi Makumi Ghanomwe, mu chipinda cha ŵalongozgi pa Nyumba ya East India ku Amsterdam.]]

Nangauli VOC yikagwiranga ntchito chomene mu chigaŵa icho pamanyuma chikazgoka Dutch East Indies (lero ni Indonesia), kampani iyi yikaŵaso na ntchito zakuzirwa mu vigaŵa vinyake. Yikagwiranga ntchito ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku makontinenti na mitundu yakupambanapambana pa ntchito na malo ghakugwilira ntchito ghakuyana. Nangauli yikaŵa kampani ya ŴachiDutch, ŵantchito ŵake ŵakaŵa ŵakufuma ku Netherlands pera yayi, kweni ŵanandi ŵakafumanga ku Germany na vyaru vinyake. Padera pa ŵantchito ŵakupambanapambana ŵakufuma ku kumpoto na kuzambwe kwa Europe awo VOC yikawalembanga ntchito mu Republic ya Netherlands, VOC yikagwiliskiranga ntchito chomene misika ya ŵantchito ŵa ku Asia. Ntheura, ŵantchito ŵa maofesi ghakupambanapambana gha VOC mu Asia ŵakaŵa ŴaEurope na ŴaAsia. Ŵantchito ŵa ku Asia panji Ŵa ku Europe na Asia ŵakagwiranga ntchito nga mbasekera sitima, ŵasilikari, ŵalembi, ŵakuduka mathabwa, ŵakupanga vinthu vya chisulo, panji ŵantchito ŵambura luso. Pa nyengo iyo VOC yikaŵa pa nkhongono zake zikuru, yikaŵa na ŵantchito 25,000 awo ŵakagwiranga ntchito mu Asia na ŵanyake 11,000 awo ŵakaŵa paulendo. Kweniso, nangauli ŵanandi mwa ŵeneŵa ŵa magawo gha kampani ŵakaŵa ŴachiDutch, pafupifupi chigaŵa chimoza pa vigaŵa vinayi vya ŵeneŵa ŵakwamba ŵa magawo gha kampani ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Southern Netherlands (ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku chigaŵa icho sono chikusazgapo Belgium na Luxembourg), ndipo pakaŵaso Ŵachijeremani ŵakukwana makumi ghanandi.

VOC yikaŵa na mitundu yiŵiri ya ŵeneŵa ŵa magawo gha kampani: participanten, awo ŵangawoneka nga mbamembala awo ŵakalongozganga kampani yayi, na bewindhebbers 76 (pamanyuma ŵakachepeskeka kufika pa 60), awo ŵakagwiranga ntchito nga mbalongozgi ŵa kampani. Uwu ukaŵa umo kampani za ku Netherlands zakuguliska magawo gha kampani zikapangikanga pa nyengo iyo. Chinthu chiphya pa VOC chikaŵa chakuti udindo wa kulipira ngongole wa participanten pera yayi, kweniso wa bewindhebbers, ukaŵa wakukolerana na ndalama izo ŵakaŵikamo (kanandi, bewindhebbers ŵakaŵa na udindo wambura mphaka). Ntheura VOC yikaŵa kampani iyo udindo wa ŵeneŵo pa ngongole ukaŵa wakupimika. Kweniso, ndalama zikeneranga kukhala zakukhazikika mu nyengo yose ya umoyo wa kampani. Chifukwa cha ichi, ŵakuŵika ndalama awo ŵakakhumbanga kufumiska ndalama zawo pakati pa nyengo ya kampani ŵakeneranga kuguliska gawo lawo ku ŵanyake pa Msika wa Magawo gha Amsterdam. Confusion of Confusions, buku la 1688 la mazungumizgo ilo likalembeka na Muyuda wa Sephardi Joseph de la Vega, likalongosora umo msika uwu wa magawo ghamoza ukagwiriranga ntchito.

VOC yikaŵa na Maofesi 6 (Kamers) mu misumba ya madoko: Amsterdam, Delft, Rotterdam, Enkhuizen, Middelburg, na Hoorn. Ŵimiliri ŵa maofesi agha ŵakakumananga nga ni Heeren XVII (Ŵalongozgi panji Ŵanthu 17). Ŵakasankhikanga kufuma mu gulu la ŵeneŵa ŵa magawo gha kampani la bewindhebbers.

Pa Heeren XVII, ŵimiliri 8 ŵakafumanga ku Ofesi ya Amsterdam (mumoza waka wakuchepa kuti ŵaŵe ŵanandi paŵekha), ŵanayi ŵakafumanga ku Ofesi ya Zeeland, ndipo yumoza wakafumanga ku ofesi yiliyose mwa maofesi ghachoko, apo mpando wa 17 ŵakuperekanga mwakupambanapambana ku Ofesi ya Middelburg-Zeeland panji ŵakasinthananga pakati pa maofesi ghachoko ghankhondi. Ntheura Amsterdam ndiyo yikaŵa na mazgu ghakuzirwa chomene. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Zeeland chomene ŵakaŵa na vyenjezgo pa ndondomeko iyi pakwamba. Wofi uwu ukaŵa wambura chifukwa yayi, chifukwa mu ntchito zikang'anamuranga kuti Amsterdam ndiyo yikakhazikiskanga ivyo vikeneranga kuchitika.

