PinePhone with Mobian vs Xiaomi Redmi Note 7 with LineageOS 22

The advantages of mobile Linux over AOSP

by Amos Batto (2026-10-19), License: CC BY 4.0, Download: PDF, ODT

In response to my previous article asking, “Will Linux phones become a viable alternative to the Android/iOS duopoly?,” I received a torrent of comments at Hacker News, r/linux, r/Purism, r/mobilelinux, r/PINE64official, OSNews and on the forums at SailfishOS, Purism and PINE64. There were a total of 660 comments and still counting, so people have a lot to say on the subject of Linux phones.

The vast majority of commentators don’t believe that Linux phones will ever crack the market stranglehold that Google and Apple currently hold over the mobile phone industry. However, many of the commentators argued that we already have a free/open source mobile Linux operating system in the Android Open Source Project (AOSP), which is the base on which Google and the phone manufacturers add their proprietary apps and services. They insisted that AOSP runs on a Linux kernel, so an AOSP phone already is a Linux phone. They asked why waste so much effort developing another mobile Linux operating system which won’t be nearly as good as AOSP. Other commentators argued that most people would never adopt Linux phones, because they are locked into one of the app ecosystems controlled by Google and Apple.

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Will Linux phones become a viable alternative to the Android/iOS duopoly?

by Amos Batto (2026-10-05), License: CC BY 4.0, Download: PDF, ODT

Five years ago, Linux phones looked like they were poised to become a viable alternative to the Android/iOS duopoly that has an iron grip on the mobile phone industry. Sadly, after a brief flash of activity and community engagement with the release of the Purism Librem 5 and the PINE64 PinePhone in 2020, the Linux phone market has generally stagnated. This stagnation occurred partly because of the problems at Purism and PINE64, but also because the available Linux SoC’s weren’t up to the task of running a modern smartphone, and the hardware industry wasn’t providing any good alternatives with good free/open source drivers. In addition, Plasma Mobile and Phosh were still inchoate mobile interfaces at the time, and there wasn’t a good distro option to run these interfaces on Android kernels with a normal integrated mobile SoC. The poor performance of the PinePhone and Librem 5 and the problems with the PinePhone Pro and the Librem 5 refunds sapped people’s enthusiasm and willingness to take a chance on the next Linux phone.

Fortunately, all of these conditions are changing, and I believe that there is now the possibility that Linux could finally become a viable alternative to Google’s Android and Apple’s iOS in the mobile space, just like desktop Linux has become a viable alternative to Windows and macOS on the PC over the last three decades. This isn’t to say that mobile Linux will fundamentally challenge the business of Google or Apple, but the conditions are ripe for a small market to arise for Linux phones, similar to the way that people can currently buy Linux PCs from a number of small companies, such as TUXEDO, System76, Purism, Slimbook, ThinkPenguin, Ubuntushop.biz, Entroware, Star Labs, Juno, Laptop with Linux, Linux Certified, and ArkPC.

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The tragedy of right-wing privacy phones in the USA

In theory there should be a huge market for Android-based privacy phones in the U.S., but so far the companies catering to that market have had very little success so far. There are a constellation of companies offering good privacy phones in Europe, including Murena, Volla, SHIFT, Bittium and iodé, but U.S.-based companies have not done nearly as well. Unlike in Europe, where privacy phones are marketed to customers of all political stripes, companies have arisen in the U.S. that market privacy phones exclusively to right-wing partisans. Not only has this fragmented the market, but the failures of these privacy phones with right-wing marketing have led some people to believe that privacy phones are “scams,” which has harmed the perception of these phones in general.

Nonetheless, there are millions of right-wing partisans in the U.S., who spend generously to support their political beliefs, so companies keep arising to try and capture that market. From what I can tell, these companies are failing, not because there isn’t a market, but because they are failing at the technical level to provide the service that they are claiming. The Freedom Phone, the Trump Mobile T1 Phone and the Unplugged UP Phone are still being sold in the U.S. Sadly, many of the people who have bought these phones not only overpaid for what they got, but the software support for all these phones is very questionable at best.

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Front and back images of the Google Pixel 8 Pro

Why I reluctantly bought a Google Pixel in my struggle against surveillance capitalism and planned obsolescence

Many people who believe in software freedom and digital rights install Linux or another operating system such as BSD that is free/open source software (FOSS) on their personal computers (PCs). Far fewer people unlock the bootloader on their mobile phones and tablets to install a FOSS operating system. Even though mobile phones are a bit more complex than computers due to their cellular modem and sensors, it should be possible for people to install custom operating systems on them just like on PCs.

