Algeria
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| Yemre | Farayse  |
|---|---|
| Golle imaaɗe | 3 Morso 1962 |
| Name | الجزائر, Algeria, Algeria |
| Laamu innde | اَلْجُمهُورِيَّة اَلْجَزَائِرِيَّة اَلدِّيمُقرَاطِيَّة اَلشَّعبِيَّة |
| Lesdinkeejum | الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية, الجزائر |
| Participant in | Sand War |
| Ɗemngal ngal sarwiisiiji leydi fu njoni haalude | Arabic, Standard Algerian Berber |
| Doondo leydi | Kassaman |
| Tagu | culture of Algeria |
| Kunorgol | By the people and for the people |
| Jammoore leydi | بالشّعب وللشّعب |
| Duungal | Afirik |
| Lesdi | Aljeri |
| Laamorde | Algiers |
| Hiiri-weeti pelle | UTC+01:00 |
| Located in or next to body of water | Mediterranean Sea |
| Annditirɗum | North Africa, Muslim world, Duniiyaru Arabic |
| Jonde kwa'odineto | 28°0′0″N 1°0′0″E |
| Coordinates of geographic center | 28°0′0″N 3°0′0″E |
| Kwa'odineto lettugal | 23°30′0″N 12°0′0″E |
| Soɓɓire | 37°5′40″N 7°12′14″E |
| Horɗoore | 18°58′6″N 3°21′28″E |
| Gorgal | 27°18′55″N 8°40′1″W |
| Towendi | Mount Tahat |
| Hoɓade | Chott Melrhir |
| Laamu sarti celluɗo | semi-presidential system, leydi ndi suudu baba suɓani hoarem |
| Birrol parti politikki | President of Algeria |
| Arɗiiɗo lesdi | Abdelmadjid Tebboune |
| Office held by the head of government | Prime Minister of Algeria |
| Hooreejo leydi | Sifi Ghrieb |
| Laamu battaa en | Government of Algeria |
| Laamu depitee en | Parliament of Algeria |
| Highest judicial authority | Supreme Court of Algeria |
| Central bank | Bank of Algeria |
| Cede | Algerian dinar |
| Owner of | El Mouradia Palace |
| Coextensive with | Africa/Algiers |
| Driving side | right |
| Electrical plug type | Type E, Schuko, Europlug |
| Significant event | Algerian War, Sand War, Algerian Civil War, Evian Accords |
| Studied by | Algerian studies |
| Laawol ngol laamu anndani | https://www.el-mouradia.dz/ar/home |
| Hashtag | Algeria |
| Golle gofernema | .dz |
| Main regulatory text | Constitution of Algeria |
| Deesewal | flag of Algeria |
| Coat of arms | Emblem of Algeria |
| Joogarafii | Joogaraafi Aljeri |
| Has characteristic | not-free country |
| Taariki | andal kingal Aljeri |
| Diina laamu anndani | Diina Lislaama |
| Railway traffic side | left |
| Ndesa | ndesa Aljeri |
| Annaji Aljeri | annaji |
| Hoolagol | Maliki |
| Mobile country code | 603 |
| Telephone country code | +213 |
| Emergency phone number | 14, 17, 1548, 1055 |
| GS1 country code | 613 |
| Vehicle registration plate code | DZ |
| Maritime identification digits | 605 |
| Stack Exchange tag | https://travel.stackexchange.com/tags/algeria |
| Unicode character | 🇩🇿 |
| Category for maps or plans | Category:Maps of Algeria |
Algeria,[c] ko leydi Algeria,[d] ko leydi e nder diiwaan Magreb to Fuɗnaange Afrik. Ko ina tolnoo e 2 381 741 kiloomeeteer kaaree (919 595 miil kaaree), ko leydi ɓurndi mawnude e Afrik, ndi sappoɓo e winndere ndee. Heedti ndi to fuɗnaange-rewo ko Tuunus ; fuɗnaange ko Libi; bannge funnaange-rewo ko Niiseer ; bannge funnaange-rewo ko Mali, Muritani, e Hiirnaange Saharaa ; bannge worgo ko Maruk ; Haa woyla, maayo Mediteraane. Alseri woni leydi sappoɓiri ɓurndi heewde yimɓe e nder Afrik, tawi ko ɓuri miliyoŋaaji 47 neɗɗo ina nguuri heen. Laamorgo mayri e wuro ɓurngo mawnude ko Alseri.
Leydi Alseri wonno ko nokku ɗo pine e siwil en kawri e nder duuɓi ujunnaaje, ko adii fof ko renndooji Amazigh en, ina jeyaa heen Numidiyankooɓe, ɓe laamu mum en wonti gooto e dowlaaji mawɗi gadani e nder diiwaan hee, kam e semmbeeji Fenisiyankooɓe, Roomnaaɓe, Vandal en, e Bizantiin en. Gila e teeminannde 7ɓiire, yaajde Lislaam e gargol leƴƴi aarabeeɓe, seeɗa-seeɗa wayliima e nder diiwaan hee, ko wayi no ɗemngal, diine, e pinal, ɗum addani ƴellitaare sifaa Alseri ceertuɗo, gonɗo e ndonu aarabeeɓe-lislaam e amazigh en fof. Hakkunde teeminannde 8ɓiire e 15ɓiire, Alseri laaminoo ko laamuuji lislaam en nokkuuji ɗii, ina jeyaa heen Rustamid en, Fatimid en, Zirid en, Hammadid en, Almohad en e Zayyanid en. E hitaande 1516, Regency Algiers sosaa, seeɗa-seeɗa, ummorii ko e dowla keeriiɗo, sabu mum jogaade hoolaare e laamu Ottomaan. Caggal fotde teeminanɗe tati ko leydi mawndi e nder Mediteraane, leydi ndi heɓti Farayse e hitaande 1830, ndi heɓti leydi ndii e hitaande 1848, hay so tawii noon ndi heɓtinaaka haa laaɓi cer, ndi deeƴnaaka haa hitaande 1903. Laamu Farayse addani Oropnaaɓe heewɓe koɗki mum en, ngu riiwti yimɓe nokku oo ; e cakkital hitaande 1870, ɓiɓɓe leydi Alserinaaɓe ustii fotde tataɓal sabu hareeji, ñawuuji, e heege. Koloniiji Farayse ina njokki e haɓaade Alseri, gila e kampaañ Emir Abdelkader e murto Mokrani haa e ƴellitaare dille ngenndiyaŋkooje e teeminannde 20ɓiire. Warngooji Sétif e Guelma e hitaande 1945 catalii murto nokkuyankeewo ngo haa timmi e fuɗɗoode wolde Alseri e hitaande 1954. Alseri heɓi jeytaare mum e hitaande 1962. Nde jippii e wolde nder leydi ƴiiƴam tuggi 1992 haa 2002. nde heddii e ngonka laawɗuka ka Alseri121 ndunngu aarabeeɓe.
Alseri ina jogii weeyo semi-arid, jeereende Saharaa ɓuri heewde e leydi ndii so wonaa fuɗnaange mum ɓuuɓɗo e koɗli, ɗo ko ɓuri heewde e yimɓe ngoni. Ɗemɗe mayre laawɗinaaɗe ko Arab e Amasig, ko ɓuri heewde e yimɓe leydi ndii ina kaala ɗemngal Alseri, hono Arab. Kuutoragol Farayse ina jokki, haa teeŋti noon e nder jaayɗe, jaŋde, e won e geɗe njuɓɓudi, kono alaa darnde laawɗunde. Ko ɓuri heewde e Alserinaaɓe ina nganndi ko Aarabeeɓe, Berbeer en ina mbaɗi seeɗa e yimɓe. Lislaam sunnit ko diine laawɗuɗo, 99% e yimɓe leydi ndii ina kuutoroo ɗum.
Alseri ko ndenndaandi feccere hooreejo leydi, ndi 69 diiwaan (wilaya) e 1 541 komin. Ko ɗum doole diiwaan e nder Afrik worgo, ko doole hakkundeeje e nder geɗe winndere, jogiiɗe bidsee konu ɓurɗo mawnude e Afrik. Haa e hitaande 2025, Alseri ina jogii Indeks ƴellitaare aadee ɓurɗo toowde e nder duunde Afrik, e faggudu tataɓuru ɓurndu mawnude e nder Afrik, ko ɓuri heewde e mum ko sabu keɓe mum mawɗe petroŋ e gaasuuji, ko kam en ngoni sappo e jeegom e jeenay e nder winndere ndee. Sosiyetee ngenndiijo petroŋ biyeteeɗo Sonatrach, ko kañum woni sosiyatee ɓurɗo mawnude e Afrik, kadi ko kañum ɓuri waawde rokkude Orop gaasuuji. Alseri jeyaa ko e Dental Afrik, e Dental Aarabeeɓe, e OIC, e OPEP, e Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe, e Dental Magreb Aarabeeɓe, ngal woni tergal sosngal.
Inde
[taƴto | taƴto ɗaɗi wiki]Hello deftere tappirde
Hello "Alseri" nder deftere Sivitates Orbis hitaande 1575
Innde Alseri ndee ina waɗi sifaaji ceertuɗi : Arab: الجزائر, e ɗemngal al-Jazāʾir, ɗemngal Alseri: dzair, ɗemngal romaan: dzāyer, e ɗemngal Farayse: l'Algérie. Innde leydi ndii timmundi ko Republique Démocratique Populaire d'Alserie [13] (e ɗemngal Arab: الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية, e ɗemngal Roomnaagal: al-Jumhūriyah al-Jazāʾiriyah ad-Dīmuqrātéiyah ash‐Shaʿbiyah; RADP; Standard Algerian Berber: Tagduda tazzayrit tamagdayt taɣerfant, ۲ ۲۰۰ [15][16][e]).
Etimoloji
[taƴto | taƴto ɗaɗi wiki]Innde Alseri ndee, haa jooni, ummorii ko e wuro Alseri, ngo innde mum aarabeeɓe, al-Jazāʾir (الجزائر, maanaa "duuɗe"), firti ko duuɗe tokoose ɗe meeɗiino wonde e daande maayo wuro ngoo.[18] Helmere ndee e hoore mum ko sifaa juutɗo Jazāʾir Banī Mazghanna (جزائر بني مزغنة, « duuɗe Bani Mazghanna »), inniraaɗo leñol berbeer en nokku oo. Wuro ngo sosaa ko e hitaande 950 e juuɗe Amiir Berber Sanhaja Buluggin ibn Ziri e nokku ɗo wuro ɓooyngo wiyeteengo Icosium, innde ngo feeñii caggal ɗuum e binndanɗe geɗe juulɓe jamaanu hakkundeejo hono Al-Bakri.[19]
Dowla hannde oo ƴetti innde mum ko e Regency Alger, laamu Ottomaan sosaa e nder caka Magreb e fuɗɗoode teeminannde 16ɓiire. E laamu Ottomaan, njuɓɓudi politik e njuɓɓudi laamu feeñii seeɗa-seeɗa, wallitii ciynugol leydi e keeri ko wonata Alseri.[20] Fuɗɗoode jamaanu ina noddira leydi ndii Watan al-Jazāʾir (وطن الجزائر, "leydi Alseri"), tawi noon laamɓe Turki Ottomaan en hoɗɓe e diiwaan hee ina nganndi kamɓe e yimɓe nokku oo fof ko "Alseriyankooɓe."[21][22][23]
Tariya
[taƴto | taƴto ɗaɗi wiki]Winndannde mawnde: Daartol leydi Alseri
Ko adii daartol e daartol ɓooyngol
Binndanɗe mawɗe : Afrik worgo ko adii taariindi e Afrik worgo e jamaanu ɓooyɗo
Naalankaagal kaaƴe e nder ŋoral Tassili n’Ajjer to Alseri ina yahra e duuɓi ujunnaaje jeeɗiɗi haa sappo jooni
Hedde ~1.8-miliyoŋ duuɓi ko kaɓirɗe kaaƴe ummoriiɗe Ain Hanech (Alseri) ina cikka ko kañum en ngoni kaɓirɗe arkewolosi ɓurɗe ɓooyde e nder Afrik worgo.[24] Kaaƴe e ƴiye taƴɗe ɗe njiytaa e nokkuuji ɗiɗi ɓadtiiɗi Ain Boucherit ina limtee duuɓi ~1,9 miliyoŋ, hay geɗe kaaƴe ɓooyɗe ina njogii duuɓi ~2,4 miliyoŋ.[24] Ndeen noon, seedeeji Ain Boucherit ina kollita wonde hominin en taaniraaɓe ina nguurnoo e saraaji Mediteraane to worgo Afrik ko adii nde miijotonoo. Seedeeji ɗii ina cemmbina ko yaawi saaktude kuutorɗe kaaƴe e kuutoragol mum en gila e Fuɗnaange Afrik, walla ko ina wona iwdiiji keewɗi karallaagal kaaƴe e nder Fuɗnaange e Fuɗnaange Afrik.
Waɗooɓe kuutorɗe Neandertal en peewniino kaɓirɗe juuɗe e mbaadiiji Levallois e Mouster (43 000 ko adii jibineede Iisaa) nannduɗi e ɗi Levant.[25][26] Alseri woni nokku ɓurɗo toowde e ƴellitaare karallaagal kuutorɗe Flake Paleolitik hakkundeejo.[27] Kuutorɗe oo yonta, puɗɗiiɗe hedde 30 000 ko adii jibineede Iisaa, ina mbiyee Aterian (caggal nokku arkewolosi Bir el Ater, fuɗnaange Tebessa).
