Fluorapophyllite-(K)
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Fluorapophyllite-(K)
Formula:
KCa4(Si8O20)(F,OH) · 8H2O
Colour:
Colourless, pale green, aquamarine, white, pink, yellow
Lustre:
Vitreous, Pearly
Hardness:
4½ - 5
Specific Gravity:
2.33 - 2.37
Crystal System:
Tetragonal
Member of:
Name:
Apophyllite was named in 1806 by Rene Just Haüy from the Greek for "away from" (ἀπό, apo) and "leaf" (φύλλον, phyllos), in allusion to the way it exfoliates upon heating. Chemical variants were recognized by Pete J. Dunn, Roland C. Rouse, and Julie A. Norberg in 1978.
Dimorph of:
Fluorapophyllite-(K) - Hydroxyapophyllite-(K) Series.
The name was revised from apophyllite-(KF) to fluorapophyllite-(K) (Hatert et al. 2013).
The name was revised from apophyllite-(KF) to fluorapophyllite-(K) (Hatert et al. 2013).
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1573
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1573:4
Similar Names
| Fluorapophyllite | A synonym | |
| Fluorapophyllite-(Cs) | A valid IMA mineral species | CsCa4(Si8O20)F · 8H2O |
| Fluorapophyllite-(K) - Hydroxyapophyllite-(K) Series | A solid-solution series between two end-member minerals | |
| Fluorapophyllite-(Na) | A valid IMA mineral species | NaCa4(Si8O20)F · 8H2O |
| Fluorapophyllite-(NH4) | A valid IMA mineral species - pending publication | NH4Ca4(Si8O20)F · 8H2O |
IMA Classification of Fluorapophyllite-(K)
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
KCa4Si8O20F·8H2O
Approval year:
1976
Classification of Fluorapophyllite-(K)
9.EA.15
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
E : Phyllosilicates
A : Single nets of tetrahedra with 4-, 5-, (6-), and 8-membered rings
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
E : Phyllosilicates
A : Single nets of tetrahedra with 4-, 5-, (6-), and 8-membered rings
72.3.1.1
72 : PHYLLOSILICATES Two-Dimensional Infinite Sheets with Other Than Six-Membered Rings
3 : Two-Dimensional Infinite Sheets with Other Than Six-Membered Rings with 3-, 4-, or 5-membered rings and 8-membered rings
72 : PHYLLOSILICATES Two-Dimensional Infinite Sheets with Other Than Six-Membered Rings
3 : Two-Dimensional Infinite Sheets with Other Than Six-Membered Rings with 3-, 4-, or 5-membered rings and 8-membered rings
17.1.5
17 : Silicates Containing other Anions
1 : Silicates with fluoride (not containing Al)
17 : Silicates Containing other Anions
1 : Silicates with fluoride (not containing Al)
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Fapo-K | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Fapo | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Fluorapophyllite-(K)
Vitreous, Pearly
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Comment:
Pearly on cleavage {001}
Colour:
Colourless, pale green, aquamarine, white, pink, yellow
Streak:
White
Hardness:
4½ - 5 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
Perfect on {001}
Imperfect on {110}
Perfect on {001}
Imperfect on {110}
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven
Density:
2.33 - 2.37 g/cm3 (Measured) 2.37 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Fluorapophyllite-(K)
Type:
Uniaxial (+)
RI values:
nω = 1.53 - 1.536 nε = 1.532 - 1.538
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.002
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
None to Very Low
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized uniaxial interference figure - the conoscopic
(convergent-light, Bertrand-lens-in) view, for a grain cut with the optic axis
centred and vertical. The coloured rings are isochromatics, computed with the
same physics as the Michel-Lévy bar above; the dark cross is the isogyre.
For a genuinely uniaxial mineral viewed this way, that cross stays perfectly stationary if you rotate the stage - unlike a biaxial mineral, where it splits apart on rotation. That invariance is itself the standard diagnostic test for telling uniaxial and biaxial minerals apart at the microscope.
