Franklinite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
This page kindly sponsored in honor of Karenne Snow by the New York Mineralogical Club
About Franklinite
Formula:
Zn2+Fe3+2O4
Colour:
Black
Lustre:
Metallic, Sub-Metallic
Hardness:
5½ - 6
Specific Gravity:
5.07 - 5.22
Crystal System:
Isometric
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1819 by Pierre Berthier for the type locality of Franklin Furnace (now Franklin Borough), New Jersey. Silliman (1920) translated Berthier's article: "As the chemical nomenclature cannot in every instance furnish a name, I propose to give it that of Franklinite, in order to remind us that it was found, for the first time, in a place to which the Americans have given the name of a great man, whose name is equally venerated in Europe as in the New World by all the friends of science and humanity."
Benjamin Franklin (17 January 1706, Massachusetts Bay Colony - 17 April 1790, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA), American statesman, was also the first important USA scientist who investigated electricity and was an inventor of bifocal lenses for eyeglasses, the fuel-efficient Franklin Stove, lightning rods, the carriage odometer, and the glass harmonica (musical instrument). He was a co-founder of the University of Pennsylvania and the American Philosophical Society as well as serving as Governor of Pennsylvania. He established the model for volunteer firefighting services. He was the first postmaster of the USA and devised an efficient postal delivery system. He was an important early abolitionist. As a genuine polymath, he was an author and philosopher, newspaper editor, but he is primarily celebrated as a politician and ambassador and credited as a Founding Father of the United States of America.
Benjamin Franklin (17 January 1706, Massachusetts Bay Colony - 17 April 1790, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA), American statesman, was also the first important USA scientist who investigated electricity and was an inventor of bifocal lenses for eyeglasses, the fuel-efficient Franklin Stove, lightning rods, the carriage odometer, and the glass harmonica (musical instrument). He was a co-founder of the University of Pennsylvania and the American Philosophical Society as well as serving as Governor of Pennsylvania. He established the model for volunteer firefighting services. He was the first postmaster of the USA and devised an efficient postal delivery system. He was an important early abolitionist. As a genuine polymath, he was an author and philosopher, newspaper editor, but he is primarily celebrated as a politician and ambassador and credited as a Founding Father of the United States of America.
Co-Type Localities:
Dimorph of:
Isostructural with:
Visit gemdat.org for Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1598
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1598:7
IMA Classification of Franklinite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
Classification of Franklinite
4.BB.05
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
B : Metal: Oxygen = 3:4 and similar
B : With only medium-sized cations
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
B : Metal: Oxygen = 3:4 and similar
B : With only medium-sized cations
7.2.2.4
7 : MULTIPLE OXIDES
2 : AB2X4
7 : MULTIPLE OXIDES
2 : AB2X4
7.5.10
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
5 : Oxides of Zn, Cd and Hg
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
5 : Oxides of Zn, Cd and Hg
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Frk | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Frk | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
| Fnk | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Franklinite
Metallic, Sub-Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Black
Streak:
Reddish brown to black
Hardness:
5½ - 6 on Mohs scale
Hardness:
VHN100=852 - 882 kg/mm2 - Vickers
Tenacity:
Very brittle
Cleavage:
None Observed
Parting:
Fair parting on {111}.
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Conchoidal
Density:
5.07 - 5.22 g/cm3 (Measured) 5.163 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Franklinite
Type:
Isotropic
RI values:
n = 2.36(2)
Surface Relief:
Very High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Colour in reflected light:
White to gray
Internal Reflections:
Red
Pleochroism:
Non-pleochroic
Chemistry of Franklinite
Mindat Formula:
Zn2+Fe3+2O4
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Mn,Ti,Al,M,Ca
Chemical Analysis
Oxide wt%:
| 1 | |
|---|---|
| Al2O3 | 0.45 % |
| CaO | 0.99 % |
| V2O5 | 7.08 % |
| FeO | 13.33 % |
| Fe2O3 | 47.86 % |
| MnO | 0.48 % |
| ZnO | 29.94 % |
| Total: | 100.13 % |
Sample references:
Crystallography of Franklinite
Crystal System:
Isometric
Class (H-M):
m3m(4/m32/m) - Hexoctahedral
Space Group:
Fd3m
Cell Parameters:
a = 8.45(2) Å
Unit Cell V:
603.35 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
8
Morphology:
Otahedral crystals common; dodecahedral less common; cubic rare.