Maofesi ghankhondi na limoza ghakawuska ndalama zakwambira za Dutch East India Company:

Ofesi	Ndalama
	Ma-guilder (ƒ)	± Yuro (€) yakuyana mu 2016
Amsterdam	3,679,915	M
Middelburg	1,300,405	M
Enkhuizen	540,000	M
Delft	469,400	M
Hoorn	266,868	M
Rotterdam	173,000	M
Jumla:	6,424,588	M

Kuwuska ndalama ku Rotterdam kukenda makora yayi. Chigaŵa chikuru cha ndalama izo chikafuma kwa ŵanthu ŵa ku Dordrecht. Nangauli Enkhuizen yikawuska ndalama zichoko kuluska Amsterdam panji Middelburg-Zeeland, ndiyo yikaŵa na chigaŵa chikuru chomene cha ndalama za magawo gha VOC. Pa ŵanthu 358 ŵakwamba awo ŵakagura magawo, pakaŵa ŵamalonda ŵachoko ŵanandi awo ŵakajipeleka kuyezga chiwawa cha kutaya ndalama. Ndalama zakuchepera izo munthu wakeneranga kuŵikamo mu VOC zikaŵa ƒ3,000, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti magawo gha kampani ghaŵe ghakugulika na ŵamalonda ŵanandi.Ames, Glenn J. (2008). The Globe Encompassed: The Age of European Discovery, 1500–1700. p. 103.

c. 1783 Chithuzithuzi cha ŵasilikari ŵatatu ŵa VOC mu Dutch East Indies

Pakati pa ŵeneŵa ŵa magawo gha VOC ŵakwambilira, ŵalendo ŵakaŵa na ntchito yikuru. Pa ŵanthu 1,143 awo ŵakapereka ndalama, pakaŵa Ŵachijeremani 39 na ŵanthu 301 ŵakufuma ku Southern Netherlands (pafupifupi Belgium na Luxembourg mazuŵa ghano, ivyo panyengo iyo vikaŵa pasi pa ulamuliro wa Ŵa Habsburg), ndipo Isaac le Maire ndiyo wakaŵa munthu uyo wakaŵika ndalama zinandi chomene, ƒ85,000. Heeren XVII (Ŵalongozgi 17) ŵakakumananga mwakusintha: vyaka 6 ku Amsterdam na vyaka 2 ku Middelburg-Zeeland. Ŵakasankhanga ndondomeko zikuru za VOC na kugaŵa ntchito pakati pa maofesi. Maofesi ghakachitanga ntchito zose zakukhumbikwa, ghakapanganga sitima zawo na malo ghakusungiramo katundu, kweniso kuguliska na kugura katundu. Heeren XVII ŵakatumanga ŵalongozgi ŵa sitima na ulongozgi wakupulikikwa makora wa nthowa iyo ŵakeneranga kwendamo, mphepo izo zikaŵa zikulamulira, mikhaliro ya maji, malo ghakuzika sitima na vimanyikwiro vya pa nyanja. VOC yikapanganga so mapu gha pa nyanja ghake.

Mu nkhani ya Nkhondo ya ŴachiDutch na Ŵapwitikizi, kampani yikakhazikiska likulu lake ku Batavia, pa chirwa cha Java (sono ni Jakarta, Indonesia). Malo ghanyake gha ukoloni ghakakhazikiskikaso mu East Indies, nga ni pa Virwa vya Maluku, ivyo vikusazgapo Virwa vya Banda, uko VOC yikalamuliranga mwankhaza kuti yisunge ulamuliro wa yekha pa malonda gha muskat na mace. Nthowa izo zikagwiliskirika ntchito kuti ŵasungilire ulamuliro uwu zikazganga kukakamizga ŵanthu kupereka ndalama panji katundu na kupondereza mwankhaza ŵanthu ŵakwawo, kusazgapo kukoma ŵanthu ŵanandi. Kweniso, ŵimiliri ŵa VOC nyengo zinyake ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito nthowa ya kuwotcha makuni gha vyakununkhira kuti ŵachichizge ŵanthu ŵakwawo kulima vyakurya vinyake, ndipo ivi vikachepeskanga mwadala unandi wa vyakununkhira nga ni muskat na ma clove.

