LL3.0, unusually primitive chondrite
Fall, 26 October 1940; 691 g

Of the 6000 plus stones listed as LL Chondrites (very low in Fe) at the 'Meteoritical Bulletin Database' only 5 are classified as LL3.0, the most primitive petrologic type possible for ordinary chondrites. The modest-sized Semarkona Chondrite is the largest of this select group. Such chondrites have abundant chondrules, minimal aqueous alteration, and unequilibrated mineralogical assemblages which were gathered together by low-temperature nebular processes and subsequent mild metamorphism on the original homeworld. Studies of Fe-rich and Fe-poor chondrules, amoeboid olivine aggregates, carbide assemblages, and sulfide assemblages have revealed a plethora of minerals recording various aspects of Semarkona's complex formation. Among the mineralogical vestiges of its ancient past are various minute presolar grains (diamond, corundum, spinel) which continue to spark inquiry and interest.

Select Mineral List Type

Standard Detailed Gallery Strunz Chemical Elements

Mineral List

30 valid minerals.

Meteorite/Rock Types Recorded

Note: data is currently VERY limited. Please bear with us while we work towards adding this information!

Select Rock List Type

Alphabetical List Tree Diagram

ⓘ 'LL3.00 chondrite meteorite'

Detailed Mineral List:

ⓘ Anorthite

Formula: Ca(Al₂Si₂O₈)

Description: In amoeboid olivine aggregates (AOAs)

References:

Srinivasan, G., Russell, S.S., MacPherson, G.J., Huss, G.R., & Wasserburg, G. J. (1996) New Evidence for 26Al in CAI and Chondrules from Type 3 Ordinary Chondrites: Lunar and Planetary Science 27: 1257-1258.

Itoh, S., Russell, S. S. & Yurimoto, H. (2004) Amoeboid Olivine Aggregates from the Semarkona LL3.0 Chondrite: Workshop on Chondrites and the Protoplanetary Disk, November 8-11, 2004, Kauai, Hawaii, abstract no. 9019. (Nov 2004)

ⓘ 'Apatite'

Formula: Ca₅(PO₄)₃(Cl/F/OH)

References:

E.R.D. Scott et al. (1988) Primitive material surviving in chondrites: Matrix. IN: Meteorites and the Early Solar System. Kerridge, J. & Matthews, M.S. -Eds., pp. 718--745: University of Arizona Press: Tucson, Arizona.

ⓘ Augite

Formula: (Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆

Description: Rare, in chondrule mesostasis. Also as overgrowths of Fe-poor enstatite cores.

References:

Jones, R. H. (1990) Petrology and Petrology of Type II, FeO-rich chondrules in Semarkona (LL3.0). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 54 (6), 1985-1802. (June 1990)

ⓘ Awaruite

Formula: Ni₃Fe

Description: In awaruite-pentlandite-troilite assemblages

References:

Zanda, B., Bourot-Denise, M. & Hewins, R. H. (1995) Condensate Sulfide and Its Metamorphic Transformations in Primitive Chondrites: Meteoritics 30 (5): 605 (Sept 1995)

ⓘ Calcite

Formula: CaCO₃

Description: Twined along chondrule outline (preterrestrial)[Brearley & Jones (1998)

References:

Hutchinson, R., Alexandra, C.M.O., and Barber, D.J. (1987) The Semarkona meteorite - First recorded occurrence of smectite in an ordinary chondrite, and its implications. Geochimica et CosmochimicaActa: 51 (July 1987): 1875-1882.

Brearley, A. J. & Jones, R. H. (1998): Chondritic Meteorites. In: Planetary Materials (Papike, J. J., Editor): Chapter 3, 398 pages. Mineralogical Society of America: Washington, DC, USA. (1998).

