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Chromosome 16

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Chromosome 16
Human chromosome 16 pair after G-banding.
One is from mother, one is from father.
Chromosome 16 pair
in human male karyogram.
Features
Length (bp)96,330,374 bp
(CHM13)
No. of genes795 (CCDS)[1]
TypeAutosome
Centromere positionMetacentric[2]
(36.8 Mbp[3])
Complete gene lists
CCDSGene list
HGNCGene list
UniProtGene list
NCBIGene list
External map viewers
EnsemblChromosome 16
EntrezChromosome 16
NCBIChromosome 16
UCSCChromosome 16
Full DNA sequences
RefSeqNC_000016 (FASTA)
GenBankCM000678 (FASTA)

Chromosome 16 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. People normally have two copies of this chromosome. Chromosome 16 spans about 90 million base pairs (the building material of DNA) and represents just under 3% of the total DNA in cells.

Genes

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Number of genes

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The following are some of the gene count estimates of human chromosome 16. Because researchers use different approaches to genome annotation their predictions of the number of genes on each chromosome varies (for technical details, see gene prediction). Among various projects, the collaborative consensus coding sequence project (CCDS) takes an extremely conservative strategy. So CCDS's gene number prediction represents a lower bound on the total number of human protein-coding genes.[4]

Estimated byProtein-coding genesNon-coding RNA genesPseudogenesSourceRelease date
CCDS795—— [1] 2016-09-08
HGNC802251365 [5] 2017-05-12
Ensembl8651,046462 [6] 2017-03-29
UniProt838—— [7] 2018-02-28
NCBI912652502 [8][9][10] 2017-05-19

Gene list

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The following is a partial list of genes on human chromosome 16. For complete list, see the link in the infobox on the right.

Diseases and disorders

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Associated traits

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Cytogenetic band

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G-banding ideograms of human chromosome 16
G-banding ideogram of human chromosome 16 in resolution 850 bphs. Band length in this diagram is proportional to base-pair length. This type of ideogram is generally used in genome browsers (e.g. Ensembl, UCSC Genome Browser).
G-banding patterns of human chromosome 16 in three different resolutions (400,[13] 550[14] and 850[3]). Band length in this diagram is based on the ideograms from ISCN (2013).[15] This type of ideogram represents actual relative band length observed under a microscope at the different moments during the mitotic process.[16]
G-bands of human chromosome 16 in resolution 850 bphs[17]
Chr. Arm[18] Band[19] ISCN
start[20]		 ISCN
stop[20]		 Basepair
start		 Basepair
stop		 Stain[21] Density
16p 13.3035217,800,000 gneg
16p 13.23525967,800,00110,400,000 gpos50
16p 13.1359681310,400,00112,500,000 gneg
16p 13.1281394812,500,00114,700,000 gpos50
16p 13.11948107014,700,00116,700,000 gneg
16p 12.31070124616,700,00121,200,000 gpos50
16p 12.21246140921,200,00124,200,000 gneg
16p 12.11409155824,200,00128,500,000 gpos50
16p 11.21558185628,500,00135,300,000 gneg
16p 11.11856204535,300,00136,800,000 acen
16q 11.12045219436,800,00138,400,000 acen
16q 11.22194270938,400,00147,000,000 gvar
16q 12.12709295347,000,00152,600,000 gneg
16q 12.22953314252,600,00156,000,000 gpos50
16q 133142334656,000,00157,300,000 gneg
16q 213346365757,300,00166,600,000 gpos100
16q 22.13657402366,600,00170,800,000 gneg
16q 22.24023411870,800,00172,800,000 gpos50
16q 22.34118429472,800,00174,100,000 gneg
16q 23.14294455174,100,00179,200,000 gpos75
16q 23.24551465979,200,00181,600,000 gneg
16q 23.34659476881,600,00184,100,000 gpos50
16q 24.14768493084,100,00187,000,000 gneg
16q 24.24930502587,000,00188,700,000 gpos25
16q 24.35025512088,700,00190,338,345 gneg

