Witherite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Witherite
William Withering
Formula:
BaCO3
Colour:
Colourless, white, greyish, light yellow; colourless in transmitted light.
Lustre:
Vitreous, Resinous
Hardness:
3 - 3½
Specific Gravity:
4.289 - 4.293
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Member of:
Name:
Named by Abraham Gottlob Werner in 1789 after William Withering (17 March 1741, Wellington, Shropshire, England - 6 October 1799, Birmingham), English physician and naturalist, who first described the mineral.
The Ba analogue of strontianite and aragonite.
Found in low-temperature hydrothermal vein deposits.
Forms a series with strontianite.
Compare 'UM1974-03-CO:BaCaMg'.
Note on the type locality:
It was for a long time assumed to be Alston Moor, Eden, Cumbria, but Cotterell (2022) demonstrated that there is "evidence to show that Alston Moor was 'fabricated' as the Type Locality and that the real source was Anglezarke in Lancashire" (https://www.mindat.org/mesg-625213.html).
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Witherite.
Found in low-temperature hydrothermal vein deposits.
Forms a series with strontianite.
Compare 'UM1974-03-CO:BaCaMg'.
Note on the type locality:
It was for a long time assumed to be Alston Moor, Eden, Cumbria, but Cotterell (2022) demonstrated that there is "evidence to show that Alston Moor was 'fabricated' as the Type Locality and that the real source was Anglezarke in Lancashire" (https://www.mindat.org/mesg-625213.html).
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Witherite.Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
4299
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:4299:0
IMA Classification of Witherite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
First published:
1784
Classification of Witherite
5.AB.15
5 : CARBONATES (NITRATES)
A : Carbonates without additional anions, without H2O
B : Alkali-earth (and other M2+) carbonates
5 : CARBONATES (NITRATES)
A : Carbonates without additional anions, without H2O
B : Alkali-earth (and other M2+) carbonates
14.1.3.2
14 : ANHYDROUS NORMAL CARBONATES
1 : A(XO3)
14 : ANHYDROUS NORMAL CARBONATES
1 : A(XO3)
11.5.2
11 : Carbonates
5 : Carbonates of Sr and Ba
11 : Carbonates
5 : Carbonates of Sr and Ba
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Wth | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Wth | Kretz (1983) | Kretz, R. (1983) Symbols of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277–279. |
| Wth | Siivolam & Schmid (2007) | Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download |
| Wth | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
| Wth | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
| Wth | Warr (2020) | Warr, L.N. (2020) Recommended abbreviations for the names of clay minerals and associated phases. Clay Minerals, 55, 261–264 doi:10.1180/clm.2020.30 |
Physical Properties of Witherite
Vitreous, Resinous
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Comment:
resinous on fractures
Colour:
Colourless, white, greyish, light yellow; colourless in transmitted light.
Streak:
White
Hardness:
3 - 3½ on Mohs scale
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
On {010} distinct; on {110} imperfect. Possibly also on {110} and {112}.
On {010} distinct; on {110} imperfect. Possibly also on {110} and {112}.
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven
Density:
4.289 - 4.293 g/cm3 (Measured) 4.26(2) g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Witherite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.529 nβ = 1.676 nγ = 1.677
2V:
Measured: 16° , Calculated: 8°
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.148
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure
- the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using
this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points
where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the
field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are
isogyres.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Dispersion:
relatively weak
Chemistry of Witherite
Mindat Formula:
BaCO3
Elements listed:
CAS Registry number:
Common Impurities:
Ca,Sr
Crystallography of Witherite
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
mmm(2/m2/m2/m) - Dipyramidal
Cell Parameters:
a = 5.314 Å, b = 8.904 Å, c = 6.430 Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.597 : 1 : 0.722
Unit Cell V:
304.24 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Crystals universally twinned on {110}, yielding pseudo-hexagonal dipyramids; also short prismatic [001] or tabular to lenticular with a convex base. Faces commonly rough and horizontally striated. Globular, tuberose, and botryoidal; structure columnar, granular, or coarse fibrous.
Twinning:
On {110}, universal.
Comment:
Space Group: Pmcn (synthetic).
Crystallographic forms of Witherite
Crystal Atlas:
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Witherite no.9 - {110} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Witherite no.10 - {110} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Witherite no.11 - {110} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Witherite no.19 - {110} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Witherite no.22 - {110} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
3d models and HTML5 code kindly provided by
www.smorf.nl.