ⓘ Chromite

Formula: Fe²⁺Cr³⁺₂O₄

References:

Jones, R. H. (1990) Petrology and Petrology of Type II, FeO-rich chondrules in Semarkona (LL3.0). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 54 (6), 1985-1802. (June 1990)

ⓘ Clinoenstatite

Formula: MgSiO₃

References:

Jones, R. H. (1994) Petrology of FeO-poor, porphyritic pyroxene chondrules in the Semarkona chondrite G&CA 58 (23), 5325-5340 (Dec 1994)

ⓘ Cohenite

Formula: Fe₃C

Description: In Carbide-Magnetite Assemblages; Keller (1998) presents evidence that carburization alteration preceded aqueous alteration

References:

Taylor, G. J., Okada, A., Scott, E. R. D., Rubin, A. E., Huss, G. R. & Keil, K. (1981) The Occurrence and Implications of Carbide-Magnetite Assemblages in Unequilibrated Ordinary Chondrites (abstract). Lunar and PLanetary Science XII: 1076-1078. ( March 1981)

Keller, L. P. (1998) A TEM study of iron-nickel carbides in the matrix of the Semarkona unequilibrated ordinary chondrite: Meteoritics & Planetary Science 33(4): 913-919. (July 1998)

ⓘ Corundum

Formula: Al₂O₃

Description: Including Presolar grains

References:

Choi, B.-G., Huss, G. R. & Wasserburg, G. J. (1998) Presolar Corundum and Spinel from the Bishunpur and Semarkona Ordinary Chondrites. Lunar and Planetary Science Conference XXIX, abstract no. 1898.

ⓘ Daubréelite

Formula: Fe²⁺Cr³⁺₂S₄

References:

ⓘ Diamond

Formula: C

References:

Huss, G.R. & Lewis, R.S. (1995) Presolar diamond, SiC, and graphite in primitive chondrites: Abundances as a function of meteorite class and petrologic type. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 59 (1):115-160 (Jan 1995).

Fisenko, A.V. and L.F. Semenova (1997) On the Selection of Chondrites for Studying Interstellar Diamond. Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences.

ⓘ Diopside

Formula: CaMgSi₂O₆

Description: In amoeboid olivine aggregates (AOA), Includes aluminous varieties.

References:

Russell, S.S., Huss, G.R., MacPherson, G.J. & Wasserburg, G.J. (1997) Early and late chondrule formation - New constraints for solar nebula chronology from Al-26/Al-27 in unequilibrated ordinary chondrites: 28th Annual Lunar and Planetary Science Conference: 209-210.

Beckett et al. (2006) Chemical processes in Calcium-Aluminum-rich Inclusions: A Mostly CMAS View of Melting and Crystallization: In: Meteorites and The Early Solar System (Editors: Lauretta, D.S. & McSween Jr, H.Y.) University of Arizona Press. Tucson. pp. 399-429.

ⓘ Enstatite

Formula: Mg₂Si₂O₆

References:

Brearley, A. J. & Jones, R. H. (1998): Chondritic Meteorites. In: Planetary Materials (Papike, J. J., Editor): Chapter 3, 398 pages. Mineralogical Society of America: Washington, DC, USA. (1998).

ⓘ Fayalite

Formula: Fe²⁺₂SiO₄

Description: Fe-rich olivine in fluffy aggregates.

References:

ⓘ 'Fayalite-Forsterite Series'

Description: Among other instances: Relic Forsteritic Olivine (rare, usually zoned)

References:

Grossman, J. N. (1985) Semarkona: The Least Metamorphosed Ordinary Chondrite. Meteoritics 20 (4): 656-657 (Dec 1985)

Jones, R. H. (1990) Petrology and Petrology of Type II, FeO-rich chondrules in Semarkona (LL3.0). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 54 (6), 1985-1802. (June 1990)

Jones, R. H. (1994) Petrology of FeO-poor, porphyritic pyroxene chondrules in the Semarkona chondrite G&CA 58 (23), 5325-5340 (Dec 1994)

ⓘ Forsterite

Formula: Mg₂SiO₄

References:

Jones, R. H. (1994) Petrology of FeO-poor, porphyritic pyroxene chondrules in the Semarkona chondrite G&CA 58 (23), 5325-5340 (Dec 1994)

ⓘ Gehlenite

Formula: Ca₂Al[AlSiO₇]

References:

Brearley, A. J. & Jones, R. H. (1998): Chondritic Meteorites. In: Planetary Materials (Papike, J. J., Editor): Chapter 3, 398 pages. Mineralogical Society of America: Washington, DC, USA. (1998).