Twinning:
Twinning on {111}
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0012723 | Franklinite | Moran E, Blesa M C, Medina M-E, Tornero J D, Menendez N, Amado U (2002) Nonstoichiometric spinel ferrites obtained from alpha-NaFeO2 via molten media reactions Inorganic Chemistry 41 5961-5967 | 2002 | Synthetic sample | 0 | 293 | |
| 0012949 | Franklinite | Verwey E J W, Heilmann E L (1947) Physical properties and cation arrangement of oxides with spinel structures Journal of Chemical Physics 15 174-180 | 1947 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
| 0012948 | Franklinite | Verwey E J W, Heilmann E L (1947) Physical properties and cation arrangement of oxides with spinel structures Journal of Chemical Physics 15 174-180 | 1947 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
| 0012947 | Franklinite | Verwey E J W, Heilmann E L (1947) Physical properties and cation arrangement of oxides with spinel structures Journal of Chemical Physics 15 174-180 | 1947 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
| 0008475 | Franklinite | Levy D, Pavese A, Hanfland M (2000) Phase transition of synthetic zinc ferrite spinel (ZnFe2O4) at high pressure, from synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 27 638-644 | 2000 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0006788 | Franklinite | Lucchesi S, Russo U, Della Giusta A (1999) Cation distribution in natural Zn-spinels: franklinite European Journal of Mineralogy 11 501-511 | 1999 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0006787 | Franklinite | Lucchesi S, Russo U, Della Giusta A (1999) Cation distribution in natural Zn-spinels: franklinite European Journal of Mineralogy 11 501-511 | 1999 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0006786 | Franklinite | Lucchesi S, Russo U, Della Giusta A (1999) Cation distribution in natural Zn-spinels: franklinite European Journal of Mineralogy 11 501-511 | 1999 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0006785 | Franklinite | Lucchesi S, Russo U, Della Giusta A (1999) Cation distribution in natural Zn-spinels: franklinite European Journal of Mineralogy 11 501-511 | 1999 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0006784 | Franklinite | Lucchesi S, Russo U, Della Giusta A (1999) Cation distribution in natural Zn-spinels: franklinite European Journal of Mineralogy 11 501-511 | 1999 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0006783 | Franklinite | Lucchesi S, Russo U, Della Giusta A (1999) Cation distribution in natural Zn-spinels: franklinite European Journal of Mineralogy 11 501-511 | 1999 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0006782 | Franklinite | Lucchesi S, Russo U, Della Giusta A (1999) Cation distribution in natural Zn-spinels: franklinite European Journal of Mineralogy 11 501-511 | 1999 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0006781 | Franklinite | Lucchesi S, Russo U, Della Giusta A (1999) Cation distribution in natural Zn-spinels: franklinite European Journal of Mineralogy 11 501-511 | 1999 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0006780 | Franklinite | Lucchesi S, Russo U, Della Giusta A (1999) Cation distribution in natural Zn-spinels: franklinite European Journal of Mineralogy 11 501-511 | 1999 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0006641 | Franklinite | Lucchesi S, Russo U, Della Giusta A (1997) Crystal chemistry and cation distribution in some Mn-rich natural and synthetic spinels European Journal of Mineralogy 9 31-42 | 1997 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0017060 | Franklinite | Passerini L (1930) Ricerche sugli Spinelli.- II. I composti. Cu Al2 O4, Mg Al2 O4, Mg Fe2 O4, Zn Al2 O4, Zn Cr2 O4, Zn Fe2 O4, Mn Fe2 O4 _cod_database_code 1010130 Gazzetta Chimica Italiana 60 389-399 | 1930 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0002576 | Franklinite | Pavese A, Levy D, Hoser A (2000) Cation distribution in synthetic zinc ferrite (Zn0.97Fe2.02O4) from in situ high temperature neutron powder diffraction American Mineralogist 85 1497-1502 |  | 2000 | 0 | 300 | |