For a genuinely uniaxial mineral viewed this way, that cross stays perfectly stationary if you rotate the stage - unlike a biaxial mineral, where it splits apart on rotation. That invariance is itself the standard diagnostic test for telling uniaxial and biaxial minerals apart at the microscope.
Dispersion:
High, may be anomalous
Chemistry of Fluorapophyllite-(K)
Mindat Formula:
KCa4(Si8O20)(F,OH) · 8H2O
Element Weights:
Common Impurities:
Al,Na
Chemical Analysis
wt%
| 1 | |
|---|---|
| O | 65.13 % |
| Si | 22.36 % |
| Ca | 8.06 % |
| F | 2.97 % |
| K | 1.49 % |
| Total: | 100.01 % |
Sample references:
| ID | Locality | Reference | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Hällestad, Finspång, Östergötland County, Sweden | SEM-EDS, 15kV, uncovered |
Crystallography of Fluorapophyllite-(K)
Crystal System:
Tetragonal
Class (H-M):
4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) - Ditetragonal Dipyramidal
Space Group:
P4/mnc
Cell Parameters:
a = 8.963(2) Å, c = 15.804(2) Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 1.763
Unit Cell V:
1,269.62 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
2
Morphology:
Tabular to prismatic
Twinning:
Rare on {111}
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0019990 | Fluorapophyllite-(K) | Stahl K (1993) A neutron powder diffraction study of partially dehydrated fluorapophyllite, KCa4Si8O20F*6.9H2O European Journal of Mineralogy 5 845-849 | 1993 | Poona, India | 0 | 293 | |
| 0000257 | Fluorapophyllite-(K) | Prince E (1971) Refinement of the crystal structure of apophyllite III. Determination of the hydrogen positions by neutron diffraction American Mineralogist 56 1243-1251 |  | 1971 | Centerville, Virginia, USA | 0 | 293 |
| 0000256 | Fluorapophyllite-(K) | Chao G Y (1971) The refinement of the crystal structure of apophyllite II. Determination of the hydrogen positions by X-ray diffraction American Mineralogist 56 1234-1242 | | 1971 | Mont. St. Hilaire, Quebec, Canada | 0 | 293 |
| 0000255 | Fluorapophyllite-(K) | Colville A A, Anderson C P, Black P M (1971) Refinement of the crystal structure of apophyllite I. X-ray diffraction and physical properties American Mineralogist 56 1222-1233 | | 1971 | Phoenix mine, Keweenaw Peninsula, Michigan, USA | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Loading XRD data...
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 4a: Earth’s earliest continental crust | >4.4-3.0 |
| 19 : Granitic intrusive rocks | |
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 23 : Subaerial aqueous alteration by non-redox-sensitive fluids (see also #47) | |
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
| 35 : Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks | |
| Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics | <3.5-2.5 |
| 40 : Regional metamorphism (greenschist, amphibolite, granulite facies) |
Geological Setting:
Secondary mineral in cavities in basalts, cavities in granite, in tactites, some hydrothermal veins.