Industiriiji lampaaji gadani e nder Afrik worgo ina wiyee Iberomaurusian (ko ɓuri heewde e mum en ko e diiwaan Oran). Ndeeɗoo feere ina wayi no yaajii e nder diiwanuuji daande maayo Magreb ɗii fof, hakkunde 15 000 e 10 000 ko adii jibineede Iisaa. Neolitik (neolitik) ƴellitii e nder Sahara e Mediteraane Magreb ma a taw ko gila e hitaande 11 000 ko adii jibineede Iisaa[28] walla ko ina wona hakkunde 6000 e 2000 ko adii jibineede Iisaa. Ndee nguurndam, teskinnde e nate Tassili n’Ajjer, ɓuri heewde e Alseri haa e jamaanu ɓooyɗo. Jillondiral leƴƴi Afrik worgo hawti haa ragare, ɓe laati yimɓe ɓii lesdi feere-feere, ɓe ngari noddireego Berber’en, ɓe woni leƴƴi ɓiɓɓe lesdi woyla Afrika.[29]
Owo Numidiyanke laamiiɗo Masinissa
Gila e nokku laamu maɓɓe mawɗo to Kartaago, Kartaagonaaɓe njaajnii, mbaɗti koɗki tokoosi e daande maayo Afrik worgo ; e hitaande 600 ko adii jibineede Iisaa, Fenisiyankooɓe ina ngoodi e daande maayo Alseri, ko wayi no Icosium to Alseri hannde oo e Hippo Regius (Annaba hannde oo). Ɗee gure ngonnoo ko gure luumooji kam e nokkuuji ɗo laanaaji diwooje njolnata.[30] Kartaaginaaɓe ndewi e haɓde e leƴƴi berbeer en tiiɗɗi e nder leydi ndii. E nder ɗuum, ɓe moofti njoɓdi, ɓe tiiɗnii e njulaagu (haa teeŋti e njamndi), ɓe njokki jokkondiral sehilaaɓe. Berbeer en ina ndokka ɓe marsandiis, jiyaaɓe, e konu pucci waawngu rewrude e laylayti hakkunde Sahara.[31] Pinal Kartaaginaaɓe ina tiiɗi no feewi e leƴƴi Berbeer en ɓadtiiɗi ɗii, ɗi ƴetti geɗe mum keewɗe. Gila e teeminannde jeegom ko adii jibineede Iisaa, e les laamu Magonid en, Kartaago ɓeydii tiiɗde, tawi heen geɗal ko luural e Gerek en, ɗum addani hare Sisili e hitaande 580 ko adii jibineede Iisaa.[31]
Nde laamu Carthage mawni, batte mum e yimɓe jeyaaɓe e leydi ndii ɓeydii no feewi. E teeminannde joyaɓere ko adii jibineede Iisaa, Berbeer en e nder ko wiyetee hannde Alseri ƴellitii faggudu ndema e durngol jillondirngol, peewnugol yahrungol yeeso, njulaagu e yuɓɓo politik ina mballita dowlaaji keewɗi.[32][31] E teeminannde tataɓere ko adii jibineede Iisaa, laamuuji ɗiɗi mawɗi Berber ina ngoodi : Masaesyli (gila maayo Moulouya to fuɗnaange Maruk haa Rhummel to Alseri) e Massyli (to fuɗnaange Alseri ɓurngo toowde e hirnaange Tuunus).[33] E hitaande 203–202 ko adii jibineede Iisaa, Masinissa mo Massyli, caggal nde Rome walli mo, o waɗi darnde mawnde e wolde Zama e seneraal Kartagina biyeteeɗo Hannibal, o fooli luulndiiɓe makko hirnaange (ina heen Sifaks) o hawri e leyɗeele ɗee e nder Laamu Numidiya.[34] Numidiya ina yaaji gila Tabarka to Tuunus haa e maayo Moulouya, laamorgo mum ko Cirta (Konstantin), Numidia woni nokku toowɗo e siwil Berbeer en.[35] Masinissa ƴelliti ndema, mahi konu e laana ndiwoowa tiiɗka, winndooɓe ɓooyɓe ina njetta mo ko wayi no daartoowo Room biyeteeɗo Livy, wonde laamɗo keeriiɗo.[36] Caggal maayde Masinissa e hitaande 148 hade Iisaa, hareeji lomto peeñi. Taaniiko biyeteeɗo Jugurtha (r. 118–106 ko adii jibineede Iisaa) hawritii Numidiya e laabi yurmeende kono o mettini e Rome e hareeji e warngooji ɓiɓɓe leydi Room to Cirta. Ko wonaa ɗuum koo, Jugurtha foolaama, nanngaa e hitaande 106 ko adii jibineede Iisaa e janfa jom suudu mum Bocchus mo Moritani.[37]
Roma heɓi nasaraaku mahgo kawtalji lesdi haa woyla Afrik, bana kawtal ngal Massinissa waɗi haa Carthage.[38] Kono, seeɗa-seeɗa, nde tiiɗtinii njiimaandi, nde artiri Numidiya ko adii fof, nde wonti protektorat, nde feccii nde, nde leefni ɗum. Caggal ɗuum laamɓe kiliyaneeɓe Berber en, ko wayi no Juba I (mo wallitnoo Pompey, mo Sesaar fooli ɗum to Thapsus e hitaande 46 ko adii jibineede Iisaa), njokki laamaade leyɗeele ustiiɗe. Augustus toɗɗii Juba II (r. 25 ko adii jibineede Iisaa–c. 23 caggal jibineede Iisaa), ganndo pinal toowngal, jom suudu Kleopatra Selene, hono laamɗo kiliyaneeɓe Moritani (caka Alseri e Maruk), addani mo yonta ƴellitaare.[39] E hitaande 40 caggal jibineede Iisaa, laamɗo biyeteeɗo Kaligula wari Ptolemy ɓiy Juba II. Caggal murto Berbeer en caggal ɗuum, Rome momti laamlaamuuji kiliyaneeɓe cakkitiiɗi ɗii, ɓe mbaɗti laamu toowngu, ɓe pecci leydi ndii e diiwanuuji (Moritani Sesariensis, Moritani Tingitana, e Afrik Prokonsularis).[40]
Pentol hollirngol seniiɗo Kerecee’en
Seniiɗo Agustin mo Hippo; diineeji kerecee en maandeeji e bismaango iwdi Numidi.
Rome hawritii e mawɓe nokkuure nden: laamu Severan (192-235 AD) iwdi Afrik, laamiiɗo Macrinus jibinaama haa Cesarea (Cerchell hannde, Algeria) hedde hitaande 165 AD. O wonti Prefek Pretorian, o wari Caracalla e hitaande 217, o laami ko juuti fotde lebbi 15. E tolno mum, 90 e nder 600 senaateer Roomnaaɓe ummorii ko worgo Afrik. So tawii Rome addii koɗdiiɗo e sosde koloniiji veteran’en, tawtoreede mum ko adii fof ina addana yimɓe nokkuuji ɗii, ɓe ndesnda ɗemɗe maɓɓe e aadaaji maɓɓe keewɗi, ɓe mbaɗta ɗum en e laamɓe Latin e Roma en. Roma’en mballiri sosde e ƴellitde gure tuugiiɗe no feewi e darnde nokkuuji ɗii.[41] Ɗum fof e wayde noon, laamu Room ina joginoo batte bonɗe no feewi e renndo berbeer en e nder yontaaji juutɗi. So tawii nokkuuji daande maayo njiyii mahdi mawndi ndi Roomnaaɓe mbaɗi, ko ɓuri heewde e nder leydi ndii wayliima wonti latifundia (latifundia) njulaagu gawri, ɗum noon ina fooɗa Berber en e nder leydi hee ɗo ɓe mbayli leƴƴi e ɓe kaɓa e nder yontaaji.[35] Kerecee’en njalti ko e teeminannde 3ɓiire haa 4ɓiire. Berbeer en ɓurɓe maantinde heen ko Sen Agustin, bismaango Hippo Regius (hannde Annaba, Alseri) e yumma mum, Sen Monika. Kono diine kerecee en ina yaawi ustaade e nder Berbeer en caggal nde jokkondiri e kuutoragol Roomnaaɓe, haa teeŋti noon caggal nde diine Donatist en ndartinaa.[35]
Laamu Vandal e Moor, fuɗɗoode teeminannde 6ɓiire.
Wakkati Vandal'en timmini laamu Room'en nder hitaande 429 ɓaawo Alseri, ko ɓuri ɗuuɗugo nder lesdi Alseri warti laamu le'i Berber'en.[35] E laamu laamɗo Genseric, Laamu Vandal en keɓii faddaade Kartaago e njilluuji ɗiɗi Bizantiinnaaɓe ummoriiɓe Konstantinopol e hitaande 460 e hitaande 468. Nanondiral jam e hitaande 474 addani duuɓi capanɗe keewɗi deeƴre. Ndeeɗoo yonta joofi ko nde Gelimer woppi laamu Hilderic, ɓiyiiko gorko, o heɓti laamu.[42] E hitaande 533, laamɗo biyeteeɗo Justinian I, yiɗde artirde laamu Room, ummini kampaañ mawɗo ngam haɓaade Vandal en. Laana mawka ka Seneraal Belisarius ardii ummii Konstantinopol. Caggal nde o jippii sara Kartaago, Belisarius fooli Vandal en e hareeji ɗiɗi, o heɓti Kartaago, o nanngi laamɗo Gelimer, mo o woppi Anatoli. Vandal en heewɓe ngoni maccuɓe walla riiwaaɓe e Afrik worgo.[43][44]
Laamu Bizantiin e nder Afrik ɓuri heewde ko e diiwanuuji Bizasina, Afrik Prokonsula, e Numidiya. So tawii won nguurndam nder gure ina jokki, nokkuuji ladde ina ngondi e caɗeele teeŋtuɗe, e fitinaaji keewɗi, e ŋakkeende kisal. Ñawu Justinien bonngu nguu ɓeydii leefɗinde diiwaan oo. Ndeen Bizantiin en njokkondirii e muñal ummoraade e leƴƴi Moor en wonɓe e koɗli Aurès. Gomnaajo Suleymaani fooli ɓe, o semmbiɗini laamu maɓɓe bee taskaramji cemmbiɗinki, ammaa o waraama nder konu haa sera Tebessa nder hitaande 543.[40] Seneraal John Troglita caggal mum artiri jam ɓuuɓɗo, rokki laamuuji Moor en ndimaagu mawngu.[45] Ɓuri maantinde e ɗeen ko Laamuuji Mauro-Romain e Laamuuji Altava.[46][47] Hakkille mawɗo e ndimaagu nokku oo feeñii, yeru mum ko guwerneer doole biyeteeɗo Gregory Patricien (gila 646), mo o ƴetti kaalis makko, o nawti laamorgo ngoo to Sufetula (Sbeitla).[45]
Duuɓi hakkundeeji
[taƴto | taƴto ɗaɗi wiki]Siftorde Dihya to Kenchela, to leydi Alseri
Haɓre juulɓe e Magreb waɗi ko hakkunde 647 e 709, ko ɗum maande yaajde aarabeeɓe-lislaam e nder Afrik worgo, ndeen nde feccii hakkunde leyɗeele daande maayo ɗe Bizantiin en njogii e laamlaamuuji e leƴƴi Berber en jeytaare e nder leydi ndii.[35] Haɓre ndee waɗi ko e geɗe tati mawɗe, haa jooni ko ɓuri heewde e diiwaan oo woni ko e les njiimaandi Kaliifa Umayya.[48]
Naatgol gadanol ngol (647-648), e gardagol Abdallah ibn Saad e gardagol Kaliifa Usmaan, fawii ko e Eksaarkat Kartaago. Aarabeeɓe ndartinii laamɗo Bizantiin biyeteeɗo Gregory e wolde Sufetula, ɗum leeltini laamu Bizantiin to Ifriqiya. Kono kampaañ oo yahdaani e njiimaandi.[49] Caggal yonta wolde hakkunde leyɗeele e nder winndere juulɓe, ɓuuɓol ɗiɗaɓol fuɗɗii ko hedde 665–689. Oqba ibn Nafi waɗii darnde mawnde : e hitaande 670, o sosi wuro wiyeteengo Kairouan, ngo wonti nokku mawɗo lislaam e nokku pinal.[50] O ardii kampaañuuji mawɗi haa nder leydi ndii, ina wiyee o yettiima daande maayo Atlantik, kono o hawri ko e caɗeele tiiɗɗe ummoraade e konu Bizantiin e Berbeer en. Koolol ngol hooreejo Berbeer en Kusayla ardii, yani e Oqba, wari ɗum e wolde Tahouda e hitaande 683. Kusayla nanngi Kairouan e nder wakkati seeɗa hade mum foolde.[51]
Daawe tataɓere, caɗtuɗe (697-709) ko Hasan ɓii Nuumaan, caggal ɗuum Muusa ɓii Nusayr ardii ɗum. Hassan heɓti, halki Kartaago e hitaande 697 caggal hare tiiɗnde e semmbeeji Bizantiin. Ndeen, luural mawngal Berbeer en feeñii e les njiimaandi laamɗo debbo biyeteeɗo Kahina (Dihya), mo fuɗɗii foolde Aarabeeɓe e nder koye Aurès. Kono Hassan warti e konu kesu, fooli, wari Kahina hedde hitaande 697.[52] Muusa ibn Nusayr timminii haɓde e hirnaange Magreb, o fooli leƴƴi berbeer en, o heɓti Tanger, o naatni berbeer en heewɓe tuubiiɓe e konu juulɓe. E hitaande 709, Maghreb fof woni ko e les njiimaandi Umayyaa en.[53]
Caggal nde seneraal berber en Tariq ibn Ziyad heɓti Espaañ Visigotik en e hitaande 711,[54] Lislaam ina yaaji e nder Afrik worgo fof, Berber en ina tawtoree hareeji e nder Orop, haa yettii Lyon e Autun to Farayse.[55] Kono tan, tuubiiɓe Berbeer en ina njoginoo haa jooni ko ɓe ngonaa aarabeeɓe, ɓe ngonaa aarabeeɓe, ɓe ngonaa aarabeeɓe;[56] haɓde e Maghreb caɗtuɗo addani Umayyaa en waɗde njoɓdi teeŋtundi e laamuuji tooñɗi.[57] E noddaango miijooji potal e laaɓal diine, Berber en heewɓe ina mballita e dille Kharijite, ina addana ɗum en heewde fitinaaji e nder Ifriqiya.[56][58]
- Fals Abdul Wahab ibn Rustaam (hedde 788-824)
Caggal murto Berbeer en, dowlaaji keewɗi jeytaare peeñi e nder Magreb. E hitaande 778, Abdel Rahmaan Ibn Rustam sosi emiraaji khariji en to Tahert e nder caka leydi Alseri anndiraaɗi imamat rustami, ko ɗum woni dowla juulɓe gadano jeytaare mum e nder Magrib. E oon sahaa, laamu nguu ina yaaji gila Tlemsen haa Tiripoli.[59] Nde ƴellitii ko e njulaagu hakkunde Saharaa. Rustamid en ina njoginoo kulhuli keewɗi ummoraade e Aghlabid en, ballitooji Kalifaandi Abbasid en, to fuɗnaange, e Alid Idrisid en to hirnaange. Sabu sifaa diineeji tiiɗɗi e nder renndo Ibadi, liimam en ina keewi haɓde e murto nder leydi, ɗum noon ina leefna laamu maɓɓe so wonaa tawa laamɗo oo ina teskaa e mum.[59] Laamu nguu fooli Faatimi en e hitaande 909, ɗum addani Ibadi en hoɗde e diiwaan M'zab.[60]
Kalifaandi Faatimid en, laamu Ismaa’il en Shiite laamnooɗo ko ɓuri heewde e Afrik worgo, c. 960-1100
Daawaaji Faatimi en naati Magreb ko e misioneer Ismaa’il en ganndo biyeteeɗo Abuu Abdullaah al-San’ani (al-Shi’i), garɗo hedde hitaande 900, hoɗi e nder berbeeruuji Kutama Kabyle saraaji Setif. O heɓi ballal maɓɓe seeɗa-seeɗa e waajaade gargol Mahdi, o yuɓɓini ɓe e konu, o dañii foolde laamu Aghlabid en. E hitaande 909, o heɓti Kairowan, o feewni leydi ngam dowla Faatimi.[61][62] Ndeen o woppii Ubaydu Alla al Mahdi kasoo to Sijilmasa, o rokki ɗum laamu. Al-Mahdi anndini hoore mum Kaliifa e hitaande 910, o woni sosɗo Kaliifa Faatimiyankeewo to Ifriqiya (Tunisi). Faatimiyankooɓe ndokki jaŋde Shiite Ismaa’il, ɓe kawri e luural mawngal e yimɓe sunnit en Maliki en,[63] ɓe kaɓi e murto keewngo, haa teeŋti e murto mawngo Abu Yazid (Gorko puccu).[64]
Faatimiyankooɓe mahii konu e laana ndiwoowa doole, keɓii nafooje konu. Ɓe njokki laamu Sisili, ɓe njani e fuɗnaange leydi Itali (934-935 e 1004-1015), ɓe ƴelliti toon faggudu cemmbinndu, e juulirɗe keewɗe, kaaƴe suukara, papyrus, e peewnugol cotton ko ina haɓa e Espaañ. Ko noon Faatimi en mbaɗiri laamu doole to bannge worgo Afrik, ngu alaa ɗo haaɗi haa Almoravi en e Almohadi en ummii.[65] Ko ɓuri mawnude e golle maɓɓe ko ƴellitde caka kalifaandi to Misra ; E laamu al-Mu'izz, seneraal mawɗo biyeteeɗo Jawhar al-Siqilli heɓti leydi Ejipt e hitaande 969, o sosi Kayhayɗi e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde al-Azhar, Faatimiyankooɓe ngummii laamorgo mum en to leydi Ejipt e hitaande 971.[66]
Statut Bologhine ibn Ziri sosɗo laamu Zirid
Caggal nde Faatimiyankooɓe ngummi laamorgo mum en to Ejipt e hitaande 971, ɓe toɗɗii Buluggin ibn Ziri, hooreejo Berbeer en Sanhaja, yo won guwerneer maɓɓe dow Ifriqiya e Magreb hakkundeejo. Ko ɗum woni fuɗɗoode laamu Ziriid (362-543 Hijre / 973-1152), laamiiɗo gila Achir ndeen al-Mansuriya sara Kairowan.[67][68] Buluggin sosi gure Alseri, Médéa e Miliana, ɗum waɗi Alseri hakkundeejo ina jogii nafoore to bannge politik.[61] Ndeen o yaajtinii laamu makko e nder leydi Alseri e ko ɓuri heewde e leydi Maruk ko juuti, o haɓi e leƴƴi Zenata.[67] E laamu al-Mu'izz ibn Badis, Ziriid en taƴi jokkondiral mum en e Faatimi en Shiite en e hitaande 1043, njaɓi Lislaam Sunni en, njaɓi Kalifaandi Abbasid en. E nder warhoore, Faatimi en neldi leƴƴi aarabeeɓe Banū Hilāl e Banū Sulaym, ɗi njiimaandi mum en waɗi halkaare mawnde, haa teeŋti noon e Kairouan.[69] Dowla Zirid ina ustoo seeɗa seeɗa, ina fecca.[70]