It is arguably even more important that people control the software on their mobile phones than on their personal computers. Although Android is built on the code of the Android Open Source Project (AOSP), which uses an Apache 2.0 license, Google started moving core APIs and functionality out of the FOSS layer and into its proprietary Google Mobile Services in Android 4.4 KitKat, released in October 2013. Google has largely abandoned the development of most of the FOSS apps in AOSP, and replaced them with proprietary apps that are designed to collect people’s personal data in order to monetize it. Modern cell phones are the machines of “surveillance capitalism,” as Shoshana Zuboff aptly terms the collection and monetization of people’s personal data. Google essentially created Android and originally gave it away for free to the phone manufacturers in order to have a vehicle to collect people’s personal data for targeted advertising.

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Mi presentación de “El Niño Godzilla en Bolivia: ¿Estamos Preparados? Riesgos, impactos y acciones para fortalecer la resiliencia climática”

Ayer tuvimos un conversatorio virtual, organizado por nuestro grupo ambiental Reaccíon Climática. Quiero agradecerles a mis amigos Carmen Capriles y Johan Yugar por organizar el evento y a la Diputada Cecilia Requena por dar la clausura del conversatorio.

Se puede ver el video del evento en Facebook.
Acá están mi presentación, si alguien quiere verla:


Los archivos tiene una licencia libre de CC BY 4.0, y se puede reutilizar mi presentación y los datos sin mi permiso. Acá están los archivos originales de LibreOffice para descargar:


Traffic fatalities by state show that automobiles are the overwhelming threat to public safety, not e-bikes

Last month, I wrote a 35 page report about why New Jersey’s 2026 e-bike law makes little sense on the grounds of public safety. Sadly, a number of other American states are also contemplating similarly wrongheaded crackdowns on e-bikes, which simply aren’t justified if the goal is to minimize traffic fatalities. My report argues that there isn’t empirical evidence to show that normal e-bikes pose more of a threat to public safety than manual bicycles. What is needed is a crackdown on overpowered e-motos, while not burdening people riding street-legal e-bikes with additional regulation, which is the approach taken by California’s excellent SB 1176 bill. The overwhelming threat to public safety is automobiles. This article provides a bit more data from the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) to buttress that point.

See my report for the arguments why additional regulation on normal e-bike riders is counterproductive and harmful to society, the environment and public safety. However, this article provides the data for every state to demonstrate that automobiles represent the overwhelming threat to public safety, and the focus of lawmakers and government budgets should be on better regulation of automotive design to protect vulnerable road users and providing infrastructure to separate pedestrians and pedal cyclists from the increasingly dangerous automobile traffic.

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How Aptera ranks among EV brands on social media

The rise of social media over the last 2 decades has dramatically transformed how people learn about and interact with the products that they buy. Traditionally, people were largely passive recipients of commercial advertising, but social media has dramatically changed that relationship. People could turn down the TV or radio or switch the channel, but people didn’t have much ability to chose what their eyes would see, and their ears would hear. Social media has totally changed that dynamic with people becoming active participants in selecting what content they consume.

People are able to indicate their preferences, based on how many times they click, how much they watch and whether they decide to subscribe to a channel. While people can be influenced to click more and watch more, and bots can be used to juice the numbers, the usage of social media does indicate some level of people’s interest and engagement. Looking at social media is one way to measure whether a product draws people’s attention and how invested they are in that product.

This is especially important when considering a new type of vehicle like the Aptera solar car, which hasn’t yet been released on the market. There are few ways to measure whether there will be demand for a new type of vehicle, since there isn’t an existing market for it that can be studied. One of the few ways to gauge whether there will be demand for something in a new category is to check how people engage with it on social media. What happens online often doesn’t translate into the real world, but it does provide some clues about how well a company is both getting its product in front of people’s eyes and how interested people are in the product.

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Preorders and preorders per day for the Aptera

Why the Aptera solar car represents a paradigm shift for the auto industry

The two-seat Aptera solar car is arguably the most important automobile currently under development, despite the fact that some don’t consider the three-wheeled autocycle to be a “real car” at all. The Aptera represents a paradigm shift in the auto industry, not just because it will be the first production solar car on the market, but because it has design goals which fundamentally challenge the dominant paradigm governing the auto industry. For the last 4 decades, the auto industry has used its gains in technological advancement to produce bigger, taller and more powerful vehicles. The Aptera, however, is designed with the goals of being as energy efficient as possible and minimizing the capital costs of its production, and those two design criteria lead to a fundamentally different kind of vehicle, which promises to revolutionize the auto industry.

