Lithium ruthenate
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 Crystal structure with Ru shown in yellow, Li in purple and O in red | |
 Scale bar 0.1 mm[1] | |
| Names | |
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| Preferred IUPAC name
Lithium ruthenate | |
| Identifiers | |
3D model (JSmol) |
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| ChemSpider | |
PubChem CID |
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| Properties | |
| Li2RuO3 | |
| Appearance | Dark blue crystals |
| Structure[2] | |
| Monoclinic | |
| P21/m (No. 11) | |
Formula units (Z) |
4 |
| Related compounds | |
Other anions |
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Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Lithium ruthenate, Li2RuO(IV)3, or LRO, is a chemical compound of lithium, ruthenium and oxygen. It has a layered honeycomb crystal structure, and can be prepared by direct calcination of Ru metal or RuO2 and lithium carbonate at ca. 700 °C.[2] The material is a potential lithium-ion battery electrode material[2] and supercapacitor[3] because of its high specific capacity due to lattice oxygen redox.[4] This application is hindered by the high costs of Ru, as compared to the cheaper Li2MnO3 alternative[5]
Despite having a low-spin state of Ru(IV), namely 4d4, above 540 K there have been observed Ru-Ru dimers which decrease the magnetic susceptibility of the material.[6]
The compound is known to react with water in neutral and basic solutions to partially exchange Li2O with H2O in its structure. The new phase, Li2-xHxRuO3, is structurally different from pure Li2RuO3.[7]
The delithiathed phase, Li2-xRuO3, is nonstoichiometric. It exhibits Ru4+-Ru4+ dimers and above 539 K has increase in magnetic susceptibility.[8]
Other phases
[edit]While Li2RuO3 could be obtained from mixing Li2CO3 and RuO2 at 800°C, when the same mixture is heated at 900°C, another ruthenate, Li3Ru(V)O4,[9] is obtained. Li7RuO6[10] and the cubic NaCl-like LixRuO1+x[11] have also been reported.
References
[edit]- ↑ Freund, F.; Williams, S. C.; Johnson, R. D.; Coldea, R.; Gegenwart, P.; Jesche, A. (2016). "Single crystal growth from separated educts and its application to lithium transition-metal oxides". Scientific Reports. 6 35362. arXiv:1604.04551. Bibcode:2016NatSR...635362F. doi:10.1038/srep35362. PMC 5066249. PMID 27748402.
- 1 2 3 O'Malley, Matthew J.; Verweij, Henk; Woodward, Patrick M. (2008). "Structure and properties of ordered Li2IrO3 and Li2PtO3". Journal of Solid State Chemistry. 181 (8): 1803. Bibcode:2008JSSCh.181.1803O. doi:10.1016/j.jssc.2008.04.005.
- ↑ Yong-Qing, Zhao; Guo-Qing, Zhang; Hu-Lin, Li (2006). "Electrochemical characterization on layered lithium ruthenate for electrochemical supercapacitors". Solid State Ionics. 177 (15–16): 1335–1339. doi:10.1016/j.ssi.2006.06.008.
- ↑ Yang, Yu (2019). "Revealing Electronic Signatures of Lattice Oxygen Redox in Lithium Ruthenates and Implications for High-Energy Li-Ion Battery Material Designs". Chemistry of Materials. 31 (19): 7864–7876. doi:10.1021/acs.chemmater.9b01821. PMC 7092754. PMID 32210521.
- ↑ Yoshio, Masaki; Brodd, Ralph J.; Kozawa, Akiya (17 July 2010). Lithium-Ion Batteries: Science and Technologies. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-387-34445-4.
- ↑ Yoko, Miura (2007). "New-Type Phase Transition of Li2RuO3 with Honeycomb Structure". Journal of the Physical Society of Japan. 76 (3) 033705. arXiv:cond-mat/0612026. doi:10.1143/JPSJ.76.033705.
- ↑ R., Reshma; Tułodziecki, Michał; Binghong, Han (2021). "Reactivity with Water and Bulk Ruthenium Redox of Lithium Ruthenate in Basic Solutions". Advanced Functional Materials. 31 (2) 2002249. Bibcode:2021AdvFM..3102249R. doi:10.1002/adfm.202002249. hdl:1721.1/128161.
- ↑ Jimenez-Segura, Marco-Polo; Ikeda, Atsutoshi; Kimber, Simon A. J.; Giacobbe, Carlotta; Yonezawa, Shingo; Maeno, Yoshiteru . (2016). Effect of delithiation on the dimer transition of the honeycomb-lattice ruthenate. Physical Review B, 94(11), 115163–. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.94.115163
- ↑ Alexander, A.; Battle, P. D.; Burley, J. C.; Gallon, Daniel J.; Grey, Clare P.; Kim, S. H. . (2003). Structural and magnetic properties of Li3RuO4. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 13(10), 2612–. doi:10.1039/b305220f
- ↑ Chem. Mater. 2022, 34, 8, 3724–3735
- ↑ Hirohiko Sato; Makoto Soma. (2007). Spin-glass ruthenate: Cubic-. , 310(2-part-P2), 1517–1519. doi:10.1016/j.jmmm.2006.10.658