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0006306 | Witherite | Antao S M, Hassan I (2009) The orthorhombic structure of CaCO3, SrCO3, PbCO3 and BaCO3: Linear structural trends The Canadian Mineralogist 47 1245-1255 |  | 2009 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0006305 | Witherite | Antao S M, Hassan I (2009) The orthorhombic structure of CaCO3, SrCO3, PbCO3 and BaCO3: Linear structural trends The Canadian Mineralogist 47 1245-1255 | | 2009 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0009108 | Witherite | Antao S M, Hassan I (2007) BaCO3: high-temperature crystal structures and the Pmcn --> R3m phase transition at 811 C Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 34 573-580 | 2007 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
| 0009107 | Witherite | Antao S M, Hassan I (2007) BaCO3: high-temperature crystal structures and the Pmcn --> R3m phase transition at 811 C Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 34 573-580 | 2007 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
| 0009106 | Witherite | Antao S M, Hassan I (2007) BaCO3: high-temperature crystal structures and the Pmcn --> R3m phase transition at 811 C Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 34 573-580 | 2007 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
| 0009105 | Witherite | Antao S M, Hassan I (2007) BaCO3: high-temperature crystal structures and the Pmcn --> R3m phase transition at 811 C Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 34 573-580 | 2007 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
| 0009104 | Witherite | Antao S M, Hassan I (2007) BaCO3: high-temperature crystal structures and the Pmcn --> R3m phase transition at 811 C Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 34 573-580 | 2007 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
| 0009103 | Witherite | Antao S M, Hassan I (2007) BaCO3: high-temperature crystal structures and the Pmcn --> R3m phase transition at 811 C Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 34 573-580 | 2007 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
| 0009102 | Witherite | Antao S M, Hassan I (2007) BaCO3: high-temperature crystal structures and the Pmcn --> R3m phase transition at 811 C Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 34 573-580 | 2007 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
| 0009101 | Witherite | Antao S M, Hassan I (2007) BaCO3: high-temperature crystal structures and the Pmcn --> R3m phase transition at 811 C Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 34 573-580 | 2007 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
| 0009100 | Witherite | Antao S M, Hassan I (2007) BaCO3: high-temperature crystal structures and the Pmcn --> R3m phase transition at 811 C Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 34 573-580 | 2007 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
| 0009099 | Witherite | Antao S M, Hassan I (2007) BaCO3: high-temperature crystal structures and the Pmcn --> R3m phase transition at 811 C Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 34 573-580 | 2007 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
| 0009098 | Witherite | Antao S M, Hassan I (2007) BaCO3: high-temperature crystal structures and the Pmcn --> R3m phase transition at 811 C Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 34 573-580 | 2007 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018857 | Witherite | Ye Y, Smyth J R, Boni P (2012) Crystal structure and thermal expansion of aragonite-group carbonates by single-crystal X-ray diffraction American Mineralogist 97 707-712 | 2012 | Hexham, Northumberland, England | 0 | 300 | |
| 0008420 | Witherite | Holl C M, Smyth J R, Laustsen H M S, Jacobsen S D, Downs R T (2000) Compression of witherite to 8 GPa and the crystal structure of BaCO3 II Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 27 467-473 | 2000 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0000235 | Witherite | de Villiers J P R (1971) Crystal structures of aragonite, strontianite, and witherite American Mineralogist 56 758-767 | | 1971 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018034 | Witherite | Colby M, la Coste J (1935) The crystal structure of witherite. _cod_database_code 1011149 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 90 1-7 | 1935 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0008421 | Witherite | Holl C M, Smyth J R, Laustsen H M S, Jacobsen S D, Downs R T (2000) Compression of witherite to 8 GPa and the crystal structure of BaCO3 II Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 27 467-473 | 2000 | 1.26 | 293 | ||
| 0008422 | Witherite | Holl C M, Smyth J R, Laustsen H M S, Jacobsen S D, Downs R T (2000) Compression of witherite to 8 GPa and the crystal structure of BaCO3 II Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 27 467-473 | 2000 | 1.98 | 293 | ||
