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Help:IPA/Scottish Gaelic

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The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Scottish Gaelic pronunciations in Wikipedia articles.

See Scottish Gaelic phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of Scottish Gaelic, and Scottish Gaelic orthography for the exact correspondence between sounds and letters in Scottish Gaelic.

Consonants
Broad[1]Slender[2]
IPAExamplesIPAExamples
f[3] fad, fead, pholl, pheann
ɣ dhà, deireadh, ghaol, dragh ʝ dh'iarr, dh'innis, gheall, ghin
h[3] thonn, thig, shùil, sheòl
j eala, beò, theàrn, iolaire, piuthar, shiùbhlainn, gràidh
k gaol, beagan, caileag, amharc kʲ gille, fairrge, thig, chunnaic
kʰ[4] còta kʲʰ[4] cìr
l̪ˠ làmh, balla, geal l mo leaba, cliathaich, baile, fuil
ʎ leaba, slige, gille
m[3] mac, mic, lampa, ìm
n̪ˠ nàire, snàmh, clann ɲ nighean, sneachda, cinneadh, ròin
n mo nàire, anail, bean
ŋ long ŋʲ aingeal
p[3] ball, nàbuidh, abair, corp
pʰ[3][4] peann, poll
rˠ rud, riochd, oirre, orra
ɾ dà rud, mo riochd, crann, fear ɾʲ cridhe, fir
s̪ solas, speal, sgialachd ʃ seòl, stiùir, slighe, snìomh
t̪ dall, fada, ad, falt tʲ dìleas, maide, thèid, fuilt
t̪ʰ[4] tana tʲʰ[4] tìr
v[3] bhean, sàibh, mhàthair, deimhinn, làmh
x chòta, balach ç chì, balaich
Monophthongs
ShortLong
IPAExamplesIPAExamples
a mac, glaine aː làmh, àite, gearr
e teth, fead, cheil eː glè, chèile, beud
ɛ fear, each ɛː cnàimh, sèimh
i mise, fios iː ìseal, pìobaire, cinn
o tobar, bodhar oː bò, còig
ɔ cnoc, sgoil, deoch ɔː bròn, mòine, ceòl, corr
u ugh, bun, sgioltachd, fliuch uː cùl, sùil, diombach, tiurr, cunntas
ɯ duine, uisge ɯː craobh, aois
ɤ dragh, coire ɤː fadhlach
ə fada, baile
ɪ uilig, capaill
Diphthongs
IPAExamples
ai claidheamh, chaill, cainnt
au amharc, abhainn, ball, gann
ɛu seall, theann, dream
ia Niall, pian, feur, beul
iə fiacail, iasg, ceud, deug, sìos, fìon
ɔu toll, tonn, com
ua uamhasach, suaineadh, uaine
uə fuar, uair, buaidh
ɯi chraoibh, ghaoith, tuill, tuinn
ɤi maighdean, greim, coibhneil, oighre, coilltean, broinn
Other symbols used in transcription of Scottish Gaelic pronunciation
IPAExplanation
ˈ Primary stress (placed before the stressed syllable) for example uinneag [ˈɯɲak]

Varying IPA conventions

[change | change source]

Materials published elsewhere use somewhat different conventions from those used at Wikipedia. Most systems vary from pure IPA, particularly the systems used in Celtic Studies. The following table lists some of the variations commonly encountered. If an IPA symbol is not in the table below, this indicates that the source uses the same symbol as above.