The three-wheeled, two-seat Aptera with an aerodynamic dolphin-like shape, butterfly doors that swing upward, a composite body made of large CF-SMC and GF-SMC panels and 4 solar panels.
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New Jersey e-bike laws-are now in effect: new safety regulations for electric bicycles

The response of 120 New Jersey legislators to my 35 page report on their new e-bike law

On January 19, 2026, New Jersey’s governor Phil Murphy used his last day in office to sign into law the controversial bill S4834/A6235 that will give New Jersey the most restrictive regulation of e-bikes in the nation. This new law is shocking bad, not only in its regulation, but simply in terms of its drafting and the contradictions in its language. I don’t have any idea how law enforcement and the judiciary system will be able to interpret this law, when it has so many loopholes and contradictions.

After reading the new law, I was so outraged that I sat down and spent three weeks researching the problems with the law and wrote a 35 page report, entitled “New Jersey’s strict regulation of e-bikes is poorly conceived and not justified by the data,” to explain why and how the law should be changed.

This is not my job and nobody is paying me to spend my time researching e-bikes and their regulation. Nonetheless, I was so alarmed by this bad legislation that I felt like I had to do something to try to stop this heavy-handed regulation that would have such pernicious effects on society and the environment.

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Magician Alpha with 5000W peak power, 200 Nm of torque and a 72 volt battery

Should we be worried about companies like Wired and Magician that overcharge on shipping and skirt e-bike laws?

Wired charges $250 extra to ship its 60 volt models to the 48 contiguous states in the U.S., plus $75 in shipping insurance, so buyers end up paying $325 for shipping. Other bike sellers take responsibility for fixing any problems if a bike is damaged in transit, but Wired holds its customers responsible, so they are out of luck if they don’t pay the $75 insurance fee. Wired’s new 72 volt models have increased the shipping by $25, which adds a total of $350 to the sticker price. Wired used to allow its customers to avoid these high shipping fees by picking up their bikes from its warehouse in Mundelein, Illinois, but Wired stopped offering local pickup after some of its bikes were stolen.

Magician is just as bad, charging $350 extra for shipping, although it does offer local pickup at its warehouses in Ontario, California and Las Vegas, Nevada. For people living in the Southwest, it may be worth their time to spend many hours driving to avoid Magician’s outrageous shipping fees. Another new brand, Rabid E-Bikes, which is sold by Generation E-Bikes, also charges $350 for shipping.

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Graph comparing injuries (emergency department visits) and hospitalizations per million sales of e-bikes and manual bicycles in the U.S. between 2017 and 2022

Updated my report critiquing of New Jersey’s strict regulation of e-bikes

After publishing my 35 page report that critiques New Jersey’s 2026 law that regulates e-bikes, I received the following comment by Mysana on Reddit:


I do think some of the comparisons to cars weakened your argument, especially in the conclusion. Specifically the line, “However, there have been no cases of e-bikes killing the passengers of motor vehicles, and motor vehicles killed 6000 times more pedestrians than e-bikes between 2017 and 2023 in the U.S., so there is little justification for requiring e-bike riders to have liability insurance when there is such a low probability that they will harm others.” That felt weak to me since cars do require insurance. If they didn’t, I’d consider it a fair point. The car commentary felt like it came from an anti-car angle, rather than actually being particularly relevant to the specific ebike law.

I would’ve liked to see more comparisons on the danger of ebikes vs motorcycles, since the question seems to be whether ebikes are closer to manual bikes or motorcycles.


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Graph comparing injuries (emergency department visits) and hospitalizations per million sales of e-bikes and manual bicycles in the U.S. between 2017 and 2022

New Jersey’s strict regulation of e-bikes is poorly conceived and not justified by the data

On January 19, 2026, New Jersey’s governor Phil Murphy used his last day in office to sign into law the controversial bill S4834/A6235 that will give New Jersey the most restrictive regulation of e-bikes in the nation. The new law is based on a number of faulty assumptions about e-bikes, which the empirical evidence does not support. The studies of injuries and fatalities associated with e-bikes in the U.S. do not demonstrate that e-bikes are more dangerous than manual bicycles. E-bikes represent very little threat to pedestrians and almost none to passengers of automobiles, so treating them like motorcycles that require licensing, registration and liability insurance is unjustified.

This 35 page critique of the new law details the problems with the text of the law and summarizes the empirical studies about e-bikes. The report uses the annual sales numbers to estimate injury and fatality rates for e-bikes and manual bicycles. It explains the economic, social, health and environmental reasons why governments should encourage the use of e-bikes, rather than burden them with onerous regulation that will suppress their usage. Finally, the report makes recommendations about how to better regulate e-bikes.