| 0008423 | Witherite | Holl C M, Smyth J R, Laustsen H M S, Jacobsen S D, Downs R T (2000) Compression of witherite to 8 GPa and the crystal structure of BaCO3 II Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 27 467-473 | 2000 | 2.95 | 293 | ||
| 0008424 | Witherite | Holl C M, Smyth J R, Laustsen H M S, Jacobsen S D, Downs R T (2000) Compression of witherite to 8 GPa and the crystal structure of BaCO3 II Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 27 467-473 | 2000 | 3.94 | 293 | ||
| 0008425 | Witherite | Holl C M, Smyth J R, Laustsen H M S, Jacobsen S D, Downs R T (2000) Compression of witherite to 8 GPa and the crystal structure of BaCO3 II Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 27 467-473 | 2000 | 4.56 | 293 | ||
| 0008426 | Witherite | Holl C M, Smyth J R, Laustsen H M S, Jacobsen S D, Downs R T (2000) Compression of witherite to 8 GPa and the crystal structure of BaCO3 II Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 27 467-473 | 2000 | 5.5 | 293 | ||
| 0008427 | Witherite | Holl C M, Smyth J R, Laustsen H M S, Jacobsen S D, Downs R T (2000) Compression of witherite to 8 GPa and the crystal structure of BaCO3 II Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 27 467-473 | 2000 | 6.2 | 293 | ||
| 0008428 | Witherite | Holl C M, Smyth J R, Laustsen H M S, Jacobsen S D, Downs R T (2000) Compression of witherite to 8 GPa and the crystal structure of BaCO3 II Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 27 467-473 | 2000 | 7.05 | 293 | ||
| 0008429 | Witherite | Holl C M, Smyth J R, Laustsen H M S, Jacobsen S D, Downs R T (2000) Compression of witherite to 8 GPa and the crystal structure of BaCO3 II Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 27 467-473 | 2000 | 7.2 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
Epitaxial Relationships of Witherite
Epitaxial Minerals:
| 'Baryte' | BaSO4 |
| 'Barytocalcite' | BaCa(CO3)2 |
Epitaxy Comments:
Witherites in parallel growth on Barytocalcite (Blagill). Baryte on witherite, with baryte [010]{102} parallel with witherite [100]{011} and {031}; also otherwise oriented.
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Loading XRD data...
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 3.72 Å | (100) |
| 3.68 Å | (53) |
| 3.215 Å | (15) |
| 2.628 Å | (24) |
| 2.590 Å | (23) |
| 2.150 Å | (28) |
| 2.019 Å | (21) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| High-𝑇 alteration and/or metamorphism | |
| 32 : Ba/Mn/Pb/Zn deposits, including metamorphic deposits | |
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47c : [Carbonates, phosphates, borates, nitrates] |
Geological Setting:
Low-temperature hydrothermal veins.
Type Occurrence of Witherite
Synonyms of Witherite
Other Language Names for Witherite
Relationship of Witherite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Aragonite Group:
| Aragonite | CaCO3 | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) |
| Cerussite | PbCO3 | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) |
| Strontianite | SrCO3 | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) |
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 105 photos of Witherite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 99 photos of Witherite associated with Baryte | BaSO4 |
| 89 photos of Witherite associated with Fluorite | CaF2 |
| 67 photos of Witherite associated with Alstonite | BaCa(CO3)2 |
| 29 photos of Witherite associated with Barytocalcite | BaCa(CO3)2 |
| 21 photos of Witherite associated with Sphalerite | ZnS |
| 14 photos of Witherite associated with Galena | PbS |
| 13 photos of Witherite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 8 photos of Witherite associated with Harmotome | Ba2(Si12Al4)O32 · 12H2O |
| 7 photos of Witherite associated with Strontianite | SrCO3 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 5.AB.05 | Siderite | FeCO3 |
| 5.AB.05 | Rhodochrosite | MnCO3 |
| 5.AB.05 | Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 5.AB.05 | Smithsonite | ZnCO3 |
| 5.AB.05 | Gaspéite | NiCO3 |
| 5.AB.05 | Spherocobaltite | CoCO3 |
| 5.AB.05 | Magnesite | MgCO3 |
| 5.AB.05 | Otavite | CdCO3 |
| 5.AB.05 va | 'Parakutnohorite' | |
| 5.AB.10 | Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| 5.AB.10 | Minrecordite | CaZn(CO3)2 |
| 5.AB.10 | Škáchaite | CaCo(CO3)2 |
| 5.AB.10 | Ankerite | Ca(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2 |
| 5.AB.10 | Kutnohorite | CaMn2+(CO3)2 |
| 5.AB.15 | Aragonite | CaCO3 |
| 5.AB.15 | Cerussite | PbCO3 |
| 5.AB.15 | Strontianite | SrCO3 |
| 5.AB.20 | Vaterite | CaCO3 |
| 5.AB.25 | Huntite | CaMg3(CO3)4 |
| 5.AB.30 | Norsethite | BaMg(CO3)2 |
| 5.AB.35 | Alstonite | BaCa(CO3)2 |
| 5.AB.40 | Paralstonite | BaCa(CO3)2 |
| 5.AB.40 | Olekminskite | Sr(Sr,Ca,Ba)(CO3)2 |
| 5.AB.45 | Barytocalcite | BaCa(CO3)2 |
| 5.AB.50 | Carbocernaite | (Ca,Na)(Sr,Ce,Ba)(CO3)2 |
| 5.AB.55 | Benstonite | Ba6Ca6Mg(CO3)13 |
| 5.AB.60 | Juangodoyite | Na2Cu(CO3)2 |
Other Information
Thermal Behaviour:
Inverts under CO2 pressure to a hexagonal (?), and then an isometric modification upon heating.
