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Panasqueira Mines, Portugali
| Regional Level Types | |
|---|---|
| Panasqueira Mines | Group of Mines (Active) |
| Portugal | Country |
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Latitude & Longitude (WGS84):
40° North , 7° West (est.)
Estimate based on other nearby localities or region boundaries.
Margin of Error:
~7km
Type:
Group of Mines (Active) - last checked 2019
Age:
~4600 to 541 ± 1.0 Ma
Geologic Time:
Köppen climate type:
Name(s) in local language(s):
Couto Mineiro da Panasqueira, Covilhã, Distrito de Castelo Branco, Portugal
Mine Information: A large tin-tungsten mine made up of multiple concessions that started production in 1898. Mining is in gently dipping stacked quartz veins that lead into mineralised tungsten-bearing schist. The mineralised zone has dimensions of approximately 2,500 m in length, varying in width from 400 m to 2,200 m, and continues to at least 500 m in depth.
Originally the longwall method or a variant with partial filling was used, but in 1986 it was changed to room-and-pillar based on an analysis of geological and geomechanical characteristics of the rock mass.
Access to the mine's main levels is by a 2.5 m x 2.8 m decline from the surface at a 14% grade. The main levels consist of a series of parallel drives that are spaced 100 m apart and provide access to the ore passes for rail transport and connect with ramps for the movement of drilling and loading equipment.
Ore blocks are laid out initially in 100 m x 80 m sections by driving 5 m wide tunnels, 2.2 m high. Similar crosscuts are then set off at right angles to create roughly 11 m by 11 m pillars, ultimately trimmed to 3 m by 3 m, providing an extraction rate of 84%. Blasted ore is loaded from the stopes by a fleet of LHDs (rubber-tyred low-profile loaders), tipping into 1.8 m-diameter bored raises connecting to the main level boxes. Rail haulage with trolley locomotives is used to transport the ore to the shaft on Level 3 and to the 900 t-capacity main ore pass on Level 2 that provides storage for the 190 metric tonne/hour jaw crusher located at the 530 m level.
Geology:
Panasqueira granite intrudes Precambrian marine shales, greywackes, and sandstones. Shales are converted into biotite-cordierite-andalusite hornfelses near the granite contact. Irregular barren quartz masses were formed in shales (quartz segregation lenses) during Hercynian regional metamorphism (the geologic mountain-building event caused by the Late Paleozoic continental collision between Euramerica and Gondwana to form the supercontinent of Pangaea). The Panasqueira muscovite-albite leucogranite batholith evolves upwards into a quartz-greisen cupola overlain by a quartz cap, from which related quartz veins (stockscheider) penetrate into the shales. Later subhorizontal mineralised veins follow these quartz veins.
Four stages of mineralisation are known:
1) Oxide-silicate stage (280-320°C): ferberite, cassiterite in quartz veins, arsenopyrite, topaz, muscovite, and tourmaline
2) Sulfide stage: arsenopyrite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, stannite, etc.
3) Pyrrhotite alteration stage
4) Carbonate stage: calcite and dolomite, minor sulfides
The industrial mining centre commonly known as "Panasqueira Mines" extends over a vast area covered by the Panasqueira and Vale da Ermida Mining Fields, with a total area of around 20.5 km².
Although current mining is concentrated in about a dozen concessions, all others are the object of a systematic study for the evaluation of reserves and determination of their economic potential.