Catal galle oo, e gardagol Hammad ibn Buluggin, feccii, sosi laamu Hammadid en (408–552 hijre / 1018–1152 caggal Iisaa) to caka leydi Alseri. Laamorde maɓɓe arandeere woni Qal'at Bani Hammad, ɓaawo man ɓe ummi Bejaïa (Bougie), ɓe laati wuro mawngo marɗo jawdi.[71] Hammadi en ƴelliti laana ndiwoowa tiiɗka, ƴelliti ndema, njulaagu, njulaagu, e pinal. Wurooji bana Al-Qal’a’ e Béjaïa ɗon mari annduɓe, yimooɓe, e mahooɓe.[72] Kono, laamu nguu tampinii e feccere nder leydi, e fitinaaji, e njanguuji Almoravid en, e hareeji Genoes en e daande maayo. Hammadid en, haa jooni, Abd al-Mu'min, sosɗo Kaliifa Almohad, fooli ɗum en e hitaande 1152, ɗum joofni laamuuji Sanhaja ɗiɗo ɗii fof e nder diiwaan hee.[71]
Almoravid en (Al-Murabitun), woni fedde diine-konu puritaniyankoore, nde Berbeer en Sanhaja (ko ɓuri heewde e leñol Lamtuna) ummoriiɓe Saharaa to Moritani, sosaa ko e cakkital teeminannde 11ɓiire, ko ganndo Malik biyeteeɗo Abdullaah ibn Yasin. Diɗɗal ngal teeŋtinii jogaade tiiɗnaare e Lislaam sunnit Maliki.[73] E les ardiiɓe hono Yusuf ibn Tashfin, ɓe mahi laamu mawngu, ɓe cosi Marrakech laamorgo maɓɓe e hitaande 1062.[74] Ɓe keɓti Sijilmasa, Fes, ko ɓuri heewde e hirnaange e hakkunde Alaseri (ina heen Tlemsen, Oran, e Alseri e hitaande 1082), ɓe keɓti laamu Ganaa to fuɗnaange. Ɓe naati kadi e Al-Andalus (Espaañ), ɓe ndartini doole Kerecee’en, ɓe njaajni laamu maɓɓe toon.[74] Almoravid en semmbini Lislaam Maliki, ngaddi semmbe pinal Andalusiya en e nder Maghreb, kono sariyaaji maɓɓe tiiɗɗi caggal ɗuum addani ɓe dogde.[75] Ɓe liɓaama e juuɗe Almohad en, ɓe keɓti Marakech e hitaande 1147.[76]
Lomtiiɓe Almoravid en ko Almohaad en (Al-Muwahhidun), maanaa « ngootaagu » ; dille peewnitgol ɗe Muhammadu ibn Tumart, berbeer Masmuda, bayyinɗo hoore mum ko Mahdi.[77] Ɓe teeŋtini ngootaagu Alla timmuɗo (Tawhid) e ɓe luulndii ko ɓe njiyri ko majjere diine Almoravid. Abd al-Mu'min wonti Kaliifa Almohad gadano, o timmini jiimgol Magreb e hitaande 1147, o hawri e diiwaan oo ko adii fof.[78] To leydi Alseri, ɓe timmini laamu Hammadi en e heɓtude Bejaïe, Alseri, e Qal’at Bani Hammad.[79] Laamu nguu yettiima ɗo ɓuri mawnude e les njiimaandi Abu Yaqub Yuusuf e Yaqub al-Mansur, ɓe ndarni filosofi (ina heen Ibnu Rushd/Averroes e Ibnu Tufayl), naalankaagal, e mahdi, tawi ina jokki e jogaade doole e nder Al-Andalus.[80] Kono tan, foolde mawnde e dow konu Kerecee’en, haa teeŋti noon e Las Navas de Tolosa e hitaande 1212, e peccitagol nder leydi ndii addani laamu nguu yani.[80] E cakkital teeminannde 13ɓiire, dowla Almohad en feccii, jibini Hafsid en to Ifriqiya, Zayyan en to Tlemsen, e Marinid en to Fes.[81]
Damal to galle laamorɗo El Mechouar, Tlemsan, leydi Alseri
Caggal nde laamu Almohad yani, Yaghmurasen ibn Zayyan sosi laamu Berber en Zanata anndiraaɗo laamu Zayyanid walla laamu Abd al-Wadid, ngu laaminoo caka Magrib gila 1236 haa 1550.[82] Laamu nguu jibini laamɓe 27, ɓe mbaɗti Tlemcen laamorgo maɓɓe.[83] Zayyanid en ɓuri huutoraade innde emir, hay so tawii won heen ƴetti ko sheykh walla kalifa. Njuɓɓudi maɓɓe ina waɗi qadiiji e waziruuji.[83] Ngam nokku mum keewɗo faayiida e laabi njulaagu hakkunde Sahara, Tlemsen ƴellitii no feewi, woni nokku mawɗo politik, faggudu, e pinal, lolluɗo e njulaagu geɗe ɓaleeje, njamndi teddundi, e jiyaaɓe. ZayyaLaamɓe nid ina mballita e jaŋde no feewi e mahde juulirɗe e madrasaaji, ina mbaɗta laamorgo mum en nokku keeriiɗo to bannge diine e hakkillaaji.[83] Daartol maɓɓe ina winndaa no feewi, haa teeŋti noon e golle daartoowo mawɗo biyeteeɗo Ibn Khaldun.[84]
To bannge geɗe politik, laamu nguu ina hulɓinii sahaa kala hoɗdiiɓe mum doole — Marinid en Marok to bannge hirnaange e Hafsid en Ifriqiya to fuɗnaange[84] — tawa kadi ina wondi e caɗeele nder galleeji e gaññeeje ummoraade e leƴƴi Zanata luulndiiɗi.[85] Laamɓe heewɓe ceertii e teeminannde 14ɓiire, teeŋti noon e Abuu Hammu I (1308–1318), gartirɗo Tlemsen e yaajnude semmbe mum to fuɗnaange ; Abuu Tashfin I (1318–1337), gardinooɗo jaŋde e binndol, maayɗo e reentaade wuro ngoo e Marinid en ; Abuu Hammu II (1359-1389), ganndiraaɗo muñal mum e heɓtude Tlemsen laabi keewɗi ; e ɓiyiiko Abuu Tashfin II, mo o waɗi feere ngam haɓde e makko, waɗti Tlemsen jom leydi Marinid en.[86] E nder jamaanu, laamu nguu ustii sabu hareeji yaajɗi ɗi ngalaa keerol e janfaaji nder leydi, laamɓe Zayyanid en cakkitiiɓe ɓee ngonti Espaañnaaɓe ndeen Ottomaan en.[87]
Fuɗɗoode jamaanu hannde
[taƴto | taƴto ɗaɗi wiki]Caggal nde Granada yani e hitaande 1492, laamu Ottomaan en to Alseri to bannge worgo Afrik ummii e sahaa hareeji hakkunde Ottomaan en e Habsburg en e teeminannde 16ɓiire ngam jaabaade ɓeydagol njiimaandi Espaañ e gure daande maayo Alseri.[88] Regensi oo sosaa ko e hitaande 1516 e juuɗe banndiraaɓe korsaar en Aruj Barbarossa e Hayreddin Barbarossa, ɓe keɓti Alseri e ballal nokkuuji ngam haɓaade yaajde Espaañ, ɓe mbaɗti leydi ndii e les njiimaandi laamu Ottomaan.[89] Hay so tawii e innde mum ko sultan Ottomaan en, Regency oo wayliima seeɗa-seeɗa haa wonti "dowla laamɗo" keewɗo ndimaagu, tawi ko janissaries, kapiteenuuji korsaar en, e diiso divan en ɓuri laamu Ottomaan en toowngu.[90]
E nder teeminanɗe, laamu nguu wayliima e nder laabi laamu keewɗi : beylerbeys toɗɗaaɗi e Istanbul, caggal ɗuum pashas e aghas, hade jamaanu deys fuɗɗaade e hitaande 1671. E nder golle, laamu ina heewi fooftaade e Odjak (korse janissary) e ta’ifa denegoti militeer rewrude e kapiteenuuji korsair, tawi militeeruuji denegoti eliteeji.[91] Daartooɓe siftinii Regency ko "republique militaire",[92] hawrude e juɓɓule laamu Ottoman en e aadaaji politik nokkuuji ronkaaɗi e dowlaaji Afrik worgo jamaanu hakkundeejo.
Regency wonti gooto e laamuuji mawɗi e nder geec Mediteraane e nder teeminannde 16ɓiire e 17ɓiire.[93] Faggudu mayri tuugii ko e jeyi leydi, e ƴettugol jiyaaɓe, e njoɓdi,[94] peewnugol,[95] yoɓde njoɓdi, ndema e njulaagu maayo.[96] Laanaaji Corsair gollotooɗi gila Alseri njani e laanaaji Oropnaaɓe e nder Mediteraane haa e nder Atlantik, ɗum addani leyɗeele ko wayi no Angalteer, Farayse, Espaañ, Pays-Bas, Danemark, caggal ɗuum sukaaɓe Amerik yoɓde njoɓdi walla kaaldigal nanondiral to bannge Alseri.[97] Wuro ngo e hoore mum wonti jawdi, ngo semmbinaama no feewi, haa teeŋti noon caggal nde njilluuji Oropnaaɓe ndarni ko wayi no njangu laamɗo Charles V e hitaande 1541.[98] Casbah, gooto e gure ɓurɗe teskin'de e winndere nde, mahaa ko e oon sahaa.[95]
Alseri Otomaan e dowlaaji koɗdiiɗi e mum e teeminannde 17ɓiire-19ɓiire.
E nder leydi ndii, Regency oo yaajtinii laamu mum e ko ɓuri heewde e Alseri hannde oo, tawi ina rokka ardiiɓe leƴƴi e diiwanuuji ɗii ndimaagu mum no feewi. Doole politik e konu e nder leydi Alseri ɓuri waawde jogaade ko Turki en, tawi noon ko ɓuri heewde e yimɓe leydi Alseri ko yoɓooɓe njoɓdi, soldateeɓe, njulaagu e ardiiɓe diine.[99] To bannge renndo, Alseri ina nanndi e renndooji Orop fuɗnaange ko adii Rewolisiyoŋ, ina njogii aristokraasi doole, remooɓe miskineeɓe, renndo hakkundeejo leelngo, tawa kadi ko seeɗa e miijooji Anniya.[100] Won heen sahaaji, luural ina ummoo hakkunde janiisaaji Turki, yimɓe nokkuuji ɗii, e Kouloughlis (yimɓe jillondirɓe e iwdi Turki e Alseri), ɗum addani murto e ŋakkeende deeƴre politik. Hay so tawii noon weltaare e tooñanngeeji e majjere Ottomaan en ina yaaji, ina 6eydoo 6ooyde e 6amtaare diine e Kalifaandi Ottomaan en, e yettude Ottomaan en e ndeenka Espaañ, e kulol njiimaandi Oropnaaɓe, e jokkondiral pinal tiiɗngal,[101] e ŋakkeende dental hakkundeewal walla ngal alaa ko tiiɗi9. Renndo Alseri ina joginoo semmbe no feewi e diine e laamu timmungu, jaŋde ina tuugnii e jaŋde diine e les njiimaandi diineeji.[102]
Bommbooje Alseri ɗe laana ndiwoowa Angalteer-Hollande, lewru ut 1816
Alseri ina joginoo jokkondiral dipolomaasi e leyɗeele Orop, ina ɓeydoo waɗde ko aldaa e jeytaare mum e Istanbul,[103] haa teeŋti noon caggal kuudetaa janisaaji e hitaande 1659 e tiiɗtingol laamu dey e teeminannde 18ɓiire.[104] E fuɗɗoode teeminannde 19ɓiire, Regency fuɗɗii ustaade. Nafoore laana ndiwoowa Orop, ustaare hareeji korsaar caggal jamaanu Napoleyoŋ, jiiɓru nder leydi, caɗeele faggudu, e bommbooji keewɗi, ustii doole Alseri.[105] Hareeji Barbary e bommbooji Angalteer e Holanndee en to Alseri ɓeydii leefɗinde dowla oo, ɓe ndokki leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik e laamuuji Orop.[106] Jokkondiral e Farayse bonnii caggal nde Fly-Whisk waɗi e hitaande 1827, nde Dey Hussein fiyi konsul Farayse e nder luural jowitiingal e ñamaale e yoɓde gawri.[107] Farayse huutoriima episod o ngam dañde daliilu ngam naatde e hitaande 1830, heɓti Alseri, joofni Regency caggal ko ɓuri teeminanɗe tati gonɗe.[108][109] Reentaare jokki e Konstantin e les njiimaandi Ahmed Bey ben Mohamed Cherif haa hitaande 1837.[110]
Hannde, daartiyankooɓe Alserinaaɓe heewɓe ina njiyri yonta Regency ko yonta teskinɗo e dowla Alserinaaɓe hannde oo e hakkilantaagal ngenndiwal, nde tawnoo ko kañum renndini ko heewi e leydi ndii, ƴelliti juɓɓule politik duumotooɗe, e ƴellitde jikkuuji Al-Jaza’dal el Saarf [111] ina wiyee Regency oo ko "laamu ɓooyɗo Alseri".[99] Daartoowo biyeteeɗo Ahmadu Tawfiq al-Madani ina jogori wonde « dowla Alseri gadano » e..."Republique Ottomaan Alseri".[111][112][113]
Jawdi Farayse (1830-1962)
[taƴto | taƴto ɗaɗi wiki]Emir Abdelkader, hooreejo leydi Alseri, murtuɗo laamu koloñaal Farayse, hitaande 1865
Hay so tawii Faraysenaaɓe ndartinii laamu Ottomaan Alseri, sifaa gonɗo e njiimaandi ngenndiyaŋkaagal e anniyaaji dowla Alseri ina woodnoo tawo. Nde Faraysenaaɓe naati, leƴƴi nokkuuji ɗii kawri ngam wallitde Ottomaan en hay so tawii ɓe kaɓaaki e Regency.[114] Faraysenaaɓe ɓeydii semmbe mum en seeɗa-seeɗa, ɓe nanngi Konstantin e hitaande 1837. To hirnaange Alseri, Amir Abdelkader yuɓɓini dowla goonga, ardii hare tiiɗnde e Faraysenaaɓe, teeŋti noon e wolde Macta (1835).[115] Caggal duuɓi wolde, maantiniiɗi e peeje Farayse yurmeende ina heen razzias, o hokki hoore makko e hitaande 1847.[116] O heddii ko jaambaaro ngenndiijo ɓurɗo mawnude e Alseri, hare makko ina luggiɗi no feewi e ngenndiyaŋkaagal Alseri garoowo. Reentaare jokki e murto Kabyle en e kitaale 1850 e 1871,[117] e murto ngoɗngo, fof e dow fenaande, rewi heen ko ƴettugol leydi mawndi.[118] E wiyde daartiyankooɓe heewɓe, laabi ɗi Faraysenaaɓe kuutorii ngam tabitinde njiimaandi Alseri, njottiima e tolnooji warngooji.[119][120][121] Daartoowo biyeteeɗo Ben Kiernan winndii e dow ko Farayse heɓti Alseri: "E hitaande 1875, ko Farayse heɓti Alseri timmi. Hare nde warii ko ina tolnoo e 825 000 ɓiɗɗo leydi Alseri gila 1830".[122] Kaalis Farayse gila 1831 haa 1851 ko 92 329 maayɗo e nder safrirde ndee e 3 336 tan maayi e golle.[123][124]
Alseri koloñaal ina maantini e jiiɓru hakkunde laamu konu e koɗdiiɗo Oropnaaɓe. Nde nde assimilee e nder departemaaji Farayse e hitaande 1848,[125] nde gollorii ko e les njiimaandi guwerneer-general e juɓɓule baɗɗe faayiida no feewi e koɗdiiɗo, ɓe nganndiraa koloñaal en caggal ɗuum, Pied-Noirs.[126] E hitaande 1848, yimɓe Oropnaaɓe ina tolnoo e 100 000 neɗɗo,[127], ɓe njottii 244 600 neɗɗo e hitaande 1872.[128] Politik Napoleyoŋ III ɓurɗo yurmeende e juulɓe, hulɓinii koɗdiiɗo oo.[129] Caggal wolde Farayse-Prusse, Republique tataɓo oo darnii laamu koɗdiiɗo, semmbini ɗum e yimɓe hono Eugène Étienne. Fitinaaji koɗdiiɗo e hitaande 1898 addani laamu koloñaal en ɓeydaade heɓde ndimaagu mum en to Alseri. Faggudu nduu wonti fawaade e Farayse no feewi, ko ɓuri heewde e mum en ko gese inabooje e dow ballal peewnugol nguura,[130] ɗum addani juulɓe ɓee waasde, njiyaagu, baasal. E fuɗɗoode teeminannde 20ɓiire, koloñaal en mbaɗti ko ɓuri heewde e yimɓe e nder Alseri e Oran fof.[131]
Ngenndiyaŋkaagal Alseri feeñii ko adii wolde adunaare adannde rewrude e Jeunes Algériens, jannguɓe Farayse, ɗaɓɓooɓe assimilation goonga e potal hakkeeji.[132] Konu adunaaru adanngu hollitii waylo-waylo : Alserinaaɓe kaɓii e cuusal (25 000 maayɗo) e golloraade e nder usineeji Farayse, kono fodoore waylo-waylo no sariya Jonnart (1919) ɓuri bonde e luulndaare koɗdiiɗo.[133] Ɗum radikal dillere ndee. Emir Khaled (taaniiko Abdelkader) noddii hakkeeji demokaraasi ɓurɗi yaajde, o riiwaa e hitaande 1923.[134] Ferhat Abbas ummiima e assimilaasiyoŋ caggal nde o salii kuulal Blum-Viollette (1936). Messali Hadj ina ɗaɓɓa jeytaare timmunde rewrude e ENA e PPA, Sheek Ben Badis ina ƴellita pinal e ngenndiyaŋkaagal lislaam rewrude e AUMA (1931), ina ƴellita ndimaagu aarabeeɓe e Alseri.[135]
Hooreeɓe njeegomo daartol FLN : Rabah Bitat, Mostefa Ben Bulaaid, Muraad Diduche, Mohammed Buudiaf, Krim Belkasem e Larbi Ben M’Hidi.