| 0002577 | Franklinite | Pavese A, Levy D, Hoser A (2000) Cation distribution in synthetic zinc ferrite (Zn0.97Fe2.02O4) from in situ high temperature neutron powder diffraction American Mineralogist 85 1497-1502 | | 2000 | 0 | 500 | |
| 0002578 | Franklinite | Pavese A, Levy D, Hoser A (2000) Cation distribution in synthetic zinc ferrite (Zn0.97Fe2.02O4) from in situ high temperature neutron powder diffraction American Mineralogist 85 1497-1502 | | 2000 | 0 | 700 | |
| 0006447 | Franklinite | O'Neill H St C (1992) Temperature dependence of the cation distribution in zinc ferrite (ZnFe2O4) from powder XRD structural refinements European Journal of Mineralogy 4 571-580 | 1992 | 0 | 773 | ||
| 0002579 | Franklinite | Pavese A, Levy D, Hoser A (2000) Cation distribution in synthetic zinc ferrite (Zn0.97Fe2.02O4) from in situ high temperature neutron powder diffraction American Mineralogist 85 1497-1502 | | 2000 | 0 | 800 | |
| 0006448 | Franklinite | O'Neill H St C (1992) Temperature dependence of the cation distribution in zinc ferrite (ZnFe2O4) from powder XRD structural refinements European Journal of Mineralogy 4 571-580 | 1992 | 0 | 823 | ||
| 0002580 | Franklinite | Pavese A, Levy D, Hoser A (2000) Cation distribution in synthetic zinc ferrite (Zn0.97Fe2.02O4) from in situ high temperature neutron powder diffraction American Mineralogist 85 1497-1502 | | 2000 | 0 | 850 | |
| 0006449 | Franklinite | O'Neill H St C (1992) Temperature dependence of the cation distribution in zinc ferrite (ZnFe2O4) from powder XRD structural refinements European Journal of Mineralogy 4 571-580 | 1992 | 0 | 873 | ||
| 0002581 | Franklinite | Pavese A, Levy D, Hoser A (2000) Cation distribution in synthetic zinc ferrite (Zn0.97Fe2.02O4) from in situ high temperature neutron powder diffraction American Mineralogist 85 1497-1502 | | 2000 | 0 | 900 | |
| 0006450 | Franklinite | O'Neill H St C (1992) Temperature dependence of the cation distribution in zinc ferrite (ZnFe2O4) from powder XRD structural refinements European Journal of Mineralogy 4 571-580 | 1992 | 0 | 923 | ||
| 0002582 | Franklinite | Pavese A, Levy D, Hoser A (2000) Cation distribution in synthetic zinc ferrite (Zn0.97Fe2.02O4) from in situ high temperature neutron powder diffraction American Mineralogist 85 1497-1502 | | 2000 | 0 | 950 | |
| 0006451 | Franklinite | O'Neill H St C (1992) Temperature dependence of the cation distribution in zinc ferrite (ZnFe2O4) from powder XRD structural refinements European Journal of Mineralogy 4 571-580 | 1992 | 0 | 973 | ||
| 0002583 | Franklinite | Pavese A, Levy D, Hoser A (2000) Cation distribution in synthetic zinc ferrite (Zn0.97Fe2.02O4) from in situ high temperature neutron powder diffraction American Mineralogist 85 1497-1502 | | 2000 | 0 | 1000 | |
| 0006452 | Franklinite | O'Neill H St C (1992) Temperature dependence of the cation distribution in zinc ferrite (ZnFe2O4) from powder XRD structural refinements European Journal of Mineralogy 4 571-580 | 1992 | 0 | 1023 | ||