ⓘ 'Glass'

References:

ⓘ Graphite

Formula: C

References:

ⓘ Haxonite

Formula: (Fe,Ni)₂₃C₆

Description: In Carbide-Magnetite Assemblages

References:

ⓘ Hibonite

Formula: CaAl₁₂O₁₉

References:

Brearley, A. J. & Jones, R. H. (1998): Chondritic Meteorites. In: Planetary Materials (Papike, J. J., Editor): Chapter 3, 398 pages. Mineralogical Society of America: Washington, DC, USA. (1998).

ⓘ Maghemite

Formula: (Fe³⁺_0.67◻_0.33)Fe³⁺₂O₄

Description: Secondary alteration product (preterrestrial)

References:

Brearley, A. J. & Jones, R. H. (1998): Chondritic Meteorites. In: Planetary Materials (Papike, J. J., Editor): Chapter 3, 398 pages. Mineralogical Society of America: Washington, DC, USA. (1998).

ⓘ Magnetite

Formula: Fe²⁺Fe³⁺₂O₄

References:

Grossman, J. N. (1985) Semarkona: The Least Metamorphosed Ordinary Chondrite. Meteoritics 20 (4): 656-657 (Dec 1985)

ⓘ 'Melilite Group'

Formula: Ca₂M(XSiO₇)

References:

ⓘ Native Iron

Formula: Fe

References:

ⓘ Native Iron var. Kamacite

Formula: (Fe,Ni)

References:

ⓘ 'Nickel-iron'

References:

Jones, R. H. (1990) Petrology and Petrology of Type II, FeO-rich chondrules in Semarkona (LL3.0). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 54 (6), 1985-1802. (June 1990)

ⓘ Pentlandite

Formula: (Ni_xFe_y)_Σ9S₈

Description: In awaruite-pentlandite-troilite assemblages

References:

Grossman, J. N. (1985) Semarkona: The Least Metamorphosed Ordinary Chondrite. Meteoritics 20 (4): 656-657 (Dec 1985)

Zanda, B., Bourot-Denise, M. & Hewins, R. H. (1995) Condensate Sulfide and Its Metamorphic Transformations in Primitive Chondrites: Meteoritics 30 (5): 605 (Sept 1995)

ⓘ Perovskite

Formula: CaTiO₃

References:

Brearley, A. J. & Jones, R. H. (1998): Chondritic Meteorites. In: Planetary Materials (Papike, J. J., Editor): Chapter 3, 398 pages. Mineralogical Society of America: Washington, DC, USA. (1998).

ⓘ Pigeonite

Formula: (Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆

Description: Compositional range (Wo5-15). As overgrowths surrounding nearly pure enstatite/clinoenstatite cores.

References:

Jones, R. H. (1990) Petrology and Petrology of Type II, FeO-rich chondrules in Semarkona (LL3.0). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 54 (6), 1985-1802. (June 1990)

Brearley, A. J. & Jones, R. H. (1998): Chondritic Meteorites. In: Planetary Materials (Papike, J. J., Editor): Chapter 3, 398 pages. Mineralogical Society of America: Washington, DC, USA. (1998).

ⓘ 'Plagioclase'

Formula: (Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈

References:

ⓘ 'Pyroxene Group'

Formula: ADSi₂O₆

Description: Pyroxenes in chondrules and matrix include quite variable Fs content as well as Ca-rich and Ca-poor varieties

References:

Jones, R. H. (1994) Petrology of FeO-poor, porphyritic pyroxene chondrules in the Semarkona chondrite G&CA 58 (23), 5325-5340 (Dec 1994)

ⓘ Pyrrhotite

Formula: Fe_1-xS

References:

Brearley, A. J. & Jones, R. H. (1998): Chondritic Meteorites. In: Planetary Materials (Papike, J. J., Editor): Chapter 3, 398 pages. Mineralogical Society of America: Washington, DC, USA. (1998).

