Nelson Mandela

Nelson Mandela
Nelson Mandela
	Mandela in 1994
UMengameli waseNingizimu Afrika
	Isikhathi:; 10 May 1994 – 14 June 1999
Deputy	Frederik Willem de Klerk (1994–1996); Thabo Mbeki (1994–1999);
Emva kwa	F. W. de Klerk (as njengomengameli)
uLandelwa	Thabo Mbeki
UMengameli kaKhongolose
	Isikhathi:; 7 July 1991 – 20 December 1997
Deputy	Walter Sisulu (1991–1994); Thabo Mbeki (1994–1997);
Emva kwa	Oliver Tambo
uLandelwa	Thabo Mbeki
Isekela Mengameli kaKhongolose
	Isikhathi:; May 1985 – 7 July 1991
President	Oliver Tambo
Emva kwa	Oliver Tambo
uLandelwa	Walter Sisulu
	Isikhathi:; December 1952 – 1958
President	Albert Luthuli
Emva kwa	Walter Rubusana (1936)
uLandelwa	Oliver Tambo
UNobhala jikelele Wombutho ongachemile
	Isikhathi:; 2 September 1998 – 14 June 1999
Emva kwa	Andrés Pastrana Arango
uLandelwa	Thabo Mbeki
Ukwazisa
Ubezalwa	Rolihlahla Mandela; 18 ngoNtulikazi 1918; Mvezo, South Africa
Wafa	5 ngoZibendlela 2013 (iminyaka ama-95); Johannesburg, South Africa
Resting place	Mandela Graveyard, Qunu
Iqembu	African National Congress
Ubeshada	Evelyn Mase (m. 1944–1958) Winifred Madikizela (m. 1958–1996) Graça Simbine (m. 1998)
Abantwana	6, including Makgatho, Maki, Zenani, and Zindziswa
Alma mater	University of Fort Hare; University of London; University of South Africa; University of the Witwatersrand;
Occupation	Politician; lawyer; activist; philanthropist;
iSignesha
Website	Nelson Mandela Foundation
Military service
Iziga	Madiba; Tata; Dalibunga;
Awards	Full list

UNelson Rolihlahla Mandela (18 July 1918 - 5 December 2013)^[1] wayeyisishoshovu esilwa nobandlululo eNingizimu Afrika, futhi engumholi nomguqulimbuso, owaba ngumongameli wokuqala waseNingizimu Afrika kusukela ngowe-1994 kuya kowe-1999. Waba inhloko yombuso yokuqala ensundu nekhethwe ngokwenqubo yombusosobala ogcwele okhethweni. Uhlelokulawula lakhe lahlozinga ekudilizeni ifagugu lobandlululo ngokugqugquzela ukuBuyisana, isivumelwano sokuthula sikazwelonke kanye nombusosoala wezinhlanganingi. Ngokwenkolelombono wayesobuzwe wobu-Afrika nomcoselela, wakhonza njengomengameli weqembu likaKhongolose (ANC) kusukela ngo-1991 kuya ku-1997.

UMandela wazalelwa emndenini wasebukhosini wabaThembu eMvezo, eNingizimu Afrika. Wenza izifundo zomthetho eNyuvesi yaseFort Hare naseNyuvesi yaseWitswatersrand ngaphambi kokuba asebenze njengomeli eGoli. Lapho wazibandakanya nezombusazwe ezilwa nobuqonela nezobuzwe base-Afrika, waziqhaza noKhongolose ngowe-1943 futhi wasungula uHlaka Lwentsha ngonyaka we-1944. Ngemuva kokuba uhulumeni we-National Party wabamhlophe kuphela usungule ubandlululo, uhlelo lokuhlukaniswa ngokohlanga olwalunikeza abamhlophe ilungelogunya, uMandela ne-ANC bazibophezela ekuwuketuleni.. Wakhethwa njengomongameli wegatsha laseTransvaal le-ANC, wavelela ngokuzibandakanya kwakhe eMkhankasweni Wokuphikisa wangowe-1952 kanye noMgwamanda Wabantu (Congress of the People) we-1955. Waboshwa ngokuphindaphindiwe ngenxa yobuqhebeqhebe bokuvukela umbuso futhi washushiswa eCaleni Lokuvukela lowe-1956. Ethonywe yimibono kaMarx, waziqhaza ngasese eQembu LoCosulelwano LaseNingizimu Afrika elalivinjelwe. Nakuba ekuqaleni ayezinikele ekubhikisheni ngaphandle kodlame, ehlangene ne-SACP wasungula umbutho woMkhonto we Sizwe ngowe-1961 owahola umkhankaso ukucekela phansi uhulumeni wobandlululo. Waboshwa futhi waboshwa ngowe-1962, futhi, ngemuva kwe-Rivonia Trial, wagwetshwa ukudilikelwa ejele ngenxa yokuzama ukuketula umbuso.