| 0006453 | Franklinite | O'Neill H St C (1992) Temperature dependence of the cation distribution in zinc ferrite (ZnFe2O4) from powder XRD structural refinements European Journal of Mineralogy 4 571-580 | 1992 | 0 | 1073 | ||
| 0002584 | Franklinite | Pavese A, Levy D, Hoser A (2000) Cation distribution in synthetic zinc ferrite (Zn0.97Fe2.02O4) from in situ high temperature neutron powder diffraction American Mineralogist 85 1497-1502 | | 2000 | 0 | 1100 | |
| 0006454 | Franklinite | O'Neill H St C (1992) Temperature dependence of the cation distribution in zinc ferrite (ZnFe2O4) from powder XRD structural refinements European Journal of Mineralogy 4 571-580 | 1992 | 0 | 1123 | ||
| 0006455 | Franklinite | O'Neill H St C (1992) Temperature dependence of the cation distribution in zinc ferrite (ZnFe2O4) from powder XRD structural refinements European Journal of Mineralogy 4 571-580 | 1992 | 0 | 1173 | ||
| 0002585 | Franklinite | Pavese A, Levy D, Hoser A (2000) Cation distribution in synthetic zinc ferrite (Zn0.97Fe2.02O4) from in situ high temperature neutron powder diffraction American Mineralogist 85 1497-1502 | | 2000 | 0 | 1200 | |
| 0006456 | Franklinite | O'Neill H St C (1992) Temperature dependence of the cation distribution in zinc ferrite (ZnFe2O4) from powder XRD structural refinements European Journal of Mineralogy 4 571-580 | 1992 | 0 | 1223 | ||
| 0006457 | Franklinite | O'Neill H St C (1992) Temperature dependence of the cation distribution in zinc ferrite (ZnFe2O4) from powder XRD structural refinements European Journal of Mineralogy 4 571-580 | 1992 | 0 | 1273 | ||
| 0002586 | Franklinite | Pavese A, Levy D, Hoser A (2000) Cation distribution in synthetic zinc ferrite (Zn0.97Fe2.02O4) from in situ high temperature neutron powder diffraction American Mineralogist 85 1497-1502 | | 2000 | 0 | 1300 | |
| 0006458 | Franklinite | O'Neill H St C (1992) Temperature dependence of the cation distribution in zinc ferrite (ZnFe2O4) from powder XRD structural refinements European Journal of Mineralogy 4 571-580 | 1992 | 0 | 1323 | ||
| 0006459 | Franklinite | O'Neill H St C (1992) Temperature dependence of the cation distribution in zinc ferrite (ZnFe2O4) from powder XRD structural refinements European Journal of Mineralogy 4 571-580 | 1992 | 0 | 1373 | ||
| 0002587 | Franklinite | Pavese A, Levy D, Hoser A (2000) Cation distribution in synthetic zinc ferrite (Zn0.97Fe2.02O4) from in situ high temperature neutron powder diffraction American Mineralogist 85 1497-1502 | | 2000 | 0 | 1400 | |
| 0002588 | Franklinite | Pavese A, Levy D, Hoser A (2000) Cation distribution in synthetic zinc ferrite (Zn0.97Fe2.02O4) from in situ high temperature neutron powder diffraction American Mineralogist 85 1497-1502 | | 2000 | 0 | 1500 | |
| 0008476 | Franklinite | Levy D, Pavese A, Hanfland M (2000) Phase transition of synthetic zinc ferrite spinel (ZnFe2O4) at high pressure, from synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 27 638-644 | 2000 | 1.8 | 293 | ||
| 0008477 | Franklinite | Levy D, Pavese A, Hanfland M (2000) Phase transition of synthetic zinc ferrite spinel (ZnFe2O4) at high pressure, from synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 27 638-644 | 2000 | 4.6 | 293 | ||
| 0008478 | Franklinite | Levy D, Pavese A, Hanfland M (2000) Phase transition of synthetic zinc ferrite spinel (ZnFe2O4) at high pressure, from synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 27 638-644 | 2000 | 5.5 | 293 | ||
| 0008479 | Franklinite | Levy D, Pavese A, Hanfland M (2000) Phase transition of synthetic zinc ferrite spinel (ZnFe2O4) at high pressure, from synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 27 638-644 | 2000 | 6.8 | 293 | ||
