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Silsilah Deposit, Ha'il Region, Saudi Arabiai
Regional Level Types
Silsilah DepositIntrusion
Ha'il RegionRegion
Saudi ArabiaCountry

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Latitude & Longitude (WGS84):
28° 6' North , 42° 40' East
Latitude & Longitude (decimal):
28.10000,42.66667
GeoHash:
G#: suyrfgkym
GRN:
N19E27
Type:
Intrusion
Köppen climate type:
BWh : Hot deserts climate
Mindat Locality ID:
195420
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:2:195420:6
GUID (UUID V4):
0


Subeconomic tin greisen
Silsilah intrusion forms a ring 12km in diameter, which rises 10-300m above the enveloping superficial deposits.
Greisens form flat-topped bodies overlying alkali feldspar granite in borth SW part of the ring and as a number of bodies within the SW part of the stucture, they cover 16km² in total.

Sn is presented at potentially econimic grades and W and Ag may be viable as by-products (du Bray 1988).

Select Mineral List Type

Standard Detailed Gallery Strunz Chemical Elements

Mineral List


38 valid minerals.

Rock Types Recorded

Note: data is currently VERY limited. Please bear with us while we work towards adding this information!

Select Rock List Type

Alphabetical List Tree Diagram

Detailed Mineral List:

ⓘ Aegirine-augite
Formula: (NaaCabFe2+cMgd)(Fe3+eAlfFe2+gMgh)Si2O6
ⓘ Albite
Formula: Na(AlSi3O8)
ⓘ Albite var. Anorthoclase
Formula: (Na,K)AlSi3O8
ⓘ 'Amphibole Supergroup'
Formula: AB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2
ⓘ Arfvedsonite
Formula: [Na][Na2][Fe2+4Fe3+]Si8O22(OH)2
ⓘ Arseniosiderite ?
Formula: Ca2Fe3+3(AsO4)3O2 · 3H2O
ⓘ Arsenopyrite
Formula: FeAsS
ⓘ 'Biotite'
Formula: K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
ⓘ Bismuthinite
Formula: Bi2S3
ⓘ Cassiterite
Formula: SnO2
ⓘ Chalcocite
Formula: Cu2S
ⓘ Chalcopyrite
Formula: CuFeS2
ⓘ 'Columbite-(Fe)-Columbite-(Mn) Series'
ⓘ Conichalcite ?
Formula: CaCu(AsO4)(OH)
ⓘ Covellite
Formula: CuS
ⓘ Fayalite
Formula: Fe2+2SiO4
Habit: Blades 2-10cm long near pegmatites
ⓘ 'Fayalite-Forsterite Series'
ⓘ 'Feldspar Group'
ⓘ 'Feldspar Group var. Perthite'
ⓘ Ferrimolybdite
Formula: Fe2(MoO4)3 · nH2O
ⓘ Ferro-edenite
Formula: NaCa2Fe2+5(Si7Al)O22(OH)2
ⓘ Fluorite
Formula: CaF2
ⓘ Galena
Formula: PbS
ⓘ Hematite
Formula: Fe2O3
ⓘ Ilmenite
Formula: Fe2+TiO3
ⓘ Katophorite
Formula: {Na}{CaNa}{Mg4Al}[(AlSi7)O22](OH)2
ⓘ 'K Feldspar'
ⓘ 'Limonite'
ⓘ Magnetite
Formula: Fe2+Fe3+2O4
ⓘ Marcasite
Formula: FeS2
ⓘ 'Mica Group'
ⓘ Microcline
Formula: K(AlSi3O8)
ⓘ 'Monazite Group'
Formula: REE(PO4)
ⓘ Muscovite
Formula: KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
ⓘ Muscovite var. Sericite
Formula: KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
ⓘ Native Bismuth
Formula: Bi
ⓘ Native Silver
Formula: Ag
ⓘ 'Plagioclase'
Formula: (Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8
ⓘ Proustite
Formula: Ag3AsS3
ⓘ Pyrargyrite
Formula: Ag3SbS3
ⓘ Pyrite
Formula: FeS2
ⓘ Quartz
Formula: SiO2
Habit: In pegmatites, crystals to 1m
ⓘ Rutile
Formula: TiO2
ⓘ Samarskite-(Y)
Formula: YFe3+Nb2O8
ⓘ Scorodite ?
Formula: Fe3+AsO4 · 2H2O
ⓘ Siderite
Formula: FeCO3
ⓘ Sphalerite
Formula: ZnS
ⓘ 'Tetrahedrite Subgroup'
Formula: Cu6(Cu4C2+2)Sb4S12S
ⓘ Topaz
Formula: Al2(SiO4)(F,OH)2
ⓘ 'Tourmaline'
Formula: AD3G6 (T6O18)(BO3)3X3Z
ⓘ Varlamoffite
Formula: Sn1-xFexO2-x(OH)
ⓘ 'Wolframite Group'
ⓘ 'Zinnwaldite'
ⓘ Zircon
Formula: Zr(SiO4)
ⓘ Zirkelite ?
Formula: (Ti,Ca,Zr)O2-x