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How long until Rust overtakes C and C++?

PDF / ODT for printing, License: CC BY 4.0

The Rust programming language has been consistently gaining developer mind share and acquiring corporate support over time, which has given the language the kind of momentum that will likely take it into the top tier of programming languages in the future. It is worth examining how Rust has grown over time and ask why the tech industry is adopting the language at a pace that promises to overtake C and C++ in the future. With the caveat that all future predictions about technology are uncertain and often proven wrong, let me make some predictions about the future of Rust based on current trends.

The slow evolution of Rust
Like a snowball just starting to roll at the top the hill, Rust didn’t appear to have bright prospects when the Mozilla Foundation first publicly released the language on January 20, 2012. At that point, the language had spent three years as the personal pet project of Graydon Hoare, plus another three years as an internal project at Mozilla, but it still wasn’t fully defined after six years of development.

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How much does Microsoft’s Github care about free/open source software?

Microsoft is no longer considered the “Great Satan” by the free/open source (FOSS) community, since Satya Nadella took over the helm of the corporation headquartered in Redmond, Washington. Unlike Microsoft’s former CEO Steve Ballmer, who called Linux a “cancer,” Nadella famously declared in October 2014 that “Microsoft loves Linux.” This embrace of Linux made strategic sense for Microsoft since its historical antagonism toward Linux had alienated many of its business clients who used Linux servers and needed Microsoft’s software to be compatible with their server infrastructure.

However, it was also part of Microsoft’s strategy to copy Google in monetizing its users’ personal data with targeted advertising, which Shoshana Zuboff aptly dubbed as “Surveillance Capitalism“. Microsoft’s new goal was collaboration with other platforms, so that it could get its software installed everywhere to collect users’ data and extend the market share of its services and software. Microsoft switched from charging mobile phone makers fees for violating their patents to pressuring them to install Microsoft’s apps on their phones. Microsoft was still a parasite on the mobile industry, but it now costs the industry less, so its strong arm tactics draw less public criticism.

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The LineageOS installation statistics with data for all the builds

I have finally finished my lineageos_stats.php script, so it is ready for anybody to use it who wants to analyze the LineageOS installation statistics. It took a long time, because I had to look up the device maker and model, processor and model release date for each build. LineageOS only collects the build codename, the country code and the cellular provider for each active install, and then reports those results in aggregate by country’s two-letter ISO code or by the build codename at https://stats.lineageos.org.

Often the LineageOS build codenames use the OEM’s codename for the model or the model name, but sometimes they are just random names chosen by the person who created the build. Using web searches, I was unable to find any information online about these 12 builds: “wseries”, “enzo”, “androidbox”, “treble”, “K2”, “tenet”, “hulkbuster”, “p10bio”, “paros”, “scale”, “X3” and “Nightmare”. For many of the build codenames, I was unable to find the LineageOS ROM image, but I was able to find either the kernel source code or ROM images for other AOSP derivatives using the same build codename. In some cases, I found nothing except the OEM codename for the model, and I assume that they must have used a GSI kernel to install LineageOS.

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LineageOS installs over time (among top 250 builds)

LineageOS build and installation statistics

LineageOS is the most popular custom ROM for mobile devices. It is based on the Android Open Source Project (AOSP), which is the free/open source code that Google uses as the base for its Android releases. However, Google has slowly replaced many of the AOSP apps with its own proprietary apps based on its proprietary Google Play Services and AOSP requires lots of proprietary blobs to function on an actual device, so AOSP itself is not very useful, and some question whether is can truly be considered free/open source when it is now being developed in a closed code repository.

LineageOS has replaced the crufty parts of AOSP which Google has neglected and added the proprietary firmware and device drivers which are necessary for each device to create a usable mobile operating system for normal users. In the same way that Debian has great influence because it is the base for many Linux distributions, LineageOS greatly influences the other AOSP derivatives, because it serves as the base for many custom ROMs, including crDroid, /e/ OS, Evolution X, iodéOS, LineageOS for MicroG and LMODroid (plus the now defunct CalyxOS and DivestOS).

Because LineageOS has the largest modding community and the largest number of users, its usage numbers serve as a good measure for the state of custom ROMs and free/open source software in general on mobile devices. As of October 8, 2025, there are 253 official LineageOS builds listed at wiki.lineageos.org/devices, which can be installed on 295 different devices. There are also 297 discontinued builds listed on the LineageOS web site, which can still be installed, but they are based on AOSP versions that Google no longer supports, so they aren’t getting security updates.