Synonyms of Fluorapophyllite-(K)
Other Language Names for Fluorapophyllite-(K)
Varieties of Fluorapophyllite-(K)
| Ammonian Fluorapophyllite-(K) | Suggestive of the existence of a solid solution between fluorapophyllite-(K) and fluorapophyllite-(NH₄). |
Relationship of Fluorapophyllite-(K) to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Apophyllite Group:
| Fluorapophyllite-(Cs) | CsCa4(Si8O20)F · 8H2O | Tet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) : P4/mnc |
| Fluorapophyllite-(Na) | NaCa4(Si8O20)F · 8H2O | Orth. |
| Fluorapophyllite-(NH4) | NH4Ca4(Si8O20)F · 8H2O | Tet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) : P4/mnc |
| Hydroxyapophyllite-(K) | KCa4(Si8O20)(OH,F) · 8H2O | Tet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) |
| Hydroxyapophyllite-(NH4) | (NH4)Ca4(Si8O20)(OH)(H2O)8 | Tet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) |
| Hydroxymcglassonite-(K) | KSr4Si8O20(OH) · 8H2O | Tet. |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 1,429 photos of Fluorapophyllite-(K) associated with Stilbite-Ca | NaCa4(Si27Al9)O72 · 28H2O |
| 583 photos of Fluorapophyllite-(K) associated with Stilbite Subgroup | M6-7[Al8-9Si27-28O72] · nH2O |
| 425 photos of Fluorapophyllite-(K) associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 398 photos of Fluorapophyllite-(K) associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 197 photos of Fluorapophyllite-(K) associated with Prehnite | Ca2Al2Si3O10(OH)2 |
| 191 photos of Fluorapophyllite-(K) associated with Heulandite-Ca | (Ca,Na)5(Si27Al9)O72 · 26H2O |
| 143 photos of Fluorapophyllite-(K) associated with Scolecite | CaAl2Si3O10 · 3H2O |
| 122 photos of Fluorapophyllite-(K) associated with Natrolite | Na2Al2Si3O10 · 2H2O |
| 120 photos of Fluorapophyllite-(K) associated with 'Chalcedony' | SiO2 |
| 103 photos of Fluorapophyllite-(K) associated with Kinoite | Ca2Cu2(H2O)2[Si3O10] |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 9.EA. | Hydroxymcglassonite-(K) | KSr4Si8O20(OH) · 8H2O |
| 9.EA. | Miyawakiite-(Y) | ◻Y4Fe2(Si8O20)(CO3)4(H2O)3 |
| 9.EA. | Bussyite-(Y) | (Y,REE,Ca)3(Na,Ca)6MnSi9Be5(O,OH,F)34 |
| 9.EA. | Hydroxyapophyllite-(NH4) | (NH4)Ca4(Si8O20)(OH)(H2O)8 |
| 9.EA. | Fluorapophyllite-(NH4) | NH4Ca4(Si8O20)F · 8H2O |
| 9.EA.05 | Gillespite | BaFe2+Si4O10 |
| 9.EA.05 | Cuprorivaite | CaCuSi4O10 |
| 9.EA.05 | Wesselsite | SrCuSi4O10 |
| 9.EA.05 | Effenbergerite | BaCuSi4O10 |
| 9.EA.07 | Fluorapophyllite-(Cs) | CsCa4(Si8O20)F · 8H2O |
| 9.EA.10 | Ekanite | Ca2ThSi8O20 |
| 9.EA.15 | Fluorapophyllite-(Na) | NaCa4(Si8O20)F · 8H2O |
| 9.EA.15 | Hydroxyapophyllite-(K) | KCa4(Si8O20)(OH,F) · 8H2O |
| 9.EA.20 | Magadiite | Na2Si14O29 · 11H2O |
| 9.EA.25 | Dalyite | K2ZrSi6O15 |
| 9.EA.25 | Davanite | K2TiSi6O15 |
| 9.EA.30 | Sazhinite-(La) | Na3La[Si6O15] · 2H2O |
| 9.EA.30 | Sazhinite-(Ce) | Na3CeSi6O15 · 2H2O |
| 9.EA.35 | Armstrongite | CaZr[Si6O15] · 3H2O |
| 9.EA.40 | Okenite | Ca10Si18O46 · 18H2O |
| 9.EA.45 | Perettiite-(Y) | Y2Mn4FeSi2B8O24 |
| 9.EA.45 | Nekoite | Ca3Si6O15 · 7H2O |
| 9.EA.45 | Badakhshanite-(Y) | Y2Mn4Al(Si2B7BeO24) |
| 9.EA.47 | Shlykovite | KCa[Si4O9(OH)] · 3H2O |
| 9.EA.50 | Diegogattaite | Na2CaCu2Si8O20 · H2O |
| 9.EA.50 | Cavansite | Ca(VO)Si4O10 · 4H2O |
| 9.EA.52 | Yangite | PbMnSi3O8 · H2O |
| 9.EA.55 | Pentagonite | Ca(VO)Si4O10 · 4H2O |
| 9.EA.60 | Penkvilksite | Na4Ti2Si8O22 · 4H2O |
| 9.EA.60 | Tumchaite | Na2Zr(Si4O11) · 2H2O |
| 9.EA.65 | Nabesite | Na2BeSi4O10 · 4H2O |
| 9.EA.70 | Ajoite | (K,Na)Cu7AlSi9O24(OH)6 · 3H2O |
| 9.EA.75 | Zeravshanite | Na2Cs4Zr3[Si18O45]*2H2O |