Ŵeneŵa ŵa magawo na nkhani za ulamuliro

Mbali zose ziŵiri za duit, ndalama iyo yikapangika mu 1735 na VOC

Ŵamalonda ŵa ku Netherlands ŵa mu vyaka vya m'ma 1600, chomenechomene awo ŵakaŵikamo ndalama mu VOC, ŵakwenera kuŵa ŵaŵezi ŵakwamba kulembedwa mu mdauko awo ŵakaghanaghanirapo mwakuzirwa za masuzgo gha ulamuliro wa makampani. Isaac Le Maire, uyo wakumanyikwa kuti wakaŵa munthu wakwamba kulembedwa mu mdauko kuchita kuguliska magawo mwachidule, wakaŵaso yumoza wa ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵikamo ndalama zinandi mu VOC. Mu 1609, wakadandawura za ulamuliro uheni wa kampani wa VOC. Pa 24 Janyuwale 1609, Le Maire wakapeleka pempho lakususkana na VOC, ndipo ichi chikaŵa chinthu chakwamba kulembedwa mu mdauko cha ntchito ya ŵalembeka magawo yakususkana na kampani. Mu mphindano yakwamba kulembeka mu mdauko yakukhwaskana na ulamuliro wa kampani, Le Maire wakasuzga mwakuzomerezgeka kuti wupu wakulongozga wa VOC (Heeren XVII) ukakhumbanga "kusunga ndalama za munyake kwa nyengo yitali panji kuzituma mu nthowa yinyake yakupambana na khumbo la mwenecho", ndipo wakapempha kuti VOC yimazgike mwakuyana na umo malonda ghakachitikira nyengo iyo. Gelderblom, Oscar; De Jong, Abe; Jonker, Joost (2010). Putting Le Maire into Perspective: Business Organization and the Evolution of Corporate Governance in the Dutch Republic, 1590–1610, mu J. Koppell, ed., Origins of Shareholder Advocacy. (New York: Palgrave Macmillan) Mueller, Dennis C. (ed.), (2012). The Oxford Handbook of Capitalism, peji 333. (New York: Oxford University Press) Pambere wakaŵa mwenecho wa magawo ghanandi chomene mu VOC kweniso bewindhebber uyo wakakhalanga pa wupu wakulongozga, Le Maire wakuwoneka kuti wakayezga kupatuska phindu la kampani kuti liŵe lake mwa kuchita maulendo 14 mu zina lake m'malo mwa zina la kampani. Pakuti magawo ghake ghanandi ghakaŵavya nkhongono yikuru yakuvota, mu 1605 Le Maire wakachimbizgika na ŵalongozgi ŵanyake chifukwa cha milandu ya kwiba ndalama za kampani, ndipo wakachichizgika kusayina phangano lakuti waleke kupikisana na VOC. Wakati wasungilira magawo mu kampani pamanyuma pa nkhani iyi, mu 1609 Le Maire wakaŵa mulembi wa icho chikuchemeka kuti "mazgu ghakwamba kulembeka mu mdauko gha ŵakuŵikamo ndalama ghakuvikilira wanangwa wawo mu kampani iyo magawo ghake ghakuguliskika pa msika". Frentrop, Paul (2009). The First Known Shareholder Activist: The Colorful Life and Times of Isaac le Maire (1559–1624), mu Frentrop/Jonker/Davis 2009, 11–26 Frentrop, Paul; Jonker, Joost; Davis, S. (ed.), (2009). Shareholder Rights at 400: Commemorating Isaac Le Maire and the First Recorded Expression of Investor Advocacy (The Hague: Remix Business Communications, 2009) Hansmann, Henry; Pargendler, Mariana (2013). The Evolution of Shareholder Voting Rights: Separation of Ownership and Consumption. (Yale Law Journal, Volume 123, pages 100–165, 2014)

Mu 1622, ŵakuŵikamo ndalama mu VOC ŵakachitikasongaso chiŵembu chakwamba kulembeka mu mdauko cha kuwukira kwa ŵakuŵikamo ndalama, ŵeneŵo ŵakadandawura kuti mabuku gha ndalama gha kampani "ghakapakika mafuta gha nyama" mwakuti "ghadyeke na ŵapusu". Ŵakuŵikamo ndalama ŵakakhumbanga "reeckeninge", kung'anamura kufufuza mwakwenelera kwa ndalama za kampani. Ntchito ya ŵakuŵikamo ndalama mu VOC mu 1622 yikulongora umo kampani yikamba kupulikira udindo wake ku ŵanthu, apo ŵakuŵikamo ndalama ŵakachitanga viwawa vyakususka mwa kugaŵira mapepala ghakupharazga na kudandawura za kujipangira usambazi kwa ŵalongozgi kweniso kubisa vinthu.

Malo ghakuru gha malonda, malo ghakukhala ŵanthu, na makoloni

Nkhani ikulu: Mndandanda wa malo gha malonda na malo ghakukhala ŵanthu gha Kampani ya East Indies ya ku Netherlands

Likulu likuru la kampani pa charu chose likaŵa ku Amsterdam, ndipo yikaŵaso na malo ghanyake mu misumba ya ku Netherlands ya Delft, Enkhuizen, Hoorn, Middelburg na Rotterdam. Ku Africa, malo gha malonda na makoloni ghakaŵa mu Mauritius ya ku Netherlands mu 1638–1658 na 1664–1710, kweniso mu Koloni ya Cape ya ku Netherlands pakati pa 1652 na 1806. Malo gha malonda na makoloni gha kampani ku South Asia na Indonesia ghakaŵa mu Batavia, Coromandel ya ku Netherlands mu 1806–1825, Suratte ya ku Netherlands mu 1616–1825, Bengal ya ku Netherlands kufuma mu 1827 kufika 1825, Ceylon ya ku Netherlands kufuma mu 1640 kufika 1796, na Malabar ya ku Netherlands kufuma mu 1661 kufika 1795.

Malo gha ku Japan ghakaŵa ku Hirado, Nagasaki kufuma mu 1609 kufika 1641, kweni ghakasamuskika ku Dejima kufuma mu 1641 kufika 1853. Ku Taiwan, kampani yikaŵa na malo ghake ku Anping (Fort Zeelandia), Tainan (Fort Provincia), Wang-an, Penghu pa Viwumba vya Pescadores (Fort Vlissingen; 1620–1624), Keelung (Fort Noord-Holland na Fort Victoria) na Tamsui (Fort Antonio).