References

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  1. 1 2 "Search results - 16[CHR] AND "Homo sapiens"[Organism] AND ("has ccds"[Properties] AND alive[prop]) - Gene". NCBI. CCDS Release 20 for Homo sapiens. 2016-09-08. Retrieved 2017-05-28.
  2. ↑ Tom Strachan; Andrew Read (2 April 2010). Human Molecular Genetics. Garland Science. p. 45. ISBN 978-1-136-84407-2.
  3. 1 2 Genome Decoration Page, NCBI. Ideogram data for Homo sapience (850 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3). Last update 2014-06-03. Retrieved 2017-04-26.
  4. ↑ Pertea M, Salzberg SL (2010). "Between a chicken and a grape: estimating the number of human genes". Genome Biol. 11 (5): 206. doi:10.1186/gb-2010-11-5-206. PMC 2898077. PMID 20441615.
  5. ↑ "Statistics & Downloads for chromosome 16". HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee. 2017-05-12. Archived from the original on 2017-08-18. Retrieved 2017-05-19.
  6. ↑ "Chromosome 16: Chromosome summary - Homo sapiens". Ensembl Release 88. 2017-03-29. Retrieved 2017-05-19.
  7. ↑ "Human chromosome 16: entries, gene names and cross-references to MIM". UniProt. 2018-02-28. Retrieved 2018-03-16.
  8. ↑ "Search results - 16[CHR] AND "Homo sapiens"[Organism] AND ("genetype protein coding"[Properties] AND alive[prop]) - Gene". NCBI. 2017-05-19. Retrieved 2017-05-20.
  9. ↑ "Search results - 16[CHR] AND "Homo sapiens"[Organism] AND ( ("genetype miscrna"[Properties] OR "genetype ncrna"[Properties] OR "genetype rrna"[Properties] OR "genetype trna"[Properties] OR "genetype scrna"[Properties] OR "genetype snrna"[Properties] OR "genetype snorna"[Properties]) NOT "genetype protein coding"[Properties] AND alive[prop]) - Gene". NCBI. 2017-05-19. Retrieved 2017-05-20.
  10. ↑ "Search results - 16[CHR] AND "Homo sapiens"[Organism] AND ("genetype pseudo"[Properties] AND alive[prop]) - Gene". NCBI. 2017-05-19. Retrieved 2017-05-20.
  11. ↑ Maillard, A M (25 November 2014). "The 16p11.2 locus modulates brain structures common to autism, schizophrenia and obesity". Molecular Psychiatry. 20 (1): 140–147. doi:10.1038/mp.2014.145. PMC 4320286. PMID 25421402.
  12. ↑ Richter, M (21 February 2018). "Altered TAOK2 activity causes autism-related neurodevelopmental and cognitive abnormalities through RhoA signaling". Molecular Psychiatry. 24 (9): 1329–1350. doi:10.1038/s41380-018-0025-5. PMC 6756231. PMID 29467497.
  13. ↑ Genome Decoration Page, NCBI. Ideogram data for Homo sapience (400 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3). Last update 2014-03-04. Retrieved 2017-04-26.
  14. ↑ Genome Decoration Page, NCBI. Ideogram data for Homo sapience (550 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3). Last update 2015-08-11. Retrieved 2017-04-26.
  15. ↑ International Standing Committee on Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (2013). ISCN 2013: An International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (2013). Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers. ISBN 978-3-318-02253-7.
  16. ↑ Sethakulvichai, W.; Manitpornsut, S.; Wiboonrat, M.; Lilakiatsakun, W.; Assawamakin, A.; Tongsima, S. (2012). "Estimation of band level resolutions of human chromosome images". 2012 Ninth International Conference on Computer Science and Software Engineering (JCSSE). pp. 276–282. doi:10.1109/JCSSE.2012.6261965. ISBN 978-1-4673-1921-8. S2CID 16666470.
  17. ↑ Genome Decoration Page, NCBI. Ideogram data for Homo sapience (850 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3). Last update 2014-06-03. Retrieved 2017-04-26.
  18. ↑ "p": Short arm; "q": Long arm.
  19. ↑ For cytogenetic banding nomenclature, see article locus.
  20. 1 2 These values (ISCN start/stop) are based on the length of bands/ideograms from the ISCN book, An International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (2013). Arbitrary unit.
  21. ↑ gpos: Region which is positively stained by G banding, generally AT-rich and gene poor; gneg: Region which is negatively stained by G banding, generally CG-rich and gene rich; acen Centromere. var: Variable region; stalk: Stalk.
[edit]
  • National Institutes of Health. "Chromosome 16". Genetics Home Reference. Archived from the original on August 3, 2004. Retrieved 2017-05-06.
  • "Chromosome 16". Human Genome Project Information Archive 1990–2003. Retrieved 2017-05-06.
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