Heyerdahlite
A valid IMA mineral species
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About Heyerdahlite
Thor Heyerdahl
Formula:
Na2NaMn2+7Ti2[Si4O12]2O2(OH)4F(H2O)2
Colour:
Colourless to pale brown
Lustre:
Vitreous
Hardness:
3
Specific Gravity:
3.245 (Calculated)
Crystal System:
Triclinic
Member of:
Name:
Named after the Norwegian adventurer and ethnographer Thor Heyerdal (October 6, 1914, Larvik, Norway – April 18, 2002, Colla Micheri, Italy) notable for his Kon-Tiki expeditions in 1947 and his Ra expeditions in 1969 and 1970, on the papyrus ships Ra I and Ra II. The mineral raite was named after the international group of scientists on the later voyage.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
51557
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:51557:1
IMA Classification of Heyerdahlite
Approved
IMA Formula:
Na3Mn2+7Ti4+2(Si4O12)2O2(OH)4F(H2O)2
Approval year:
2016
First published:
2018
Type description reference:
Sokolova, Elena, Day, Maxwell C., Hawthorne, Frank C., Kristiansen, Roy (2018) Heyerdahlite, Na3Mn7Ti2(Si4O12)2O2(OH)4F(H2O)2, a new mineral of the astrophyllite supergroup from the Larvik Plutonic complex, Norway: Description and crystal structure. Mineralogical Magazine, 82 (2). 243-255 doi:10.1180/minmag.2017.081.051
Classification of Heyerdahlite
9.DC.05
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
D : Inosilicates
C : Inosilicates with branched 2-periodic single chains; Si2O6 + 2SiO3 Si4O12
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
D : Inosilicates
C : Inosilicates with branched 2-periodic single chains; Si2O6 + 2SiO3 Si4O12
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Hdh | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Heyerdahlite
Vitreous
Transparency:
Transparent
Colour:
Colourless to pale brown
Streak:
Pale brown
Hardness:
3 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
Perfect parallel to {001}.
Perfect parallel to {001}.
Fracture:
Hackly
Density:
3.245 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Comment:
Density not measured due to lack of material.
Optical Data of Heyerdahlite
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.694(2) nβ = 1.710(5) nγ = 1.730(5)
2V:
Measured: 80° (4), Calculated: 84.5°
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.036
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Very High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure
- the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using
this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points
where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the
field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are
isogyres.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Dispersion:
Strong, r > v.
Optical Extinction:
X ∧ a = 89.9°, X ∧ b = 23.9°, X ∧ c = 95.1°;
Y ∧ a = 86.5°, Y ∧ b = 110.1°, Y ∧ c = 9.8°;
Z ∧ a = 3.5°, Z ∧ b = 102.0°, Z ∧ c = 98.3°.
Y ∧ a = 86.5°, Y ∧ b = 110.1°, Y ∧ c = 9.8°;
Z ∧ a = 3.5°, Z ∧ b = 102.0°, Z ∧ c = 98.3°.
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
X = yellowish brown; Y = brownish yellow; Z = pale yellow.
Comments:
Absorption: X > Y > Z.
Chemistry of Heyerdahlite
Mindat Formula:
Na2NaMn2+7Ti2[Si4O12]2O2(OH)4F(H2O)2
Element Weights:
Crystallography of Heyerdahlite
Crystal System:
Triclinic
Class (H-M):
1 - Pinacoidal
Space Group:
P1
Cell Parameters:
a = 5.392(2) Å, b = 11.968(4) Å, c = 11.868(4) Å
α = 112.743(8)°, β = 94.816(7)°, γ = 103.037(8)°
α = 112.743(8)°, β = 94.816(7)°, γ = 103.037(8)°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.451 : 1 : 0.992
Unit Cell V:
675.6 ų
Z:
1
Morphology:
Radiating fans of lath-like crystals.
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 10.745 Å | (81) |
| 3.582 Å | (66) |
| 2.791 Å | (65) |
| 2.686 Å | (45) |
| 2.663 Å | (65) |
| 2.594 Å | (100) |
| 2.496 Å | (51) |
| 1.582 Å | (45) |
Reference:
Sokolova, Elena, Day, Maxwell C., Hawthorne, Frank C., Kristiansen, Roy (2018) Heyerdahlite, Na3Mn7Ti2(Si4O12)2O2(OH)4F(H2O)2, a new mineral of the astrophyllite supergroup from the Larvik Plutonic complex, Norway: Description and crystal structure. Mineralogical Magazine, 82 (2). 243-255 doi:10.1180/minmag.2017.081.051
Comments:
Bratthagen 1, Vestfold og Telemark, Norway. Data from the type description.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
| 35 : Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks |
Type Occurrence of Heyerdahlite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Radiating fans up to 2 mm in diameter, consisting of transparent colourless to pale-brown elongated lath-like crystals. The crystals are ∼1 mm long and only 50 μm wide.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Type material is deposited in the mineralogical collections of the Royal Ontario Museum,Toronto, Ontario, Canada, accession number M57516.