Mineralised zones: Décio Thadeu (*), supported by morphological, mineralogical, and tectonic data, presented a classification that until today has been adopted and confirmed by the mining works executed in them. According to this author, the areas are as follows:
a) Panasqueira and Barroca Grande
b) Corga Seca, Alvoroso, Veia Branca, and Giestal
c) Lomba da Cevada
d) Rebordões and Seladinho
e) Fonte das Lameiras
f) Vale das Freiras and Vale da Ermida
g) Cabeço do Pião
1 - Panasqueira Mining Field – Castelo Branco District
(concession no. - name - registered on - locality)
316 – Ponte Masso - 07-04-1900 – Aldeia de São Francisco de Assis – Covilhã
340 – Corga Seca - 26-11-1901 – Aldeia de São Francisco de Assis – Covilhã
366 – Salada Coca - 14-09-1903 – Aldeia de São Francisco de Assis - Covilhã
367 – Barroca Grande - 15-09-1903 – Aldeia de São Francisco de Assis - Covilhã
378 – Gambão - 05-05-1904 – Aldeia de São Francisco de Assis - Covilhã
380 – Alvaroso - 09-05-1904 – Aldeia de São Francisco de Assis - Covilhã
381 – Vale de Carvalhos - 10-05-1904 – Aldeia de São Francisco de Assis - Covilhã
399 – Terreno de Manuel Gil - 16-03-1906 – Aldeia de São Francisco de Assis – Covilhã
721 – Fontainhas - 21-11-1916 – Aldeia de São Francisco de Assis - Covilhã
844 – Giestal - 02-04-1919 – Aldeia de São Francisco de Assis – Covilhã
990 – Chiqueiro no. 2 - 03-03-1921 – Aldeia de São Francisco de Assis - Covilhã
1139 – Sítio dos Cambões - 12-05-1922 – Aldeia de São Francisco Assis - Covilhã
1565 – Bodelhão no. 1 - 12-11-1926 – Aldeia de São Francisco Assis - Covilhã
1566 – Bodelhão no. 2 - 12-11-1926 – Aldeia de São Francisco Assis - Covilhã
1567 – Bodelhão no. 3 - 12-11-1926 – Aldeia de São Francisco Assis – Covilhã
3088 – Parada do Bodelhão - 31-03-1956 – Aldeia de São Francisco Assis - Covilhã
3089 – Ribeiro da Videira no. 1 - 31-03-1956 – Aldeia de São Francisco Assis - Covilhã
3090 – Ribeiro da Videira no. 2 - 31-03-1956 – Aldeia de São Francisco Assis – Covilhã
3108 – Guinchão - 17-05-1956 – Aldeia de São Francisco Assis - Covilhã
3109 – Ribeiro Dianteiro - 17-05-1956 – Aldeia de São de Francisco Assis - Covilhã
3196 – Barroco do Carneiro - 20-02-1958 – Aldeia de São Francisco de Assis – Covilhã
1568 – Panasqueira no. 4 - 12-11-1996 - São Jorge da Beira (Cebola) - Covilhã
2347 – Madurrada - 08-01-1949 - São Jorge da Beira (Cebola) - Covilhã
2425 – Cova da Cruz - 29-09-1949 - São Jorge da Beira (Cebola) - Covilhã
2526 – Torgais - 24-02-1950 - São Jorge da Beira (Cebola) - Covilhã
253 – Panasqueira - 31-05-1894 – São Jorge da Beira (Cebola) - Covilhã
3098 – Cambões de Baixo - 03-05-1956 - São Jorge da Beira (Cebola) - Covilhã
3107 – Barroco dos Carias - 17-05-1956 - São Jorge da Beira (Cebola) - Covilhã
317 – Panasqueira no. 2 - 09-04-1900 – São Jorge da Beira (Cebola) - Covilhã
318 – Panasqueira no. 3 - 10-04-1900 – São Jorge da Beira (Cebola) - Covilhã
319 - Vale da Ermida - 11-04-1900 - São Jorge da Beira (Cebola) - Covilhã
3223 – Madurrada no. 2 - 12-07-1958 – São Jorge da Beira (Cebola) – Covilhã
470 – Vale do Rebordão - 04-09-1908 – São Jorge da Beira (Cebola) - Covilhã
695 – Barroco Fundo (Cebola no. 1) - 10-04-1916 – São Jorge da Beira (Cebola) - Covilhã
900 – Vale da Ermida no. 4 - 18-11-1919 – São Jorge da Beira (Cebola) - Covilhã
980 – Lomba do Muro - 02-12-1920 – São Jorge da Beira (Cebola) – Covilhã
987 – Curral dos Capados - 26-02-1981 – São Jorge da Beira (Cebola) – Covilhã
CM15 – Panasqueira – 23-09-1927 – São Jorge da Beira (Cebola) – Covilhã