Ku Malaysia, kampani yikaŵa ku Malacca ya ku Netherlands mu 1641–1795 na 1818–1825. Ku Thailand, kampani yikaŵa mu Ufumu wa Ayutthaya mu 1608–1767. Ku Vietnam, kampani yikaŵa ku Hanoi/Tonkin mu 1636–1699, na ku Hội An mu 1636–1741.

[[File\:Fort Rotterdam, Makassar, Indonesia - 20100227-02.jpg|thumb|Fort Rotterdam ku Makassar, wakazengeka na VOC mu 1673]]

[[File\:Melaka-Dutch-Square-2201.jpg|thumb|upright|Dutch Square ku Malacca, pamoza na Tchalitchi cha Christ (pakati) na Stadthuys (ku malyero)]]

[[File\:Kasteel de Goede Hoop Gateway.JPG|thumb|upright|Chipata cha Castle of Good Hope, linga lakukhora lakuzingilizgika ilo likazengeka na VOC mu vyaka vya m'ma 1600]]

Mawonekero gha VOC

(...) Nkhupulikiska chifukwa icho mose mukuyowoya vinthu viheni na vyakukwiyiska nthena. Tiyeni tikondwenge pamoza. Tiyeni tiyowoyeso kuti "Netherlands yingachita" nga umo tikayowoyeranga: mawonekero gha VOC. Laŵiskani ivyo vili kujumpha mphaka zithu. Kuchita vinthu mwamphu! Asi mukuwona?

— Jan Pieter Balkenende, uyo panyengo iyi wakaŵa Mlongozgi wa Boma wa Netherlands, wakazgora ivyo ŵakamususka pa ndondomeko ya boma lake pa nkhani ya nyumba ya malango mu Seputembala 2006Oostindie, Gert: Postcolonial Netherlands Sixty-Five Years of Forgetting, Commemorating, Silencing. (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2010, ISBN 9789089643537), peji 252Jonsson, Stefan; Willén, Julia (eds.): Austere Histories in European Societies: Social Exclusion and the Contest of Colonial Memories. (London: Routledge, 2016), peji 67

Mdauko wa VOC (chomenechomene vigaŵa vyake viheni) nyengo zose waŵa chinthu icho chingapangiska mphindano. Mu 2006, apo Mlongozgi wa Boma wa Netherlands Jan Pieter Balkenende wakayowoya za mzimu wa upayiniya wa malonda na mtheto wa ntchito wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Netherlands na Republic ya ku Netherlands mu nyengo yawo ya usambazi, wakapangiska lizgu lakuti "mawonekero gha VOC" (VOC-mentaliteit mu Chidachi).

Kwa Balkenende, VOC yikimiranga mahara gha malonda gha ŵa ku Netherlands, mzimu wa kuchita bizinesi, mzimu wa kusambira vinthu vipya na kuŵa na mtima wakusankha vinthu mwakukhora. Kweni mazgu agha ghakakwiyiska ŵanthu ŵanandi, chifukwa kuwona mwakukondwera nyengo ya Dutch Golden Age kukuzerezga vinthu ivyo vikayanana nayo mu mdauko, nga ni ulamuliro wa makoloni, kuphindulira ŵantchito mwankhaza na nkhaza. Pamanyuma Balkenende wakalongosora kuti "chikaŵa chinthu icho wakakhumbanga yayi kuyowoyapo napachoko". Kweni nangauli ŵanthu ŵakayisuskanga, "mawonekero gha VOC", nga ni chigaŵa cha umo ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuwonera mdauko wa Dutch Golden Age, kwa vyaka vinandi ghakaŵa chinthu chakuzirwa mu ndondomeko ya chikhalidwe cha Netherlands.

Kususka

[[File\:Natives of Arrakan sell slaves to the Dutch East India Company (1663).jpg|thumb|Ŵanthu ŵa ku Arakan ŵakuguliska ŵazga ku Kampani ya East Indies ya ku Netherlands, pafupifupi 1663 CE.]]

Kampani iyi yikususkika chifukwa cha vyakufumapo vya umaliro wapafupi wa ulamuliro wa malonda wawoŵene, ulamuliro wa makoloni, kuphindulira ŵantchito mwankhaza (kusazgapo kugwiliskira ntchito ŵazga ngati ŵantchito), malonda gha ŵazga, kugwiliskira ntchito nkhaza, kunanga chilengedwe (kusazgapo kutema misitu), kweniso chifukwa cha umo kampani iyi yikaŵira na malango na maofesi ghanandi chomene.

Batavia, iyo sono ni Jakarta, yikaŵa likulu la Kampani ya East Indies ya ku Netherlands, ndipo mu koloni iyi mukaŵa ndondomeko yakukhwima ya magulu gha ŵanthu. Kuyana na Marsely L. Kahoe mu The Journal of Historians of Netherlandish Art, "ntchakwambura kwenelera kupulikiska Batavia, nga umo ŵakusambira ŵanyake ŵachitira, kuti yikaŵa ndondomeko yakukhazikika na kuyana kwa ŵanthu iyo pamanyuma yikanangika chifukwa cha vinthu vya ulamuliro wa makoloni. M'malo mwake, kupatukana kwa ŵanthu mu magulu na kuŵapatula mu Batavia kukafumanga mu nthowa zinyake mwakudunjika mu ndondomeko ya ŵa ku Netherlands."