| 0008480 | Franklinite | Levy D, Pavese A, Hanfland M (2000) Phase transition of synthetic zinc ferrite spinel (ZnFe2O4) at high pressure, from synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 27 638-644 | 2000 | 9 | 293 | ||
| 0008481 | Franklinite | Levy D, Pavese A, Hanfland M (2000) Phase transition of synthetic zinc ferrite spinel (ZnFe2O4) at high pressure, from synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 27 638-644 | 2000 | 10.2 | 293 | ||
| 0008482 | Franklinite | Levy D, Pavese A, Hanfland M (2000) Phase transition of synthetic zinc ferrite spinel (ZnFe2O4) at high pressure, from synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 27 638-644 | 2000 | 11.5 | 293 | ||
| 0008483 | Franklinite | Levy D, Pavese A, Hanfland M (2000) Phase transition of synthetic zinc ferrite spinel (ZnFe2O4) at high pressure, from synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 27 638-644 | 2000 | 12.9 | 293 | ||
| 0008484 | Franklinite | Levy D, Pavese A, Hanfland M (2000) Phase transition of synthetic zinc ferrite spinel (ZnFe2O4) at high pressure, from synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 27 638-644 | 2000 | 14.2 | 293 | ||
| 0008485 | Franklinite | Levy D, Pavese A, Hanfland M (2000) Phase transition of synthetic zinc ferrite spinel (ZnFe2O4) at high pressure, from synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 27 638-644 | 2000 | 16 | 293 | ||
| 0008486 | Franklinite | Levy D, Pavese A, Hanfland M (2000) Phase transition of synthetic zinc ferrite spinel (ZnFe2O4) at high pressure, from synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 27 638-644 | 2000 | 17.8 | 293 | ||
| 0008487 | Franklinite | Levy D, Pavese A, Hanfland M (2000) Phase transition of synthetic zinc ferrite spinel (ZnFe2O4) at high pressure, from synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 27 638-644 | 2000 | 19.7 | 293 | ||
| 0008488 | Franklinite | Levy D, Pavese A, Hanfland M (2000) Phase transition of synthetic zinc ferrite spinel (ZnFe2O4) at high pressure, from synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 27 638-644 | 2000 | 22.1 | 293 | ||
| 0008489 | Franklinite | Levy D, Pavese A, Hanfland M (2000) Phase transition of synthetic zinc ferrite spinel (ZnFe2O4) at high pressure, from synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 27 638-644 | 2000 | 24.4 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 4.88 Å | (10) |
| 2.99 Å | (70) |
| 2.55 Å | (100) |
| 2.44 Å | (5) |
| 2.12 Å | (40) |
| 1.73 Å | (30) |
| 1.632 Å | (70) |
| 1.499 Å | (80) |
| 1.340 Å | (5) |
| 1.293 Å | (20) |
| 1.279 Å | (5) |
| 1.224 Å | (5) |
| 1.133 Å | (20) |
| 1.104 Å | (50) |
| 1.061 Å | (20) |
| 0.998 Å | (10) |
| 0.978 Å | (50) |
Comments:
ICDD 10-467
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 26 : Hadean detrital minerals | |
| High-𝑇 alteration and/or metamorphism | |
| 32 : Ba/Mn/Pb/Zn deposits, including metamorphic deposits | |
| Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics | <3.5-2.5 |
| 40 : Regional metamorphism (greenschist, amphibolite, granulite facies) |
Geological Setting:
High temperature metamorphism of Fe, Zn, Mn-rich marine carbonates.
Type Occurrence of Franklinite
Co-Type Localities:
General Appearance of Type Material:
Metallic black grains and amorphous masses. Occasional crystalline faces.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
No designated type material.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Metamorphic Fe, Zn, Mn deposit.