UMandela wachitha iminyaka engama-27 eboshiwe. Ngenxa yengcindezi ekhulayo ezweni nasemazweni omhlaba kanye novalo lokuqubuka kwempi yobuhlanga, uMengameli F. W. de Klerk wamkhulula ngowe-1990. UMandela kanye noDe Klerk bahola imizamo yokucebezela ukuba kuphele ubandlululo, nokwaholela okhethweni lwezinhlanga zonke lukawonke ngowe-1994 lapho akhethwa khona njengomengameli. UMandela wajuba iKhomishana Yamaqiniso Nokubuyisana ukuba iphenye ngokuphulwa kwamalungelo oluntu okwenzeka endulo, lokhu wakwenza njengomholi wohulumeni wobumbano owamemezela umthethosisekelo omusha wezwe. Kwezomnotho, uhlelokulawula lakhe lagcina izinye izinhlaka zangaphambili nakuba ayengakholwa kuzo, futhi wangenisa izinqubomgomo zokulungisa izwe, ukulwa nobubha nokwandisa izinkonzo zezempilo. Kwezamazwe omhlaba, uMandela walekelela njengomkhulumeli ecaleni lokuqhunyiswa kwenqabakundiza ebizwa Pan Am Flight 103 futhi wakhonza njengonobhala jikelele Wombutho Ongachemile ngowe- 1998 to 1999. Wenqaba ukuba gomengameli ihlandla lesibili futhi welanywa nguThabo Mbeki. UMandela wahlozinga ekulweni nobubha neSandulela-ngculazi ngenhlangano yakhe ebizwa Nelson Mandela Foundation.

UMandela waba ngolandelwa izinkulumo impilo yakhe yonke. Nakuba abagxeki babemgxeka ngokuba ikhomanisi nephekula, abagxeki abanye kwesobunxele babethi umagange ukuba acebeze futhi abuyisane nabaxhasi obandlululo, futhi waa gomuntu ovelele emazweni omhlaba ngenxa yobushoshovu bakhe. Embulungeni yonke, wayebhekwa njengoholi onesimilo, uphawu lokuthula, umbusosobala nezobulungiswa bezenhlalo, waqholiswa ngemihlomula engaphezu kwengama-250, kuhlanganisa noMhlomula Wokuthula kaNobel (Nobel Peace Prize). Uhlonishwa kakhulu eNingizimu Afrika, lapho ebizwa khona ngesithakazelo sakhe sabaThembu esiithi Madiba. UMandela ubhekwa njengomuntu omkhulu nothandwayo wekhulu lama 20.

Ukukhula kwakhe

Ebuncaneni: 1918-1934

UMandela wazalwa mhla zili-18 July 1918, emzini waseMvezo eMtata, okwakuyingxenye yesifundazwe saseKapa saseNingizimu Afrika ngaleso sikhathi. Wethiwa igama elithi Rolihlahla,^[2] okuyigama lesiXhosa okuthiwa lisho ukuthi "ohluphayo", ukhokho wakhe omkhulu, uNgubengcuka, wayengumbusi wabaThembu ongaphesheya kweNciba (Transkei) endaweni namuhla eyingxenye yesifundazwe saseMpumalanga Kapa. Indodana kaNgubengcuka, ebizwa Mandela, kwaba nguYise kamkhulu kaRolihlahla nomthombo wesibongo sakwaMnadela. Ngenxa yokuthi wayengumntanenkosi ngondlunkulu oyikhohlo (ixhiba), okusho ukuthi wayengeke akwazi ukudla ifa lasebukhosini lokuqhwakela isihlalo, kodwa wayethathwa njengowasebukhosini ngumkhandlu wenkosi.