E nder wolde adunaare ɗimmere, Alseri naati e les njiimaandi Vichy hade mum woppiteede e juuɗe leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik e nder Operation Torch, ko ɗum woni konu Amerik gadano mawngu e nder kampaañ Afrik worgo.[136] E hitaande 1943, Abbas yaltini Manifesto Leñol Alseri ngam ɗaɓɓude ndimaagu mum.[137] Mawnugol ngootaagu hakkunde ngenndiyankooɓe rewrude e dille AML,[138] wondude e ƴaañgol Farayse, addani warngooji bonɗi baɗnooɗi to Sétif e Guelma e lewru mee 1945,[139] ɗo ƴaañgol koloñaal bonngol ngol waɗi heewɓe e wiyde wonde ko hare balɗe tan woni feere.[140] Statut Organic 1947 mo ŋakki oo ɓeydii woppude yontaaji kesi ɗii.[135] Fedde hareeji, ina heen Ahmed Ben Bella, Hocine Ait Ahmed, Rabah Bitat, Larbi Ben M’hidi, e woɗɓe — caggal ɗuum anndiraa ardiiɓe daartol — ndartini fedde nde, sosi CRUA e hitaande 1953, nde wonti Fedde Ndimaagu Ngenndiire (FLN) e hitaande 1954, nde peewnitii Album11.
Hare Alseri ina jeyaa e hareeji ɓurɗi teeŋtude e winndere tataɓere ngam haɓaade koloñaal. Nde heɓi ɗum ko sabu FLN jokkude golle mum e paandaale mum teeŋtuɗe (hono no siforaa e bayyinaango 1 noowammbar 1954 e batu Soummam 1956);[141] daɗndude hakkillaaji winndere ndee e hare ngam "artirde dowla Alseri."[142]31 wing, anndiraaɗo ALN, dañii waɗde kulhuli mawɗi e kisal Farayse, tawi ina wuuri e luural luggiɗngal nder leydi.[141]
Kartal hollirngal peccitagol leydi Alseri e wilayaaji 6 ƴettaaɗi during Kongres Soummam e hitaande 1956 e geɗe ceertuɗe e Peeje Challe Farayse (golle njiyaagu) e nder wolde Alseri
Hare nde fuɗɗii ko e hareeji FLN jokkondirɗi ñalnde 31 oktoobar–1 noowammbar 1954.[144] Farayse jaabtii e doole konu hawrude e peeje renndo e faggudu e les njiimaandi ardiiɓe hono Mendès-Farayse, Soustelle (mo ƴelliti "naatgol"),[145] e caggal mum Guy Mollet.[146] Fitinaaji ɓeydii no feewi caggal nde FLN waɗi njanguuji bonɗi to Nord Constantinois e lewru ut 1955.[147] FLN huutoriima njanguuji hit and run to Alseri e Farayse e nder hare mum, Farayse waɗii warngooji bonɗi. Yanti heen, Faraysenaaɓe mbonnii ko ina tolnoo e 8 000 wuro[148], ɓe ngummii ko ina tolnoo e miliyoŋaaji ɗiɗi Alserinaaɓe e nder kaɓirɗe coktirgal.[149] Hare Alseri (1956–57) yi’i FLN huutoriima ownugol e bommbooji nder gure, ɗi paratroopers Farayse ndartini huutoraade torla — heɓde nasaraaku konu kono bonnude politik mawnde.[150] Feere ndee waɗi ko peccitagol tiiɗngol nder leydi : FLN e MNA Messali Hadj (ko ɗum addani warngooji ƴiiƴam hono Mélouza),[151] e jiiɓru hakkunde doole FLN "nder" e "yaasi".[152] Konu Farayse, e ƴettude janngirɗe e Indosiin, heɓi nafooje konu mawɗe, teeŋti noon e kampaañuuji Morice Line e Seneraal Challe, kono ina njokki e ɓeydaade mettere politik.[153]
Caggal nde Charles de Gaulle arti e laamu e hitaande 1958, FLN sosi Guwarnama kuuɓtodinɗo Ndenndaandi Alaseri (GPRA), toɗɗii Ferhat Abbas hooreejo mum. GPRA salii eɓɓaande de Gaulle ngam dartinde wolde, nde o innitiri "Jam jaambaaro",[154] addani mo waylude darnde makko feewde e ƴellitgol hoore makko (anndinaa e hitaande 1959).[155][156] Ɗum jibini murto koɗdiiɗo e konu, haa arti noon e putsch mo ronkaama e lewru abriil 1961, mo senerooji ɗi Challe e Salan ardii, caggal ɗuum naati e OAS ownooɓe.[155] Caggal kaaldigal caɗtungal, nanondiral Évian siifondiraa e lewru marse 1962,[157] ɗum addani dartagol wolde e referaandoom ɗo Alserinaaɓe ɓuri heewde wootde ngam heɓde jeytaare. Alseri heɓi ndimaagu mum ñalnde 5 sulyee 1962, ɗum joofni duuɓi 132 laamu koloñaal Farayse.[158]
Coodgu aadee ina mawni no feewi. Daartooɓe, hono Alistair Horne e Raymond Aron, ina kollita wonde keewal maayɓe e wolde juulɓe Alseri ina ɓurnoo heewde e limtooji FLN gadani ɗii e limtooji Farayse laawɗuɗi ɗii kono ina famɗi no feewi e miliyoŋaaji 1 maayɓe ɗi laamu Alseri wiyi caggal jeytaare mum en. Horne limtii wonde maayɓe Alserinaaɓe e nder duuɓi jeetati ina tolnoo e 700 000 neɗɗo.[159] Hare nde riiwti ko ina ɓura miliyoŋaaji ɗiɗi Alserinaaɓe.[160]
Limre Pied-Noirs Oropnaaɓe dognooɓe Alseri ko ɓuri 900 000 hakkunde 1962 e 1964.[161] Eggugol Farayse mawngol ngol yaawi caggal warngooji baɗnooɗi to Oran e hitaande 1962, ɗo Oropnaaɓe heewɓe mbaraa ngam yoɓde warngooji OEA.[162] Ina hiisa wonde hakkunde 30 000 e 150 000 Harki e jom en jawɗeele en mbaraa ko FLN walla ko linch mobbooji to Alseri.[163] Leydi ndii heddii ko e ɓuuɓri : ɓuuɓri mawndi, ŋakkeende faggudu sabu ko ɓuri heewde e hoɗɓe Oropnaaɓe njalti ɗoon e ɗoon, e baasal renndo luggiɗngal.[164]
Duuɓi capanɗe tati gadani jeytaare (1962–1991)
[taƴto | taƴto ɗaɗi wiki]Houari Boumediene
Ngootaagu FLN ɓuuɓngu nguu, yani ɗoon e ɗoon caggal jeytaare mum, ɗum addani hooreejo GPRA, hono Ben Youcef Ben Khedda, luural laamu, e terɗe GPRA goɗɗe, ina heen Ait Ahmed, Rabah Bitat e Ahmed Ben Bella. Ko sakkitii koo, ko ALN yaajɗo e gardagol Houari Boumedienne seppo e Alseri. Caggal seppooji mawɗi ɗi UGTA yuɓɓini, wolde nder leydi rewi, Ben Bella heɓi laamu e lewru suwee 1962.[165] Leñol kesol ngol ina joginoo caɗeele mawɗe e mahngo faggudu ndu ŋakkiraaka e ƴellitde mbaydi ngenndi ndi jokkondirndi.[166]
Hooreejo leydi Alaseri gadano oo ko Ahmed Ben Bella hooreejo Fedde FLN. Luural leydi ummoriingal e ɗaɓɓaande Maruk e geɗe hirnaange Alseri addani wolde sanɗaaji e hitaande 1963.[167] Ben Bella liɓaa e hitaande 1965 ko Houari Bumédiène, gonnooɗo sehil makko e jaagorgal ndeenka leydi. E laamu Ben Bella, laamu nguu ɓeydiima wonde sosiyaalist en e doolnuɓe ; Boumédienne jokki e ngool laawol. Kono o ɓuri tuugnaade ko e konu ngam ballal makko, o ustii lannda sariya gooto tan e darnde maande. O moofti ndema, o ummini diɗɗal mawngal ngam ƴellitde njulaagu. Koɗkiiji ƴettugol nebam mbaɗtaa ngenndiiji. Ɗumɗoo ina teskaa e ardorde ndee caggal kiris petroŋ hakkunde leyɗeele e hitaande 1973.
Lomtiiɗo Boumédienne biyeteeɗo Chadli Bendjedid waɗii won e peeje faggudu rimɗuɗe. O ƴetti politik aarabeeɓe e nder renndo Alseri e nguurndam renndo. Jannginooɓe Arab, adduɓe e leyɗeele juulɓe goɗɗe, njaltini miijo lislaam ngoɗngo e nder duɗe, aawi aawdi gartugol e lislaam ortodoks.[168]
Faggudu Alseri ɓeydii fawaade e petroŋ, ɗum addani ɗum caɗeele nde coggu nguu ustii e kitaale 1980 ŋakkeende petroŋ.[169] Resndo faggudu saabinoongu ŋakkeende coggu petroŋ winndere ndee, addani Alseri jiiɓru renndo e nder kitaale 1980 ; e darorɗe duuɓi sappo ɗii, Bendjedid naati e njuɓɓudi lanndaaji keewɗi. Lanndaaji politik ƴellitii, ko wayi no Fedde Islaamiyankoore (FIS), fedde jaajnde pelle juulɓe.[168]
Konu hakkunde leyɗeele (1991-2002) e caggal mum
Winndannde mawnde: Hare nder leydi Alseri
Warngooji ko ina tolnoo e 50 neɗɗo e hitaande 1997-1998. Fedde Islaamiyankoore (GIA) wiyi ko heewi e maɓɓe mbaɗi ɗum en.
E lewru desaambar 1991, fedde wiyeteende « Front de sauvetage islamique » jiimi e wooteeji gadani e nder wooteeji ɗiɗi. E kulol suɓaade laamu lislaam, laamu nguu naati heen ñalnde 11 lewru Yarkomaa 1992, ngummii woote ɗee. Bendjedid woppi laamu, Diiso Toowngo Dowla toɗɗaa ngam wonde Hooreejo leydi. Nde haɗi FIS, ɗum jibini fitinaaji siwil hakkunde fedde armeeji Front, hono Goomu Islaamiyankeewu armeeji, e konu ngenndi, tawi ko ina ɓura 100 000 neɗɗo ina cikka maayi heen. Militeeruuji lislaamiyankooji mbaɗii kampaañ bonɗo warngooji siwil en.[170][failed verification] E nokkuuji keewɗi e nder hare nde, ngonka Alseri wonti ko huunde nde winndere ndee fof hatojini e mum, haa teeŋti noon e sahaa kiris mo Air France Flight 8969, njiimaandi ndi fedde wiyeteende Islamic Group waɗi. Fedde Islaamiyankoore armeeji bayyini dartagol wolde e lewru oktoobar 1997.[168]
Alseri waɗii wooteeji e hitaande 1999, ɗi ƴeewooɓe winndere ndee e ko ɓuri heewde e pelle luulndo[171] njiyri ɗum en ko hooreejo leydi Abdelaziz Bouteflika heɓi. O golliima ngam artirde deeƴre politik e nder leydi ndii, o habri eɓɓaande "Civil Concord", jaɓaande e nder referaandoom, nde heewɓe e kasoo politik njaafnaa, e ujunnaaje keewɗe terɗe pelle daraniiɗe jojjanɗe aadee ndokkaama yamiroore ñaaweede e dow yaafuya keewɗo, jogorɗo huutoreede haa ñalnde 13 lewru nduu fitinaaji njippiima e yaawre. Fedde salafiste en ngam haɓaade (GSPC), fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore, jokki kampaañ ownugol e laamu nguu.[168]
Bouteflika toɗɗaa kadi e woote gardagol leydi e lewru abriil 2004 caggal nde o waɗi kampaañ e porogaraam nanondiral ngenndiwal. Porogaraam oo ina waɗi peeje faggudu, juɓɓule, politik e renndo ngam ƴellitde leydi ndii, ɓeydude nguurndam, e haɓaade sabaabuuji njiimaandi. Ina heen kadi eɓɓaande yaafuya ɗiɗmere, hono Charte pour la Paix et la Réconciliation Nationale, nde jaɓaa e referaandoom e lewru suwee 2005. Nde rokki yaafuya ko ɓuri heewde e geriyaaɓe e doole kisal laamu.[168]
E noowammbar 2008, doosɗe leydi Alseri mbaylaama caggal woote to Parlemaa, ɗe itti keerol manndaaji ɗiɗi wonande jooɗaniiɓe hooreejo leydi. Ndee waylo-waylo addani Bouteflika daraade ngam suɓaade hooreejo leydi e woote gardagol leydi 2009, o suɓaama kadi e lewru abriil 2009. E nder kampaañ makko woote e caggal nde o suɓaa, Bouteflika fodaniino ɓeydude porogaraam nanondiral ngenndiwal e porogaraam 150 miliyaar dolaar keso miliyoŋaaji tati hostrubs ngam yoɓde.