Gallery:

List of minerals arranged by Strunz 10th Edition classification

Group 1 - Elements
ⓘNative Silver1.AA.05Ag
ⓘNative Bismuth1.CA.05Bi
Group 2 - Sulphides and Sulfosalts
ⓘChalcocite2.BA.05Cu2S
ⓘCovellite2.CA.05aCuS
ⓘSphalerite2.CB.05aZnS
ⓘChalcopyrite2.CB.10aCuFeS2
ⓘGalena2.CD.10PbS
ⓘBismuthinite2.DB.05Bi2S3
ⓘPyrite2.EB.05aFeS2
ⓘMarcasite2.EB.10aFeS2
ⓘArsenopyrite2.EB.20FeAsS
ⓘProustite2.GA.05Ag3AsS3
ⓘPyrargyrite2.GA.05Ag3SbS3
ⓘ'Tetrahedrite Subgroup'2.GB.05Cu6(Cu4C2+2)Sb4S12S
Group 3 - Halides
ⓘFluorite3.AB.25CaF2
Group 4 - Oxides and Hydroxides
ⓘMagnetite4.BB.05Fe2+Fe3+2O4
ⓘHematite4.CB.05Fe2O3
ⓘIlmenite4.CB.05Fe2+TiO3
ⓘQuartz4.DA.05SiO2
ⓘCassiterite4.DB.05SnO2
ⓘRutile4.DB.05TiO2
ⓘVarlamoffite4.DB.05Sn1-xFexO2-x(OH)
ⓘSamarskite-(Y)4.DB.25YFe3+Nb2O8
ⓘ'Wolframite Group'4.DB.30 va
ⓘZirkelite ?4.DL.05(Ti,Ca,Zr)O2-x
Group 5 - Nitrates and Carbonates
ⓘSiderite5.AB.05FeCO3
Group 7 - Sulphates, Chromates, Molybdates and Tungstates
ⓘFerrimolybdite7.GB.30Fe2(MoO4)3 · nH2O
Group 8 - Phosphates, Arsenates and Vanadates
ⓘConichalcite ?8.BH.35CaCu(AsO4)(OH)
ⓘScorodite ?8.CD.10Fe3+AsO4 · 2H2O
ⓘArseniosiderite ?8.DH.30Ca2Fe3+3(AsO4)3O2 · 3H2O
Group 9 - Silicates
ⓘFayalite9.AC.05Fe2+2SiO4
ⓘZircon9.AD.30Zr(SiO4)
ⓘTopaz9.AF.35Al2(SiO4)(F,OH)2
ⓘAegirine-augite9.DA.20(NaaCabFe2+cMgd)(Fe3+eAlfFe2+gMgh)Si2O6
ⓘFerro-edenite9.DE.15NaCa2Fe2+5(Si7Al)O22(OH)2
ⓘKatophorite9.DE.20{Na}{CaNa}{Mg4Al}[(AlSi7)O22](OH)2
ⓘArfvedsonite9.DE.25[Na][Na2][Fe2+4Fe3+]Si8O22(OH)2
ⓘMuscovite9.EC.15KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
ⓘvar. Sericite9.EC.15KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
ⓘMicrocline9.FA.30K(AlSi3O8)
ⓘAlbite9.FA.35Na(AlSi3O8)
ⓘvar. Anorthoclase9.FA.35(Na,K)AlSi3O8
Unclassified
ⓘ'Amphibole Supergroup'-AB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2
ⓘ'Biotite'-K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
ⓘ'Feldspar Group'-
ⓘ'Limonite'-
ⓘ'Monazite Group'-REE(PO4)
ⓘ'Tourmaline'-AD3G6 (T6O18)(BO3)3X3Z
ⓘ'Zinnwaldite'-
ⓘ'Feldspar Group
var. Perthite'		-
ⓘ'Mica Group'-
ⓘ'Fayalite-Forsterite Series'-
ⓘ'Columbite-(Fe)-Columbite-(Mn) Series'-
ⓘ'Plagioclase'-(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8
ⓘ'K Feldspar'-