Pakaŵa chiŵerengero chikuru chomene cha ŵantchito ŵa VOC awo ŵakafwanga chifukwa cha ngozi za ngalawa, matenda nga ni scurvy na dysentery, kweniso kukakirana na makampani ghanyake gha malonda na ŵakupoka katundu mu nyanja. Pakati pa 1602 na 1795, pafupifupi ŵasekelaŵa na ŵamisiri miliyoni yimoza ŵakafuma ku Holland, kweni ŵaŵiri pera pa ŵatatu ŵakaŵerako. J.L. van Zanden wakulemba kuti "VOC 'yikamalanga' ŵanthu pafupifupi 4,000 chaka chilichose."

Ulamuliro wa makoloni, ulamuliro wa malonda wawoŵene na nkhaza

Further information: Mdauko wa nkhondo wa Kampani ya East Indies ya ku Netherlands, Nkhondo izo Kampani ya East Indies ya ku Netherlands yikachitamo, Ukoloni wa ŵa ku Europe mu Africa, Ulamuliro wa ŵa ku Western mu Asia, Ukoloni wa ŵa ku Europe mu Southeast Asia, Nkhondo za vyakununkhira, Kupha ŵanthu ku Amboyna, Kupha ŵanthu ku Batavia, and Kupha ŵanthu pa Chirwa cha Lamey

Ŵakulu ŵinu mukumanya kufuma mu ivyo mwawona kuti malonda mu Asia ghakwenera kuchitika na kusungika pasi pa civikiliro na chovwiro cha vilwero vya ŵakulu ŵinu, ndipo vilwero ivi vikwenera kulipilika na phindu lakufuma mu malonda; ntheura tingachita malonda yayi kwambura nkhondo, nesi nkhondo kwambura malonda.

— Jan Pieterszoon Coen, uyo wakaŵa mulongozgi mukuru wa VOC de facto [mu East Indies], ku Heeren XVII, wupu wakulongozga wa VOC [mu Republic ya ku Netherlands], mu 1614

Malamulo gha VOC ghakazomerezga kuti ichite vinthu nga ni boma ilo likaŵa na mazaza ghakujiyimira, ndipo likachita nkhondo zakukora malo mwankhaza.Nicholas Tarling (1999). [The) Cambridge History of Southeast Asia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 86–. ISBN 978-0-521-66370-0. Archived from [the original on 11 Epulelo 2023. Retrieved 8 Malichi 2021. {{cite book}}: Check |archive-url= value (help); Check |url= value (help); Invalid |url-status=live) (help) Chimoza ntchimoza chikaŵa kukora kwa Ŵadachi Visiwa vya Banda, pakati pa 1609 na 1621, pamanyuma pakuti visiwa ivi vikakana kupereka mafuta gha nutmeg kwa Ŵadachi pera. Ŵadachi ŵakatuma ŵasilikari kuti ŵalange ŵanthu, ndipo nkhondo izi zikapangiska kuti umoyo wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Banda unangike pafupi chose.Ittersum, Martine Julia van (18 Meyi 2016). "Debating Natural Law in the Banda Islands: A Case Study in Anglo–Dutch Imperial Competition in the East Indies, 1609–1621". History of European Ideas. 42 (4): 459–501. doi:10.1080/01916599.2015.1101216. ISSN 0191-6599. Ŵakadukira chirwa chikuru cha Banda, icho chikaŵa Lontor, mu 1621. Ŵanthu ŵakukwana 2,800 ŵa ku Banda ŵakakomeka, ŵanandi chifukwa cha njara, ndipo ŵanthu 1,700 ŵakazgoka ŵazga pa nyengo ya kuwukira uku.Straver, Hans (2018). [(https://books.google.com/books?id=5wJGDwAAQBAJ\&pg=PA90) Vaders en dochters: Molukse historie in de Nederlandse literatuur van de negentiende eeuw en haar weerklank in Indonesië] (in Dutch). Hilversum: Uitgeverij Verloren. pp. 90–91. ISBN 9789087047023. [(https://web.archive.org/web/20230411160029/https://books.google.com/books?id=5wJGDwAAQBAJ\&pg=PA90) Archived] from the original on 11 Epulelo 2023. Retrieved 17 Juni 2020. Om hierin naar behooren te voorzien is het noodig dat Banda t'eenemaal vermeesterd en met ander volk gepeupleerd worde. {{cite book}}: Check |archive-url= value (help); Check |url= value (help)

Ŵanthu wose pa visiwa ivi ŵakayanayika kuti ŵakaŵa 15,000 pambere ŵandakoreke. Nangauli chiŵelengero cheneko chichali chambura kumanyikwa makora, ŵakupima kuti ŵanthu pafupifupi 14,000 ŵakakomeka, ŵakapangika ŵazga panji ŵakachimbilira ku malo ghanyake, ndipo ŵanthu 1,000 pera ŵa ku Banda ndiwo ŵakapona pa visiwa ivi. Ŵanthu ŵakupulumuka ŵakaŵikika mu minda ya nutmeg nga mbantchito ŵakukakamizgika.Loth, Vincent C. (1995). "Pioneers and Perkeniers: The Banda Islands in the 17th Century". Cakalele. 6. Honolulu: Yunivesite ya Hawaiʻi ku Mānoa: 13–35. hdl:10125/4207. Ŵazga ŵakachitirika nkhaza chomene ndipo chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵa ku Banda chikakhira kufika pa 1,000 mu 1681. Ŵazga 200 ŵakazizwanga chaka chilichose kuti ŵasungire chiŵelengero cha ŵazga pafupifupi 4,000.van Zanden, J. L. (1993). The rise and decline of Holland's economy : merchant capitalism and the labour market. Manchester University Press. p. 77. OCLC 654324718.

