Dreadnought

Kapal dreadnought adalah jenis kapal tempur utama pada awal abad ke-20. Yang pertama seumpamanya, Dreadnought Royal Navy meninggalkan kesan yang begitu mendalam pada fikiran rakyat setelah dilancarkan pada tahun 1906 apabila kapal tempur yang serupa dibina kemudiannya dirujuk secara generik sebagai "dreadnought", dan kapal tempur paling awal dikenali sebagai "pra-dreadnought". Reka bentuk Dreadnought' mempunyai dua ciri-ciri revolusioner: satu sistem persenjataan "all-big-gun" (semua meriam besar), dengan banyak meriam berkaliber berat daripada kapal sebelumnya, dan propulsi turbin stim.^[a] Semasa dreadnought menjadi simbol kekuasaan negara, ketibaan kapal perang baru ini adalah pemangkin utama dalam meningkatkan perlumbaan senjata laut antara United Kingdom dan Jerman. Dengan pelancaran kapal tunggal, Dreadnought, skala kuasa tentera laut telah dilaras semula dalam sekelip mata. Akibatnya, perlumbaan dreadnought berkembang di seluruh dunia, termasuk di Amerika Selatan, semasa menuju ke Perang Dunia I. Reka bentuk saiz seterusnya meningkat dengan pesat dan menambah pembaikan dalam persenjataan, armor, dan propulsi sepanjang era dreadnought. Dalam tempoh 5 tahun, kapal tempur baru telah mengatasi Dreadnought. Kapal yang lebih berkuasa ini dikenali sebagai "super-dreadnought". Sebahagian besar dreadnought asal telah dihapuskan selepas berakhirnya Perang Dunia I dibawah syarat-syarat Perjanjian Tentera Laut Washington, tetapi banyak super-dreadnought yang lebih baru terus digunakan sepanjang Perang Dunia II. Satu-satunya dreadnought yang terselamat ialah USS Texas, terletak berhampiran Tapak Bersejarah Medan Tempur San Jacinto.^[1]

Pembinaan dreadnought menggunakan sumber yang luas pada awal abad ke-20, tetapi hanya terdapat satu pertempuran antara armada dreadnought yang besar. Dalam Pertempuran Jutland tahun 1916, tentera laut British dan Jerman bertembung dengan tanpa keputusan muktamad. Istilah "dreadnought" perlahan-lahan digugurkan penggunaannya selepas Perang Dunia I terutamanya selepas Perjanjian Tentera Laut Washington, kerana hampir kesemua kapal tempur yang tinggal berkongsi ciri-ciri dreadnought; istilah ini juga boleh digunakan untuk menggambarkan kruiser tempur, iaitu jenis kapal lain akibat daripada revolusi dreadnought.^[2]^[3]