Geography
[taƴto | taƴto ɗaɗi wiki]Saharaa, koɗli Hoggar e koɗli Atlas ina mbaɗi relief Alseri.
Jeereende Alseri ina waɗi ko ina ɓura 90% e leydi ndii fof.[177]
Gila Sudaan fusi e hitaande 2011, haa Sudaan Worgo sosaa, Alseri woni leydi ɓurndi mawnude e Afrik. Kadi ko ndi leydi ɓurndi mawnude e nder geec Mediteraane. Feccere mayre fuɗnaange ina waɗi geɗal maantinngal e Saharaa. To bannge worgo, Atlas Tell ina hawra e Atlas Sahara, to bannge worgo, ko ɓulli ɗiɗi nannduɗi e ɓadtaade fuɗnaange, hakkunde majji ina mbaɗi laddeeji mawɗi e dowriiji toowɗi. Atlasuuji ɗii fof ina keewi hawrude e fuɗnaange Alseri. Koye mawɗe Aures e Nememcha ina njogii fuɗnaange-rewo Alseri fof, ina keeri Tuunus. Nokku ɓurɗo toowde oo ko tufnde Tahat (3 003 meeteer walla 9 852 meeteer).
Alseri ɓuri woni ko hakkunde latitudeeji 19° e 37°N (nokku tokooso woni fuɗnaange 37°N e fuɗnaange 19°N), e njuuteendi 9°W e 12°E. Ko ɓuri heewde e nokkuuji daande maayo ko tufɗe, won heen ko koɗli, ina waɗi kadi laaɗe diwooje nafooje seeɗa. Nokku oo gila e daande maayo haa e Tell Atlas ina ɓuuɓi. Fuɗnaange Atlas Tell ko nokku ɓuuɓɗo joofɗo e Atlas Saharaa ; ko ɓuri woɗɗude to bannge worgo, ko jeereende Sahara.[178]
Koye Hoggar (aarabeeɓe : جبال هقار ), anndiraaɗe kadi Hoggar , ko diiwaan toowɗo e nder caka Saharaa, to fuɗnaange Alseri. Ɓe ngoni ko hedde 1 500 km (932 mi) to fuɗnaange laamorgo leydi Alseri, e fuɗnaange Tamanghasset tan. Alseri, Oran, Konstantin, e Annaba ko gure mawɗe Alseri.[178]
Kiliima e ndiyam
Winndannde mawnde: Kiliima Alseri
Kartal Alseri e peccitagol weeyo Köppen
E nder ndii leydi, nguleeki jeereende hakkunde ñalawma ina waawi wonde nguleeki hitaande kala. Kono caggal nde naange muti, henndu laaɓndu, yoorndu ina addana nguleeki yaawde, jammaaji ɗii ina cooynoo haa ina ɓuuɓta. Ñalnde kala ko heewi e nguleeki ina winndee.
Toɓooli ina keewi no feewi e bannge daande maayo Tell Atlas, ina tolnoo e 400 haa 670 mm (15,7 haa 26,4 in) hitaande kala, keewal toɓooli ina ɓeydoo gila hirnaange haa fuɗnaange. Toɓo ɓuri heewde ko e bannge worgo fuɗnaange Alseri, ɗo toɓo ngoo yettotoo ko ina tolnoo e 1 000 mm (39,4 in) e won e duuɓi.
Ko ɓuri woɗɗude e nder leydi, toɓooli ɗii ina pamɗi. Alseri ina jogii kadi erguuji, walla tule ceene, hakkunde koɗli. Ina jeyaa e ɗeen, e sahaa ndunngu nde henndu nduu heewi e ɓuuɓde, nguleeki ina waawi yettaade 43,3 °C (110 °F).
Waylo-waylo weeyo to leydi Alseri ina jogii batte keewɗe e leydi ndii. Alseri wonaano darnde mawnde e mbayliigu weeyo,[179] kono, hono no leyzeele gozze e nder diiwaan Fuznaange hakkundeejo e Afrik worgo (MENA) nii, ina sikkaa ina jeyaa e leyzeele vurze waawde battinde e mbayliigu weeyo.[180] Sabu feccere mawnde e leydi ndii ina woni e nokkuuji gulɗi e joorɗi, ina heen feccere e Saharaa, caɗeele keɓgol nguleeki e ndiyam ina ɗaminaa maa ɓeydo bonde.[179] Gila e hitaande 2014, annduɓe ina mbiya wonde nguleeki ɓurtuki ina addana mbayliigu weeyo e nder leydi Alseri.[179] Alseri woni ko e 46ɓo e nder leyɗeele 2020 ngam ƴellitde golle mbayliigu weeyo.[181]
Fauna e leɗɗe
[taƴto | taƴto ɗaɗi wiki]Fowru fennec ko daaba ngenndiijo leydi Alseri.
Leɗɗe ceertuɗe Alseri ina mbaɗi nokkuuji daande maayo, koɗli e huɗo nannduɗi e jeereende ɗi fof ina mballita e kullon ladde keewkon.
E nder leydi Alseri, laddeeji zi ko hedde 1 % e wertallo leydi ndii fof, zum wonnoo ko 1 949 000 ektaar (ha) ladde e hitaande 2020, zum wonnoo ko 1 667 000 ektaar (ha) e hitaande 1990. E hitaande 2020, laddeeji vurzi moxxude e nder tagoodi (hektaar) e9010 cakkii 510 000 ektaar (ha). E nder laddeeji vurzi moxxude zi 0 % hollitaama ko laddeeji vurzi famzude (ina heen lezze vurze moxxude tawa alaa ko hollirta golle yimve laaɓtuze) e ko ina wona 6 % e nokkuuji laddeeji zi tawaama e nder nokkuuji reentorzi. Wonande hitaande 2015, 80% e nokkuuji laddeeji zi kollitaama ko jeyi laamu, 18% jeyi keeriiɗo e 2% jeyi limtaa ko goɗɗum walla ko anndaaka.[182][183]
Heewɓe e tagooje baɗɗe ladde Alseri ina nguuri e ɓadtaade siwil en. Daabaaji ɓurɗi yiyeede ɗii ko : baali ladde, baali Afrik, e gazelle, hay so tawii noon ina heewi yiyeede e baali fennec e jerbooji. Alseri ina jogii kadi ƴiye Afrik tokoose e ƴiye Afrik worgo-fuɗnaange, kono ɗeen ƴiye ina pamɗi yiyeede. Muudo mboros boɗeejo, hono mboros Barbary, ina hoɗi e laddeeji ɓuuɓɗi, ɓuuɓɗi e nokkuuji fuɗnaange-rewo. Fowru fennec ko daaba ngenndi Alseri.[184]
Keewceeral colli ina mbaɗa leydi ndii nokku ɗo ƴeewooɓe colli njiylotoo. Laddeeji ɗi ko baali e ɓowɗi hoɗi. Makaakuuji barbari ko ɓowɗi tan njibinaa. Mbooy, monitoruuji jeereende, e kullon ladde keewkon ina tawee ina nguuri e nder mbaydiiji keewɗi e nder diiwanuuji semi-arid Alseri ɗii kala. Daabaaji keewɗi jooni majjii, ina jeyaa heen : liɗɗi Barbary, beeli Atlas e mborosaaji Afrik hirnaange.[185]
To bannge worgo, won e leɗɗe gonɗe e leydi ndii ina mbaɗi ƴiye Macchia, leɗɗe oliif, leɗɗe ƴiye, leɗɗe seddere e leɗɗe goɗɗe. Diiwanuuji koɗli ɗii ina njogii laddeeji mawɗi ɓuuɓɗi (pine Aleppo, juniper, e oak ɓuuɓɗo) e won e leɗɗe ɓuuɓɗe. Fig, eukaliptus, agave, e leɗɗe paltoor ceertuɗe ina puɗa e nokkuuji ɓurɗi welde. Vine inabooje ko jeyaaɗo e daande maayo. To diiwaan Saharaa, won e oaseeji ina njogii leɗɗe palme. Akasiyaaji e oliif ladde ko leɗɗe ɓurɗe heewde e heddiiɓe e Saharaa. Alseri ina joginoo 2018 limre 5,22/10, woni 106ɓo e nder winndere nde e nder 172 leydi.[186]
Jardiin Botanique Hamma ina waɗi ko ina tolnoo e 1 200 leɗɗe ceertuɗe, ina heen leɗɗe keewɗe ɗe keewaani e ɗe ngalaa sifaaji.[187]
Gelooɗi ina kuutoree no feewi ; jeereende ndee ina heewi kadi mboɗeeri tookeeri e ndi tooketaake, mborosaaji, e mborosaaji keewɗi.
Laamu e politik
[taƴto | taƴto ɗaɗi wiki]Winndannde mawnde: Politik leydi Alseri
Abdelmadjid Tebboune, hooreejo leydi Aljeri gila 2019
Laamu Alseri siforaama ko laamu doolnuɗo,[188][189][190][191] e politikaaji cuɓaaɗi ina njogii doole seeɗa e geɗe leydi ndii. E nder ɗuum, fedde "décideurs" ("fellitooɓe") siwil en e konu ɓe cuɓaaka, anndiraaɗe "le pouvoir" ("doole") ina kuutoroo laamu de facto e dow leydi ndii, haa arti noon e suɓaade hol fotɗo wonde hooreejo leydi.[192][193][194] Gorko ɓurɗo doole ina waawi wonde Mohamed Mediène, hooreejo humpito konu, hade makko jippineede e seppooji 2019.[195] E ɗii duuɓi cakkitiiɗi, heewɓe e ɓeeɗoo senerooji maayii, njooɗiima, walla ngoppaama. Caggal maayde Seneraal Larbi Belkheir, hooreejo leydi ɓennuɗo oo, hono Bouteflika, waɗti lolluɓe e postooji teeŋtuɗi, teeŋti noon e Sonatrach, o dañii waylooji doosɗe leydi ndi, ɗi mbaɗti mo suɓaade haa abada, haa o jippinaa e hitaande 2019 e nder seppooji.[196]
Mawɗo leydi ndi ko hooreejo leydi Alaseri, cuɓeteeɗo duuɓi joy. Hooreejo leydi oo ina yaaji e manndaaji ɗiɗi, duuɓi joy. Woote hooreleydaagu 2019 ina fotnoo waɗeede e lewru abriil 2019, kono seppooji keewɗi mbaɗii ñalnde 22 feebariyee ngam salaade kuulal hooreejo leydi ndii ngam tawtoreede woote ɗee, ɗum addani hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Bouteflika, bayyinde wonde o woppii laamu ñalnde 2 abriil.[197] Abdelmadjid Tebboune, kanndidaa keɓtinaaɗo, suɓaama hooreejo leydi caggal nde woote ɗee mbaɗi ñalnde 12 desaambar 2019. Seppooji ɗii njaɓaani jaɓde Tebboune wonde hooreejo leydi, ɓe ciftinii ɗaɓɓaande peewnugol kuuɓtodinngol doosɗe politik.[198] Alseri ina jogii hakke suɓaade e nder duuɓi 18.[199] Hooreejo leydi woni hooreejo konu nguu, e Diiso Jaagorɗe e Diiso Kisal Toowɗo. O toɗɗata ko gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndi kadi ko kanko woni hooreejo laamu.[200]
Asaambele ngenndi yimɓe
Parlemaa Alseri ko suudu ɗiɗi ; suudu lesru nduu, woni Asaambele ngenndi, ina jogii terɗe 462 cuɓaaɗe to bannge duuɓi joy, suudu toowndu nduu, woni Diiso Ngenndi, ina jogii terɗe 144, tawi heen 96 ko suudu sarɗiiji cuɓotoo, 48 ko hooreejo leydi toɗɗaa e[21]. E fawaade e doosɗe leydi, hay fedde politik wootere waawaa soseede so tawii « tuugnii ko e ceertugol diine, ɗemngal, leñol, jinnaaɓe, golle, walla diiwaan ». Yanti heen, kampaañuuji politik ina poti yaltineede e geɗe cifaaɗe dow ɗee.[202]
Woote parlemaa cakkitii waɗde ko e lewru suwee 2021. E nder wooteeji ɗii, FLN dañii 66 jooɗorde mum, kono heddii ko lannda ɓurɗo mawnude e 98 jooɗorde. Lanndaaji goɗɗi ɗii ko Dillere Société pour la Paix keɓɗo 65 jooɗorde, Rally National pour la Démocratie keɓɗo 58 jooɗorde, Front Future keɓɗo 48 jooɗorde, e Dillere mahngo ngenndiire keɓɗo 39 jooɗorde.
Jokkondiral caggal leydi
[taƴto | taƴto ɗaɗi wiki]Winndannde mawnde: Jokkondiral hakkunde leyɗeele Alseri
Hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Abdelaziz Buteflika e George W. Bush ina njuɓɓina juuɗe mum en to otel Windsor Toya Resort and Spa to wuro Tōyako, diiwaan Abuta, Hokkaidō e hitaande 2008. E maɓɓe ina ngondi e Dmitriy Medvedev, nano, e Yasuo Fukuda, ñaamo.
Alseri ina jeyaa e politik koɗdigal Orop (ENP) mo Dental Orop ƴetti ngam ɓamtude Dental Orop e hoɗdiiɓe mum. Hokkude semmbe e yoɓde gollotooɓe ɓurɓe moƴƴude, kam e rokkude kaalis e mbaadi ɓurndi yaawde e ɓuuɓde, ko ɗeen ngoni kuule ɗiɗi mawɗe gonɗe e les njiimaandi kuutorgal Orop (ENI) ngal fuɗɗii golle e hitaande 2014. Ina jogii bidsee €15,4 miliyaar, ina rokka kadi limoore kaalis rewrude e porogaraamuuji.