UYise kaMandela, uGadla Henry Mphakanyiswa Mandela, wayeyinkosi nomeluleki weNkosi enkulu; waqokelwa kulesi sikhundla ngowe-1915, emva kokuthi lowo obesesikhundleni wasolwa nenkohlakalo yimatshi emhlophe eyayiphethe. Ngowe-1926, uGadla naye wagudluzwa ngezinsolo zenkohlakalo, kodwa uRolihlahla wathelwa ukuthi uyise ulahlekelwe umsebenzi ngenxa yokungavumelani nezimfuno zemantshi. UGadla wayeganwe isithembu sabafazi abane, enamadodana amane namadodakazi ayithoba, bonke ababehlala emzini ehlukene. Umama kaRolihlahla wayenfazi kaGadla wesithatthu, uNosekeni Fanny, indodakazi kaNkedama weqadi nelungu losendo lwamaMpemvu kwaXhosa.

"Wayengekho emndenini wami owayeke wangena isikole [...] Osukwini lwami lokuqala esikoleni, uthishela wami, unkosazana Mdingane, wasipha amagama esingisi. Lokhu kwasekulisiko kulezozinsuku ngenxa yemfundo eyayiphethwe ngamaNgisi. Ngalolosuku, unkosazana Mdingane wathi igama lami elisha nguNelson. Angazi yingani angetha leligama.

UMandela kamuva waveza ukuthi impilo yakhe esengumntwana yayisekelwe emasikweni nasemikhuben yamaXhosa. Wakhula enabodadewabo ababili ehlala nomama wakhe, emzini waseQunu, lapho eyelusa khona namanye amabhungu. Abazali bakhe bobabili babengafundile, kodwa unina wayeyigqoboka (noma ikholwa), futhi wamfaka esikoleni samaWeseli lapho eneminyaka emkhothi. Wacwiliswa (wabhapathizwa) njengomWeseli, futhi wanikwa igama lesiNgisi elithi "Nelson" ngumfundisi wakhe esikoleni. Lapho uMandela enminyaka elithoba, uyise wabuya wazohlala nabo eQunu, lapho ashnela khona ngexna yokugula okungaziwa, uMandela ayekholwa ukuthi isifo samaphaphu.

Umama kaMandela wamthatha wamyisa esigodlweni esiseMqhekezweni, lapho athola khona ukuqeqeshwa ngaphansi kwebamba lasebukhosini wabaThembu, iNkosi Jongintaba Dalindyebo. Nakuba engambonanga umama wakhe iminyaka, uMandela waphathwa njengengane yeNkosi uJongintaba noNkosikazi uNoengland. Njengoba ayethamela izinkonzo zamakholwa njalo ngesonto, le nkolo yaba negalelo elikhulu empilweni yakhe. Wangena isikole samaWeseli esasiseduze nesigodlo, lapho afunda khona isiNgisi, isiXhosa, umlando, nomchazamhlaba. Wasithanda kakhulu isifundo somlando wase-Afrika, elalela nezindaba ezixoxwa abadala abavakashe esigodlweni, futhi wathonywa umlando wokumelana nobubhozomeli owawulandiswa inkosi uJoyi. Nokho, ngaleso sikhathi, wayebheka Ukudaphuna i-Afrika okwenziwa abaqoneli, njengesibusiso hhayi njengengcindezelo, ethi kwaletha imfundo nezinzuzo e-Afrika eseningizimu. Lapho eeminyaka eli-16, umzala wakhe uJustice namanye amabhonga bahamaba baya entabeni iTyhalarha ukuyokwalukwa ngokwemicikilisho ephawula ukudlulela kwabo esigabeni sobunsizwa noma ubudoda; kamuva wanikwa igama elithi Dalibunga.

uMlando wemfundo: 1934–1940

Enenhloso yokuzuza amakhono adingekayo ukuze abe yingxeneye yomphakathi wasebukhosini bamaThembu, uMandela waqala imfundo yamabangaphezulu ngowe-1933 eSikoleni samaWeseli iClarkebury, esisEngcobo, okwakuyisikhungo semfundo yaseNtshona esikhulu kwezikhandelwe abomdabu ezweni labaThembu. Njengoba kwakudingeka adlelane nezinye izingane ngokulinganayo, uthi lokho kwamenza walahlekelwa ukuzazisa, waba umgane nentombazane okokuqala; waqala ukudlala ezemidlalo wahlakulela nothando lwakhe lokusebenza isivande. Wathola isifakkazelo se-Junior ngeminyaka emibili, futhi ngowe-1937 waya eSikoleni Esikhulu iHealdtown, okkwakuyiKolishi lamaWeseli eliseNqabeni Beaufort, elalethanyelwa iningi labasebukhosini bamaThembu. Umphathisikole wagczelela impakamo yesikompilo laseNtshona nohulumeni wakhona, kodwa uMandela yena wayenelukuluku ngesiko lomdabu. UMandela waxhitha isikhathi esiningi eHealdtown njengomgijimi wevanga elide nomshayi sibhakela, ngonyaka wakhe wesibili waba prefect.