Nota

Nota kaki

↑ The concept of an all-big-gun ship had been in development for several years before Dreadnought's construction. The Imperial Japanese Navy had begun work on an all-big-gun battleship in 1904, but finished the ship with a mixed armament. The United States Navy was building ships with a similar armament scheme, though Dreadnought was launched before any were completed.
At very close ranges, a projectile fired from a gun follows a flat trajectory, and the guns can be aimed by pointing them at the enemy. At greater ranges, the gunner has a more difficult problem as the gun needs to be elevated in order for the projectile to follow a proper ballistic trajectory to hit its target. This, therefore, needs accurate estimation (prediction) of the range to the target, which was one of the main problems of fire control. On warships, these problems are complicated by the fact that the ship will naturally roll in the water. Friedman 1978, halaman 99.
Lighter projectiles have a lower ratio of mass to frontal surface area, and so their velocity is reduced more quickly by air resistance.
See Friedman 1985, halaman 51, for discussion of alternative proposals for the kelas Mississippi.
Additional advantage is gained by having a uniform armament. A mixed armament necessitates separate control for each type; owing to a variety of causes the range passed to 12-inch guns is not the range that will suit the 9.2-inch or 6-inch guns, although the distance of the target is the same." First Addendum to the Report of the Committee on Designs, quoted in Mackay 1973, halaman 322.
In the United Kingdom: "Fisher does not seem to have expressed interest in ... the ability to hit an adversary at long range by spotting salvoes. It is also very difficult to understand just when this method was first officially understood"; Mackay 1973, halaman 322. And in America: "The possibility of gunnery confusion due to two calibers as close as 10 inci (250 mm) and 12 inci (300 mm) was never raised. For example, Sims and Poundstone stressed the advantages of homogeneity in terms of ammunition supply and the transfer of crews from the disengaged guns to replace wounded gunners. Friedman 1985, halaman 55.
In October W.L. Rogers of the Naval War College wrote a long and detailed memorandum on this question, pointing out that as ranges became longer the difference in accuracy between even 10-inch and 12-inch guns became enormous.Friedman 1985, halaman 55; "The advantage at long range lies with the ship which carries the greatest number of guns of the largest type", Report of the Committee on Designs, quoted in Mackay 1973, halaman 322.
Fisher first firmly proposed the all-big-gun idea in a paper in 1904, where he called for battleships with sixteen 10-inch guns; by November 1904 he was convinced of the need for 12-inch guns. A 1902 letter, where he suggested powerful ships 'with equal fire all round', might have meant an all-big-gun design. Mackay 1973, halaman 312.
Friedman 1985, halaman 126–128. Friedman notes, for instance, the total loss of power in the turbo-electric drive of converted battlecruiser USS Saratoga (CV-3) after just one torpedo hit in World War II.
Friedman 1985, halaman 104–105. While Nevada was designed and completed with oil-fired steam turbines, Oklahoma was designed and completed with oil-fired triple-expansion engines.
Dreadnought (1906) cost £1,783,000, compared to the £1,540,000 for each of the kelas Lord Nelson. Eight years later the kelas Queen Elizabeth cost £2,300,000. Comparable figures today are 142 juta; 123 juta; 168 juta. Original figures from Breyer, Battleships and Battlecruisers of the World, p.52, 141; comparisons from Measuring Worth UK CPI.
The Nassau and Heligoland classes were war prizes. The Kaiser and König classes, and first two of the Bayern class were scuttled (though Baden was prevented from sinking by the British who refloated her and used her as a target ship and for experiments). Battleships under construction were scrapped instead of being completed.
This process was well under way before the 1922 Washington Naval Treaty. Sixteen pre-dreadnoughts served during World War II in such roles as hulks, accommodation ships, and training vessels; two of the German training vessels Schlesien and Schleswig-Holstein undertook naval gunfire support in the Baltic.

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Petikan

↑ The Battle of Jutland: The Navy's Bloodiest Day. BBC. 2016.
↑ Mackay 1973, m/s. 326, for instance.
↑ Mizokami, Kyle (26 October 2016). "A Brief History of All the Warships Called "Dreadnought"". Popular Mechanics. Dicapai pada 27 October 2016. If the name of Britain's next nuclear sub sounds old, it's because it is very, very old.