Mu 1623 pa Ambon (Amboina), ŵalara ŵa VOC ŵakakaka, ŵakasuzga na kukoma ŵantchito 10 ŵa Kampani ya Ŵangerezi ya East India, pamoza na ŵanthu ŵa ku Japan na Portugal awo ŵakawovwiranga, chifukwa cha kukayikira kuti ŵakachita chiŵembu. Chochitika ichi chikumanyikwa nga ni Kukomeka kwa Amboyna, ndipo chikamazga kukolerana pakati pa Ŵangerezi na Ŵadachi mu Moluccas kweniso chikalongora umo Kampani iyi yikagwiliskiranga ntchito makhoti na chilango kuti yivikilire malonda ghake gha monopoly.Clulow, Adam (2019). Amboina, 1623: Fear and Conspiracy on the Edge of Empire. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0231175128.

Mu 1740, apo chuma cha shuga ku Batavia chikakhira chomene, ŵasilikari ŵa VOC na ŵasilikari ŵanyake awo ŵakakolerananga nawo ŵakakoma ŵanthu ŵa ku China ŵanandi chomene. Ŵakufufuza ŵakupereka chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakakomeka kufuma pa 5,000 kufika pa ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 10,000 mu chochitika icho chikaŵa chikumanyikwa nga ni Kukomeka kwa Batavia.Tarling, Nicholas, ed. (1999). The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia, Volume 2. Cambridge University Press. pp. 86–88. ISBN 9780521663700.

Pambere ivi vindachitike, mu 1636, ŵasilikari ŵa VOC ŵakachita ulendo wakulanga pa Chirwa cha Lamey (Lamay) icho chili pafupi na Taiwan pamanyuma pa ngozi za sitima. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa pachilwa ŵakakomeka panji ŵakachimbizgika, ndipo chirwa ichi chikakhala pafupi chambura ŵanthu.Andrade, Tonio (2008). How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century. Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231144601. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: checksum (help)

Malonda gha ŵazga gha Ŵadachi na uzga mu nyengo ya ulamuliro wa VOC

Further information: Mbiri ya uzga, Uzga ku South Africa, and Kupanduka kwa ŵazga pa Meermin

Panyengo iyo malo ghakukhazikikapo ŵanthu ghakaŵikika pa Cape mu 1652, VOC yikaŵa kuti yakhala kale na vyaka vinandi yikuchita uzga mu East Indies. Jan van Riebeeck wakamanya mukati mwa myezi yiŵiri pera kufuma apo malo ghakukhazikikapo ŵanthu gha ku Cape ghakakhazikiskikira kuti ntchito ya ŵazga yikakhumbikwiranga pa ntchito zakusuzga chomene na zakufipiska chomene.

Pakwamba, VOC yikaghanaghananga kuti yingazgora ŵanalume ŵa mtundu wa Khoikhoi ŵa ku malo agha kuŵa ŵazga, kweni maghanoghano agha ghakakanika chifukwa cha kughanaghana kuti ndondomeko iyi yikaŵa yakudura kweniso yakofya. Ŵanandi ŵa Khoikhoi ŵakasankha kuleka kugwira ntchito ya Ŵadachi chifukwa cha malipiro ghachoko na vinthu vyakusuzga pa ntchito. Pakwamba, ŵakukhazikika ŵakachitanga malonda na Khoikhoi, kweni vinthu vyakusuzga pa ntchito na malipiro ghachoko ivyo Ŵadachi ŵakaŵika vikapangiska nkhondo zinandi. Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe chikakhalanga pasi pa 200 mu vyaka vinkhondi vyakwamba vya malo agha, ndipo kuchita nkhondo na ŵazengezgani awo ŵakaŵa ŵakujumpha 20,000 mphanyi kukaŵa kupusa. Kweniso, Ŵadachi ŵakawopanga kuti ŵanthu ŵa Khoikhoi usange ŵazgika ŵangachimbilira nyengo zose ku ŵanthu ŵanyawo, apo ŵalendo ŵangasuska chomene kuti ŵachimbire na kupona panji kuleka kukakika so.Byrnes, Rita (1996). [(http://countrystudies.us/south-africa/5.htm) South Africa: A Country Study]. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress. pp. Kukhazikiska chuma chakuthemba pa uzga. [(https://web.archive.org/web/20180811031816/http://countrystudies.us/south-africa/5.htm) Archived] from the original on 11 Ogasiti 2018. Retrieved 10 Ogasiti 2018. {{cite book}}: Check |archive-url= value (help); Check |url= value (help)