List of minerals for each chemical element

HHydrogen
Hⓘ Amphibole SupergroupAB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2
Hⓘ Arfvedsonite[Na][Na2][Fe42+Fe3+]Si8O22(OH)2
Hⓘ ArseniosideriteCa2Fe33+(AsO4)3O2 · 3H2O
Hⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Hⓘ ConichalciteCaCu(AsO4)(OH)
Hⓘ Ferro-edeniteNaCa2Fe52+(Si7Al)O22(OH)2
Hⓘ FerrimolybditeFe2(MoO4)3 · nH2O
Hⓘ MuscoviteKAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Hⓘ ScoroditeFe3+AsO4 · 2H2O
Hⓘ TopazAl2(SiO4)(F,OH)2
Hⓘ VarlamoffiteSn1-xFexO2-x(OH)
Hⓘ Katophorite{Na}{CaNa}{Mg4Al}[(AlSi7)O22](OH)2
Hⓘ Muscovite var. SericiteKAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
BBoron
Bⓘ TourmalineAD3G6 (T6O18)(BO3)3X3Z
CCarbon
Cⓘ SideriteFeCO3
OOxygen
Oⓘ Aegirine-augite(NaaCabFec2+Mgd)(Fee3+AlfFeg2+Mgh)Si2O6
Oⓘ AlbiteNa(AlSi3O8)
Oⓘ Amphibole SupergroupAB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2
Oⓘ Albite var. Anorthoclase(Na,K)AlSi3O8
Oⓘ Arfvedsonite[Na][Na2][Fe42+Fe3+]Si8O22(OH)2
Oⓘ ArseniosideriteCa2Fe33+(AsO4)3O2 · 3H2O
Oⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Oⓘ CassiteriteSnO2
Oⓘ ConichalciteCaCu(AsO4)(OH)
Oⓘ FayaliteFe22+SiO4
Oⓘ Ferro-edeniteNaCa2Fe52+(Si7Al)O22(OH)2
Oⓘ FerrimolybditeFe2(MoO4)3 · nH2O
Oⓘ HematiteFe2O3
Oⓘ IlmeniteFe2+TiO3
Oⓘ MagnetiteFe2+Fe23+O4
Oⓘ MicroclineK(AlSi3O8)
Oⓘ Monazite GroupREE(PO4)
Oⓘ MuscoviteKAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Oⓘ QuartzSiO2
Oⓘ RutileTiO2
Oⓘ Samarskite-(Y)YFe3+Nb2O8
Oⓘ ScoroditeFe3+AsO4 · 2H2O
Oⓘ SideriteFeCO3
Oⓘ TopazAl2(SiO4)(F,OH)2
Oⓘ TourmalineAD3G6 (T6O18)(BO3)3X3Z
Oⓘ VarlamoffiteSn1-xFexO2-x(OH)
Oⓘ ZirconZr(SiO4)
Oⓘ Zirkelite(Ti,Ca,Zr)O2-x
Oⓘ Katophorite{Na}{CaNa}{Mg4Al}[(AlSi7)O22](OH)2
Oⓘ Fayalite-Forsterite Series
Oⓘ Columbite-(Fe)-Columbite-(Mn) Series
Oⓘ Muscovite var. SericiteKAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Oⓘ Plagioclase(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8
FFluorine
Fⓘ Amphibole SupergroupAB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2
Fⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Fⓘ FluoriteCaF2
Fⓘ TopazAl2(SiO4)(F,OH)2
NaSodium
Naⓘ Aegirine-augite(NaaCabFec2+Mgd)(Fee3+AlfFeg2+Mgh)Si2O6
Naⓘ AlbiteNa(AlSi3O8)
Naⓘ Albite var. Anorthoclase(Na,K)AlSi3O8
Naⓘ Arfvedsonite[Na][Na2][Fe42+Fe3+]Si8O22(OH)2
Naⓘ Ferro-edeniteNaCa2Fe52+(Si7Al)O22(OH)2
Naⓘ Katophorite{Na}{CaNa}{Mg4Al}[(AlSi7)O22](OH)2
Naⓘ Plagioclase(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8
MgMagnesium
Mgⓘ Aegirine-augite(NaaCabFec2+Mgd)(Fee3+AlfFeg2+Mgh)Si2O6
Mgⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Mgⓘ Katophorite{Na}{CaNa}{Mg4Al}[(AlSi7)O22](OH)2
Mgⓘ Fayalite-Forsterite Series
AlAluminium
Alⓘ Aegirine-augite(NaaCabFec2+Mgd)(Fee3+AlfFeg2+Mgh)Si2O6
Alⓘ AlbiteNa(AlSi3O8)
Alⓘ Amphibole SupergroupAB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2
Alⓘ Albite var. Anorthoclase(Na,K)AlSi3O8
Alⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Alⓘ Ferro-edeniteNaCa2Fe52+(Si7Al)O22(OH)2
Alⓘ MicroclineK(AlSi3O8)
Alⓘ MuscoviteKAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Alⓘ TopazAl2(SiO4)(F,OH)2
Alⓘ Katophorite{Na}{CaNa}{Mg4Al}[(AlSi7)O22](OH)2
Alⓘ Muscovite var. SericiteKAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Alⓘ Plagioclase(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8
SiSilicon
Siⓘ Aegirine-augite(NaaCabFec2+Mgd)(Fee3+AlfFeg2+Mgh)Si2O6
Siⓘ AlbiteNa(AlSi3O8)