Rujukan

Breyer, Siegfried (1973). Battleships and Battlecruisers of the World, 1905–1970. London: Macdonald and Jane's. ISBN 0-356-04191-3. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (bantuan)
Brown, D. K. (2003). Warrior to Dreadnought: Warship Development 1860–1905. Book Sales. ISBN 1-84067-529-2. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (bantuan)
Cuniberti, Vittorio (1903). "An Ideal Battleship for the British Fleet". All The World's Fighting Ships. London: F.T. Jane. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (bantuan)
Evans, David C.; Peattie, Mark R (1997). Kaigun: Strategy, Tactics and Technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1887–1941. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-192-7. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (bantuan)
Fairbanks, Charles (1991). "The Origins of the Dreadnought Revolution". International History Review. 13 (2): 246–272. doi:10.1080/07075332.1991.9640580. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (bantuan)
Forczyk, Robert (2009). Russian Battleship vs Japanese Battleship, Yellow Sea 1904–05. London: Osprey. ISBN 978-1-84603-330-8. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (bantuan)
Friedman, Norman (1978). Battleship Design and Development 1905–1945. Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-135-1. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (bantuan)
Friedman, Norman (1985). US Battleships: An Illustrated Design History. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-715-1. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (bantuan)
Gardiner, Robert, penyunting (1992). The Eclipse of the Big Gun. London: Conways. ISBN 0-85177-607-8. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (bantuan)
Gardiner, Robert; Lambert, Andrew, penyunting (2001). Steam, Steel and Shellfire: The Steam Warship 1815–1905. Conway's History of the Ship. Book Sales. ISBN 978-0-7858-1413-9. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (bantuan)
Gray, Randal (1985). Gardiner, Robert (penyunting). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships, 1906–1921. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-907-8.
Gibbons, Tony (1983). The Complete Encyclopedia of Battleships and Battlecruisers: A Technical Directory of all the World's Capital Ships from 1860 to the Present Day. London: Salamander Books. ISBN 0-517-37810-8. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (bantuan)
Greger, René (1993). Schlachtschiffe der Welt (dalam bahasa German). Stuttgart: Motorbuch Verlag. ISBN 3-613-01459-9. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (bantuan)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
Gröner, Erich (1990). German Warships 1815–1945. Volume One: Major Surface Vessels. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-790-9. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (bantuan)
Herwig, Holger (1980). "Luxury" Fleet: The Imperial German Navy 1888–1918. Amherst, New York: Humanity Books. ISBN 978-1-57392-286-9. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (bantuan)
Ireland, Bernard; Grove, Eric (1997). Jane's War At Sea 1897–1997. London: Harper Collins. ISBN 0-00-472065-2. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (bantuan)
Jentschura, Hansgeorg; Jung, Dieter; Mickel, Peter (1977). Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945. London: Arms & Armor Press. ISBN 0-85368-151-1. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (bantuan)
Keegan, John (1999). The First World War. London: Pimlico. ISBN 0-7126-6645-1. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (bantuan)
Kennedy, Paul M. (1983). The Rise and Fall of British Naval Mastery. London: Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-35094-4. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (bantuan)
Lambert, Nicholas A. (1999). Sir John Fisher's Naval Revolution. University of South Carolina. ISBN 1-57003-277-7. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (bantuan)
Mackay, Ruddock F. (1973). Fisher of Kilverstone. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-822409-5. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (bantuan)
Marder, Arthur J. (1964). The Anatomy of British Sea Power: A History of British Naval Policy in the Pre-Dreadnought Era, 1880–1905. Frank Cass & Co. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (bantuan)
Massie, Robert (2004). Dreadnought: Britain, Germany, and the Coming of the Great War. London: Pimlico. ISBN 978-1-84413-528-8. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (bantuan)
Massie, Robert (2005). Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany, and the Winning of the Great War at Sea. London: Pimlico. ISBN 1-84413-411-3. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (bantuan)
Parkes, Oscar (1990) [1957]. British Battleships. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press (reprint of Seeley Service & Co. edition). ISBN 1-55750-075-4. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (bantuan)
Phillips, Russell (2013). A Fleet in Being: Austro-Hungarian Warships of WW1 (Paperback). Shilka Publishing. ISBN 9780992764807. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (bantuan)
"Sea Fighter Nevada Ready For Her Test". The New York Times. 26 October 1915. m/s. 12. Dicapai pada 9 October 2018.
Sondhaus, Lawrence (2001). Naval Warfare 1815–1914. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-21478-5. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (bantuan)
Sumida, Jon Tetsuro (October 1995). "Sir John Fisher and the Dreadnought: The Sources of Naval Mythology". The Journal of Military History. 59 (4). Society for Military History: 619–637. doi:10.2307/2944495. JSTOR 2944495. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (bantuan)

Pautan luar

British and German Dreadnoughts

[biggun-1] The concept of an all-big-gun ship had been in development for several years before Dreadnought's construction. The Imperial Japanese Navy had begun work on an all-big-gun battleship in 1904, but finished the ship with a mixed armament. The United States Navy was building ships with a similar armament scheme, though Dreadnought was launched before any were completed.