Borgstrøm (1937)[5]
(Barra)		 Borgstrøm (1940)[6]
(Outer Hebrides)		 Oftedal (1956)[7]
(Lewis)		 Ó Murchú (1989)[8]
(East Perthshire)		 Cox (2002)[9]
(Lewis)		 Ó Maolalaigh (2008)[10]
(over-regional)		 Black (2006)[11]
(over-regional)		 Klevenhaus (2009)[12]
Bauer (2011)[13]
(both over-regional)
ç çç′çx′çççç
ʝ jj′ǰɣ′ʝjjʝ
k g̊, kg̬, kgɡggg[14], k[15]g
kʲ g̊′, k′g̬′, k′ǵɡ′g̭'gʲgʲ, kʲgʲ
kʰ kʽkʽkkkkkk
kʲʰ k′ʽk′ʽḱk′k′kʲkʲkʲ
l̪ˠ LLLɬLɫ̪LL
ʎ L′L′L′N/aL′ʎLʲLʲ
l l′l′llllll
n̪ˠ NNNN/aNᵰ̪NN
ɲ N′N′N′N/aN′ɲNʲNʲ
p b̥, pb̬, pbbbbb, pb
pʰ pʽpʽpppppp
rˠ RR, ṚRN/aRᵲRR
ɾ rrrrrrrr
ɾʲ r′r′, ð′ðN/aðrʲrʲrʲ
s̪ ssssssss
ʃ ʃʃʃšʃʃʃʃ
t̪ d̥, td̬, tdddd̪d, td
tʲ d̥′ž, d̥′, t′d̬′ž, d̬′, t′d′ǰd′dʲdʲ, tʲdʲ
t̪ʰ tʽtʽtttt̪tt
tʲʰ tʽ′ʃ, tʽ′tʽ′ʃ, tʽ′t′čt′tʲtʲtʲ
ɯ ʎʎɯɯɯɯʎɯ
ɤ øøəɤɤɤəɤ
ɛ ɛ, æɛ, æɛɛɛɛɛɛ
a aaaɑaaaa

Notes

[change | change source]
  1. ↑ Scottish Gaelic makes contrasts between velarized ("broad") and palatalized ("slender") consonants. Velarized consonants, denoted in the IPA by a superscript ‹ˠ›, are pronounced with the back of the tongue raised toward the velum, which happens to the /l/ in English pill in some accents, like RP and General American, and in all positions in Scottish English. In Scottish Gaelic orthography, broad consonants are surrounded by the letters ‹a›, ‹o›, ‹u›.
  2. ↑ "Slender" (palatalized) consonants, denoted in the IPA by a superscript ‹ʲ›, are pronounced with the body of the tongue raised toward the hard palate, in a manner similar to the articulation of the ‹y› sound in yes. In Scottish Gaelic orthography, slender consonants are surrounded by the letters ‹e›, ‹i›.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Neither broad nor slender, slender positions instead having an on- or off-glide /j/.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 In initial position, the aspirated stops /kʰ, kʲʰ, pʰ, t̪ʰ, tʲʰ/ are postaspirated [kʰ, kʲʰ, pʰ, t̪ʰ, tʲʰ]. In medial or final position after a stressed vowel, they are preaspirated [ʰk, ʰkʲ, ʰp, ʰt̪, ʰtʲ].
  5. ↑ Borgstrøm, Carl Hjalmar (1937). "The Dialect of Barra in the Outer Hebrides". Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap. 8: 71–242.
  6. ↑ Borgstrøm, Carl Hjalmar (1940). The Dialects of the Outer Hebrides. A Linguistic Survey of the Gaelic Dialects of Scotland, vol. 1 (Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap suppl. vol. 1). Oslo: Aschehoug.
  7. ↑ Oftedal, Magne (1956). The Gaelic of Leurbost. A Linguistic Survey of the Gaelic Dialects of Scotland, vol. 3 (Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap suppl. vol. 4). Oslo: Aschehoug.
  8. ↑ Ó Murchú, Máirtín (1989). East Perthshire Gaelic. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. ISBN 0-901282-93-6.
  9. ↑ Cox, Richard A. V. (2002). The Gaelic Place-names of Carloway, Isle of Lewis. School of Celtic Studies, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. ISBN 1-85500-192-6.
  10. ↑ Ó Maolalaigh, Roibeard (2008). Scottish Gaelic in Twelve Weeks. Edinburgh: Birlinn. ISBN 978-1-84158-643-4.
  11. ↑ Black, Ronald (2006). Cothrom Ionnsachaidh. Edinburgh. ISBN 0906981336.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  12. ↑ Klevenhaus, Michael (2009). Lehrbuch der schottish-gälischen Sprache. Hamburg: Buske. ISBN 978-3-87548-520-2.
  13. ↑ Bauer, Michael (2011). Blas na Gàidhlig: The Practical Guide to Scottish Gaelic Pronunciation. Glasgow: Akerbeltz. ISBN 978-1907165009.
  14. ↑ Word-initially
  15. ↑ Medially or final
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