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The travails of dual booting with Linux and Windows

In the world of Linux, dual booting with Windows used to be de rigueur, but it has become less common in recent years. I used to dual boot all the time between Windows and Linux, when I first starting using Linux, but now I regard the Windows partition to be a waste of good space on my harddrive. About 15 years ago, I stopped bothering to keep a separate windows partition on my computers. When I recently decided to install a dual boot system on my laptop, I discovered to my surprise that dual booting between Ubuntu and Windows 10 has become a more difficult process than it used to be. In fact, installing Windows proved to be a far more painful ordeal than installing Linux, and setting up a dual boot system has become even more complicated. I think it is worth detailing my recent travails installing both Windows 10 and Ubuntu 24.04 on my laptop to illustrate the problems that can arise when trying to make Microsoft’s proprietary operating system share the same computer with a free operating system.

I first started using Linux back in 1999 with Mandrake 5.1. At the time I was writing 8051 microcontroller code in C for a living, so I didn’t anticipate that using Linux would be too difficult. Nonetheless, I still found it to be a challenge, because my Thinkpad i1412 laptop had a Lucent 1644 winmodem that lacked drivers for Linux, so I had to boot into Windows every time I needed to do an internet search to answer a technical question. Being able to dual boot between Windows and Linux was a lifesaver. I remember configuring the LILO (Linux Loader) to be able to display a menu at boot so I could select which operating system I wanted to use and configuring LILO to display my personal manifesto about computing freedom every time I booted up my laptop.

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Charla: Los metales críticos de Bolivia en la transición energética

En honor al 4 de julio,* di una charla para el evento entitulado “Minería y Transición Energética: El rol de litio y los minerales críticos para el futuro de Bolivia,” que fue organizado por nuestro grupo ambiental Reacción Climática y la Universidad Universidad Privada San Francisco de Asís. He expuesto acerca de los metales críticos de Bolivia, pero no tuve mucho tiempo para preparar diapositivas acerca del tema. Sin he incluído algunas diapositivas en mi charla acerca de la transición energética y la extracción de hidrocarburos, que son interesantes.

Estoy publicando mis presentación acá si alguien quiere reutilizar mis gráficos, que tienen una licencia libre de Creative Commons CC BY 4.0.


*Digo esto en tono sarcastico, considerando la historia de las relaciones entre los EEUU y Bolivia y las acusaciones que EEUU ha intentado apoderarse de los recursos de Bolivia.

How to replace a section of PVC pipe without moving the pipe

The other day my wife brought home a tomato plant from the market and tasked me with planting it. Since other plants that I had put in the ground have not thrived, I looked for the section of our yard where the grass was the greenest and reasoned that must have the best soil. It never occurred to me that that section might be greener because there is a water pipe running underneath it with a slow leak.

I live in Sacaba, Bolivia, where building standards are much laxer than in the US, and many people construct their own houses, so they are liable to take shortcuts. I’m from the US, where building codes require water pipes to be buried at least 12 inches underground or 6 inches below the frost line, which in Indiana where I grew up, that means water lines are at least two feet below ground. When I grabbed the mattock to loosen up the ground for planting, I never expected to hit a water pipe 6 inches down. Once I saw the water starting to bubble up under the ground I was digging, however, I knew that I had made a big mistake.

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Software libre para enfrentar la obsolescencia programada y la vigilancia digital

Mi amigo Jared López Leaño de OpenIT me invitó dar una charla en el Nucleo Linux Bolivia para el 21º Festival Latinoamericano de Instalación de Software Libre (FLISOL). Jared me pidió exponer acerca de la obsolescencia programada y el fin de soporte de Windows 10.

Para mí, Microsoft ha dejado de ser el Gran Santanás hace muchos años y el capitalismo de vigilancia de Google es la amenaza más importante a nuestra libertad hoy en día. Pero me di cuenta después de investigar como Microsoft esta tratando de promover más ventas en el Microsoft Store y la propaganda dirigida en la interfaz de Windows 11, que Microsoft sigue siendo una amenaza también. Me parece que Microsoft está puliendo sus cuernos todavía.

Acá está la presentación de mi charla “Software libre para enfrentar la obsolescencia programada y la vigilancia digital” en PDF:


Acá está la presentación en ODF (LibreOffice) si alguien quiere reutilizarlo. Tiene una licencia libre de CC BY 4.0.

Jared ha subido la charla a YouTube, pero la primera parte de la charla no fue grabada, entonces el video comienza en el medio de la charla.

Hay que apreciar la ironía de criticar capitalismo de vigilancia en una plataforma de Google.