E hitaande 2009, laamu Farayse jaɓi yoɓde warɓe jarribooji nukliyeer to Alseri. Jaagorgal ko feewti e ndeenka leydi ndii, hono Hervé Morin, hollitii wonde « yontii nde leydi men jogori jam e hoore mum, jam e dow ballal njuɓɓudi njoɓdi e njoɓdi », nde o holliti eɓɓaande sariya jowitiinde e yoɓde. Jaagorgal leydi Alseri e gollodiiɓe mum ina cikki wonde ɗumɗoo ko laawol gadanol moƴƴol, ina ɗaminii kadi wonde ngolɗoo laawol ina waawi hirjinde reparaasiyoŋ ɓurɗo yaajde.[203]
Feere hakkunde Alseri e Maruk e jokkondiral mum e Saharaa hirnaange, ko huunde nde haɗata tiiɗtinde Dental Magreb aarabeeɓe, sosaangal e innde mum e hitaande 1989, kono ngal jogaaki teddeendi gollal seeɗa.[204] Ñalnde 24 lewru bowte hitaande 2021, Alseri habri wonde ina woppi jokkondiral mum e Maruk.[205]
Jaagorgal leydi Alseri hannde ko feewti e caggal leydi wiyetee ko Ahmed Attaf. Wakiiliijo maɓɓe to Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe ko Amar Bendjama.[206]
Soje
Winndannde mawnde: Konu leydi Alseri
Korvet biyeteeɗo Djebel Chenoua, mo Alseri feewnaa e mahaaɗo
Konu leydi Alseri ina waɗi konu ngenndi (ANP), konu ndiyam leydi Alseri (MRA), e konu weeyo Alseri (QJJ), e konu weeyo leydi ndii.[207] Ko kañum woni lomto toowngo Konu Ndimaagu Ngenndi (Armée de Libération Nationale walla ALN), fedde armeere ngenndiyankoore nde haɓantonoo koloñaal Farayse e wolde jeytaare Alseri (1954–62).
Hakke yimɓe konu ina mbaɗi 147 000 gollotooɓe, 150 000 rezerw, e 187 000 gollotooɓe e konu (estimation 2008).[208] Golle e nder konu ko doole wonande worɓe yahrooɓe e duuɓi 19–30, fotde lebbi 12.
Haa e hitaande 2026, Global Firepower wonii Alseri e 27ɓo e nder 145 leydi e nder limto mum hitaande kala e doole konu, tawi PowerIndex ina jogii 0,4849. Ko noon kadi ƴeewndo ngoo waɗiri Alseri ɗiɗaɓo e nder leyɗeele Afrik, caggal Misra.[209][210] Duɗal hakkunde leyɗeele ngam wiɗtooji peeje (IISS) ina siftina The Military Balance ko ƴeewndo doole konu, gollotooɓe, limtooji kaɓirɗe e faggudu defaare ko ina ɓura 170 leydi.[211] Alseri woni leydi ɗiɗmiri ɓurndi heewde konu e nder Afrik worgo, ndi ɓuri heewde kaalis e nder Afrik (miliyaaruuji 10 dolaar).[212] E wiyde Duɗal Wiɗtooji Jam hakkunde leyɗeele Stockholm (SIPRI), Alseri waɗii ko ina tolnoo e 25,4 miliyaar dolaar Amerik e konu mum e hitaande 2025, ɗum noon ko 20ɓo e winndere ndee e nder leyɗeele ɓurɗe heewde ngalu konu.[213]
Caggal nde jaayɗe laamu Alseri kolliti keɓgol laana ndiwoowa Sukhoi Su-57, ɗum waɗi Alseri ko kañum woni leydi gadani e nder Afrik, e nder winndere aarabeeɓe, walla e nder leyɗeele ɓurɗe heewde juulɓe. ngam heɓde haɓoowo Riisi mo yonta joyaɓo.[214][215] Kaɓirɗe Alseri goɗɗe mawɗe hannde ɗee ko tank hare mawɗo T-90, Su-30MKA hare keewɗo doole, Su-35 hare, Su-57 hare yonta joyaɓo, hare MiG-29, elikopteer njanngu Mi-28, system misilaaji S-400 e laana ndiwoowa Kilo. Porogaraam leydi ndii ngam ƴellitde kaɓirɗe leydi ndii tuugii ko e kaɓirɗe Riisi sabu ko ɓuri heewde e kaɓirɗe Alseri ummorii ko Riisi, Siin e Oropnaaɓe kadi ina ngondi e kaɓirɗe konu mawɗe.[216]
Hakkeeji aadee
[taƴto | taƴto ɗaɗi wiki]Alseri ina renndini laamu Amerik e Freedom House mo laamu mum rokkata kaalis mum, wonde « leydi ndi alaa ndimaagu » gila nde fuɗɗii yaltinde ɗeen ɗoon limlebbi e hitaande 1972, so wonaa e hitaande 1989, 1990, e 1991, nde leydi ndi winndaa « ndimaagu mum seeɗa ».[217] E lewru desaambar 2016, Fedde toppitiinde jojjanɗe aadee to Orop e Mediteraane yaltinii ciimtol ko faati e ŋakkeende ndimaagu jaayɗe to Alseri. Nde laaɓtinii wonde laamu Alaseri ina fawi kuule ngam haɗde ndimaagu jaayɗe ; wolde; e hakke seppooji jam, seppooji e mooɓondiral kam e tiiɗtinde senngo jaayɗe e lowre internet. Sabu jaayndiyankooɓe e daraniiɓe laamu nguu ina njuuma, won e juɓɓule jaayndeeji ina njuumta.[218]
Senndikaaji jeytaare e ndimaagu ina njogii caɗeele teeŋtuɗe e laamu, ardiiɓe heewɓe ina kaɓɓaa, seppooji ina ndartinaa. E hitaande 2016, senndikaaji keewɗi, keewɗi heen tawtoraama seppooji Alseri 2010–2012, laamu nguu ittii binnditagol mum en.[219][220][221]
Koolaaɗo kuuɓal ko huunde nde sariya haɗi e nder leydi Alseri.[222] Gikkuuji jommbaajo gorko e nder renndo ina mbaawi faweede haa duuɓi ɗiɗi kasoo.[223] Ko wonaa ɗuum koo, fotde 26% e Alserinaaɓe ina cikka wonde jommbaajo gorko ina foti jaɓeede, e wiyde wiɗto waɗaango e BBC News Arabic-Arab Barometer e hitaande 2019. Alseri hollitii jaɓgol LGBT ɓurngol heewde so yerondiraama e leyɗeele aarabeeɓe goɗɗe ɗo wiɗto ngoo waɗiraa.[224]
Fedde Human Rights Watch tuumi laamu Alseri huutoraade ñawu COVID-19 ngam haɗde dille e seppooji ngam haɓaade demokaraasi e nder leydi ndi, ɗum addani sukaaɓe nanngeede e nder njuɓɓudi renndo.[225]
Feccere njuɓɓudi laamu
[taƴto | taƴto ɗaɗi wiki]Binndanɗe mawɗe : Diiwanuuji Alseri, Diiwanuuji Alseri, e Municipaalitee Alseri
Alseri ina feccii e 69 diiwaan (wilayaaji), 553 diiwaan (daïra)[226] e 1 541 komin (baladiya). Kala diiwaan, diiwaan, e municipaalitee ina inniree jooɗorde mum, ko ɗum heewi wonde wuro ɓurngo mawnude.
Feccere njuɓɓudi laamu wayliima laabi keewɗi gila jeytaare. So aɗa naatna diiwanuuji kesi, limooje diiwanuuji ɓooyɗi ɗii ina keɓee, ko ɗum waɗi doggol ngol alkule ɗee ngonaa. E limooje maɓɓe laawɗuɗe, jooni (gila 1983) ko:[207]
Sigga
[taƴto | taƴto ɗaɗi wiki]PIB ƴellitaare neɗɗo gooto e nder leydi Alseri
Kaalis leydi Alseri ko dinaar (DZD). Faggudu nduu ina heddii e dowla, ko ɗum woni ko njiimi e mbaydi ƴellitaare sosiyaalist caggal jeytaare leydi ndii. E lewru suwee 2024 Ciimtol Banke Adunanke 2024 ina hollita mbayliigu mawngu wonande Alseri, naatɗo e fedde cuɓaande leyɗeele toowɗe hakkundeeje. Ndee ɗoo ƴellitaare faggudu, ko batte peeje ƴellitaare teskinɗe, ina waɗa leydi ndii e nder cate goote e leyɗeele mawɗe ummoriiɗe e Siin, Beresiil e Turki[228][229][230] E nder duuɓi cakkitiiɗi ɗii, laamu Alseri dartinii privatisation e nder gollorɗe laamu, e fawaade e kuule ngam naatde e faggudu e nder31. Ɗee kuule puɗɗiima ittude ko ɓooyaani koo hay so tawii naamne jowitiiɗe e faggudu Alseri ina keddii.[232][233]
Alseri ina hatojini e ƴellitde gollorɗe tawa ko e yaasi hidrokarbonuuji e nder heen sabu ŋakkeende ngalu e birooji dowlaaji ɗi ngalaa golle. Eɓɓooje laamu nguu ngam feewnude faggudu nduu e dañde ngalu keewngu caggal leydi e nder leydi hee, tawa ina waɗi ko famɗi fof ngam ustude ŋakkeende golle sukaaɓe toowɓe walla ngam haɓaade ŋakkeende galleeji.[207] Leydi ndii ina wondi e caɗeele keewɗe e nder yontaaji juutɗi e hakkundeeji, ina jeyaa heen ŋakkeende faggudu, semmbinde peeje politik, faggudu e kaalis, moƴƴinde ngonka njulaagu e ustude ŋakkeende potal hakkunde diiwanuuji.[173]
Waɗii seppooji faggudu e lewru feebariyee e marse 2011, addani laamu Alseri rokkude ko ina ɓura miliyaaruuji 23 dolaar ngam wallitde laamu e ɓeydagol njoɓɗeele e nafooje caggal ɗuum. Jaqde laamu ina veydoo fotde 27 % e hitaande kala e nder duuvi joyi zi. Porogaraam njulaagu laamu 2010–14 maa yoɓ 286 miliyaar dolaar Amerik, 40% heen maa yahdu e ƴellitaare aadee.[173]
Luumo laabi to leydi Alseri
A jaaraama e ngalu hidrokarbon tiiɗngu, Alseri ina jogii kuɗol 173 miliyaar dolaar e kaalis janano e kaalis mawɗo ngam dartinde hidrokarbon. Yanti heen, ñamaale Alseri caggal leydi ina pamɗi, fotde 2% e PIB.[207] Faggudu nduu ina heddii e fawaade e ngalu hidrokarbon no feewi, tee, hay so tawii noon ina heewi kaalis (178 miliyaar dolaar Amerik, ko ina tolnoo e duuɓi tati naatgol), ɓeydagol coodguuli hannde ɗii ina addana bidsee Alseri ɓeydaade waasde jogaade batte juutɗe e ŋakkeende ngalu hidrokarbon.[234]
Alseri naataani e OMC, hay so tawii ko duuɓi keewɗi kaaldigal kono ko tergal e nokku njulaagu aarabeeɓe mawɗo,[235][source unreliable] nokku njulaagu duunde Afrik,[236], ina jogii nanondiral jokkondiral e Dental Orop.[237][238]
Investissement direct Turki yaawniima e nder leydi Alseri, tawi njeñtudi mum tolniima e miliyaaruuji 5 dolaar. Haa hitaande 2022, limoore sosiyeteeji Turki gonɗi e leydi Alseri ɗii njottiima 1 400. E hitaande 2020, hay so tawii rafi o ina jokki, ko ina ɓura 130 sosiyetee Turki sosaa e nder leydi Alseri.[239]
Nebam e jawdi tago
[taƴto | taƴto ɗaɗi wiki]Pipeeji e nder leydi Alseri
Alseri, mo faggudu mum tuugii ko e petroŋ, ina jeyaa e fedde OPEP gila 1969.[240] Pewnugol mum petroŋ ina tolnoo e 1,1 miliyoŋ barel/ñalngu, kono kadi ko kañum woni peewnugol gaas mawɗo e yeeyde ɗum, jogiinde jokkondiral teeŋtungal e Orop.[241] Hidrokarbon ina ɓooyi wonde ƴiiƴam faggudu, ina waɗi ko ina tolnoo e 60% e ngalu bidsee, 30% e PIB, e 87,7%[242] e ngalu eksport. Alseri ina jogii 10ɓo e nder winndere nde to bannge gaasuuji, kadi ko kañum woni 6ɓo to bannge njulaagu gaas. Fedde toppitiinde ko faati e semmbeeji Amerik hollitii wonde e hitaande 2005, Alseri ina joginoo 4,5 triliyoŋ meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (160×1012 cu ft) e keɓe gaasuuji tawaaɗi.[243] Kadi ina woni 16ɓo e nder keɓe petroŋ.[207]
Veydaare nde wonaa hidrokarbon e hitaande 2011 ina fotnoo wonde 5 %. Ngam waawde wallitde naamne renndo, laamu nguu ƴettii ngalu, haa teeŋti noon e ballal nguura, e sosde golle, e ballal PVC, e ɓeydagol njoɓɗeele. Coodguuli hidrokarbon toowɗi moƴƴinii konte jooni ɗee e darnde resooji winndereeji mawɗi jooni ɗii.[234]
Njoɓdi petroŋ e gaas ɓeydiima e hitaande 2011 sabu jokkude coggu petroŋ toowngu, hay so tawii noon mbaydi peewnugol ngol ina ustoo.[173] Pewnugol ummoraade e sekteer petroŋ e gaas to senngo njuvvudi ina jokki e ustaade, zum wonnoo ko 43,2 miliyaar ton haa 32 miliyaar ton hakkunde 2007 e 2011. Ko zuum wazi noon, sekteer oo ina soomi 98 % e njuvvudi njeeyguuji zi e hitaande 2011, zum wonnoo ko 48 % e bidsee 1962 e 2012 71,4 miliyaar dolaar Amerik.[173]
Sosiyetee ngenndiijo petroŋ Alseri wiyetee ko Sonatrach, jogiiɗo darnde mawnde e denndaangal fannuuji petroŋ e gaasuuji e nder leydi Alseri. Denndaangal gollotooɓe e leyɗeele goɗɗe ina poti gollodaade e Sonatrach, ko kañum heewi jogaade jeyi ɓurɗo heewde e nanondiral peewnugol-renndinde.[245]
Heɓde biocapacity e nder leydi Alseri ina famɗi no feewi e winndere ndee. E hitaande 2016, Alseri ina joginoo 0,53 ektaar winndereejo[246] e nder neɗɗo gooto e nder leydi mum, ko famɗi fof ko ina tolnoo e 1,6 ektaar winndereejo e nder neɗɗo gooto.[247] E hitaande 2016, Alseri huutoriima 2,4 ektaar winndereejo biocapacité e neɗɗo gooto – ko mbaydi ekolosii maɓɓe e ñaamde. Ɗum firti ko ɓe kuutortoo ko famɗi fof laabi 4,5 biocapacity ko Alseri jogii koo. Ko ɗum waɗi Alseri ina jokki e ŋakkeende mbaawkaaji nguurndam.[246] E lewru abriil 2022, dipolomaat en ummoriiɓe Itali e Espaañ mbaɗii jeewte caggal nde Rome ƴetti kuulal ngam heɓde gaas Alseri keewɗo, ɗum jibini kulhuli e nder Madrid.[248] E nder nanondiral hakkunde Sonatrach mo Alseri e Eni mo Itali, Alseri maa neldu Itali miliyaaruuji 9 kuuɓtodinɗi gaas goɗɗo e hitaande aroore ndee e hitaande 2024.[249]
Wiɗtooji e mbaydiiji semmbeeji goɗɗi
[taƴto | taƴto ɗaɗi wiki]Alseri waɗii fotde 100 miliyaar dolaar ngam ƴellitde nokkuuji wiɗto e yoɓde wiɗtooɓe. Ndee ɗoo fedde ƴellitaare ina foti yahrude yeeso e peewnugol semmbeeji goɗɗi, haa teeŋti noon e semmbeeji naange e henndu.[250] Alseri ina yahra yeeso e yaawre e ajendaaji mum semmbeeji kesi, ina fadi 15 000 megawatt (MW) walla ko ina tolnoo e 15 gigawatt (GW) semmbe naange e hitaande 2035[251][252] ngam ustude fawaade e gaasuuji tawaaɗi[253] ina woodi eɓɓooji semmbeeji 45 kuutorteeɗi e nder Alseri 6,1 miliyaar dolaar Amerik [253]. Alseri ina sooda hannde ko ina tolnoo e 27 000 MW (27 GW) kuuraa, e wiyde ministeer oo[251]. Wonande hitaande 2026, Alseri ina foti huutoraade 9 1 480 MW (1,48 GW) e nder lewru ut [254] ngam fawaade e daawal gadanal eɓɓaande ndee ngam feewnude 3 200 MW (3,2 GW) e semmbeeji kesi ɗi maa tawtore kadi 3 200 MW (3,2 GW) semmbeeji kesi ɗi maa taw heen kadi 1 480 MW (1,48 GW) e porogaraam Ad4 ina hiisa wonde ko kañum ɓuri waawde huutoraade semmbe naange e nder Mediteraane, ko ɗum waɗi laamu nguu rokki kaalis ngam sosde nokku ganndal naange to Hassi R'Mel. Hannde, Alseri ina jogii 20 000 porfeseer wiɗto to duɗe jaaɓi-haaɗtirde ceertuɗe e ko ina ɓura 780 laboratuwaar wiɗto, tawi paandaale laamu ina njogori ɓeydude haa 1 000. Gaagaa semmbe naange, fannuuji wiɗtooji to Alseri ina mbaɗi jokkondiral weeyo e satelitaaji, semmbe nukliyeer e wiɗtooji safaara.