| 9.EA.80 | Bussyite-(Ce) | (Ce,REE)3(Na,H2O)6MnSi9Be5(O,OH)30F4 |
| 9.EA.85 | Plumbophyllite | Pb2Si4O10 · H2O |
Radioactivity
Radioactivity:
| Element | % Content | Activity (Bq/kg) | Radiation Type |
|---|---|---|---|
| Uranium (U) | 0.0000% | 0 | α, β, γ |
| Thorium (Th) | 0.0000% | 0 | α, β, γ |
| Potassium (K) | 4.3098% | 1,336 | β, γ |
For comparison:
- Banana: ~15 Bq per fruit
- Granite: 1,000–3,000 Bq/kg
- EU exemption limit: 10,000 Bq/kg
Note: Risk is shown relative to daily recommended maximum exposure to non-background radiation of 1000 µSv/year. Note that natural background radiation averages around 2400 µSv/year so in reality these risks are probably extremely overstated! With infrequent handling and safe storage natural radioactive minerals do not usually pose much risk.
Interactive Simulator:
Note: The mass selector refers to the mass of radioactive mineral present, not the full specimen, also be aware that the matrix may also be radioactive, possibly more radioactive than this mineral!
Activity: –
| Distance | Dose rate | Risk |
|---|---|---|
| 1 cm | ||
| 10 cm | ||
| 1 m |
The external dose rate (D) from a radioactive mineral is estimated by summing the gamma radiation contributions from its Uranium, Thorium, and Potassium content, disregarding daughter-product which may have a significant effect in some cases (eg 'pitchblende'). This involves multiplying the activity (A, in Bq) of each element by its specific gamma ray constant (Γ), which accounts for its unique gamma emissions. The total unshielded dose at 1 cm is then scaled by the square of the distance (r, in cm) and multiplied by a shielding factor (μshield). This calculation provides a 'worst-case' or 'maximum risk' estimate because it assumes the sample is a point source and entirely neglects any self-shielding where radiation is absorbed within the mineral itself, meaning actual doses will typically be lower. The resulting dose rate (D) is expressed in microsieverts per hour (μSv/h).
D = ((AU × ΓU) + (ATh × ΓTh) + (AK × ΓK)) / r2 × μshield
Fluorescence of Fluorapophyllite-(K)
May fluoresce white or yellow
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Fluorapophyllite-(K)
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1573.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Fluorapophyllite-(K)
Reference List:
Chao, George Y. (1971) The refinement of the crystal structure of apophyllite: II. Determination of the hydrogen positions by X-ray diffraction. American Mineralogist, 56 (5-6) 1234-1242
Dunn, Pete J.; Rouse, Roland C.; Norberg, Julie A. (1978) Hydroxyapophyllite, a new mineral, and a redefinition of the apophyllite group. I. Description, occurrences, and nomenclature. American Mineralogist, 63 (1-2). 196-198
Wilson, Wendell E., Dunn, Pete J. (1978) Nomenclature revisions in the apophyllite group: hydroxyapophyllite, apophyllite, fluorapophyllite. The Mineralogical Record, 9 (2) 95-98
Rouse, Roland C., Peacor, Donald R., Dunn, Pete J. (1978) Hydroxyapophyllite, a new mineral, and a redefinition of the apophyllite group. II. Crystal structure. American Mineralogist, 63 (1-2). 196-202
Birch, W. D. (1983) Babingtonite, fluorapophyllite and sphene from Harcourt, Victoria, Australia. Mineralogical Magazine, 47 (344) 377-380 doi:10.1180/minmag.1983.047.344.14
Jambor, John L., Puziewicz, Jacek (1992) New Mineral Names. American Mineralogist, 77 (9-10) 1116-1121 p.1119
Frost, Ray L., Xi, Yunfei (2012) Raman spectroscopic study of the minerals apophyllite-(KF) KCa4Si8O20F·8H2O and apophyllite-(KOH) KCa4Si8O20(F,OH)·8H2O. Journal of Molecular Structure, 1028. 200-207 doi:10.1016/j.molstruc.2012.06.005