Notes:
Soluble in dilute HCl.
Health Risks:
Barium Carbonate is toxic if ingested, and it has been used as a rat poison. Handling of Witherite is not a major cause of concern as long as you avoid breathing in dust (such as may be generated by grinding, sawing or trimming specimens) and you wash your hands after handling.
MSDS Data sheet on Barium Carbonate - NOTE this refers to the powder which is more dangerous to handle than crystalline Witherite.
Oral ld50 between 100 and 300mg/kg.
MSDS Data sheet on Barium Carbonate - NOTE this refers to the powder which is more dangerous to handle than crystalline Witherite.
Oral ld50 between 100 and 300mg/kg.
Internet Links for Witherite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-4299.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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References for Witherite
Reference List:
Bourgeois, Léon (1882) Reproduction artificielle de la withérite, de la strontianite et de la calcite. Bulletin de Minéralogie, 5 (4) 111-112 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1882.1721
Mallard, Ernest (1895) Sur l'alstonite et la barytocalcite. Bulletin de la Société Française de Minéralogie, 18 (1) 7-12 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1895.2369
Boeke, H. E. (1906) Über das Verhalten von Baryum- und von Calciumkarbonat bei hohen Temperaturen. Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie, 50 (1) 244-248 doi:10.1002/zaac.19060500123
Cork, J. M., Gerhard, S. L. (1931) Crystal structure of the series of barium and strontium carbonates. American Mineralogist, 16 (2) 71-77
Köhler, A., Leitmeier, H. (1934) Die natürliche Thermolumineszenz bei Mineralien und Gesteinen. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 87 (1). 146-180 doi:10.1524/zkri.1934.87.1.146
de Villiers, Johan P. R. (1971) Crystal structures of aragonite, strontianite, and witherite. American Mineralogist, 56 (5-6) 758-767
Baldasari, Arthur, Speer, J. Alexander (1979) Witherite composition, physical properties, and genesis. American Mineralogist, 64 (7-8) 742-747
Jarosch, Dietmar, Heger, Gernot (1988) Neutron diffraction investigation of strontianite, SrCO3. Bulletin de Minéralogie, 111 (2) 139-142 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1988.8078
Kiseleva, I.A., Kotelnikov, A.R., Martynov, K.V., Ogorodova, L.P., Kabalov, Ju.K. (1994) Thermodynamic properties of strontianite-witherite solid solution (Sr,Ba)CO3. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 21 (6). 392-400 doi:10.1007/bf00203297
Böttcher, Michael E., Gehlken, Peer-Lennart, Fernández-González, Ángeles, Prieto, Manuel (1997) Characterization of synthetic BaCO3 – SrCO3 (witherite-strontianite) solid-solutions by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. European Journal of Mineralogy, 9 (3) 519-528 doi:10.1127/ejm/9/3/0519
Localities for Witherite
Showing 328 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Afghanistan | |
| Orris et al. (2002) |
Angola | |
| Castellano Calvo A et al. (2014) |
| Cruz et al. (2008) |
Australia | |
| Kawachi et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
| |
| SA Geodata Database - Mineral Deposit ... |
| Ralph Bottrill collection |
Austria | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2013) |
| Gruber et al. (1985) +4 other references |
| Pichler (2009) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2025) |
| Fugger (1878) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Niedermayr et al. (2009) | |
| www.vstm.at (n.d.) |
| Redlich et al. (1923) | |
| Franz Bernhard collection |
| Gerald Gesselbauer (06.2010) +2 other references | |
| historic locality |
| Exel (1993) |
| Weber (1990) | |
| Zepharovich (1859) |
| C. Auer (2022) |
| C. Auer (2022) |
| Grachev (Ed) +1 other reference |
| - (1994, July) |
| - (1994, July) |
| Arlt et al. (1994) | |
Brazil | |
| Guarino (2010) |
| Cassedanne et al. (1982) |
Bulgaria | |
| Marcus Vau Collection |
Canada | |
| Dalsin et al. (2015) |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Anton R. Chakhmouradian and Roger H. Mitchell (2001) |