Synonyms of Franklinite
Other Language Names for Franklinite
Relationship of Franklinite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Spinel Subgroup:
| Chihmingite | NiAl2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Chromite | Fe2+Cr3+2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Cochromite | CoCr2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Coulsonite | Fe2+V3+2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Cuprospinel | Cu2+Fe3+2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Dellagiustaite | V2+Al2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Deltalumite | (Al0.67◻0.33)Al2O4 | Tet. 42m : P4m2 |
| Gahnite | ZnAl2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Galaxite | Mn2+Al2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Guite | Co2+Co3+2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Hausmannite | Mn2+Mn3+2O4 | Tet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) : I41/amd |
| Hercynite | Fe2+Al2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Hetaerolite | ZnMn2O4 | Tet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) : I41/amd |
| Jacobsite | Mn2+Fe3+2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| 'Jacobsite-Q' | Mn2+(Fe3+,Mn3+)2O4 | Tet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) : I41/amd |
| Maghemite | (Fe3+0.67◻0.33)Fe3+2O4 | Iso. 432 : P4132 |
| Magnesiochromite | MgCr2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Magnesiocoulsonite | MgV2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Magnesioferrite | MgFe3+2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Magnetite | Fe2+Fe3+2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Manganochromite | Mn2+Cr2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| 'Nichromite' | (Ni,Co,Fe)(Cr,Fe,Al)2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Spinel | MgAl2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Thermaerogenite | CuAl2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Titanomaghemite | (Ti4+0.5◻0.5)Fe3+2O4 | Iso. 432 : P4332 |
| Trevorite | Ni2+Fe3+2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| 'UM1994-06-O:AlCo' | CoAl2O4 | |
| Vuorelainenite | Mn2+V3+2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Zincochromite | ZnCr2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 1,848 photos of Franklinite associated with Willemite | Zn2SiO4 |
| 1,489 photos of Franklinite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 592 photos of Franklinite associated with Zincite | ZnO |
| 225 photos of Franklinite associated with Hardystonite | Ca2Zn[Si2O7] |
| 157 photos of Franklinite associated with Rhodonite | CaMn3Mn[Si5O15] |
| 132 photos of Franklinite associated with Esperite | PbCa2Zn3(SiO4)3 |
| 131 photos of Franklinite associated with Andradite | Ca3Fe3+2(SiO4)3 |
| 129 photos of Franklinite associated with Sphalerite | ZnS |
| 109 photos of Franklinite associated with Clinohedrite | CaZn(SiO4) · H2O |
| 76 photos of Franklinite associated with Tephroite | Mn2+2(SiO4) |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 4.BB. | Chenmingite | FeCr2O4 |
| 4.BB. | Thermaerogenite | CuAl2O4 |
| 4.BB. | Chukochenite | LiAl5O8 |
| 4.BB. | Elgoresyite | (Mg5Si2)O9 |
| 4.BB. | Jianmuite | ZrTi4+Ti3+5Al3O16 |
| 4.BB. | Dellagiustaite | V2+Al2O4 |
| 4.BB. | Garpenbergite | Mn6◻AsSbO10(OH)2 |
| 4.BB. | Magnéliite | Ti3+2Ti4+2O7 |
| 4.BB. | Jordanówite | Zr(Ti3+Zr)Ti3+4AlO16 |
| 4.BB.05 | Qandilite | (Mg,Fe3+)2(Ti,Fe3+,Al)O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Chromite | Fe2+Cr3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Filipstadite | (Fe3+0.5Sb5+0.5)Mn2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Jacobsite | Mn2+Fe3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Wernerkrauseite | Ca(Fe3+,Mn3+)2Mn4+O6 |
| 4.BB.05 | Harmunite | CaFe2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Zincochromite | ZnCr2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Deltalumite | (Al0.67◻0.33)Al2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Cochromite | CoCr2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | 'Nichromite' | (Ni,Co,Fe)(Cr,Fe,Al)2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Hercynite | Fe2+Al2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Gahnite | ZnAl2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Galaxite | Mn2+Al2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Guite | Co2+Co3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Coulsonite | Fe2+V3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Vuorelainenite | Mn2+V3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Spinel | MgAl2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Cuprospinel | Cu2+Fe3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Manganochromite | Mn2+Cr2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Magnesiocoulsonite | MgV2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Trevorite | Ni2+Fe3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Magnesiochromite | MgCr2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Magnesioferrite | MgFe3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Magnetite | Fe2+Fe3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Ulvöspinel | TiFe2+2O4 |
| 4.BB.10 | Hausmannite | Mn2+Mn3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.10 | Hetaerolite | ZnMn2O4 |
| 4.BB.10 | Manganostibite | (Mn,Fe)7SbAsO12 |
| 4.BB.15 | Titanomaghemite | (Ti4+0.5◻0.5)Fe3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.15 | Maghemite | (Fe3+0.67◻0.33)Fe3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.20 | Tegengrenite | (Mn3+0.5Sb5+0.5)Mg2O4 |
| 4.BB.25 | Xieite | Fe2+Cr2O4 |
| 4.BB.30 | Carmeltazite | ZrAl2Ti4O11 |
| 4.BB.35 | Feiite | Fe2+2(Fe2+Ti4+)O5 |
| 4.BB.40 | Maohokite | MgFe2O4 |
| 4.BB.45 | Tschaunerite | (Fe2+)(Fe2+Ti4+)O4 |
Fluorescence of Franklinite
Not fluorescent in UV.