Pakati pa 1652 na 1657, ŵakachita viyezgo vinandi vyambura kufiskika vyakutolera ŵanalume kufuma ku East Indies na ku Mauritius. Kweni mu 1658, VOC yikafika na sitima ziŵiri za ŵazga ku Cape. Yimoza yikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 200 awo ŵakiza kufuma ku Dahomey (pasono Benin), ndipo yinyake yikaŵa na ŵanthu pafupifupi 200, ŵanandi ŵaŵo ŵakaŵa ŵana, awo ŵakakoleka kufuma pa sitima ya Ŵaportugal yakunyamura ŵazga pafupi na mphepete mwa nyanja ya Angola. Kupatulako ŵanthu ŵachoko waka, aŵa ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵazga ŵekha awo ŵakizikapo ku Cape kufuma ku West Africa. Kufuma mu 1658 mpaka kuumaliro wa ulamuliro wa kampani, ŵazga ŵanandi chomene ŵakizanga ku Cape nyengo na nyengo mu nthowa zakupambanapambana, chomenechomene kwizira mu maulendo ghakunyamura ŵazga agho kampani yikawovwiranga na ŵazga awo ŵakizanga ku Cape mu sitima zake zakuwelera. Kufuma ku malo agha kweniso chifukwa cha kubabika kwawo, chiŵelengero cha ŵazga chikakura kufuma pa ziro mu 1652 kufika pafupifupi 1,000 mu 1700. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700, chiŵelengero cha ŵazga chikakura chomene kufika pa 16,839 mu 1795. Pamanyuma pakuti malonda gha ŵazga ghayambika, ŵazga wose awo ŵakizanga ku Cape mpaka apo Britain yikakhazikiskira Dango la Malonda gha Ŵazga la 1807 ŵakafumanga ku East Africa, Mozambique, Madagascar, South na Southeast Asia. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakizanga kufuma ku Ceylon na ku visiwa vya Indonesia. Ŵakayidi ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake mu ufumu wa VOC nawo ŵakazgikanga. Chiŵelengero cha ŵazga, icho chikajumpha cha ŵakukhazikika ŵa ku Europe mpaka mu kotala lakwamba la vyaka vya m'ma 1800, chikaŵa chomene cha ŵanalume, ntheura chikakhumbikwiranga ŵazga ŵaphya nyengo zose kuti chisungike na kukura. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1660, malo ghakukhazikikapo ŵanthu gha ku Cape ghakamba kuzaniska ŵazga kufuma ku Ceylon, Malaya (Malaysia), na Madagascar kuti ŵagwire ntchito pa minda.Appiah, Anthony; Henry Louis Gates (2004). [(https://web.archive.org/web/20220407031804/https://books.google.com/books?id=TMZMAgAAQBAJ\&dq=slave+trade+%22dutch+east+india+trading+company%22\&pg=PA732) Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience]. Oxford University Press. p. 732. ISBN 978-0-19-517055-9. Archived from [(https://books.google.com/books?id=TMZMAgAAQBAJ\&dq=slave+trade+%22dutch+east+india+trading+company%22\&pg=PA732) the original] on 7 Epulelo 2022. {{cite book}}: Check |archive-url= value (help); Check |url= value (help) Kukanirana pakati pa ŵalimi ŵa Ŵadachi na Khoikhoi kukamba apo ŵa Khoikhoi ŵakamanya kuti Ŵadachi ŵakaŵa kuti ŵiza kuti ŵakhalenge kwenekuko, ndipo ŵakakhumbanga kutora malo gha ŵaliski. Mu 1659, Doman, wa mtundu wa Khoikhoi uyo wakagwiranga ntchito nga ni wakung'anamura wa Ŵadachi ndipo wakaŵa kuti waluta mpaka ku Java, wakalongozga chiwukirano cha ŵasilikari kuti ŵachimbizge Ŵadachi pa chigaŵa cha Cape. Chiŵukirano ichi chikatherera, nangauli nkhondo yikalutilira mpaka apo mtende wambura kumazga nkhani ukakhazikiskika chaka chakulondezgapo. Mu vyaka vyakhumi ivyo vikarongeka pamanyuma, suzgo pa Khoikhoi likakura apo Ŵadachi ŵanandi ŵakazgoka ŵalimi ŵakujiyimira, ŵakakuliska malo ghawo, ndipo ŵakapenjanga malo gha kuliskapo viŵeto vyawo ivyo vikakuranga. Nkhondo yikambaso mu 1673 ndipo yikalutilira mpaka 1677, apo kukana kwa Khoikhoi kukathereskeka chifukwa cha kusazgikana kwa vilwero vyapachanya vya ku Europe na nthowa ya Ŵadachi yakugwiliskira ntchito kugaŵikana kwa ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha. Pamanyuma pa ichi, umoyo wa ŵanthu ŵa Khoikhoi ku Western Cape ukambaso kusweka. Ŵanyake ŵakasanga ntchito nga mbaliski pa minda ya ŵa ku Europe; ŵanyake ŵakakana ulamuliro wa ŵalendo ndipo ŵakafumapo ku Cape. Chilango chikuru chomene kwa ŵanandi chikiza mu 1713 apo sitima ya Ŵadachi yikiza na nthenda ya nthomba ku Cape. Pakwamba nthenda iyi yikaŵa yambura kumanyikwa mu malo agha, ndipo yikaparanya ŵanthu ŵa Khoikhoi awo ŵakakhalapo, na kukoma 90% ya ŵanthu. Mu vyaka vyose vya m'ma 1700, malo ghakukhazikikapo ŵanthu ghakalutilira kukura chifukwa cha kuwanda kwa ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe kweniso kulutilira kuzaniska ŵazga. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 3,000 ŵa ku Europe na ŵazga awo ŵakaŵa ku Cape mu 1700 ŵakaŵa pafupifupi 20,000 ŵa ku Europe na ŵazga pafupifupi 25,000 kuumaliro wa vyaka ivi.