255 – Cabeço do Pião - 11-10-1894 – Barroca - Fundão
1036 – Terras do Muro - 07-05-1921 – Barroca - Fundão
1207 – Cebolal ou Resteira - 28-07-1922 – Barroca – Fundão
955 – Costa Meal - 02-06-1920 – Silvares - Fundão
1212 – Costa Meal no. 1 - 03-08-1922 – Silvares – Fundão
2 - Vale da Ermida Mining Field – Coimbra District
(concession no. - name - registered on - locality)
640 – Fonte das Lameiras - 14-01-1915 – Dornelas do Zêzere – Pampilhosa da Serra - Coimbra
3186 - Roçadas - 31-12-1957 – Dornelas do Zêzere – Pampilhosa da Serra - Coimbra
986 - Vale da Ermida no. 2 - 25-02-1921 – Unhais o Velho – Pampilhosa da Serra – Coimbra
988 – Curral dos Capados no. 2 - 28-02-1921 – Unhais o Velho – Pampilhosa da Serra - Coimbra
989 – Chiqueiro no. 1 - 28-02-1921 – Unhais o Velho – Pampilhosa da Serra - Coimbra
3185 – Eiradas - 31-12-1957 – Unhais o Velho – Pampilhosa da Serra - Coimbra
3187- Portela no. 3 - 31-12-1957 – Unhais o Velho – Pampilhosa da Serra - Coimbra
CM55 - Vale da Ermida - 04-03-1961 – Unhais o Velho – Pampilhosa da Serra – Coimbra
(*)Thadeuite: TL Panasqueira, named for Décio Thadeu (1919-1995), Professor of Geology, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal.
Note on the mineral list: The Panasqueira mines have produced, and still produce, the best ferberite, arsenopyrite, and fluorapatite specimens in existence.
Originally the longwall method or a variant with partial filling was used, but in 1986 it was changed to room-and-pillar based on an analysis of geological and geomechanical characteristics of the rock mass.
Access to the mine's main levels is by a 2.5 m x 2.8 m decline from the surface at a 14% grade. The main levels consist of a series of parallel drives that are spaced 100 m apart and provide access to the ore passes for rail transport and connect with ramps for the movement of drilling and loading equipment.
Ore blocks are laid out initially in 100 m x 80 m sections by driving 5 m wide tunnels, 2.2 m high. Similar crosscuts are then set off at right angles to create roughly 11 m by 11 m pillars, ultimately trimmed to 3 m by 3 m, providing an extraction rate of 84%. Blasted ore is loaded from the stopes by a fleet of LHDs (rubber-tyred low-profile loaders), tipping into 1.8 m-diameter bored raises connecting to the main level boxes. Rail haulage with trolley locomotives is used to transport the ore to the shaft on Level 3 and to the 900 t-capacity main ore pass on Level 2 that provides storage for the 190 metric tonne/hour jaw crusher located at the 530 m level.
Geology:
Panasqueira granite intrudes Precambrian marine shales, greywackes, and sandstones. Shales are converted into biotite-cordierite-andalusite hornfelses near the granite contact. Irregular barren quartz masses were formed in shales (quartz segregation lenses) during Hercynian regional metamorphism (the geologic mountain-building event caused by the Late Paleozoic continental collision between Euramerica and Gondwana to form the supercontinent of Pangaea). The Panasqueira muscovite-albite leucogranite batholith evolves upwards into a quartz-greisen cupola overlain by a quartz cap, from which related quartz veins (stockscheider) penetrate into the shales. Later subhorizontal mineralised veins follow these quartz veins.
Four stages of mineralisation are known:
1) Oxide-silicate stage (280-320°C): ferberite, cassiterite in quartz veins, arsenopyrite, topaz, muscovite, and tourmaline
2) Sulfide stage: arsenopyrite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, stannite, etc.