Other Information
Magnetism:
Diamagnetic
Notes:
Soluble in HCl, sometimes with evolution of a small amount of chlorine. The type description reports that it is scarcely affected by cold HCl.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Industrial Uses:
Ore of zinc
Internet Links for Franklinite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1598.html
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References for Franklinite
Reference List:
Palache, Charles (1935) The minerals of Franklin and Sterling Hill, Sussex County, New Jersey. Professional Paper 180. US Geological Survey 135 pp. doi:10.3133/pp180
Verwey, E. J. W., Heilmann, E. L. (1947) Physical Properties and Cation Arrangement of Oxides with Spinel Structures I. Cation Arrangement in Spinels. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 15 (4) 174-180 doi:10.1063/1.1746464
Frondel, Clifford, Klein, Cornelis (1965) Exsolution in franklinite. American Mineralogist, 50 (10) 1670-1680
Burke, E. A. J., Kieft, C. (1972) Franklinite from Långban, Sweden: a new occurrence. Lithos, 5 (1) 69-72 doi:10.1016/0024-4937(72)90080-1
Shirakashi, Tadashi, Kubo, Takeji (1979) Cation distribution in franklinite by nuclear magnetic resonance. American Mineralogist, 64 (5-6) 599-603
Carvalho, Antone V., Sclar, Charles B. (1988) Experimental determination of the ZnFe 2 O 4 -ZnAl 2 O 4 miscibility gap with application to franklinite-gahnite exsolution intergrowths from the Sterling Hill zinc deposit, New Jersey. Economic Geology, 83 (7) 1447-1452 doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.83.7.1447
Valentino, A. J., Carvalho, A. V., Sclar, C. B. (1990) Franklinite-magnetite-pyrophanite intergrowths in the Sterling Hill zinc deposit, New Jersey. Economic Geology, 85 (8) 1941-1946 doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.85.8.1941
O'neill, Hugh. St. C. (1992) Temperature dependence of the cation distribution in zinc ferrite (ZnFe2O4) from powder XRD structural refinements. European Journal of Mineralogy, 4 (3) 571-580 doi:10.1127/ejm/4/3/0571
Sclar, C. B., Leonard, B. F. (1992) Quantitative chemical relationships in a franklinite-magnetite exsolution intergrowth from Franklin, Sussex County, New Jersey. Economic Geology, 87 (4) 1180-1183 doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.87.4.1180
Waerenborgh, J.C., Figueiredo, M.O., Cabral, J.M.P., Pereira, L.C.J. (1994) Temperature and Composition Dependence of the Cation Distribution in Synthetic ZnFeyAl2-yO4 (0 ≤ y ≤ 1) Spinels. Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 111. 300-309 doi:10.1006/jssc.1994.1231
Lucchesi, Sergio, Russo, Umberto, Giusta, Antonio Della (1999) Cation distribution in natural Zn-spinels: franklinite. European Journal of Mineralogy, 11 (3) 501-512 doi:10.1127/ejm/11/3/0501
Doriguetto, A. C., Fernandes, N. G. (1999) Manganese-rich natural franklinite. Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications, 55 (11) 1751-1753 doi:10.1107/s0108270199010045
Holtstam, Dan (2002) New occurrences of willemite-franklinite assemblages in Bergslagen, central Sweden. European Journal of Mineralogy, 14 (3) 621-626 doi:10.1127/0935-1221/2002/0014-0621pp.621-626
Morán, Emilio, Blesa, M Carmen, Medina, M.-Eloisa, Tornero, Jesús D., Menéndez, Nieves, Amador, Ulises (2002) Nonstoichiometric Spinel Ferrites Obtained from α-NaFeO2via Molten Media Reactions. Inorganic Chemistry, 41 (23) 5961-5967 doi:10.1021/ic011302k
Reichmann, H. J., Jacobsen, S. D., Ballaran, T. B. (2013) Elasticity of franklinite and trends for transition-metal oxide spinels. American Mineralogist, 98 (4) 601-608 doi:10.2138/am.2013.4294
Biagioni, C., Pasero, M. (2014) The systematics of the spinel-type minerals: An overview. American Mineralogist, 99 (7) 1254-1264 doi:10.2138/am.2014.4816