[trajectory-5] At very close ranges, a projectile fired from a gun follows a flat trajectory, and the guns can be aimed by pointing them at the enemy. At greater ranges, the gunner has a more difficult problem as the gun needs to be elevated in order for the projectile to follow a proper ballistic trajectory to hit its target. This, therefore, needs accurate estimation (prediction) of the range to the target, which was one of the main problems of fire control. On warships, these problems are complicated by the fact that the ship will naturally roll in the water. Friedman 1978, halaman 99.

[velocity-6] Lighter projectiles have a lower ratio of mass to frontal surface area, and so their velocity is reduced more quickly by air resistance.

[Mississippi-7] See Friedman 1985, halaman 51, for discussion of alternative proposals for the kelas Mississippi.

[uniform_armament-8] Additional advantage is gained by having a uniform armament. A mixed armament necessitates separate control for each type; owing to a variety of causes the range passed to 12-inch guns is not the range that will suit the 9.2-inch or 6-inch guns, although the distance of the target is the same." First Addendum to the Report of the Committee on Designs, quoted in Mackay 1973, halaman 322.

[salvoes-9] In the United Kingdom: "Fisher does not seem to have expressed interest in ... the ability to hit an adversary at long range by spotting salvoes. It is also very difficult to understand just when this method was first officially understood"; Mackay 1973, halaman 322. And in America: "The possibility of gunnery confusion due to two calibers as close as 10 inci (250 mm) and 12 inci (300 mm) was never raised. For example, Sims and Poundstone stressed the advantages of homogeneity in terms of ammunition supply and the transfer of crews from the disengaged guns to replace wounded gunners. Friedman 1985, halaman 55.

[accuracy-10] In October W.L. Rogers of the Naval War College wrote a long and detailed memorandum on this question, pointing out that as ranges became longer the difference in accuracy between even 10-inch and 12-inch guns became enormous.Friedman 1985, halaman 55; "The advantage at long range lies with the ship which carries the greatest number of guns of the largest type", Report of the Committee on Designs, quoted in Mackay 1973, halaman 322.

[Fisher-11] Fisher first firmly proposed the all-big-gun idea in a paper in 1904, where he called for battleships with sixteen 10-inch guns; by November 1904 he was convinced of the need for 12-inch guns. A 1902 letter, where he suggested powerful ships 'with equal fire all round', might have meant an all-big-gun design. Mackay 1973, halaman 312.

[power_loss-12] Friedman 1985, halaman 126–128. Friedman notes, for instance, the total loss of power in the turbo-electric drive of converted battlecruiser USS Saratoga (CV-3) after just one torpedo hit in World War II.

[engines-13] Friedman 1985, halaman 104–105. While Nevada was designed and completed with oil-fired steam turbines, Oklahoma was designed and completed with oil-fired triple-expansion engines.

[costs-14] Dreadnought (1906) cost £1,783,000, compared to the £1,540,000 for each of the kelas Lord Nelson. Eight years later the kelas Queen Elizabeth cost £2,300,000. Comparable figures today are 142 juta; 123 juta; 168 juta. Original figures from Breyer, Battleships and Battlecruisers of the World, p.52, 141; comparisons from Measuring Worth UK CPI.

[war_prizes-15] The Nassau and Heligoland classes were war prizes. The Kaiser and König classes, and first two of the Bayern class were scuttled (though Baden was prevented from sinking by the British who refloated her and used her as a target ship and for experiments). Battleships under construction were scrapped instead of being completed.

[hulks-16] This process was well under way before the 1922 Washington Naval Treaty. Sixteen pre-dreadnoughts served during World War II in such roles as hulks, accommodation ships, and training vessels; two of the German training vessels Schlesien and Schleswig-Holstein undertook naval gunfire support in the Baltic.