3) Pyrrhotite alteration stage
4) Carbonate stage: calcite and dolomite, minor sulfides
The mine has existed since 1896. There are an estimated 12,000 km of tunnels, some still working and others already abandoned. During World War II, about 10,000 people worked in the mine; today (2017), approximately 370. The mine has a planned production for over 30 years.
The industrial mining centre commonly known as "Panasqueira Mines" extends over a vast area covered by the Panasqueira and Vale da Ermida Mining Fields, with a total area of around 20.5 km².
Although current mining is concentrated in about a dozen concessions, all others are the object of a systematic study for the evaluation of reserves and determination of their economic potential.
Mineralised zones: Décio Thadeu (*), supported by morphological, mineralogical, and tectonic data, presented a classification that until today has been adopted and confirmed by the mining works executed in them. According to this author, the areas are as follows:
a) Panasqueira and Barroca Grande
b) Corga Seca, Alvoroso, Veia Branca, and Giestal
c) Lomba da Cevada
d) Rebordões and Seladinho
e) Fonte das Lameiras
f) Vale das Freiras and Vale da Ermida
g) Cabeço do Pião
1 - Panasqueira Mining Field – Castelo Branco District
(concession no. - name - registered on - locality)
316 – Ponte Masso - 07-04-1900 – Aldeia de São Francisco de Assis – Covilhã
340 – Corga Seca - 26-11-1901 – Aldeia de São Francisco de Assis – Covilhã
366 – Salada Coca - 14-09-1903 – Aldeia de São Francisco de Assis - Covilhã
367 – Barroca Grande - 15-09-1903 – Aldeia de São Francisco de Assis - Covilhã
378 – Gambão - 05-05-1904 – Aldeia de São Francisco de Assis - Covilhã
380 – Alvaroso - 09-05-1904 – Aldeia de São Francisco de Assis - Covilhã
381 – Vale de Carvalhos - 10-05-1904 – Aldeia de São Francisco de Assis - Covilhã
399 – Terreno de Manuel Gil - 16-03-1906 – Aldeia de São Francisco de Assis – Covilhã
721 – Fontainhas - 21-11-1916 – Aldeia de São Francisco de Assis - Covilhã
844 – Giestal - 02-04-1919 – Aldeia de São Francisco de Assis – Covilhã
990 – Chiqueiro no. 2 - 03-03-1921 – Aldeia de São Francisco de Assis - Covilhã
1139 – Sítio dos Cambões - 12-05-1922 – Aldeia de São Francisco Assis - Covilhã
1565 – Bodelhão no. 1 - 12-11-1926 – Aldeia de São Francisco Assis - Covilhã
1566 – Bodelhão no. 2 - 12-11-1926 – Aldeia de São Francisco Assis - Covilhã
1567 – Bodelhão no. 3 - 12-11-1926 – Aldeia de São Francisco Assis – Covilhã
3088 – Parada do Bodelhão - 31-03-1956 – Aldeia de São Francisco Assis - Covilhã
3089 – Ribeiro da Videira no. 1 - 31-03-1956 – Aldeia de São Francisco Assis - Covilhã
3090 – Ribeiro da Videira no. 2 - 31-03-1956 – Aldeia de São Francisco Assis – Covilhã
3108 – Guinchão - 17-05-1956 – Aldeia de São Francisco Assis - Covilhã
3109 – Ribeiro Dianteiro - 17-05-1956 – Aldeia de São de Francisco Assis - Covilhã
3196 – Barroco do Carneiro - 20-02-1958 – Aldeia de São Francisco de Assis – Covilhã
1568 – Panasqueira no. 4 - 12-11-1996 - São Jorge da Beira (Cebola) - Covilhã