Dronova, Margarita G.; Ye, Feng; Cooper, Scott E.; Krishnadas, Anjana; Hoffmann, Christina M.; Fujisawa, Yuita; Okada, Yoshinori; Khomskii, Daniel I.; Feng, Yejun (2022) Controlling inversion disorder in a stoichiometric spinel magnet. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 119 (43). p.e2208748119. doi:10.1073/pnas.2208748119(synthetic non-centrosymmetric ZnFe2O4)
Localities for Franklinite
Showing 81 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Australia | |
| Sorrell (n.d.) |
| Awid-Pascual et al. (2015) |
| Parbhakar-Fox et al. (2019) |
| Ferguson (1999) |
Austria | |
| Postl et al. (2011) |
Brazil | |
| Slezak et al. (pdf available at https://qspace.library.queensu.ca/handle/1974/7027?mode=full) |
| Slezak et al. (pdf available at https://qspace.library.queensu.ca/handle/1974/7027?mode=full) +1 other reference | |
Canada | |
| 80-18 +1 other reference |
Chile | |
| Pincheira et al. (1990) |
China | |
| Jinyan Yao (1994) |
| Junliang Li (2009) |
| Yu et al. (2023) |
France | |
| Vanaecker et al. (2014) |
| Vanaecker et al. (2014) |
Germany | |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1986) +1 other reference |
| Gerhard Möhn Collection Analyzed by ... |
Greece | |
| Kilias +6 other references |
India | |
| Rao (1968) |
Ireland | |
| Ixer |
Jordan | |
| Galuskina et al. (2019) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Frank Dzubeck +1 other reference |
| Kayupova (1964) | |
| Kayupova (1963) +1 other reference |
Kenya | |
| Waweru (2020) |
Mexico | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Parker (2010) |
North Macedonia | |
| Bermanec et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
| Bermanec et al +3 other references |
| Chukanov et al. (2015) | |
| Chukanov et al. (2018) +1 other reference | |
| RMZ - Materials and Geoenvironment Vol 52 No. 3 pp 535-548 (2006) |
Poland | |
| Włodyka et al. (2015) |
| Vanaecker et al. (2014) |
Portugal | |
| Dias et al. (2006) |
Romania | |
| minerals-of-the-carpathians.eu (2008) |
| Udubasa et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
| minerals-of-the-carpathians.eu (2008) |
Russia | |
| Doroshkevich et al. (2007) |
| Pekov (1998) |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| doi.org (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| ... |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Ivanyuk et al. (2007) | |
South Africa | |
| Glass (2006) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Rozendaal et al. (2017) |
Sweden | |
| American Mineralogist +4 other references |
| Gatedal (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Holtstam et al. (1999) |
| Gatedal et al. (2003) +1 other reference | |
Tajikistan | |
| Turlychkin et al. (1972) |
Tanzania | |
| Zaitsev (2010) |
UK | |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
USA | |
| - (2008) |
| Leavens & Patton: Axis 4 (1) |
| - (2005) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| - (2005) |
| Manchester (1931) |
| Palache (1935) +1 other reference |
| Palache (1935) +1 other reference |
| King (n.d.) | |
| Palache (1935) +1 other reference | |
| USGS Prof Paper 180 (Palache, C.) | |
| King (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| King (n.d.) | |
| Palache (1935) +1 other reference | |
| David bernstein | |
| Palache (1935) |
| Kroth (2021) +1 other reference |
| Palache (1935) | |
| Common knowledge of occurrence. +1 other reference | |
| Palache (1935) +1 other reference |
| Franklin Mineral Museum specimens | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Confirmed by XRD by the New Mexico ... |
| Staargaard (2009) |
Zambia | |
| Boni et al. (2011) |
| Boni et al. (2011) |
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Franklin Mine, Franklin, Sussex County, New Jersey, USA