Empirical Formula of Type Material:
(Na1.18K0.68Rb0.12Cs0.01Pb0.01)Σ2Na1.00(Mn6.29Zn0.23Mg0.07Zr0.04Fe2+0.03Ca0.01Na0.34)Σ7.01(Ti1.78Nb0.17Mg0.03Zr0.02)Σ2(Si8.03O24)O2[(OH)3.92F0.08]Σ4F1.00[(H2O)1.18◻0.82]Σ2
Chemical Analysis of Type Material:
| Nb2O5 | 1.67 % |
|---|---|
| ZrO2 | 0.53 % |
| TiO2 | 10.37 % |
| SiO2 | 35.17 % |
| PbO | 0.22 % |
| ZnO | 1.34 % |
| FeO | 0.14 % |
| MnO | 32.50 % |
| CaO | 0.03 % |
| MgO | 0.30 % |
| Cs2O | 0.12 % |
| Rb2O | 0.82 % |
| K2O | 2.33 % |
| Na2O | 5.70 % |
| F | 1.49 % |
| H2O | 4.12 % |
| O=F | -0.63 % |
| Total: | 96.22 % |
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Nepheline syenite pegmatite.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Reference:
Sokolova, Elena, Day, Maxwell C., Hawthorne, Frank C., Kristiansen, Roy (2018) Heyerdahlite, Na3Mn7Ti2(Si4O12)2O2(OH)4F(H2O)2, a new mineral of the astrophyllite supergroup from the Larvik Plutonic complex, Norway: Description and crystal structure. Mineralogical Magazine, 82 (2). 243-255 doi:10.1180/minmag.2017.081.051
Synonyms of Heyerdahlite
Other Language Names for Heyerdahlite
Dutch:Heyerdahliet
German:Heyerdahlit
Relationship of Heyerdahlite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Kupletskite Group:
| Kupletskite | K2NaMn2+7Ti2[Si4O12]2O2(OH)4F | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Kupletskite-(Cs) | Cs2NaMn2+7Ti2[Si4O12]2O2(OH)4F | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Laverovite | K2NaMn2+7Zr2[Si4O12]2O2(OH)4F | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Niobokupletskite | K2NaMn2+7(NbTi)[Si4O12]2O2(OH)4O | Tric. 1 : P1 |
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 2 photos of Heyerdahlite associated with Rhodochrosite | MnCO3 |
| 2 photos of Heyerdahlite associated with Fluorite | CaF2 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 9.DC. | Bulgakite | Li2CaFe2+7Ti2[Si4O12]2O2(OH)4O(H2O)2 |
| 9.DC.05 | Devitoite | Ba4Ba2Fe2+7Fe3+2[Si4O12]2[PO4]2[CO3]O2(OH)4◻2 |
| 9.DC.05 | Zircophyllite | K2NaFe2+7Zr2[Si4O12]2O2(OH)4F |
| 9.DC.05 | Nalivkinite | Li2NaFe2+7Ti2[Si4O12]2O2(OH)4F(H2O)2 |
| 9.DC.05 | Sveinbergeite | (H2O)2[Ca(H2O)](Fe2+6Fe3+)Ti2[Si4O12]2O2(OH)4[(OH)(H2O)] |
| 9.DC.05 | Niobophyllite | K2NaFe2+7(NbTi)[Si4O12]2O2(OH)4O |
| 9.DC.05 | Tarbagataite | (K◻)CaFe2+7Ti2[Si4O12]2O2(OH)4(OH) |
| 9.DC.05 | Astrophyllite | K2NaFe2+7Ti2[Si4O12]2O2(OH)4F |
| 9.DC.05 | 'Hydroastrophyllite' | [H3O]+2CaFe2+7Ti2[Si4O12]2O2(OH)4O |
| 9.DC.05 | Lobanovite | K2Na(Fe2+4Mg2Na)Ti2[Si4O12]2O2(OH)4◻ |
| 9.DC.05 | Niobokupletskite | K2NaMn2+7(NbTi)[Si4O12]2O2(OH)4O |
| 9.DC.05 | Kupletskite-(Cs) | Cs2NaMn2+7Ti2[Si4O12]2O2(OH)4F |
| 9.DC.05 | Kupletskite | K2NaMn2+7Ti2[Si4O12]2O2(OH)4F |
| 9.DC.05 | Laverovite | K2NaMn2+7Zr2[Si4O12]2O2(OH)4F |
Fluorescence of Heyerdahlite
Not fluorescent.
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Heyerdahlite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-51557.html
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Please feel free to link to this page.
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References for Heyerdahlite
Reference List:
Hålenius, U., Hatert, F., Pasero, M., Mills, S. J. (2017) New minerals and nomenclature modifications approved in 2017. CNMNC Newsletter No 36. Mineralogical Magazine, 81 (2) 403-409 doi:10.1180/minmag.2017.081.022
Sokolova, Elena, Day, Maxwell C., Hawthorne, Frank C., Kristiansen, Roy (2018) Heyerdahlite, Na3Mn7Ti2(Si4O12)2O2(OH)4F(H2O)2, a new mineral of the astrophyllite supergroup from the Larvik Plutonic complex, Norway: Description and crystal structure. Mineralogical Magazine, 82 (2). 243-255 doi:10.1180/minmag.2017.081.051
Localities for Heyerdahlite
Showing 2 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Canada | |
| Canadian Museum of Nature & Horváth ... |
Norway (TL) | |
| Hålenius et al. (2017) +1 other reference |
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Bratthagen 1, Lågendalen, Hedrum, Larvik Commune, Vestfold, Norway