Bementite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Bementite
Formula:
Mn7Si6O15(OH)8
Mn may be replaced by minor Fe, Mg and Zn.
Colour:
Brown, dark brown, golden brown, grayish-yellow
Lustre:
Sub-Vitreous, Resinous, Greasy
Hardness:
6
Specific Gravity:
2.9 - 3.1
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Name:
Named for Clarence Sweet Bement [1843-1923] by George Augustus Koenig in 1887. Bement assembled the finest mineral collection in the USA. He also assembled the finest collection of U.S. coins and was interested in a variety of collectibles. Bement had a keen interest in Franklin, New Jersey minerals from whence his namesake was discovered.
Compare the very similar innsbruckite and the similar friedelite, as well as ganophyllite and parsettensite.
Raman spectroscopy or diffraction techniques are required to differentiate between bementite and innsbruckite (Krüger et al., 2014).
Raman spectroscopy or diffraction techniques are required to differentiate between bementite and innsbruckite (Krüger et al., 2014).
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
621
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:621:3
Similar Names
| Beaumontite (of Jackson) | A synonym of Chrysocolla | |
| Beaumontite (of Lévy) | A variety of Heulandite-Ca | (Ca,Na)5(Si27Al9)O72 · 26H2O |
| Bementite (of Dana) | A synonym of Danburite | |
| Cementite | A synonym of Cohenite |
IMA Classification of Bementite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Mn2+7Si6O15(OH)8
First published:
1888
Classification of Bementite
9.EE.05
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
E : Phyllosilicates
E : Single tetrahedral nets of 6-membered rings connected by octahedral nets or octahedral bands
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
E : Phyllosilicates
E : Single tetrahedral nets of 6-membered rings connected by octahedral nets or octahedral bands
78.5.2.1
78 : Unclassified Silicates
5 :
78 : Unclassified Silicates
5 :
14.17.8
14 : Silicates not Containing Aluminum
17 : Silicates of Mn
14 : Silicates not Containing Aluminum
17 : Silicates of Mn
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Bem | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Bem | Warr (2020) | Warr, L.N. (2020) Recommended abbreviations for the names of clay minerals and associated phases. Clay Minerals, 55, 261–264 doi:10.1180/clm.2020.30 |
Physical Properties of Bementite
Sub-Vitreous, Resinous, Greasy
Transparency:
Translucent
Colour:
Brown, dark brown, golden brown, grayish-yellow
Comment:
Lighter when fresh, weathering darker. Fresh material is transparent in splinters, weathering opaque.
Streak:
White
Hardness:
6 on Mohs scale
Comment:
Sometimes given as variable 4-6, softer mineral due to alteration
Tenacity:
Flexible
Cleavage:
Perfect
{001} perfect, {100} and {010} very good.
{001} perfect, {100} and {010} very good.
Fracture:
Splintery
Density:
2.9 - 3.1 g/cm3 (Measured)
Comment:
Density does not support calculations for Z
Optical Data of Bementite
Type:
Biaxial
RI values:
nα = 1.602 - 1.624 nβ = 1.632 - 1.65 nγ = 1.632 - 1.65
Birefringence:
0.028
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.026 - 0.030
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Dispersion:
weak
Optical Extinction:
X ⊥ {001}.
Pleochroism:
Weak
Comments:
Colorless, pale yellow
Chemistry of Bementite
Mindat Formula:
Mn7Si6O15(OH)8
Mn may be replaced by minor Fe, Mg and Zn.
Mn may be replaced by minor Fe, Mg and Zn.
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Al,Fe,Zn,Mg,Ca
Crystallography of Bementite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Cell Parameters:
a = 7.5 Å, b = 9.8 Å, c = 5.65 Å
β = 90°
β = 90°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.765 : 1 : 0.577
Unit Cell V:
415.28 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
1
Morphology:
Micaceous aggregates or plates are typical. Felted aggregates of fibers or plates.
Comment:
Better calculations obtained from Orthorhombic cell.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0001635 | Bementite | Heinrich A R, Eggleton R A, Guggenheim S (1994) Structure and polytypism of bementite, a modulated layer silicate American Mineralogist 79 91-106 | ![]() | 1994 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Loading XRD data...