Localities for Fluorapophyllite-(K)
Showing 366 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Australia | |
| Can Mineral February 1 |
| Ryall et al. (1968) +1 other reference | |
| Lehrmann (2012) |
| www.crocoite.com (2003) |
| |
| www.crocoite.com (2003) |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| www.crocoite.com (2001) |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Ralph Bottrill collection | |
| Birch et al. (1984) |
| Museum Victoria Mineralogy Collection |
| - (n.d.) |
| Birch (1983) |
Austria | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| J.Metzger (1997) |
| Annalen 1999 | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Aufschluss 1972 (SB) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Exel (1993) |
Brazil | |
| Atencio et al. (2005) |
| Carles Curto Milà |
| dan weinrich |
Canada | |
| Ronnie Van Dommelen collection. |
| Pe-Piper et al. (2002) |
| Aumento et al. (1966) | |
| Ronnie Van Dommelen collection. | |
| Pe-Piper (2000) | |
| SAGE (1981) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| László Horváth (p.c., 2003) +1 other reference |
| Museum Thetford Mines MMMRA1998.164 | |
| Horváth et al. (2013) |
| dan weinrich |
| Horváth collection |
| Horváth collection | |
| Grice (1989) +1 other reference |
| Horváth collection - XRD & EDS |
| Can. Museum of Nature & Horváth ... |
Chile | |
| Maurizio Dini & Robert Jenkins ... +1 other reference |
China | |
| Hawthorne et al. (2002) |
| Ottens et al. (2012) |
| Möhn et al. (05/2021) | |
| Robert Lavinsky Collection |
| Xuyin Yuan et al. (1993) |
Costa Rica | |
| Micro Probe Volume VII Number 7 Spring ... |
| Micro Probe Volume VII Number 7 Spring ... |
Czech Republic | |
| Žáček et al. (2001) |
| Tschernich (1992) |
| Pauliš et al. (2023) |
| Bohuslav Burev collection |
| Tvrdý et al. (2023) | |
| Pauliš et al. (2024) |
| |
| Ulrych (2000) |
Finland | |
| Sahama (1965) +2 other references |
| |
| Joel Dyer collection |
France | |
| Leconte J. (2015) |
| Queneau (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Dufrénoy M. (1836) |
| Queneau (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| André MELLE collection - Nicolas ... |
Germany | |
| |
| |
| 70. +1 other reference |
| Walenta (1996) +1 other reference |
| Falkenstein (2010) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Wolfgang Hampel (2011) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Belendorff (2021) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) +1 other reference |
| Hentschel (1983) |
| Hartmut Hensel collection |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| in the collection of Christof Schäfer |
| in the collection of Christof Schäfer +1 other reference | |
| Blaß et al. (2012) |
| Lapis 30 (7/8) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| - (1986) |
| Wittern (2001) |
India | |
| various added photos +1 other reference |
| Specimens received from Salim Tyebjee |
| dan weinrich |
| various added photos |
| Fabreminerals specimen photo | |
| Moore (2002) +1 other reference | |
| Wilson et al. (2004) | |
| Lavinsky (n.d.) | |
| Jacques Malassé and Geri Meier ... | |
| Karel Bal Collection | |
| www.irocks.com (2002) | |
| Michael Shaw Collection | |
| Lavinsky (n.d.) |
| King (n.d.) |
| King (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Lavinsky (n.d.) | |
| Fabre (n.d.) |
| Jacques Malasse specimen +1 other reference | |
| Praszkier et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
| www.spiriferminerals.com (2010) |
| Lavinsky (n.d.) | |