| Rich et al. (1977) |
| SAGE (1981) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Robert Hauck +2 other references | |
| Dana et al. (1892) |
| Willet Miller (1905) |
| Nadeau et al. (2015) |
| Montgomery et al. (1972) +2 other references |
| Kampf et al. (2014) | |
| Gardner et al. (1985) |
| Ansdell et al. (1989) +1 other reference | |
China | |
| www.chuanyumining.com (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Shaoyin Huang (1975) |
| Zhu et al. (2025) |
| Jingfang Jin and Hui Jin (2000) |
| Lü Zhi-cheng et al. (2005) |
| Yubo Ma et al. (2012) |
| Jiang et al. (2025) |
| Shenghua Wu et al. (2010) +2 other references |
| Shenghua Wu et al. (2011) |
| Jiang et al. (2025) |
| Jiang et al. (2025) | |
| Jiang et al. (2025) |
| Lü Zhi-cheng et al. (2005) | |
| Feng et al. (2024) | |
| Jiang et al. (2025) |
| Jiang et al. (2025) | |
| Jiang et al. (2025) | |
| Tang Juxing et al. (1998) |
| Zhongcheng Wang (1996) | |
| Xiaoyu Li (2005) +1 other reference |
| Hou et al. (2009) |
Czech Republic | |
| [Bull.N.M.Praha 2002 +1 other reference |
| Kudělásek |
| Fengl |
| Novák et al. (2001) |
DR Congo | |
| Cook (2007) |
Eswatini | |
| Roerdink et al. (2016) |
Finland | |
| Vartiainen (1980) +22 other references |
France | |
| TREILLARD Michel collection |
| Bariand et al. (n.d.) +2 other references |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| |
| Pélisson (1989) |
| |
| TREILLARD Michel collection |
Germany | |
| Linhard (2005) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Dana 7:II:195. +2 other references |
| |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Weber (1992) |
| |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (2016) |
Greece | |
| Tsirigoti et al. (2025) |
India | |
| Kaur et al. (2016) |
| Rock et al. (1992) |
| Tripathi et al. (2022) |
| Saini et al. (2022) |
| Kent et al. (1998) |
Indonesia | |
| Idrus et al. (2015) |
Italy | |
| Giovanni Scapin Collection |
| Stoppa et al. (2019) |
| Alfors et al. (1984) |
| Stara |
| Del Caldo et al. (1973) |
| Pegoraro S. (2014) |
Japan | |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Hirowatari and Fukuoka (1983) |
| Nishio-Hamane et al. (2012) |
Kazakhstan | |
| - (2005) |
Mexico | |
| Alfors et al. (1984) +1 other reference |
Morocco | |
| Bea et al. (2013) |
Namibia | |
| - (1977) |
| Dunn (1991) |
| Gardner et al. (1985) |
Netherlands | |
| T.G. Nijland |
Norway | |
| Nordrum (2004) |
| 33rd International Geological Congress (2008) |
| Nordrum (2001) | |
| Kjærnet (2012) | |
Pakistan | |
| Jan et al. (1981) +2 other references |
Poland | |
| Huber et al. (1980) |
Romania | |
| Hirtopanu et al. (2015) |
Russia | |
| Konev et al. (1993) |
| Lapis Nov -94 p48-49 |
| Mitchell et al. (1993) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Groth (1891) +1 other reference |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Lyalina et al. (2014) |
| Ivanyuk et al. (2017) |
| Mikhailova et al. (2015) | |
| Pekov et al. (2004) | |
| Zaitsev et al. (2004) |
| Belovitskaya et al. (2004) |
Slovakia | |
| Jeleň et al. (2006) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Števko M. et al. (Slovenská republika) |
| Števko M. (2021) |
| Novotný P. & Pauliš P. | |
| Novotný P. & Pauliš P. 2005: Witherit z Vyšné Boce et al. (in Czech) | |
Slovenia | |
| Scopolia - Journal of the Slovenian ... |
South Africa | |
| Kamenetsky et al. (2014) |
| |
| LM et al. (2009) |
| Giuliani et al. (2017) +1 other reference |
| Moore et al. (2011) +1 other reference |
| Abersteiner et al. (2024) |
| Costin et al. (2015) | |
| Kumba Iron Ore |
| Costin et al. (2014) +1 other reference | |
South Korea | |
| Pavel M. Kartashov's analytical data |
Sweden | |
| Cámara et al. (2021) |
Tanzania | |
| Victoria Sekisova et al. (2015) |
Turkey | |
| Arik (2012) |
UK | |
| |
| |
| Dunham (1990) |
| Spencer (1910) +3 other references | |
| Dunham (1990) |
| Dunham (1990) | |
| Dunham (1990) |
| |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
| |
| Shaw (1972) +3 other references |