ⓘ Schreibersite

Formula: (Fe,Ni)₃P

References:

Bourot-Denise, M., Perron, C. & Zanda, B (1993) Compositional Heterogeneity in Metal Grains of Primitive Chondrites: Onset of Metamorphism. Meteoritics 28(3): 327. (July 1993)

ⓘ 'Silica'

References:

Bourot-Denise, M., Perron, C. & Zanda, B (1993) Compositional Heterogeneity in Metal Grains of Primitive Chondrites: Onset of Metamorphism. Meteoritics 28(3): 327. (July 1993)

ⓘ 'Smectite Group'

Formula: A_0.3D_2-3[T₄O₁₀]Z₂ · nH₂O

Description: Na, Fe-rich smectite in Carbide-Magnetite Assemblages

References:

Keller, L. P. (1998) A TEM study of iron-nickel carbides in the matrix of the Semarkona unequilibrated ordinary chondrite: Meteoritics & Planetary Science 33(4): 913-919. (July 1998)

ⓘ Sodalite

Formula: Na₄(Si₃Al₃)O₁₂Cl

References:

ⓘ Spinel

Formula: MgAl₂O₄

Description: Including Presolar grains

References:

Choi, B.-G., Huss, G. R. & Wasserburg, G. J. (1998) Presolar Corundum and Spinel from the Bishunpur and Semarkona Ordinary Chondrites. Lunar and Planetary Science Conference XXIX, abstract no. 1898.

ⓘ Taenite

Formula: (Fe,Ni)

References:

ⓘ Troilite

Formula: FeS

References:

Grossman, J. N. (1985) Semarkona: The Least Metamorphosed Ordinary Chondrite. Meteoritics 20 (4): 656-657 (Dec 1985)

Jones, R. H. (1990) Petrology and Petrology of Type II, FeO-rich chondrules in Semarkona (LL3.0). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 54 (6), 1985-1802. (June 1990)

Zanda, B., Bourot-Denise, M. & Hewins, R. H. (1995) Condensate Sulfide and Its Metamorphic Transformations in Primitive Chondrites: Meteoritics 30 (5): 605 (Sept 1995)

Gallery:

List of minerals arranged by Strunz 10th Edition classification

Group 1 - Elements
ⓘ	Native Iron	1.AE.05	Fe
ⓘ	var. Kamacite	1.AE.05	(Fe,Ni)
ⓘ	Taenite	1.AE.10	(Fe,Ni)
ⓘ	Awaruite	1.AE.20	Ni₃Fe
ⓘ	Cohenite	1.BA.05	Fe₃C
ⓘ	Haxonite	1.BA.10	(Fe,Ni)₂₃C₆
ⓘ	Schreibersite	1.BD.05	(Fe,Ni)₃P
ⓘ	Graphite	1.CB.05a	C
ⓘ	Diamond	1.CB.10a	C
Group 2 - Sulphides and Sulfosalts
ⓘ	Pentlandite	2.BB.15	(Ni_xFe_y)_Σ9S₈
ⓘ	Pyrrhotite	2.CC.10	Fe_1-xS
ⓘ	Troilite	2.CC.10	FeS
ⓘ	Daubréelite	2.DA.05	Fe²⁺Cr³⁺₂S₄
Group 4 - Oxides and Hydroxides
ⓘ	Chromite	4.BB.05	Fe²⁺Cr³⁺₂O₄
ⓘ	Magnetite	4.BB.05	Fe²⁺Fe³⁺₂O₄
ⓘ	Spinel	4.BB.05	MgAl₂O₄
ⓘ	Maghemite	4.BB.15	(Fe³⁺_0.67◻_0.33)Fe³⁺₂O₄
ⓘ	Corundum	4.CB.05	Al₂O₃
ⓘ	Perovskite	4.CC.30	CaTiO₃
ⓘ	Hibonite	4.CC.45	CaAl₁₂O₁₉
Group 5 - Nitrates and Carbonates
ⓘ	Calcite	5.AB.05	CaCO₃
Group 9 - Silicates
ⓘ	Fayalite	9.AC.05	Fe²⁺₂SiO₄
ⓘ	Forsterite	9.AC.05	Mg₂SiO₄
ⓘ	Gehlenite	9.BB.10	Ca₂Al[AlSiO₇]
ⓘ	Enstatite	9.DA.05	Mg₂Si₂O₆
ⓘ	Clinoenstatite	9.DA.10	MgSiO₃
ⓘ	Pigeonite	9.DA.10	(Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆
ⓘ	Augite	9.DA.15	(Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆
ⓘ	Diopside	9.DA.15	CaMgSi₂O₆
ⓘ	Anorthite	9.FA.35	Ca(Al₂Si₂O₈)
ⓘ	Sodalite	9.FB.10	Na₄(Si₃Al₃)O₁₂Cl
Unclassified
ⓘ	'Fayalite-Forsterite Series'	-
ⓘ	'Plagioclase'	-	(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈
ⓘ	'Pyroxene Group'	-	ADSi₂O₆
ⓘ	'Silica'	-
ⓘ	'Smectite Group'	-	A_0.3D_2-3[T₄O₁₀]Z₂ · nH₂O
ⓘ	'Nickel-iron'	-
ⓘ	'Glass'	-
ⓘ	'Apatite'	-	Ca₅(PO₄)₃(Cl/F/OH)
ⓘ	'Melilite Group'	-	Ca₂M(XSiO₇)