Ukuboshwa

Ukuboshwa nokuqulwa kwecala laseRivonia: 1962-1964

Mhla zi-5 kuNcwaba ngonyaka ka-1962, amaphoyisa athatha uMandela kanye nesishoshovu esikanye naye UCecil Williams eduze kwaseHowick.[130] Amalungu amaningi e-MK asola ukuthi iziphathimandla zazixwayisiwe ngokuqondene nokuthi uMandela ukuphi, yize uMandela ngokwakhe anikeza lemibono ubuqotho obuncane.[131] Eminyakeni yakamuva, UDonald Rickard, owayengummeli waseMelika, wembula ukuthi I-Central Intelligence Agency, eyayesaba ubudlelwano bukaMandela namakhomanisi, yayitshele amaphoyisa aseNingizimu Afrika indawo ayekuyo.[132] Eboshiwe ejele laseMarshall Square eGoli, uMandela wamangalelwa ngokukhuthaza iziteleka zezisebenzi nokuhamba ezweni ngaphandle kwemvume. Eziveza yena noSlovo njengomeluleki wezomthetho, uMandela wayehlose ukusebenzisa icala ukubonisa "ukuphikisa kokuziphatha kwe-ANC ngobandlululo" ngenkathi abasekeli bebhikisha ngaphandle kwenkantolo.[134] Wathuthela ePitoli, lapho uWinnie ayengamvakashela khona, waqala izifundo zokuxhumana ukuze athole iziqu ze-Bachelor of Laws (LLB) e-University of London International Programmes.[135] Ukulalelwa kwakhe kwaqala ngoMfumfu, kodwa waphazamisa inqubo ngokugqoka i-kaross yendabuko, enqaba ukubiza noma yimuphi ofakazi, futhi waphendulela isicelo sakhe sokunciphisa inkulumo yezombusazwe. Watholakala enecala, wagwetshwa iminyaka emihlanu ejele, wathi ephuma enkantolo, abalandeli bacula "iNkosi Sikelel iAfrika".[136]

Mhla ziyi-11 kuNtulikazi ngonyaka ka-1963, amaphoyisa ahlasela iPulazi laseLiliesleaf, abopha labo ababathola lapho futhi athola amaphepha abonisa imisebenzi ye-MK, amanye awo akhuluma ngoMandela. Icala laseRivonia laqala eNkantolo Ephakeme YasePitoli kuMfumfu, lapho uMandela namaqabane akhe babekwa icala kumacala amane okucekela phansi uhulumeni ngendluzula; umshushisi wabo omkhulu kwakungu Percy Yutar.[139] UJaji I-Quartus de Wet ngokushesha walahla icala lomshushisi ngenxa yobufakazi obuncane, kodwa u-Yutar waphinde walungisa amacala, wethula icala lakhe elisha kusukela ngoZibandlela ngonyaka ka-1963 kuze kube nguNhlolanja ngonyaka ka-1964, wabiza ofakazi abangu-173 wabe eseletha izinkulungwane zamaphepha nezithombe ecaleni.[140]

Nakuba abane balabo abamangalelwa baphika ukuzibandakanya ne-MK, uMandela nabanye abamangalelwa abahlanu bavuma ukucekela phansi kodwa baphika ukuthi bake bavumelana ukuqala impi yabashokobezi ngokumelene nohulumeni.[141] Basebenzisa ukuqulwa ukuveza inhloso yabo yezombusazwe; ekuvulweni kwenqubo yokuvikela, uMandela wanikeza inkulumo yakhe yamahora amathathu ethi "Ngilungiselele Ukufa". Leyo nkulumo yayigqigquzelwe yi- "History Will Absolve Me" kaCastro - yabikwa kabanzi emaphephandabeni naphezu kokuhlolwa okusemthethweni.[142] Inkulumo yayiphucuziwe futhi yahlelwa ngu Nadine Gordimer, umbhali wamanoveli ongumJuda waseNingizimu Afrika, kanye nentatheli yaseBrithani U-Anthony Sampson, bobabili ababehlonipha umqondo womphakathi wentando yeningi nozikhululekile, belandela indlela kaMandela. Icala lathola ukunakwa emazweni omhlaba; kwakukhona izicelo zomhlaba wonke zokukhululwa kwabamangalelwa yi-United Nations kanye UMkhandlu Wokuthula Womhlaba, ngenkathi I-University of London Union ivota uMandela ukuba abe ngumongameli wayo.[144] Mhla ziyi-12 kuNhlangulana ngonyaka ka-1964, ijaji uDe Wet wathola uMandela nababili ababemangalelwe nabo becala kuwo wonke amacala amane; nakuba abashushisi babecele ukuthi isigwebo sentambo sisetshenziswe, ijaji esikhundleni salokho labalahla ngejele.[145]