| Stanley et al. (1991) | |
| Dunham (1990) |
| Cotterell (2022) +1 other reference |
| Bancroft (1973) +1 other reference | |
| Dunham (1990) | |
| [Specimen in the Natural History Museum |
| Dunham (1990) |
| Day (1999) |
| Fisher (2009) |
| Dunham (1990) | |
| |
| Alan Ions collection |
| Rumsey et al. (2008) |
| Cotterell (2022) +1 other reference |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) | |
| Render (n.d.) | |
| Render (n.d.) | |
| Render (n.d.) | |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) | |
| Render (n.d.) | |
| Dunham et al. (1985) |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Paul |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) | |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) | |
| Render (n.d.) | |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Dunham et al. (1985) |
| |
| Dunham et al. (1985) | |
| Dunham et al. (1985) | |
| Wood (1993) | |
| Wood (1993) | |
| Render (n.d.) | |
| Paul Nicholson Collection |
| Render (n.d.) | |
| |
| Paul Nicholson Collection | |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) | |
| Render (n.d.) | |
| Render (n.d.) | |
| Render (n.d.) | |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Dunham et al. (1985) |
| Braithwaite et al. (1992) | |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) | |
| Render (n.d.) | |
| |
| Dunham et al. (1985) | |
| Dunham (1990) |
| Hall (1868) +2 other references | |
| Spencer (1910) +4 other references |
| Dunham (1990) |
| Dunham (1990) | |
| Dunham (1990) | |
| Dunham (1990) |
| Dunham (1990) | |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Day (1999) | |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) | |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) | |
| Render (n.d.) | |
| Hall (1868) |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) | |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Ford (2000) |
| |
| Moles et al. (2024) |
| Day (1999) |
| Day (1999) |
| Day (1999) | |
| Day (1999) | |
| Day (1999) | |
| |
| Day (1999) | |
| Render (n.d.) | |
| Day (1999) | |
| [www.thamesvalleyminerals.com] | |
| National Museum of Wales database +1 other reference |
| |
USA | |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| Schardt (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) | |
| MRDS file #10064848. +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Nevius (1912) |
| Galbraith et al. (1959) +1 other reference | |
| Erickson +2 other references |
| Lalith Aditya Senthil Kumar Collection |
| Rocks & Min.: 56:248 & 63:113. |
| Newberry et al. (1981) |
| Bob Walstrom | |
| Alfors et al. (1965) +2 other references | |
| Walstrom (n.d.) +2 other references | |
| U.S. Borax |
| Rogers (1932) +4 other references |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
| Dolbear (1917) +5 other references | |
| - (2005) |
| Dunning et al. (2005) |
| Alfors et al. (1984) |
| Gross et al. (1965) +3 other references |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Tony Kampf (PXRD analysis) +2 other references |
| Alfors et al. (1984) +1 other reference |
| Walstrom (n.d.) | |
| Tank (1972) +1 other reference | |
| Goldstein (1997) |
| Goldstein (1997) | |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:211. | |
| Rocks & Min.: 63: 211 | |
| Rocks & Minerals: 63: 221. +2 other references | |
| Rocks & Min.: 24:359 +1 other reference | |
| Danny Jones | |
| Bracke (n.d.) | |
| Beste (1996) | |
| Anderson (1994) | |
| |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Goldstein (2006) |
| Gleba (2008) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Leonhard (1886) +1 other reference |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Stewart et al. (1977) +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Robinson et al. (2007) |
| Robinson et al. (2007) |
| Rocks & Min.:64 (5) |
| Paris (2011) |
| Thurston et al. (1954) |
| Robin D. Tibbit (deceased) |
| Jackson (1986) |
| Mrose et al. (1961) |
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Alston Moor District, Cumbria, England, UK