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 7.25 Å | (90) |
| 4.60 Å | (2) |
| 4.40 Å | (2) |
| 4.06 Å | (3) |
| 3.97 Å | (4) |
| 3.66 Å | (100) |
| 3.58 Å | (90) |
| 3.43 Å | (9) |
| 3.30 Å | (6) |
| 3.09 Å | (5) |
| 3.01 Å | (2) |
| 2.823 Å | (4) |
| 2.722 Å | (4) |
| 2.436 Å | (14) |
| 2.212 Å | (2) |
| 2.113 Å | (7) |
| 2.099 Å | (6) |
| 2.053 Å | (2) |
| 1.859 Å | (2) |
| 1.852 Å | (2) |
| 1.828 Å | (4) |
| 1.759 Å | (2) |
| 1.639 Å | (2) |
| 1.621 Å | (2) |
| 1.478 Å | (2) |
Comments:
ICDD PDF 25-546.
Very similar to pattern of innsbruckite.
Very similar to pattern of innsbruckite.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 23 : Subaerial aqueous alteration by non-redox-sensitive fluids (see also #47) | |
| High-? alteration and/or metamorphism | |
| 32 : Ba/Mn/Pb/Zn deposits, including metamorphic deposits |
Geological Setting:
Found in low-grade metamorphic manganese silicate deposits
Type Occurrence of Bementite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Pale grayish yellow stellate masses, resembling karpholite or pyrophyllite.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Muséum Nationale d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France, number 115.290.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Zinc-iron oxide ore deposit hosted in marble.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Bementite
Other Language Names for Bementite
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 21 photos of Bementite associated with Willemite | Zn2SiO4 |
| 15 photos of Bementite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 11 photos of Bementite associated with Rhodonite | CaMn3Mn[Si5O15] |
| 8 photos of Bementite associated with Franklinite | Zn2+Fe3+2O4 |
| 8 photos of Bementite associated with Andradite | Ca3Fe3+2(SiO4)3 |
| 6 photos of Bementite associated with Ganophyllite | (K,Na)xMn2+6(Si,Al)10O24(OH)4 · nH2O (x = 1-2; n = 7-11) |
| 6 photos of Bementite associated with Axinite-(Mn) | Ca2Mn2+Al2BSi4O15(OH) |
| 6 photos of Bementite associated with Cahnite | Ca2[B(OH)4](AsO4) |
| 3 photos of Bementite associated with Hausmannite | Mn2+Mn3+2O4 |
| 3 photos of Bementite associated with Sussexite | Mn2+BO2(OH) |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 9.EE. | Cairncrossite | Sr2Ca7-xNa2x(Si4O10)4(OH)2(H2O)15-x |
| 9.EE.07 | Innsbruckite | Mn33(Si2O5)14(OH)38 |
| 9.EE.10 | 'Brokenhillite' | Mn8Si6O15(OH)10 |
| 9.EE.10 | Mcgillite | (Mn,Fe)8Si6O15(OH)8Cl2 |
| 9.EE.10 | Friedelite | Mn2+8Si6O15(OH,Cl)10 |
| 9.EE.10 | Pyrosmalite-(Mn) | Mn2+8Si6O15(OH,Cl)10 |
| 9.EE.10 | Pyrosmalite-(Fe) | Fe2+8Si6O15(OH,Cl)10 |
| 9.EE.15 | Nelenite | Mn2+16As3+3Si12O36(OH)17 |
| 9.EE.15 | Schallerite | Mn2+16As3Si12O36(OH)17 |
| 9.EE.20 | Palygorskite | ◻Al2Mg2◻2Si8O20(OH)2(H2O)4 · 4H2O |
| 9.EE.20 | Yofortierite | Mn2+Mn2+2Mn2+2◻2Si8O20(OH)2(H2O)4 · 4H2O |
| 9.EE.20 | Windhoekite | Fe3+(Fe3+1.67◻0.33)Ca2◻2Si8O20(OH)2(H2O)4(OH)2 · 6H2O |
| 9.EE.20 | Windmountainite | ◻Fe3+2Mg2◻2Si8O20(OH)2(H2O)4 · 4H2O |
| 9.EE.20 | Ikorskyite | KMn3+(Si4O10) · 3H2O |
| 9.EE.20 | Tuperssuatsiaite | Fe3+Fe3+2(Na◻)◻2Si8O20(OH)2(H2O)4 · 2H2O |
| 9.EE.20 | 'Unnamed (Na-Ca-Fe-Silicate-Hydrate)' | NaCa(Fe2+,Al,Mn)5[Si8O19(OH)](OH)7 · 5H2O |
| 9.EE.25 | Sepiolite | Mg4(Si6O15)(OH)2 · 6H2O |
| 9.EE.25 | Loughlinite | Na2Mg3Si6O16 · 8H2O |
| 9.EE.25 | Falcondoite | (Ni,Mg)4Si6O15(OH)2 · 6H2O |
| 9.EE.25 | Kalifersite | (K,Na)5Fe3+7Si20O50(OH)6 · 12H2O |