List of minerals for each chemical element

H	Hydrogen
H	ⓘ Smectite Group	A_0.3D_2-3[T₄O₁₀]Z₂ · nH₂O
H	ⓘ Apatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃(Cl/F/OH)
C	Carbon
C	ⓘ Calcite	CaCO₃
C	ⓘ Cohenite	Fe₃C
C	ⓘ Diamond	C
C	ⓘ Graphite	C
C	ⓘ Haxonite	(Fe,Ni)₂₃C₆
O	Oxygen
O	ⓘ Anorthite	Ca(Al₂Si₂O₈)
O	ⓘ Augite	(Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆
O	ⓘ Calcite	CaCO₃
O	ⓘ Chromite	Fe²⁺Cr₂³⁺O₄
O	ⓘ Clinoenstatite	MgSiO₃
O	ⓘ Corundum	Al₂O₃
O	ⓘ Diopside	CaMgSi₂O₆
O	ⓘ Enstatite	Mg₂Si₂O₆
O	ⓘ Fayalite	Fe₂²⁺SiO₄
O	ⓘ Forsterite	Mg₂SiO₄
O	ⓘ Gehlenite	Ca₂Al[AlSiO₇]
O	ⓘ Hibonite	CaAl₁₂O₁₉
O	ⓘ Maghemite	(Fe³⁺_0.67◻_0.33)Fe₂³⁺O₄
O	ⓘ Magnetite	Fe²⁺Fe₂³⁺O₄
O	ⓘ Perovskite	CaTiO₃
O	ⓘ Pigeonite	(Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆
O	ⓘ Sodalite	Na₄(Si₃Al₃)O₁₂Cl
O	ⓘ Spinel	MgAl₂O₄
O	ⓘ Fayalite-Forsterite Series
O	ⓘ Plagioclase	(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈
O	ⓘ Pyroxene Group	ADSi₂O₆
O	ⓘ Smectite Group	A_0.3D_2-3[T₄O₁₀]Z₂ · nH₂O
O	ⓘ Apatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃(Cl/F/OH)
O	ⓘ Melilite Group	Ca₂M(XSiO₇)
F	Fluorine
F	ⓘ Apatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃(Cl/F/OH)
Na	Sodium
Na	ⓘ Sodalite	Na₄(Si₃Al₃)O₁₂Cl
Na	ⓘ Plagioclase	(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈
Mg	Magnesium
Mg	ⓘ Augite	(Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆
Mg	ⓘ Clinoenstatite	MgSiO₃
Mg	ⓘ Diopside	CaMgSi₂O₆
Mg	ⓘ Enstatite	Mg₂Si₂O₆
Mg	ⓘ Forsterite	Mg₂SiO₄
Mg	ⓘ Pigeonite	(Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆
Mg	ⓘ Spinel	MgAl₂O₄
Mg	ⓘ Fayalite-Forsterite Series
Al	Aluminium
Al	ⓘ Anorthite	Ca(Al₂Si₂O₈)
Al	ⓘ Corundum	Al₂O₃
Al	ⓘ Gehlenite	Ca₂Al[AlSiO₇]
Al	ⓘ Hibonite	CaAl₁₂O₁₉
Al	ⓘ Sodalite	Na₄(Si₃Al₃)O₁₂Cl
Al	ⓘ Spinel	MgAl₂O₄
Al	ⓘ Plagioclase	(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈
Si	Silicon
Si	ⓘ Anorthite	Ca(Al₂Si₂O₈)
Si	ⓘ Augite	(Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆
Si	ⓘ Clinoenstatite	MgSiO₃
Si	ⓘ Diopside	CaMgSi₂O₆
Si	ⓘ Enstatite	Mg₂Si₂O₆
Si	ⓘ Fayalite	Fe₂²⁺SiO₄
Si	ⓘ Forsterite	Mg₂SiO₄
Si	ⓘ Gehlenite	Ca₂Al[AlSiO₇]
Si	ⓘ Pigeonite	(Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆
Si	ⓘ Sodalite	Na₄(Si₃Al₃)O₁₂Cl
Si	ⓘ Fayalite-Forsterite Series
Si	ⓘ Plagioclase	(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈
Si	ⓘ Pyroxene Group	ADSi₂O₆
Si	ⓘ Melilite Group	Ca₂M(XSiO₇)
P	Phosphorus