| Richard Dale Collection +1 other reference |
Italy | |
| XRD analysis at Bari University |
| 415. +1 other reference |
| EDX analysis |
| Marchesini et al. (2025) |
| Stoppa et al. (2010) +2 other references |
| Carlo Cassinelli infrared spectrum (unpublished data) +1 other reference |
| PXRD at Padova University +1 other reference |
Japan | |
| - (n.d.) |
| Masutomi Museum specimens |
| Nichika specimens |
| Matsueda (1980) |
| Momma et al. (2015) |
| Petrov (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| Nagashima et al. (2021) |
Madagascar | |
| Praszkier (2010) |
Mexico | |
| Fluorite: The Collector's Choice. Extra ... |
| photos of new finds | |
Morocco | |
| Sonnet (1981) |
Namibia | |
| Uwe Kolitsch (structure refinement from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data) +10 other references |
Norway | |
| Larsen (1980) |
| Larsen (1980) +1 other reference |
| Larsen (1980) |
| Berg (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Bancroft et al. (2001) |
| Larsen (1980) |
| Larsen (1980) |
| Eldjarn (1973) +1 other reference |
| Selbekk (1991) |
| Selbekk (1991) |
| Nordrum (2004) |
| Nordrum (2004) | |
| Nordrum (2004) | |
| Nordrum (2004) | |
| Larsen (1980) | |
| Larsen (1980) |
| Larsen (1980) |
| Larsen et al. (2010) |
| Larsen et al. (2010) | |
| Knut Edvard Larsen collection (MM-2460) | |
| Larsen et al. (2010) |
| Nordrum (2000) |
| Larsen et al. (1976) |
| Berge (n.d.) | |
| Burvald (1993) | |
| Burvald (1993) |
| Witsø (1998) |
| Larsen (1980) |
| Larsen et al. (2010) |
| Larsen et al. (2010) |
| - (n.d.) | |
| Berge (n.d.) | |
| Ingulv Burvald collection 1988 |
| Andersen (1993) |
| Larsen et al. (2010) | |
| Andresen (2011) |
| Larsen et al. (2010) |
| Hansen (1981) |
| Engvoldsen et al. (1991) |
| Larsen et al. (2010) | |
| Peter Andresen colletion. | |
| Personally collected by Peter Andresen ... | |
| Larsen et al. (2010) | |
| Nordrum (2004) | |
| Nordrum (2000) | |
| Collected by Peter Andresen 2009 +1 other reference | |
| Berge (n.d.) | |
| Larsen et al. (2010) | |
| Larsen (1988) +1 other reference | |
| Larsen (1980) +2 other references |
| Brøgger (1890) +1 other reference | |
| Larsen et al. (2010) |
| Andersen et al. (1994) |
| Larsen (1980) |
| Selbekk (1990) |
Poland | |
| Kruszewski et al. (Lower Silesian Coal Basin) |
| WŁODYKA R. et al. (2004) |
Romania | |
| www.minerals-of-the carpathians.eu (2009) |
| [var: Ammonian Fluorapophyllite-(K)] Marincea et al. (2023) +2 other references |
| Hîrtopanu P. et al. (2022) |
| Szakáll (2002) |
Russia | |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Talovina et al. (2003) |
| Kaneva et al. (2020) |
| Burlakov (1999) |
| Belousov et al. (1963) +2 other references |
| Kudryashova (1973) |
| Spiridonov et al. (2016) |
| P.M.Kartashov data +1 other reference |
| Pekov et al. (2004) +1 other reference | |
| Cámara et al. (2013) +1 other reference | |
| American Mineralogist | |
| Arzamastsev et al. (2008) |
| ... | |
| Pekov (2000) |
| ... +1 other reference |
| Konopleva et al. (2008) | |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Pekov et al. (2003) | |
| Grant et al. (2001) |
| Grant et al. (2001) |
| Grant et al. (2001) | |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) +1 other reference |
Slovakia | |
| Ďuďa R. et al. (1993) |
| Ďuďa |
| Duda et. all. |
| Bačo et al. (1987) |
| Ďuďa |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Petra Diamonds Ltd |
| Heron (1985) +2 other references |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Gliddon (1996) +1 other reference |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| King et al. (1989) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