2347 – Madurrada - 08-01-1949 - São Jorge da Beira (Cebola) - Covilhã
2425 – Cova da Cruz - 29-09-1949 - São Jorge da Beira (Cebola) - Covilhã
2526 – Torgais - 24-02-1950 - São Jorge da Beira (Cebola) - Covilhã
253 – Panasqueira - 31-05-1894 – São Jorge da Beira (Cebola) - Covilhã
3098 – Cambões de Baixo - 03-05-1956 - São Jorge da Beira (Cebola) - Covilhã
3107 – Barroco dos Carias - 17-05-1956 - São Jorge da Beira (Cebola) - Covilhã
317 – Panasqueira no. 2 - 09-04-1900 – São Jorge da Beira (Cebola) - Covilhã
318 – Panasqueira no. 3 - 10-04-1900 – São Jorge da Beira (Cebola) - Covilhã
319 - Vale da Ermida - 11-04-1900 - São Jorge da Beira (Cebola) - Covilhã
3223 – Madurrada no. 2 - 12-07-1958 – São Jorge da Beira (Cebola) – Covilhã
470 – Vale do Rebordão - 04-09-1908 – São Jorge da Beira (Cebola) - Covilhã
695 – Barroco Fundo (Cebola no. 1) - 10-04-1916 – São Jorge da Beira (Cebola) - Covilhã
900 – Vale da Ermida no. 4 - 18-11-1919 – São Jorge da Beira (Cebola) - Covilhã
980 – Lomba do Muro - 02-12-1920 – São Jorge da Beira (Cebola) – Covilhã
987 – Curral dos Capados - 26-02-1981 – São Jorge da Beira (Cebola) – Covilhã
CM15 – Panasqueira – 23-09-1927 – São Jorge da Beira (Cebola) – Covilhã
255 – Cabeço do Pião - 11-10-1894 – Barroca - Fundão
1036 – Terras do Muro - 07-05-1921 – Barroca - Fundão
1207 – Cebolal ou Resteira - 28-07-1922 – Barroca – Fundão
955 – Costa Meal - 02-06-1920 – Silvares - Fundão
1212 – Costa Meal no. 1 - 03-08-1922 – Silvares – Fundão
2 - Vale da Ermida Mining Field – Coimbra District
(concession no. - name - registered on - locality)
640 – Fonte das Lameiras - 14-01-1915 – Dornelas do Zêzere – Pampilhosa da Serra - Coimbra
3186 - Roçadas - 31-12-1957 – Dornelas do Zêzere – Pampilhosa da Serra - Coimbra
986 - Vale da Ermida no. 2 - 25-02-1921 – Unhais o Velho – Pampilhosa da Serra – Coimbra
988 – Curral dos Capados no. 2 - 28-02-1921 – Unhais o Velho – Pampilhosa da Serra - Coimbra
989 – Chiqueiro no. 1 - 28-02-1921 – Unhais o Velho – Pampilhosa da Serra - Coimbra
3185 – Eiradas - 31-12-1957 – Unhais o Velho – Pampilhosa da Serra - Coimbra
3187- Portela no. 3 - 31-12-1957 – Unhais o Velho – Pampilhosa da Serra - Coimbra
CM55 - Vale da Ermida - 04-03-1961 – Unhais o Velho – Pampilhosa da Serra – Coimbra
Two mining fields: Panasqueira and Vale da Ermida
Two districts: Castelo Branco and Coimbra
Three municipalities: Covilhã, Fundão, Pampilhosa da Serra
Six localities: Aldeia de São Francisco de Assis, São Jorge da Beira, Barroca, Silvares, Dornelas do Zêzere, and Unhais-o-Velho
Two districts: Castelo Branco and Coimbra
Three municipalities: Covilhã, Fundão, Pampilhosa da Serra
Six localities: Aldeia de São Francisco de Assis, São Jorge da Beira, Barroca, Silvares, Dornelas do Zêzere, and Unhais-o-Velho
(*)Thadeuite: TL Panasqueira, named for Décio Thadeu (1919-1995), Professor of Geology, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal.
Note on the mineral list: The Panasqueira mines have produced, and still produce, the best ferberite, arsenopyrite, and fluorapatite specimens in existence.