P	ⓘ Schreibersite	(Fe,Ni)₃P
P	ⓘ Apatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃(Cl/F/OH)
S	Sulfur
S	ⓘ Daubréelite	Fe²⁺Cr₂³⁺S₄
S	ⓘ Pentlandite	(Ni_xFe_y)_Σ9S₈
S	ⓘ Pyrrhotite	Fe_1-xS
S	ⓘ Troilite	FeS
Cl	Chlorine
Cl	ⓘ Sodalite	Na₄(Si₃Al₃)O₁₂Cl
Cl	ⓘ Apatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃(Cl/F/OH)
Ca	Calcium
Ca	ⓘ Anorthite	Ca(Al₂Si₂O₈)
Ca	ⓘ Augite	(Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆
Ca	ⓘ Calcite	CaCO₃
Ca	ⓘ Diopside	CaMgSi₂O₆
Ca	ⓘ Gehlenite	Ca₂Al[AlSiO₇]
Ca	ⓘ Hibonite	CaAl₁₂O₁₉
Ca	ⓘ Perovskite	CaTiO₃
Ca	ⓘ Pigeonite	(Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆
Ca	ⓘ Plagioclase	(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈
Ca	ⓘ Apatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃(Cl/F/OH)
Ca	ⓘ Melilite Group	Ca₂M(XSiO₇)
Ti	Titanium
Ti	ⓘ Perovskite	CaTiO₃
Cr	Chromium
Cr	ⓘ Chromite	Fe²⁺Cr₂³⁺O₄
Cr	ⓘ Daubréelite	Fe²⁺Cr₂³⁺S₄
Fe	Iron
Fe	ⓘ Augite	(Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆
Fe	ⓘ Awaruite	Ni₃Fe
Fe	ⓘ Chromite	Fe²⁺Cr₂³⁺O₄
Fe	ⓘ Cohenite	Fe₃C
Fe	ⓘ Daubréelite	Fe²⁺Cr₂³⁺S₄
Fe	ⓘ Fayalite	Fe₂²⁺SiO₄
Fe	ⓘ Haxonite	(Fe,Ni)₂₃C₆
Fe	ⓘ Native Iron	Fe
Fe	ⓘ Native Iron var. Kamacite	(Fe,Ni)
Fe	ⓘ Maghemite	(Fe³⁺_0.67◻_0.33)Fe₂³⁺O₄
Fe	ⓘ Magnetite	Fe²⁺Fe₂³⁺O₄
Fe	ⓘ Pentlandite	(Ni_xFe_y)_Σ9S₈
Fe	ⓘ Pigeonite	(Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆
Fe	ⓘ Pyrrhotite	Fe_1-xS
Fe	ⓘ Schreibersite	(Fe,Ni)₃P
Fe	ⓘ Taenite	(Fe,Ni)
Fe	ⓘ Troilite	FeS
Fe	ⓘ Fayalite-Forsterite Series
Ni	Nickel
Ni	ⓘ Awaruite	Ni₃Fe
Ni	ⓘ Haxonite	(Fe,Ni)₂₃C₆
Ni	ⓘ Native Iron var. Kamacite	(Fe,Ni)
Ni	ⓘ Pentlandite	(Ni_xFe_y)_Σ9S₈
Ni	ⓘ Schreibersite	(Fe,Ni)₃P
Ni	ⓘ Taenite	(Fe,Ni)

Other Regions, Features and Areas containing this locality

AsiaContinent

India

Deccan TrapsLarge Igneous Province

Indian Plate (India Plate)Tectonic Plate

Central Indian Tectonic ZoneNarrow Rift
Satpura basinBasin

This page contains all mineral locality references listed on mindat.org. This does not claim to be a complete list. If you know of more minerals from this site, please register so you can add to our database. This locality information is for reference purposes only. You should never attempt to visit any sites listed in mindat.org without first ensuring that you have the permission of the land and/or mineral rights holders for access and that you are aware of all safety precautions necessary.