Malo ghakusungirako mbiri na malembere

Ivyo VOC yikachitanga (malo gha malonda na makoloni) vikapanga malo ghakusungirako vinthu ghakuzura na viŵegha, khofi, tiyi, malaya, vyakuŵikamo vinthu vya porcelain na silika, kweniso sitima izo zikasazganga malemba ghanandi. Mauthenga ghakukhwaskana na vinthu vya ndale, chuma, chikhalidwe, chisopa na umoyo wa ŵanthu kufuma ku chigaŵa chikuru chomene ghakendanga pakati pa malo gha VOC, likuru la malonda ku Batavia (pasono Jakarta), na wupu wa ŵalongozgi (a Ŵalongozgi Ŵakukwana 17) mu Dutch Republic. Balk, G.L.; van Dijk, F.; Kortlang, D.J.; Gaastra, F.S. et al.: The Archives of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Local Institutions in Batavia (Jakarta). (BRILL, 2007, ISBN 9789004163652) Masamba 25 miliyoni gha malemba gha VOC ghachali kusungika, ndipo ghali ku Jakarta; Colombo, Sri Lanka; Chennai, India; Cape Town, South Africa; na The Hague, Netherlands. Mu 2003, UNESCO yikasazga malemba agha pa ndandanda wa pacharu chose wa Memory of the World.[(https://www.unesco.org/en/memory-world/archives-dutch-east-india-company) "Archives of the Dutch East India Company [Documentary heritage submitted by Netherlands and recommended for inclusion in the Memory of the World Register in 2003]"]. UNESCO Memory of the World Programme. Retrieved 2 Febuluwale 2017. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)

• Kampani ya East India (kupambaniska maina) * Kampani ya Muscovy * Kampani ya Levant * Kampani ya Ŵabritishi ya East India * Kampani ya Ŵadanishi ya East India * Kampani ya Ŵachidachi ya West India * Kampani ya Ŵapwitikizi ya East India * Compagnie des Indes (kupambaniska maina) * Kampani ya Ŵadanishi ya West India * Kampani ya Hudson's Bay * Kampani ya Mississippi * Kampani ya South Sea * Kampani ya Ostend * Kampani ya Ŵaswidishi ya East India * Kampani ya Emden * Kampani ya Ŵaustiriya ya East India * Kampani ya Ŵaswidishi ya West India * Kampani ya Russia-America

* 10649 VOC, pulaneti yichoko, asteroid VOC (Dutch: Vereeniging van de Oostindische Compagnie, lit. 'Kampani ya East India'), asteroid ya nambara 10649 kulembeka, ndipo yili mu chigaŵa chikuru cha ma asteroid ==Mazgu ghakulongosora==

Mabuku ghakugwiliskirika ntchito

• De Vries, Jan; Van der Woude, Ad (1997). [(https://archive.org/details/firstmodernecono0000devr) Chuma Chakwamba cha Mazuŵa Ghano: Kufiskika, Kuthera na Kulutilira kwa Chuma cha Ŵadachi, 1500–1815]. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-57061-1. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help)
• Fusaro, Maria; Allaire, Bernard; Blakemore, Richard J.; Vanneste, Tijl, eds. (2015). Malango, Ntchito na Ufumu: Maghanoghano Ghakuyaniska pa Ŵanthu Ŵakugwira Ntchito pa Sitima, c. 1500–1800. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-137-44746-3.
• Ricklefs, M. C. (1993). [(https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderni0000rick_i0z4) Mbiri ya Indonesia ya Mazuŵa Ghano Kufuma pa c. 1300]. London: MacMillan. ISBN 0-333-57689-6. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help)
• Chaudhuri, K. N.; Israel, J. I. (1991). Israel, J. I. (ed.). [(https://archive.org/details/anglodutchmoment0000unse) Nyengo ya Ŵangerezi na Ŵadachi: Nkhani pa Chiŵukirano Chikuru na Ivyo Chikakhwaskira Charu Chose]. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-39075-3. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help)

Ukaboni wa kuwali

• [(http://www.inghist.nl/Onderzoek/Projecten/DAS/voyages) Maulendo gha sitima za VOC] – nkhokwe ya pa intaneti ya maulendo gha sitima za VOC
• [(http://www.atlasofmutualheritage.nl/en/) Atlas of Mutual Heritage] – atlas ya pa intaneti ya malo ghakukhazikikapo ŵanthu na GWC
• (in Dutch) [(http://vocopvarenden.nationaalarchief.nl/default.aspx) Nkhokwe ya ŵanthu awo ŵakagwiranga ntchito pa sitima za VOC]
• [(http://www.vochistory.org.au/) Gulu la Mbiri ya VOC]
• [(http://vocwarfare.net) Nkhondo za VOC]
• [(https://sejarah-nusantara.anri.go.id/foreword/) Nkhokwe ya VOC kufuma ku nkhokwe ya charu cha Indonesia]