Siⓘ Amphibole SupergroupAB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2
Siⓘ Albite var. Anorthoclase(Na,K)AlSi3O8
Siⓘ Arfvedsonite[Na][Na2][Fe42+Fe3+]Si8O22(OH)2
Siⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Siⓘ FayaliteFe22+SiO4
Siⓘ Ferro-edeniteNaCa2Fe52+(Si7Al)O22(OH)2
Siⓘ MicroclineK(AlSi3O8)
Siⓘ MuscoviteKAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Siⓘ QuartzSiO2
Siⓘ TopazAl2(SiO4)(F,OH)2
Siⓘ ZirconZr(SiO4)
Siⓘ Katophorite{Na}{CaNa}{Mg4Al}[(AlSi7)O22](OH)2
Siⓘ Fayalite-Forsterite Series
Siⓘ Muscovite var. SericiteKAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Siⓘ Plagioclase(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8
PPhosphorus
Pⓘ Monazite GroupREE(PO4)
SSulfur
Sⓘ ArsenopyriteFeAsS
Sⓘ BismuthiniteBi2S3
Sⓘ ChalcopyriteCuFeS2
Sⓘ ChalcociteCu2S
Sⓘ CovelliteCuS
Sⓘ GalenaPbS
Sⓘ MarcasiteFeS2
Sⓘ ProustiteAg3AsS3
Sⓘ PyrargyriteAg3SbS3
Sⓘ PyriteFeS2
Sⓘ SphaleriteZnS
Sⓘ Tetrahedrite SubgroupCu6(Cu4C22+)Sb4S12S
ClChlorine
Clⓘ Amphibole SupergroupAB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2
KPotassium
Kⓘ Albite var. Anorthoclase(Na,K)AlSi3O8
Kⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Kⓘ MicroclineK(AlSi3O8)
Kⓘ MuscoviteKAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Kⓘ Muscovite var. SericiteKAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
CaCalcium
Caⓘ Aegirine-augite(NaaCabFec2+Mgd)(Fee3+AlfFeg2+Mgh)Si2O6
Caⓘ ArseniosideriteCa2Fe33+(AsO4)3O2 · 3H2O
Caⓘ ConichalciteCaCu(AsO4)(OH)
Caⓘ Ferro-edeniteNaCa2Fe52+(Si7Al)O22(OH)2
Caⓘ FluoriteCaF2
Caⓘ Zirkelite(Ti,Ca,Zr)O2-x
Caⓘ Katophorite{Na}{CaNa}{Mg4Al}[(AlSi7)O22](OH)2
Caⓘ Plagioclase(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8
TiTitanium
Tiⓘ Amphibole SupergroupAB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2
Tiⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Tiⓘ IlmeniteFe2+TiO3
Tiⓘ RutileTiO2
Tiⓘ Zirkelite(Ti,Ca,Zr)O2-x
MnManganese
Mnⓘ Columbite-(Fe)-Columbite-(Mn) Series
FeIron
Feⓘ Aegirine-augite(NaaCabFec2+Mgd)(Fee3+AlfFeg2+Mgh)Si2O6
Feⓘ ArsenopyriteFeAsS
Feⓘ Arfvedsonite[Na][Na2][Fe42+Fe3+]Si8O22(OH)2
Feⓘ ArseniosideriteCa2Fe33+(AsO4)3O2 · 3H2O
Feⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Feⓘ ChalcopyriteCuFeS2
Feⓘ FayaliteFe22+SiO4
Feⓘ Ferro-edeniteNaCa2Fe52+(Si7Al)O22(OH)2
Feⓘ FerrimolybditeFe2(MoO4)3 · nH2O
Feⓘ HematiteFe2O3
Feⓘ IlmeniteFe2+TiO3
Feⓘ MagnetiteFe2+Fe23+O4
Feⓘ MarcasiteFeS2
Feⓘ PyriteFeS2
Feⓘ Samarskite-(Y)YFe3+Nb2O8
Feⓘ ScoroditeFe3+AsO4 · 2H2O
Feⓘ SideriteFeCO3
Feⓘ VarlamoffiteSn1-xFexO2-x(OH)
Feⓘ Fayalite-Forsterite Series
Feⓘ Columbite-(Fe)-Columbite-(Mn) Series
CuCopper
Cuⓘ ChalcopyriteCuFeS2
Cuⓘ ChalcociteCu2S
Cuⓘ ConichalciteCaCu(AsO4)(OH)
Cuⓘ CovelliteCuS
Cuⓘ Tetrahedrite SubgroupCu6(Cu4C22+)Sb4S12S
ZnZinc
Znⓘ SphaleriteZnS
AsArsenic
Asⓘ ArsenopyriteFeAsS
Asⓘ ArseniosideriteCa2Fe33+(AsO4)3O2 · 3H2O
Asⓘ ConichalciteCaCu(AsO4)(OH)
Asⓘ ProustiteAg3AsS3
Asⓘ ScoroditeFe3+AsO4 · 2H2O
YYttrium
Yⓘ Samarskite-(Y)YFe3+Nb2O8
ZrZirconium
Zrⓘ ZirconZr(SiO4)
Zrⓘ Zirkelite(Ti,Ca,Zr)O2-x
NbNiobium
Nbⓘ Samarskite-(Y)YFe3+Nb2O8
Nbⓘ Columbite-(Fe)-Columbite-(Mn) Series
MoMolybdenum
Moⓘ FerrimolybditeFe2(MoO4)3 · nH2O
AgSilver
Agⓘ ProustiteAg3AsS3
Agⓘ PyrargyriteAg3SbS3
Agⓘ Native SilverAg
SnTin
Snⓘ CassiteriteSnO2
Snⓘ VarlamoffiteSn1-xFexO2-x(OH)
SbAntimony
Sbⓘ PyrargyriteAg3SbS3
Sbⓘ Tetrahedrite SubgroupCu6(Cu4C22+)Sb4S12S
PbLead
Pbⓘ GalenaPbS
BiBismuth
Biⓘ Native BismuthBi
Biⓘ BismuthiniteBi2S3