Select Mineral List Type
Standard Detailed Gallery Strunz Chemical ElementsCommodity List
This is a list of exploitable or exploited mineral commodities recorded from this region.Mineral List
Mineral list contains entries from the region specified including sub-localities90 valid minerals. 2 (TL) - type locality of valid minerals. 2 erroneous literature entries.
Rock Types Recorded
Rock list contains entries from the region specified including sub-localities
Select Rock List Type
Alphabetical List Tree DiagramDetailed Mineral List:
Gallery:
List of minerals arranged by Strunz 10th Edition classification
| Group 1 - Elements | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ⓘ | Native Gold | 1.AA.05 | Au |
| ⓘ | Native Silver | 1.AA.05 | Ag |
| ⓘ | 'Eta-bronze' | 1.AC.15 | Cu6Sn5 |
| ⓘ | Native Antimony | 1.CA.05 | Sb |
| ⓘ | Native Arsenic ? | 1.CA.05 | As |
| ⓘ | Native Bismuth | 1.CA.05 | Bi |
| Group 2 - Sulphides and Sulfosalts | |||
| ⓘ | Chalcocite | 2.BA.05 | Cu2S |
| ⓘ | Acanthite | 2.BA.35 | Ag2S |
| ⓘ | Canfieldite | 2.BA.70 | Ag8SnS6 |
| ⓘ | Pentlandite | 2.BB.15 | (NixFey)Σ9S8 |
| ⓘ | Covellite | 2.CA.05a | CuS |
| ⓘ | Sphalerite | 2.CB.05a | ZnS |
| ⓘ | Chalcopyrite | 2.CB.10a | CuFeS2 |
| ⓘ | Stannite | 2.CB.15a | Cu2FeSnS4 |
| ⓘ | Cubanite | 2.CB.55a | CuFe2S3 |
| ⓘ | Pyrrhotite | 2.CC.10 | Fe1-xS |
| ⓘ | Mackinawite | 2.CC.25 | FeS |
| ⓘ | Galena | 2.CD.10 | PbS |
| ⓘ | Bismuthinite | 2.DB.05 | Bi2S3 |
| ⓘ | Stibnite | 2.DB.05 | Sb2S3 |
| ⓘ | Ikunolite | 2.DC.05 | Bi4S3 |
| ⓘ | Berndtite | 2.EA.20 | SnS2 |
| ⓘ | Molybdenite | 2.EA.30 | MoS2 |
| ⓘ | Pyrite | 2.EB.05a | FeS2 |
| ⓘ | Marcasite | 2.EB.10a | FeS2 |
| ⓘ | Löllingite | 2.EB.15a | FeAs2 |
| ⓘ | Arsenopyrite | 2.EB.20 | FeAsS |
| ⓘ | Gudmundite | 2.EB.20 | FeSbS |
| ⓘ | Pyrargyrite | 2.GA.05 | Ag3SbS3 |
| ⓘ | 'Freibergite Subgroup' | 2.GB.05 | (Ag6,[Ag6]4+)(Cu4 C2+2)Sb4S12S0-1 |
| ⓘ | 'Tetrahedrite Subgroup' | 2.GB.05 | Cu6(Cu4C2+2)Sb4S12S |
| ⓘ | Stephanite | 2.GB.10 | Ag5SbS4 |
| ⓘ | Pavonite | 2.JA.05a | AgBi3S5 |
| ⓘ | Matildite | 2.JA.20 | AgBiS2 |
| ⓘ | Gustavite | 2.JB.40a | AgPbBi3S6 |
| Group 3 - Halides | |||
| ⓘ | Fluorite | 3.AB.25 | CaF2 |
| Group 4 - Oxides and Hydroxides | |||
| ⓘ | Magnetite | 4.BB.05 | Fe2+Fe3+2O4 |
| ⓘ | Corundum | 4.CB.05 | Al2O3 |
| ⓘ | Hematite | 4.CB.05 | Fe2O3 |
| ⓘ | Ilmenite | 4.CB.05 | Fe2+TiO3 |
| ⓘ | Quartz | 4.DA.05 | SiO2 |
| ⓘ | var. Rock Crystal | 4.DA.05 | SiO2 |
| ⓘ | var. Milky Quartz | 4.DA.05 | SiO2 |
| ⓘ | Cassiterite | 4.DB.05 | SnO2 |
| ⓘ | Rutile | 4.DB.05 | TiO2 |
| ⓘ | Ferberite | 4.DB.30 | FeWO4 |
| ⓘ | 'Wolframite Group' | 4.DB.30 va | |
| ⓘ | Uraninite | 4.DL.05 | UO2 |
| ⓘ | Goethite | 4.FD.10 | Fe3+O(OH) |
| ⓘ | Tungstite | 4.FJ.10 | WO3 · H2O |
| ⓘ | Hydrotungstite | 4.FJ.15 | WO3 · 2H2O |
| Group 5 - Nitrates and Carbonates | |||
| ⓘ | Calcite | 5.AB.05 | CaCO3 |
| ⓘ | Siderite | 5.AB.05 | FeCO3 |