Ihhovisi LikaMongameli WaseNingizimu Afrika: 1994-1999

Umhlangano kazwelonke osanda kuqokwa isenzo sokuqala kwaba ngokusemthethweni ukukhetha uTata uMandela njengomholi wokuqala onsundu eNingizumu Afrika. Ukugcotshwa kwakhe kwathatha indawo ePitoli ngomhlaka 10 May 1994, kwavezwa kumabonakude emhlabeni jikelele. Lomcimbi ubuhanjelwe abantu abayi 4000, kuhlanganiswa nabaholi bamazwe angafani. uTata uMandela eholwa uHulumeni wazwelonke obuswa I-ANC -yodwa yayingenalo ulwazi lokubusa kodwa wayequkethe abantu beqembu I-National Party kanye neNkatha. Ngaphansi komthethosisekelo wesikhashana, iNkatha kanye ne-National Party bagqugquzelwa ukuthi babenezihlalo ezingu 20 ePalamende. Ukugcina isivumelwano sasekuqaleni, uMnumzane u-De Klerk waba iphini lokuqala likaMongameli kanye noThabo Mbeki wakhethwa waba owesibili. Noma uMnumzane Thabo Mbeki engazange abe owokuqala okhethweni, uTata uMandela wancika kuye isikhathi sonke ekubeni uMongameli, emvumela ukuthi ahlele imininingwano yenqubomgono. Ukuye hhovisi lobuMongameli e-Tuynhuys eKapa, uTata uMandela wavumela u-De Klerk ukuthi agcine indawo yaMongameli e-Groote Schuur estate, kunokuhlala endaweni esondelene ne-Westbrooke manor, wayetha kabusha wayibiza "Genadendal". uTata uMandela ebenekhaya endaweni yase Makhaya eQunu, ebenokuya ayovakasha, ejikajike endaweni, ahlangane nabantu bendawo.

Amaphatho

↑ https://www.nelsonmandela.org/learners-biography?gad_source=1&gad_campaignid=342225553&gbraid=0AAAAADh8jAekUXi_hOAkrfSiBXT8WN3AY&gclid=EAIaIQobChMI5f7Z35yBlQMV_JJQBh1MBzucEAAYASAAEgKbpvD_BwE
↑ {{cite journal | last=Mtuze | first=Peter T | title=Mandela's Long Walk to Freedom: the isiXhosa translator's tall order | journal=Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies | volume=21 | issue=3 | year=2003 | doi=10.2989/16073610309486337 | pages=141–152 | s2cid=143354489 | url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2989/16073610309486337 | access-date=25 July 2022 | archive-date=25 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725165042/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2989/16073610309486337 | url-status=live |issn = 1607-3614| url-access=subscription

[1] ttps://www.nelsonmandela.org/learners-biography?gad_source=1&gad_campaignid=342225553&gbraid=0AAAAADh8jAekUXi_hOAkrfSiBXT8WN3AY&gclid=EAIaIQobChMI5f7Z35yBlQMV_JJQBh1MBzucEAAYASAAEgKbpvD_BwE

[2] {{cite journal | last=Mtuze | first=Peter T | title=Mandela's Long Walk to Freedom: the isiXhosa translator's tall order | journal=Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies | volume=21 | issue=3 | year=2003 | doi=10.2989/16073610309486337 | pages=141–152 | s2cid=143354489 | url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2989/16073610309486337 | access-date=25 July 2022 | archive-date=25 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725165042/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2989/16073610309486337 | url-status=live |issn = 1607-3614| url-access=subscription

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