[2] The Battle of Jutland: The Navy's Bloodiest Day. BBC. 2016.

[FOOTNOTEMackay1973326,_for_instance-3] Mackay 1973, m/s. 326, for instance.

[Mizokami-4] Mizokami, Kyle (26 October 2016). "A Brief History of All the Warships Called "Dreadnought"". Popular Mechanics. Dicapai pada 27 October 2016. If the name of Britain's next nuclear sub sounds old, it's because it is very, very old.

[a]

[1]

[2]

[3]

l b s Kapal laut dan kapal perang pada zaman Moden Akhir
Kelas-kelas kapal tentera laut dalam perkhidmatan kapal selam bantuan Zon operasi Tentera laut laut biru Tentera laut laut perang Tentera laut laut hijau Kedudukan meriam Broadside bateri tengah Casemate Turet
Kapal pengangkut pesawat	Penjajap pengangkut pesawat Kapal serangan amfibia Kapal peperangan anti kapal selam Balloon carrier Kapal CAM Kapal pembawa pengiring Fighter catapult ship Kapal pengangkut armada Kapal pengangkut helikopter Kapal pengangkut pesawat ringan Kapal pengangkut pesawat dagang Tender pesawat laut Kapal pengangkut pesawat kapal selam Kapal pengangkut pesawat super
Kapal tempur	Kapal pertahanan pantai Dreadnought Kapal tempur laju Kapal tempur pra-dreadnought Super-dreadnought (kapal tempur jenis standard) Kapal tempur perjanjian
Penjajap	Penjajap berperisai Penjajap tempur Penjajap dek penerbangan Penjajap berat Kapal tempur Pocket Penjajap ringan Kapal penjarah dagang Perjajap dilindungi Penjajap pemukul Penjajap torpedo Penjajap tidak dilindungi
Pengiring	Aviso Kapal penyelamatan konvoi Pembinasa Kapal pengiring pembinasa Ketua pembinasa Pembinasa pengiring Escorteur Pergata Pembinasa peluru berpandu Kaibōkan Sloop
Pengangkut	Dok pengangkutan amfibia Kapal peperangan amfibia Attack transport Kapal pendaratan dok Lancang pendaratan Kapal pengangkut lancang pendaratan Kapal sokongan lancang pendaratan Kapal pendaratan berat Kapal pendaratan infantri Kapal pendaratan sederhana Kapal pendaratan kereta kebal Kapal pendaratan kenderaan Troopship
Kapal rondaan	Armed boarding steamer Kapal layar bersenjata Bot bermotor pantai Korvet Bot meriam Harbour Defence Motor Launch Motor Launch Naval drifter Naval trawler Ocean boarding vessel Kapal peronda Kapal-Q Bot meriam stim Kapal pengejar kapal selam Bot torpedo
Kapal serang laju	E-boat MAS MGB Bot peluru berpandu MTB MTM MTSM Bot PT Shin'yō
Peperangan periuk api	Danlayer Pembinasa penyapu ranjau Kapal anti peperangan periuk api Penanam periuk api Kapal pemburu ranjau Kapal penabur ranjau Kapal penyapu ranjau
Kawalan dan sokongan	Amenities ship Kapal peluru Auxiliary repair dock Kapal bantuan Collier Combat stores ship Kapal arahan Crane vessel Kapal depoh Destroyer tender Dispatch boat Fast combat support ship General stores issue ship Kapal hospital Naval tugboat Net laying ship Repair ship Replenishment oiler Submarine tender
Kapal selam	Kapal selam penyerang Kapal selam peluru berpandu balistik Kapal selam pantai Kapal selam peluru berpandu krus Kapal selam penjajap Deep-submergence vehicle DSRV Kapal selam armada Kapal selam kerdil U-boat
Lain-lain	Arsenal ship Kapal Barracks Monitor Breastwork Kapal Capital Flagship Kapal pengawal Kapal tempur pesisir Monitor Monitor sungai Kapal latihan