| ⓘ | Ankerite | 5.AB.10 | Ca(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2 |
| ⓘ | Dolomite | 5.AB.10 | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| Group 7 - Sulphates, Chromates, Molybdates and Tungstates | |||
| ⓘ | Baryte | 7.AD.35 | BaSO4 |
| ⓘ | Chalcanthite | 7.CB.20 | CuSO4 · 5H2O |
| ⓘ | Melanterite | 7.CB.35 | Fe2+(H2O)6(SO4) · H2O |
| ⓘ | Gypsum | 7.CD.40 | CaSO4 · 2H2O |
| ⓘ | var. Selenite | 7.CD.40 | CaSO4 · 2H2O |
| ⓘ | Scheelite | 7.GA.05 | Ca(WO4) |
| Group 8 - Phosphates, Arsenates and Vanadates | |||
| ⓘ | Graftonite | 8.AB.20 | Fe2+Fe2+2(PO4)2 |
| ⓘ | Hagendorfite | 8.AC.10 | NaCaMn2+Fe2+2(PO4)3 |
| ⓘ | Xenotime-(Y) | 8.AD.35 | Y(PO4) |
| ⓘ | Amblygonite ? | 8.BB.05 | LiAl(PO4)F |
| ⓘ | Triplite | 8.BB.10 | Mn2+2(PO4)F |
| ⓘ | Zwieselite | 8.BB.10 | Fe2+2(PO4)F |
| ⓘ | Wagnerite | 8.BB.15 | Mg2(PO4)F |
| ⓘ | Wolfeite | 8.BB.15 | Fe2+2(PO4)(OH) |
| ⓘ | Althausite | 8.BB.25 | Mg4(PO4)2(OH,O)(F,◻) |
| ⓘ | Thadeuite (TL) | 8.BH.05 | Ca(Mg,Fe2+)3(PO4)2(OH,F)2 |
| ⓘ | Isokite | 8.BH.10 | CaMg(PO4)F |
| ⓘ | Panasqueiraite (TL) | 8.BH.10 | CaMg(PO4)(OH) |
| ⓘ | Svanbergite | 8.BL.05 | SrAl3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| ⓘ | Gorceixite | 8.BL.10 | BaAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 |
| ⓘ | Goyazite | 8.BL.10 | SrAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 |
| ⓘ | Florencite-(Ce) | 8.BL.13 | CeAl3(PO4)2(OH)6 |
| ⓘ | Fluorapatite | 8.BN.05 | Ca5(PO4)3F |
| ⓘ | Scorodite | 8.CD.10 | Fe3+AsO4 · 2H2O |
| ⓘ | Vivianite | 8.CE.40 | Fe2+Fe2+2(PO4)2 · 8H2O |
| ⓘ | Arseniosiderite | 8.DH.30 | Ca2Fe3+3(AsO4)3O2 · 3H2O |
| ⓘ | Pharmacosiderite | 8.DK.10 | KFe3+4(AsO4)3(OH)4 · 6-7H2O |
| ⓘ | Isoclasite | 8.DN.10 | Ca2(PO4)(OH) · 2H2O |
| Group 9 - Silicates | |||
| ⓘ | Zircon | 9.AD.30 | Zr(SiO4) |
| ⓘ | Andalusite | 9.AF.10 | Al2(SiO4)O |
| ⓘ | Topaz | 9.AF.35 | Al2(SiO4)(F,OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Bertrandite | 9.BD.05 | Be4(Si2O7)(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Beryl | 9.CJ.05 | Be3Al2(Si6O18) |
| ⓘ | Cordierite | 9.CJ.10 | Mg2Al4Si5O18 |
| ⓘ | Dravite | 9.CK.05 | NaMg3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) |
| ⓘ | Foitite | 9.CK.05 | ◻(Fe2+2Al)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) |
| ⓘ | Schorl | 9.CK.05 | NaFe2+3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) |
| ⓘ | Muscovite | 9.EC.15 | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | var. Phengite | 9.EC.15 | KAl1.5(Mg,Fe)0.5(Al0.5Si3.5O10)(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Siderophyllite | 9.EC.20 | KFe2+2Al(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Chamosite | 9.EC.55 | Fe2+5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| ⓘ | Clinochlore | 9.EC.55 | Mg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| ⓘ | Kaolinite | 9.ED.05 | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| ⓘ | Amesite | 9.ED.15 | Mg2Al(AlSiO5)(OH)4 |