Lugge golle
[taƴto | taƴto ɗaɗi wiki]Hakindo ŋakkeende golle ko 11,8% e hitaande 2023.[255] Laamu nguu semmbinii e hitaande 2011 porogaraamuuji golle baɗaaɗi e hitaande 1988, haa teeŋti noon e nder njuɓɓudi porogaraam ngam wallitde yiɗɓe golle (Dispositif d’Aide à l’Insertion Professionnelle).[173] Sukaaɓe ŋakkeende golle ko 29,4% e hitaande 2025.[256][234]
Turismo
[taƴto | taƴto ɗaɗi wiki]Janet
Ƴellitaare sekteer turism e nder leydi Alseri ina hatojini e ŋakkeende kaɓirɗe, kono gila 2004 peeje ƴellitaare turism yaajɗe ina kuutoree, ɗum addani oteluuji keewɗi toowɗi e jamaanu mahde.
Won nokkuuji keewɗi e nder leydi Alseri, ɗi UNESCO winndi e nder winndere ndee[257] tawi ina jeyaa heen Al Qal'a mo Beni Hammad, laamorgo gadano laamu Hammadi ; Tipasa, wuro Fenisi, caggal ɗuum wuro Roomnaaɓe; Djemila e Timgad, kam en fof ko ɓulli Roomnaaɓe ; Falnde M'Zab, falnde kaaƴe kalkeere ina waɗi oasiyoŋ mawɗo urbanisé ; e Kasbah Alseri, ko wuro mawngo. Nokku tagoore winndereere tan woni e nder leydi Alseri ko Tassili n'Ajjer, koɗorɗe.
Moota
[taƴto | taƴto ɗaɗi wiki]Laawol mawngol jokkondirngol Maruk e keeri Tuunus ina jeyaa e eɓɓaande laawol mawngol Kayhayɗi–Dakaar.
Laawol otooji ɗiɗi hakkunde Afrik ina rewi Alseri :
Laawol mawngol Kayhayɗi-Dakaar
Laawol mawngol Alseri-Lagos
Resooji laabi Alseri ɓuri denndaangal e nder Afrik ; njuuteendi maggal ina qiimee e 180 000 km (110 000 mi) laabi mawɗi, tawi ko ɓuri 3 756 njuɓɓudi e tolno paabi ko 85%. Ndeeɗoo lowre timminaama e laawol mawngol Fuɗnaange-rewo, eɓɓaande mawnde mahngo timmunde e hitaande 2023. Ko laawol mawngol ngol laabi tati, njuuteendi mum ko 1 216 kiloomeeteer (756 mi), jokkondirngol Annaba to fuɗnaange toowɗo haa e Tlemcen to bannge hirnaange toowɗo. Alseri kadi ina taƴa laawol mawngol ngol Trans-Sahara, ngol jooni ko ngol ɓuuɓngol haa laaɓi. Ndeeɗoo laawol ina wallita laamu Alseri ngam ɓeydude njulaagu hakkunde leyɗeele jeegom ɗe ɓe tacci ɗee : Alseri, Mali, Niiseer, Niiseer, Caad, e Tuunus.
Demokaraasi
[taƴto | taƴto ɗaɗi wiki]E fuɗɗoode teeminannde 20ɓiire, yimɓe Alseri ina tolnoo e miliyoŋaaji 4 neɗɗo.[258] e hitaande 2024, Alseri ina jogii fotde 47,4 miliyoŋ neɗɗo.[7][259]
Fotde 90% e Alserinaaɓe nguuri ko e nokkuuji worgo, daande maayo ; hoɗɓe e jeereende Saharaa ɓuri heewde ko e oasiiji, hay so tawii noon ko ina wona miliyoŋaaji 1,5 ina keddii e njiimaandi walla feccere e njiimaandi. 28,1% e Alserinaaɓe ina njogii duuɓi 15.[207]
Hakkunde 90 000 e 165 000 Saharaajo ummoriiɗo Saharaa hirnaange ina nguuri e nder nokkuuji mooliiɓe Saharaa,[260][261] e nder jeereende Saharaa hirnaange Alseri.[262] Ina woodi kadi ko ina ɓura 4 000 mooliiɗo Palestiin, ɓe ngonaa e nder renndo ngo, ɓe ɗaɓɓaani ballal to Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe ngam Mooliiɓe (UNHCR).[260][261] E hitaande 2009, 35 000 gollotooɓe e nder leydi Siin ina nguuri e leydi Alseri.[263]
Ko ɓuri heewde e yimɓe Alserinaaɓe ummoriiɓe caggal leydi ko to Farayse, tawi ina wiyee ko ina tolnoo e miliyoŋaaji 1,7 Alserinaaɓe haa e yontaaji ɗiɗaɓi.[264]
Kadi renndooji jananɗi ina keewi e nder leydi Alseri, hay so tawii noon ɗiin ngonaa feccere mawnde e yimɓe leydi ndii.
Leƴƴi
[taƴto | taƴto ɗaɗi wiki]Aarabeeɓe e Berber’en ɓiɓɓe lesdi’en non boo Fenisiyanko’en, Room’en, Vandal’en, Gerek’en Bizantiin’en, Turki’en, Afrik’en feere-feere haa woyla Sahara, e Faraysenaaɓe mballiti nder taariiha e pinal Alseri.[266] Iwdi mooliiɓe Andalusi ina tawee kadi e nder yimɓe Alseri e gure goɗɗe.[267] Yanti heen, Españool ina haalee e ɓeeɗoo iwdiiji Moriskooji Aragon en e Kastilliyankooɓe haa e nder teeminannde 18ɓiire, hay Katalan ina haalee e oon sahaa e iwdiiji Moriskooji Katalannaaɓe e nder wuro tokooso Grish El-Oued.[268]
Hay so tawii sariya Alseri ina haɗi binnditagol yimɓe tuugnaade e sifaaji leñol, diine e ɗemngal[269], limtooji bayyinaaɗi e lowre nde wonaa laamuyankoore ina kollita wonde 75%[270] haa 85% e yimɓe Alseri ko aarabeeɓe.[271][272][273] ko ina tolnoo e 20%–30% ina nganndi ko Berbeer en.[272][274] Alaa binnditagol laawɗungol e nder leydi Alseri ina woodi ngam hoolkisaade ɗeen ciimtol. Binndanɗe taariindi ko faati e yimɓe Alseri ina kollita wonde ko ɓuri heewde e yimɓe ɓee ko iwdi Berber en.[275][276][277][278]
Pelle ɓurɗe mawnude e Berber en to Alseri ko Kabyle en, hoɗɓe e diiwaan Kabyle fuɗnaange Alseri, Chaoui en to Fuɗnaange-rewo Alseri to Aures, Tuareg en to jeereende fuɗnaange[279] e leñol Shenwa to Fuɗnaange Alseri.[280] E jamaanu koloñaal, ina woodi yimɓe Oropnaaɓe heewɓe (10% e hitaande 1960)[281] ɓe nganndu-ɗaa ko Pied-Noirs. Ko ɓuri heewde e maɓɓe ko iwdi Farayse, Espaañ e Itaali. Fotde ɓeeɗoo yimɓe fof njalti ko e wolde ndimaagu walla ɗoon e ɗoon caggal nde ɗum joofi.[282]
Ɗemɗe
[taƴto | taƴto ɗaɗi wiki]Winndannde mawnde: Ɗemɗe Alaseri
Arab gonɗo hannde oo e Amazig gonɗo e dow mum ko ɗemɗe laawɗuɗe.[283] Arab Alaseri (Dziria) woni ɗemngal ngal ko ɓuri heewde e yimɓe leydi ndii kuutortoo. Arab Alseriyankeewo ina jogii won e kelme berbeer en ɗe 8% haa 9% e kelme mum.[284]
Maandeeji e nder duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Tizi Ouzou e ɗemɗe tati: arab, berbeer, e farayse
Amazigh gonɗo e mbaydi kuuɓtodinndi jaɓaama wonde "ɗemngal ngenndiwal" e waylo-waylo doosgal leydi ñalnde 8 mee 2002.[285] Kabyle, ɗemngal berbeer ɓurngal heewde, ina janngee, ina jeyaa e ko ɓuri heewde e ko laamu (e kuule seeɗa) e nder nokkuuji Kabylie. Kabyle ina jogii substratum mawɗo e ɗemɗe Arab, Farayse, Latin, Gerek, Fenisiyanke e Punik, e kelme ñamlaaɗe Arab ina mbaɗi 35% e kelme Kabyle fof.[286] E feebariyee 2016, doosɗe leydi Alaseri ƴetti kuulal waɗti Berber ɗemngal laawɗungal e bannge Arab. Alseri yalti ko e leydi ɗemɗe ɗiɗi caggal hitaande 1962.[287] Arab Alseri haalaaɗo ina haalee fotde 83% e yimɓe leydi ndii, Berber ina haalee 27%.[288]
Hay so tawii Farayse alaa darnde laawɗunde e nder Alseri, ina jeyaa e yimɓe ɓurɓe heewde haalooɓe Farayse e winndere ndee,[289], Farayse ina huutoree no feewi e nder laamuuji, e nder jaayɗe (jaayɗe, e rajooji, e teleeji nokkuuji ɗii), e nder jaŋde (gila e duɗe leslese haa e yeeso) e nder jaŋdeeji ɗii fof sabu daartol koloñaal Alseri. Ina waawi siforeede no ɗemngal Alseri nii. E hitaande 2008, 11,2 miliyoŋ Alserinaaɓe ina mbaawi janngude e winndude e ɗemngal Farayse.[290] E hitaande 2013, ina hiisa wonde 60% e yimɓe leydi ndii ina mbaawi haalde walla faamde ɗemngal Farayse.[291] E hitaande 2022, ina hiisa wonde 33% e yimɓe leydi ndii ko Farayse.[292]
Kuutoragol ɗemngal Engele e nder leydi Alseri, hay so tawii ina famɗi so en ƴeewtindiima ɗemɗe cifaaɗe dow ɗee, ɓeydiima sabu mbayliigu winndereyankeewu.[293][294] E hitaande 2022, anndinaama wonde ɗemngal Engele janngetee ko e duɗe leslese.[295]
Dina
[taƴto | taƴto ɗaɗi wiki]Juulirde Amiir Abdelkader to Konstantin
Lislaam woni diine ɓurɗo heewde e nder leydi Alseri, tawi ko ɓuri heewde e yimɓe mum ko sunnit en, ina mbaɗi 99% e yimɓe leydi ndii e fawaade e limto CIA World Factbook 2021,[207] e 98,4% e limto Pew Research e hitaande 2020.[296] Ko ina tolnoo e 290 000 Ibadi ina ngoni e falnde M'zab e nder diiwaan Ghardaia.
Ko adii jeytaare mum, Alseri ina joginoo ko ina ɓura miliyoŋaaji 1,3 Kerecee’en (ko ɓuri heewde e mum en ko iwdi Oropnaaɓe).[297] Ko ɓuri heewde e koɗdiiɗo Kerecee’en ngummii Farayse caggal nde leydi ndi heɓi jeytaare mum.[298][299] Hannde, limngal yimɓe Kerecee’en ina tolnoo e 100 000 haa 200 000[300], Open Doors ina anndi 156 000 Kerecee’en e nder leydi Alseri ko ina tolnoo e (0,3%) e nder yimɓe fof[301]. Yimɓe leydi Alseri ɓe ngonaa Kerecee’en ɓuri heewde ko e diineeji Protestan en, ɗi njiyii ɓeydagol tiiɗnaare laamu nguu e ɗii duuɓi cakkitiiɗi ina heen uddugol doole keewɗe.[300]
E wiyde Barometer Arab e hitaande 2018–2019, ko ɓuri heewde e Alserinaaɓe (99,1%) ina njokki e anndude ko juulɓe.[302] Ciimtol Arab Barometer-BBC News ngol lewru Juko 2019 hollitii wonde keewal Alserinaaɓe annduɓe wonde ɓe ngonaa diineeji ɓeydiima gila hedde 8% e hitaande 2013 haa hedde 15% e hitaande 2018.[303] Barometer Arab December 2019, hollitii wonde ɓeydagol keewal Alserinaaɓe anndinde wonde ɓe ngonaa diineeji ɓuri heewde ko e sukaaɓe Alserinaaɓe, ko ina tolnoo e 25% e maɓɓe ina ciftora koye mum en wonde ɓe ngonaa diineeji.[304] Kono ciimtol Arab Barometer 2021 hollitii wonde wiyɓe ɓe ngonaa diineeji e nder Alserinaaɓe ustiima, sibu ko 2,6% tan kolliti wonde ɓe ngonaa diineeji. E nder oon ciimtol gootol, 69,5% e Alserinaaɓe kollitii wonde ko diineeji, 27,8% woɗɓe kollitii wonde won diineeji.[302][305]
Leydi Alseri rokkii aduna juulɓe heewɓe miijiyankooɓe mawɓe, ina jeyaa heen: Amiir Abdulkaader, Abdulhamiid Ben Badis, Muulud Kacem Naït Belkasem, Malek Bennaabi e Mohamed Arkuun.