| 9.EE.30 | Orlymanite | Ca4Mn3Si8O20(OH)6 · 2H2O |
| 9.EE.30 | Tungusite | Ca4Fe2Si6O15(OH)6 |
| 9.EE.30 | Gyrolite | NaCa16Si23AlO60(OH)8 · 14H2O |
| 9.EE.35 | Reyerite | (Na,K)2Ca14(Si,Al)24O58(OH)8 · 6H2O |
| 9.EE.35 | Kodamaite | Na3(Ca5Na)Si16O36(OH)4F2 · (14-x)H2O |
| 9.EE.35 | Truscottite | (Ca,Mn)14Si24O58(OH)8 · 2H2O |
| 9.EE.40 | Natrosilite | Na2Si2O5 |
| 9.EE.45 | Makatite | Na2Si4O8(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 9.EE.50 | Varennesite | Na8Mn2Si10O25(OH,Cl)2 · 12H2O |
| 9.EE.55 | Raite | Mn2+Mn2+2Na2(◻1.75Ti0.25)Si8O20(OH)2(H2O)4 · Na(H2O)6 |
| 9.EE.60 | Intersilite | Na6Mn2+Ti[Si10O24(OH)](OH)3 · 4H2O |
| 9.EE.65 | Zakharovite | Na4Mn5Si10O24(OH)6 · 6H2O |
| 9.EE.65 | Shafranovskite | Na3K2(Mn,Fe,Na)4[Si9(O,OH)27](OH)2 · nH2O |
| 9.EE.70 | Zeophyllite | Ca13Si10O28(OH)2F8 · 6H2O |
| 9.EE.75 | Minehillite | (K,Na)2-3Ca28Zn4Al4Si40O112(OH)16 |
| 9.EE.80 | Fedorite | (Na,K)2-3(Ca4Na3)Si16O38(OH,F)2 · 3.5H2O |
| 9.EE.80 | Martinite | (Na,◻,Ca)12Ca4(Si,S,B)14B2O38(OH,Cl)2F2 · 4H2O |
| 9.EE.80 | Ellingsenite | Na5Ca6Si18O38(OH)13 · 6H2O |
| 9.EE.85 | Lalondeite | (Na,Ca)6(Ca,Na)3Si16O38(F,OH)2 · 3H2O |
Fluorescence of Bementite
Not fluorescent in UV.
Other Information
Notes:
Decomposed by hot acid, but does not gelatinize.
Fuses easily to a black glass.
In closed tube it gives abundant water at a red heat, changing its color to dark brown.
In a borax bead, the bead remains colorless at first, gradually changing to the characteristic manganese color.
Fuses easily to a black glass.
In closed tube it gives abundant water at a red heat, changing its color to dark brown.
In a borax bead, the bead remains colorless at first, gradually changing to the characteristic manganese color.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Bementite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-621.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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References for Bementite
Reference List:
Larsen, Esper S. (1925) The identity of ectropite and bementite. American Mineralogist, 10 (11) 418-421
Shirozu, Haruo, Hirowatari, Fumitoshi (1955) Bementite from the Tokuzawa mine, Fukushima Prefecture. The Journal of the Japanese Association of Mineralogists, Petrologists and Economic Geologists, 39 (6) 241-248 doi:10.2465/ganko1941.39.241
Yoshimura, Toyofumi, Shirozu, Haruo, Hirowatari, Fumitoshi (1958) Bementite and Pyroxmangite from the Ichinomata Mine, Kumamoto Prefecture. Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Japan, 3 (6) 457-467 doi:10.2465/gkk1952.3.457
Ito, Kenzo (1961) Thermal transformation of bementite. The Journal of the Japanese Association of Mineralogists, Petrologists and Economic Geologists, 45 (6) 209-218 doi:10.2465/ganko1941.45.209
Heinrich, Angela R., Eggleton, Richard A., Guggenheim, Stephen (1994) Structure and polytypism of bementite, a modulated layer silicate. American Mineralogist, 79 (1-2) 91-106
Krüger, Hannes, Tropper, Peter, Haefeker, Udo, Kaindl, Reinhard, Tribus, Martina, Kahlenberg, Volker, Wikete, Christoph, Fuchs, Martin R., Olieric, Vincent (2014) Innsbruckite, Mn33(Si2O5)14(OH)38 – a new mineral from the Tyrol, Austria. Mineralogical Magazine, 78 (7) 1613-1627 doi:10.1180/minmag.2014.078.7.06
Localities for Bementite
Showing 230 localities.
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
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Gambatesa Mine, Reppia, Ne, Genoa, Liguria, Italy