Geochronology

Mineralization age: Neoproterozoic : 587 ± 8 Ma

Important note: This table is based only on rock and mineral ages recorded on mindat.org for this locality and is not necessarily a complete representation of the geochronology, but does give an indication of possible mineralization events relevant to this locality. As more age information is added this table may expand in the future. A break in the table simply indicates a lack of data entered here, not necessarily a break in the geologic sequence. Grey background entries are from different, related, localities.

Geologic TimeRocks, Minerals and Events
Precambrian
 Proterozoic
  Neoproterozoic
   Ediacaran
ⓘ Alkali-feldspar-granite587 ± 8 Ma
ⓘ Peralkaline alkali-feldspar-granite587 ± 8 Ma

Other Regions, Features and Areas containing this locality

Arabian PeninsulaPeninsula
Arabian PlateTectonic Plate
AsiaContinent

This page contains all mineral locality references listed on mindat.org. This does not claim to be a complete list. If you know of more minerals from this site, please register so you can add to our database. This locality information is for reference purposes only. You should never attempt to visit any sites listed in mindat.org without first ensuring that you have the permission of the land and/or mineral rights holders for access and that you are aware of all safety precautions necessary.

References

Irvine, T. N. J., & Baragar, W. R. A. (1971). A guide to the chemical classification of the common volcanic rocks. Canadian journal of earth sciences, 8(5), 523-548.
Du Bray, E. A. (1988). Geology of the Silsilah ring complex and associated tin mineralization, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. USGS, Professional Paper, 1459, 1-47.
Kamilli, R. J., & Criss, R. J. (1996). Genesis of the Silsilah tin deposit, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Economic Geology, 91(8), 1414-1434.
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