Spain | |
| |
| Calvo Rebollar et al. (2022) | |
| Sainz de Baranda Graf et al. (2026) | |
| Calvo Rebollar (2018) |
| González del Tánago et al. (2008) |
| Tánago et al. (2012) | |
| Jiménez R. et al. (2004) |
| González del Tánago et al. (2008) |
| González del Tánago et al. (2008) | |
| González del Tánago et al. (2008) | |
Sweden | |
| Grensman et al. (2001) |
| Joan Rosell (2025) |
| Otter (2004) |
| Natural History Museum |
| Sandström et al. (2009) |
| Östra Värmlands Mineral Society | |
| Nysten (1984) +1 other reference |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Bracke (n.d.) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder (1980) +1 other reference |
| Stalder et al. (1998) | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Bracke (n.d.) |
| Ansermet (2004) +1 other reference | |
Tajikistan | |
| Agakhanov et al. (2011) |
Uganda | |
| Collection: Paul Mestrom +1 other reference |
UK | |
| BMS Collection |
| Haas (n.d.) |
| Moreton et al. (2012) |
Ukraine | |
| Tischenko A. data |
USA | |
| RUFF |
| Williams (1976) +1 other reference | |
| |
| |
| Chris Stefano specimen | |
| |
| Pemberton (1983) +1 other reference |
| ... |
| Rocks & Minerals 79:4 |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Wilson (1988) | |
| Moritz (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Cristofono (n.d.) | |
| Cristofono (n.d.) | |
| Moritz (n.d.) | |
| Garabedian (1998) |
| Moritz (n.d.) | |
| Moritz (n.d.) |
| Moritz (n.d.) |
| Januzzi et al. (1976) |
| Harold Moritz Collection |
| Ted Johnson collection |
| Former Dr. Warren Johannson collection |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) +1 other reference | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Morris (1983) +2 other references |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) +1 other reference | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Focus on Fort Lee - A Key and Guide to ... +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Min.: 18:332-333. |
| Minerals of Laurel Hill et al. (published privately) |
| Imbriacco (2009) |
| Dana 6:1066. |
| Rocks & Minerals 80:4 pp234-241 +1 other reference |
| Kent et al. (2000) |
| Cummings (1987) |
| Palache (1935) +2 other references |
| FOMS Millsite Committee (1986) | |
| Stephen Kuitems | |
| J. Kolic |
| Cummings (1987) |
| Rocks & Min.:13:75-79. | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| DeMark (1989) |
| Chamberlain et al. (1999) |
| John H. Betts (2009) | |
| Former Steve Adams collection |
| Micro Probe Vol. 7 No. 2 Fall 1995 +1 other reference |
| Micro Probe Vol. 7 No. 2 Fall 1990 +1 other reference |
| Micro Probe Vol. 6 No. 5 Fall 1987 +1 other reference | |
| Tschernich (1992) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Micro Probe Volume VI Number 8 |
| Micro Probe Volume VII Number 8 Fall ... |
| Micro Probe Volume VII Number 8 Fall ... | |
| Micro Probe Volume VII Number 10 Fall ... |
| Micro Probe Vol. 6 No. 4 +1 other reference |
| Micro Probe Volume VII Number 3 Spring ... | |
| Micro Probe Volume IX Number 2 Fall 2000 | |
| Rocks & Min.: 21:278 +2 other references |
| Dana 6:471 |
| Dana 6: 446 | |
| |
| Michael W. Kieron collection |
| Meier et al. (K, Na) |
| Meier and Kearns (2011) |
| Micro Probe VolumeVIII Number 8 Fall ... |
| Micro Probe Volume VII Number 7 Spring ... |
| Bill & Diana Dameron Collection |
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Reed's Gap Quarry, Durham, Middlesex County, Connecticut, USA