Jam baandu
[taƴto | taƴto ɗaɗi wiki]E hitaande 2018, Alseri ɓuri heewde safrooɓe e nder diiwaan Magreb (1,72 e nder 1 000 neɗɗo), infirmiyee en (2,23 e nder 1 000 neɗɗo), e dentist en (0,31 e nder 1 000 neɗɗo). Heɓde "ɓuuɓri ndiyam moƴƴiri" ko hedde 97,4 % e yimɓe e nder gure teeru e 98,7 % e yimɓe e nder laddeeji. Ko ina wona 99% e Alserinaaɓe hoɗɓe e gure teeru, e ko ina tolnoo e 93,4% e hoɗɓe e laddeeji, ina njogii « laaɓal moƴƴal ». E wiyde Banke Adunaajo, Alseri ina yahra yeeso e faandaare mum « ustude feccere e yimɓe ɓe ngalaa ndiyam njareteeɗam moƴƴam e cellal ɓalli haa hitaande 2015 ». E fawaade e sukaaɓe Alseri, politik ina yiɗi toppitaade cellal e kilinikuuji ko ɓuri opitaaluuji. E tuugnaade e ngool laawol, laamu nguu ina jogii eɓɓaande baɗte ñawu nguu. Kono tan, ŋakkeende laaɓal e ndiyam laaɓɗam ina addana haa hannde ñawu nguu ñawu nguu, hepatitis, mboros tifoyid, kolera e diƴƴe. Miskineeɓe ina keewi heɓde ballal cellal tawa njoɓataa.[306]
Binndanɗe cellal ina njokki e nder leydi Alseri gila hitaande 1882, ɗe puɗɗii ɓeydude juulɓe hoɗɓe e fuɗnaange e nder binnditagol maɓɓe teskinngol e hitaande 1905 e laamu Farayse.[307]
Jaangirde
[taƴto | taƴto ɗaɗi wiki]Jaŋngugol UIS e nder yimɓe Alseri ɓeydi heen 15 1985-2015
Gila e kitaale 1970, e nder njuɓɓudi cakkitiindi, ndi nganndu-ɗaa ina foti ustude no feewi ŋakkeende jaŋde, laamu Alseri yaltinii yamiroore nde sukaaɓe yahrooɓe e duuɓi 6 haa 15, tawa ina njogii mbaawka reende jaŋde mum en rewrude e 20 nokkuuji no literacy, the independente, since 92,6%.[308] Gila 1972 ko Arab woni ɗemngal jaŋde e nder duuɓi jeenay gadani jaŋde. Gila e hitaande tataɓere, Farayse ina janngee, ko kañum kadi woni ɗemngal janngirgal e nder duɗe ganndal. Almuɓɓe ɓee ina mbaawi kadi janngude Engele, Itaali, Españool e Almaañ. E hitaande 2008, porogaraamuuji kesi e nder duɗe leslese peeñii, ko ɗum waɗi jaŋde doole fuɗɗotoo ko e duuɓi jeegom hannde, kono ko e duuɓi joy.[309] Gaa gaa duɗe 122 ɗe ngonaa laamuyankooje, Duɗe Jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Dowla oo ko ɗe njoɓaaka. Caggal duuɓi jeenay jaŋde leslesre, almuɓɓe ina mbaawi yahde duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde walla duɗal janngirɗe. Duɗal ngal ina waɗi porogaraamuuji ɗiɗi : kuuɓtodinɗi walla karallaagal. E joofnirde hitaande tataɓere duɗal hakkundeewal, almuɓɓe ina njahra e jaŋde bakkaa, ko ɗuum addanta so tawii ko nde heɓi nafoore, jokkude jaŋde leslesre e nder duɗe jaaɓi haaɗtirde e duɗe jaaɓi haaɗtirde.[310]
Almuɓɓe to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Chlef to leydi Alseri
Jaŋde ko doole wonande sukaaɓe yahrooɓe e duuɓi jeegom haa 15. E hitaande 2008, keewal jaŋde hakkunde yimɓe ɓe duuɓi mum en njahrata e 10 ko 22,3%, worɓe 15,6% e rewɓe 29,0%. Diiwaan ɓurɗo famɗude janngugol ko diiwaan Alseri e 11,6%, diiwaan ɓurɗo heewde janngugol ko diiwaan Djelfa e 35,5%.[311]
Alseri ina jogii duɗe jaaɓi-haaɗtirde 26 e 67 duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde, ngal foti ko jaɓɓaade miliyoŋ Alserinaajo e 80 000 almuudo jananɗo e hitaande 2008. Duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Alseri, sosaangal e hitaande 1879, ko kañum ɓuri ɓooyde, ina rokka jaŋde e fannuuji keewɗi (sarɗiiji, safaara, ganndal e let). e nder ɗeen duɗe jaaɓi haaɗtirde e fotde duɗe toowɗe fof, sosaa ko caggal jeytaare leydi ndii.
Hay so won e maɓɓe ina ndokka jaŋde e ɗemngal Arab hono fannuuji sariya e faggudu, ko ɓuri heewde e fannuuji goɗɗi ɗii ko wayi no ganndal e safaara ina njokki e jaŋde e ɗemngal Farayse e Engele. Ina jeyaa e duɗe jaaɓi-haaɗtirde ɓurɗe teeŋtude, duɗal ganndal e karallaagal Houari Bumediyen, duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Mentouri Konstantin, e duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Oran Es-Senia. Duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Abu Bekr Belkaïd to Tlemsan e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Batna Hadj Lakhdar ina njogii rowre 26 e 45 e nder Afrik.[312] Alseri woni ko e 115ɓo e nder limto winndereyankeewo e hitaande 2024,[313] e jogaade limre wootere e nder limto 2025.[314]
Dina
[taƴto | taƴto ɗaɗi wiki]Musiɗɓe Alserinaaɓe to Tlemcen, Regence Alser ; ko Bachir Yelles
Binndi Alseri hannde, pecciiɗi hakkunde Arab, Tamaz e Farayse, ina njogii batte keewɗe e daartol leydi ndii ko ɓooyaani. Winndooɓe defte lolluɗe e teeminannde 20ɓiire ina njeyaa heen: Mohammed Dib, Albert Camus, Kateb Yacine e Ahlam Mosteghanemi tawi Assia Djebar ina yaaji firo. Ina jeyaa e winndooɓe defte teeŋtuɗe e kitaale 1980, Rachid Mimouni, caggal ɗuum cukko hooreejo fedde Amnesty International, e Tahar Djaout, mo fedde lislaamiyankoore wari e hitaande 1993 sabu miijooji mum sekulaariyankooji.[315]
Malek Bennabi e Frantz Fanon ina teskaa e miijooji mum en ko faati e dekoloñaal ; Ogustin mo Hippo jibinaa ko Tagaste (Suk Ahras hannde oo) ; e Ibnu Khaldun, hay so jibinaa ko Tuunus, o winndi Muqaddima nde o woni to Alseri. Golle galle Sanusi e jamaanu hade koloñaal, e golle Emir Abdelkader e Sheek Ben Badis e jamaanu koloñaal, ina teskaa no feewi. Winndiyanke latin biyeteeɗo Apuleius jibinaa ko to Madaurus (Mdaourouch), to leydi caggal ɗuum Alseri.
Sinemaa Alseri hannde oo ina seerti to bannge fannu, ina yuurnitoo tiitooɗe e geɗe ɓurɗe yaajde. Wonno ko waylo waylo ummoraade e sinemaaji jowitiiɗi e hare ndimaagu, fayde e filmuuji ɓurɗi teeŋtude e nguurndam Alserinaaɓe ñalnde kala.[316]
Jaayndeeji
[taƴto | taƴto ɗaɗi wiki]Muhammadu Raasiim; sosɗo duɗal Alseri ngam pentol
Pentooɓe Alserinaaɓe, hono Mohammed Racim e Baya, etinooma wuurtinde nguurndam Alserinaaɓe teddungal ko adii koloñaal Farayse, e oon sahaa kadi ɓe mballitii e hisnude nafooje Alseri goongaaje. E nder ndee ɗoo liggey, Mohamed Temam, Abdelkhader Houamel kadi ngartii e ndee naalankaagal, dille ummoraade e daartol leydi ndii, aadaaji e aadaaji ɓennuɗi e nguurndam leydi ndii. Kosam naalankaagal kesal goɗɗam ina jeyaa heen ngal M’hamed Issiakhem, Mohammed Khadda e Bachir Yelles, peeñii e dingiral pentugol Alseri, ɓe ngoppi naalankaagal kiiɗngal fijirde ngam yiytude laabi kesi pentugol, ngam jokkondirde e nate Alseri e goongaaji kesi leydi ndii rewrude e hare mum e yiɗdeeji mum. Mohammed Khadda[317] e Muhammed Issiakhem ina teskaa e ɗii duuɓi cakkitiiɗi.[317]
Bindol
[taƴto | taƴto ɗaɗi wiki]Apuleyus
Kateb yaasiin
Daande binndol Alseri ina yahra e jamaanu Afrik Numidiyankooɓe e Roomnaaɓe, nde Apuleius winndi The Golden Ass, deftere latin tan wuuri e nder mum fof.[318] Oo sahaa kadi yi’i Ogustin mo Hippo, Noniyus Marsellus e Martiyus Kapella. Duuɓi hakkundeeji ɗii kadi njiyii winndooɓe aarabeeɓe heewɓe wallitɓe e binndol aarabeeɓe, wonduɓe e winndooɓe hono Ahmadu al-Buni, Ibnu Manzur e Ibnu Khaldun, winnduɓe Muqaddimah nde ɓe ngoni e leydi Alseri. Albert Camus ko winndiyanke Faraysenaajo jibinaaɗo to Alseri. E hitaande 1957, o yeenaa njeenaari Nobel wonande binndol.
Binndol Alseri ina waɗi golle ɗe ɓuri teeŋtude ko e tabitinde ngonka ngenndi Alseri. Yeruuji ɗii ko defte ko wayi no defte tati Alseri ɗe Mohammed Dib winndi, e Nedjma ɗe Kateb Yacine winndi.[319] Winndooɓe woɗɓe e binndol Alseri ina njeyaa heen: Muulud Feraun, Malek Bennabi, Malek Haddad, Mufdi Zakariya, Abdelhamiid Ben Badis, Muhamed Laïd Al-Khalifa, Muulud Mammeri, Frantz Fanon, e Assiya Djebar.[320]
Ahlam Mosteghanemi, binndoowo debbo ɓurɗo janngeede e nder winndere aarabeeɓe[321]
E caggal jeytaare, winndooɓe kesi peeñii e dingiral binndol Alseri, ɓe etinooma feeñninde caɗeele renndo, ina jeyaa heen Rachid Boudjedra, Rachid Mimouni, Leila Sebbar, Tahar Djaout e Tahar Ouettar.
Binndol Alseri ina waɗi haala kulɓiniika, sabu ownugol baɗnoongol e kitaale 1990. Paɗe goɗɗe ina njogii miijo keeriiɗo e ngonka neɗɗo. Ina jeyaa e golle ɓurɗe teeŋtude ɗe Yasmina Khadra winndi, « Hunaare barbareeji » ɗe Boualem Sansal winndi, « Siftorde ɓanndu » ɗe Ahlam Mosteghanemi winndi e deftere sakkitiinde Assia Djebar Alaa ɗo galle Baaba am winndi.
Sinema
[taƴto | taƴto ɗaɗi wiki]Mohammed Lakhdar-Hamina, gooto e yimɓe ɓurɓe maantinde e sinemaa aarabeeɓe hannde
Nafoore dowla Alseri e golle filmuuji ina yiyee e bidsee hitaande kala fotde 200 miliyoŋ DZD (1,3 miliyoŋ oroo) toɗɗaaɗo e peewnugol, peeje keertiiɗe e peeje porogaraamuuji baɗɗi faayiida ɗi ministeer pinal huutortoo ngam ƴellitde peewnugol ngenndiwal, hesɗitinde restoraaji cinemaaji e feewnude jokkondire peccitagol e nder exploi.
Ballal kaalis ngal laamu rokkata, rewrude e Fonds pour le Développement des Arts, des Techniques et de l’Industrie Film (FDATIC) e Fedde Alseri ngam ƴellitde pinal (AARC), ina jogii darnde mawnde e ƴellitgol peewnugol ngenndi. Hakkunde 2007 e 2013, FDATIC rokkii 98 filmo (filmuuji juutɗi, filmuuji binndaaɗi e filmuuji tokoosi). E cakkital hitaande 2013, AARC ina joginoo tawo ko ina tolnoo e 78 filmo, tawi heen 42 ko filmuuji juutɗi, 6 ko filmuuji juutɗi e 30 ko filmuuji binndaaɗi.
E wiyde lowre LUMIERE nde Orop toppitiinde ko fayti e nanɗe e yiyngo, 41 filmo Alseri pecciraa ko e Orop hakkunde 1996 e 2013 ; 21 filmo e nder ndeeɗoo repertoire ko peewnugol Alseri e Farayse. Ñalɗi teddungal (2006) e Yaasi sariya (2010) ko kam en ɓuri heewde naatɓe e Dental Orop, 3 172 612 e 474 722.[326]
Alseri heɓi njeenaaje Palme d'Or ngam filmo mum « Chronique des ans de feu » (1975), njeenaaje ɗiɗi Oscar ngam filmo Z (1969), e njeenaaje goɗɗe ngam filmo Itaali-Alseriyanke biyeteeɗo « Hare Alseri » .
Kuutorgal
[taƴto | taƴto ɗaɗi wiki]Kuskus, ko ñaamdu ngenndi Alseri
Cuuɗi Alseri ina keewi, ina ceerti sabu jokkondiral e gostondiral e pine e leƴƴi goɗɗi e nder teeminanɗe.[327] Nde tuugii ko e geɗe leydi e geɗe maayo fof. Konnguɗi walla yah-ngartaa demokaraasi feewde e leydi Alseri ko geɗe ɗiɗi ɓurɗe teeŋtude e mbayliigu hakkunde leƴƴi e pine ceertuɗe. Kuutorgal Alseri ko jillondiral e ɗaɗi aarabeeɓe, berbeer en, turki en e faraysenaaɓe.[328][327]
Cuuɗi Alseri ina ndokka ñameele keewɗe fawaade e diiwaan e sahaa, kono leɗɗe e cereeli ina keddii e mbaydi mum. Ko ɓuri heewde e ñameele Alseri ina njuɓɓinee e mburu, kosam (mbaalu, nagge walla colli), nebam, leɗɗe, e leɗɗe kese. Leɗɗe ina keewi huutoreede e salaade, e suukara, e tajine, e ñameele baɗaaɗe e sosiyetee. E nder ñameele gaadanteeje Alserinaaɓe fof, ɓurɗe lollude heen ko kuskus, anndiraaɗe ñameele ngenndiije.[329]
Pijirlooji
[taƴto | taƴto ɗaɗi wiki]Kippu leydi Alseri e hitaande 2022
Pijirlooji ceertuɗi ina ngoodi e leydi Alseri gila ko ɓooyi. To Aures, yimɓe ina mbaɗatnoo pijirlooji keewɗi ko wayi no El Kherba walla El Khergueba (mbaydi mbaylaandi). Fiyde kaayitaaji, pijirlooji e pijirlooji ina njeyaa e pinal Alseri. Doggol (fantasia) e fiyde balɗe ina jeyaa e fijirde pinal Alserinaaɓe.[330]
Ko fuku koyɗe ɓuri lollude e leydi ndii. Kippu fuku koyɗe leydi Alseri, anndiraango Desert Foxes, ina jogii fannuuji keewɗi, ina heɓi nafoore e nder leydi ndii e nder winndere ndee kala.[331][332]
Alseri ina jogii daartol juutngol e nder dingiral goɗɗal ko wayi no atletik, boks, volleyball, ballal juuɗe e jaŋde karallaagal konu.[333] Daɗndoowo Alserinaaɓe ina tawtoree pijirlooji Olimpiyaaji, ina keɓa medayuuji e nder pijirlooji keewɗi.[334] Feddeeji e juɓɓule dingiral keewɗe ina ngoodi e nder leydi Alseri ngam ƴellitde e ƴellitde dingiral hakkunde sukaaɓe.[335] Ministeer sukaaɓe e dingiral to leydi Alseri ina toppitii golle jowitiiɗe e dingiral.[336]
Ƴeew kadi
[taƴto | taƴto ɗaɗi wiki]- bannge portal Alseri
- kartal portal Afrik
- icon Portal leyɗeele
- Natal leydi Alseri
- Doggol maayooji leydi Alseri
- Fedde weeyo Alseri
- 1213 Alseri, tagofeere