References

www.lpi.usra.edu (n.d.) https://www.lpi.usra.edu/meteor/metbull.php?code=23487

articles.adsabs.harvard.edu (n.d.) http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1996LPI..27.1257S

Grossman, J. N. (1985) Semarkona: The Least Metamorphosed Ordinary Chondrite. Meteoritics 20 (4): 656-657 (Dec 1985)

Hutchinson, R., Alexandra, C.M.O., Barber, D.J. (1987) The Semarkona meteorite - First recorded occurrence of smectite in an ordinary chondrite, and its implications. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 51 (July 1987), 1875-1882.

Grossman, Jeffrey N., Wasson, John T. (1987) Compositional evidence regarding the origins of rims on Semarkona chondrules. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 51 (11) 3003-3011 doi:10.1016/0016-7037(87)90373-5

Scott, E.R.D. et al. (1988) Primitive material surviving in chondrites: Matrix. In: Meteorites and the Early Solar System. Kerridge, J., Matthews, M.S. (Eds.), pages 718-745. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, Arizona.

Hutcheon, I. D., Hutchison, R. (1989) Evidence from the Semarkona ordinary chondrite for 26A1 heating of small planets. Nature, 337 (6204). 238-241 doi:10.1038/337238a0

Alexander, C.M.O'D, Barber, D.J, Hutchison, R (1989) The microstructure of Semarkona and Bishunpur. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 53 (11) 3045-3057 doi:10.1016/0016-7037(89)90180-4

Jones, R. H. (1990) Petrology and Petrology of Type II, FeO-rich chondrules in Semarkona (LL3.0). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 54 (6), 1985-1802. (June 1990)

Bourot-Denise, M., Perron, C. & Zanda, B (1993) Compositional Heterogeneity in Metal Grains of Primitive Chondrites: Onset of Metamorphism. Meteoritics 28(3): 327. (July 1993)

Jones, R.H. (1994) Petrology of FeO-poor, porphyritic pyroxene chondrules in the Semarkona chondrite Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 58(23), 5325-5340 (Dec 1994).

Zanda, B., Bourot-Denise, M. & Hewins, R. H. (1995) Condensate Sulfide and Its Metamorphic Transformations in Primitive Chondrites: Meteoritics 30 (5): 605 (Sept 1995)

Fisenko, A.V., L.F. Semenova (1997) On the Selection of Chondrites for Studying Interstellar Diamond. Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences.

Fisenko, A.V., Semenova, L.F. (1997) On the Selection of Chondrites for Studying Interstellar Diamond. Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences.

Brearley, A. J. & Jones, R. H. (1998): Chondritic Meteorites. In: Planetary Materials (Papike, J. J., Editor): Chapter 3, 398 pages. Mineralogical Society of America: Washington, DC, USA. (1998).

Keller, L. P. (1998) A TEM study of iron-nickel carbides in the matrix of the Semarkona unequilibrated ordinary chondrite: Meteoritics & Planetary Science 33(4): 913-919. (July 1998)

Choi, B.-G., Huss, G. R. & Wasserburg, G. J. (1998) Presolar Corundum and Spinel from the Bishunpur and Semarkona Ordinary Chondrites. Lunar and Planetary Science Conference XXIX, abstract no. 1898.

Chaussidon, M., Robert, F. (1998) 7Li/6Li and 11B/10B variations in chondrules from the Semarkona unequilibrated chondrite. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 164 (3) 577-589 doi:10.1016/s0012-821x(98)00250-7

Rubin, Alan E. (2004) Aluminian low-Ca pyroxene in a Ca-Al-rich chondrule from the Semarkona meteorite. American Mineralogist, 89 (5) 867-872 doi:10.2138/am-2004-5-621

O'D, Conel M., GROSSMAN, Jeffrey N. (2005) Alkali elemental and potassium isotopic compositions of Semarkona chondrules. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 40 (4) 541-556 doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.2005.tb00962.x

Tachibana, Shogo, Huss, Gary R. (2005) Sulfur isotope composition of putative primary troilite in chondrules from Bishunpur and Semarkona. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 69 (12) 3075-3097 doi:10.1016/j.gca.2004.06.025

Beckett et al. (2006) Chemical processes in Calcium-Aluminum-rich Inclusions: A Mostly CMAS View of Melting and Crystallization. In: Meteorites and The Early Solar System (Editors: Lauretta, D.S. & McSween Jr, H.Y.) University of Arizona Press. Tucson. pages 399-429.

Huss, G.R., Rubin, A.E., Grossman, J.N. (2006) Thermal Metamorphism in Chondrites. In: Meteorites and The Early Solar System (Editors: Lauretta, D.S. & McSween Jr, H.Y.) University of Arizona Press. Tucson. pages 567-586.

Brearley, A.J. (2006) The Action of Water. In: Meteorites and The Early Solar System (Editors: Lauretta, D.S. & McSween Jr, H.Y.) University of Arizona Press. Tucson. pages 603-624.

Rubin, Alan E. (2006) A relict-grain-bearing porphyritic olivine compound chondrule from LL3.0 Semarkona that experienced limited remelting. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 41 (7) 1027-1038 doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.2006.tb00501.x

Hewins, Roger H., Zanda, Brigitte, Bendersky, Claire (2012) Evaporation and recondensation of sodium in Semarkona Type II chondrules. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 78. 1-17 doi:10.1016/j.gca.2011.11.027

Rubin, Alan E. (2013) Multiple melting in a four-layered barred-olivine chondrule with compositionally heterogeneous glass from LL3.0 Semarkona. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 48 (3) 445-456 doi:10.1111/maps.12069

Hubbard, Alexander, Ebel, Denton S. (2015) Semarkona: Lessons for chondrule and chondrite formation. Icarus, 245. 32-37 doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2014.09.025

Tang, Haolan, Dauphas, Nicolas (2015) LOW60FE ABUNDANCE IN SEMARKONA AND SAHARA 99555. The Astrophysical Journal, 802 (1). 22pp. doi:10.1088/0004-637x/802/1/22

Baecker, Bastian, Rubin, Alan E., Wasson, John T. (2017) Secondary melting events in Semarkona chondrules revealed by compositional zoning in low-Ca pyroxene. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 211. 256-279 doi:10.1016/j.gca.2017.05.013

Lewis, Jonathan A., Jones, Rhian H. (2019) Primary feldspar in the Semarkona LL3.00 chondrite: Constraints on chondrule formation and secondary alteration. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 54 (1) 72-89 doi:10.1111/maps.13194

Dobrică, E., Le Guillou, C., Brearley, A.J. (2019) Aqueous alteration of porous microchondrules in Semarkona: Implications for hydration, oxidation and elemental exchange processes. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 244. 292-307 doi:10.1016/j.gca.2018.10.002

Quick NavTop Mineral List Rock Types Other Regions References

Mindat.org® is an outreach project of the Hudson Institute of Mineralogy, a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization. Mindat® and mindat.org® are registered trademarks of the Hudson Institute of Mineralogy.
Copyright © mindat.org and the Hudson Institute of Mineralogy 1993-2026, except where stated. Most political location boundaries are © OpenStreetMap contributors. Mindat.org relies on the contributions of thousands of members and supporters. Founded in 2000 by Jolyon Ralph and Ida Chau.
Content on this site may not be used to train, fine-tune, or otherwise develop artificial intelligence or machine learning models without prior written permission - see our Terms & Conditions.
To cite: Ralph, J., Von Bargen, D., Martynov, P., Zhang, J., Que, X., Prabhu, A., Morrison, S. M., Li, W., Chen, W., & Ma, X. (2025). Mindat.org: The open access mineralogy database to accelerate data-intensive geoscience research. American Mineralogist, 110(6), 833–844. doi:10.2138/am-2024-9486.
Privacy Policy - Terms & Conditions - Contact Us / DMCA issues - Report a bug/vulnerability Current server date and time: October 19, 2026 18:20:14 Page updated: August 9, 2025 07:03:55

Go to top of page