| ⓘ | Albite | 9.FA.35 | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| ⓘ | var. Oligoclase | 9.FA.35 | (Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si2O8] |
| Unclassified | |||
| ⓘ | 'Biotite' | - | K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2 |
| ⓘ | 'Chlorite Group' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Feldspar Group' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Limonite' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Monazite Group' | - | REE(PO4) |
| ⓘ | 'Tourmaline' | - | AD3G6(T6O18)(BO3)3X3Z |
| ⓘ | 'Zinnwaldite' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Xenotime' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Dravite-Schorl Series' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Plagioclase' | - | (Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8 |
| ⓘ | 'K Feldspar' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Florencite' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Columbite-Tantalite' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Alluaudite Group' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Protolithionite' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'White mica' | - | |
List of minerals for each chemical element
| H | Hydrogen | |
|---|---|---|
| H | ⓘ Althausite | Mg4(PO4)2(OH,O)(F,◻) |
| H | ⓘ Amesite | Mg2Al(AlSiO5)(OH)4 |
| H | ⓘ Arseniosiderite | Ca2Fe33+(AsO4)3O2 · 3H2O |
| H | ⓘ Bertrandite | Be4(Si2O7)(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Biotite | K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2 |
| H | ⓘ Chalcanthite | CuSO4 · 5H2O |
| H | ⓘ Chamosite | Fe52+Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| H | ⓘ Clinochlore | Mg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| H | ⓘ Dravite | NaMg3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) |
| H | ⓘ Florencite-(Ce) | CeAl3(PO4)2(OH)6 |
| H | ⓘ Foitite | ◻(Fe22+Al)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) |
| H | ⓘ Goethite | Fe3+O(OH) |
| H | ⓘ Gorceixite | BaAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 |
| H | ⓘ Gypsum | CaSO4 · 2H2O |
| H | ⓘ Goyazite | SrAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 |
| H | ⓘ Hydrotungstite | WO3 · 2H2O |
| H | ⓘ Isoclasite | Ca2(PO4)(OH) · 2H2O |
| H | ⓘ Kaolinite | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| H | ⓘ Melanterite | Fe2+(H2O)6(SO4) · H2O |
| H | ⓘ Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Panasqueiraite | CaMg(PO4)(OH) |
| H | ⓘ Pharmacosiderite | KFe43+(AsO4)3(OH)4 · 6-7H2O |
| H | ⓘ Muscovite var. Phengite | KAl1.5(Mg,Fe)0.5(Al0.5Si3.5O10)(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Schorl | NaFe32+Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) |
| H | ⓘ Scorodite | Fe3+AsO4 · 2H2O |
| H | ⓘ Siderophyllite | KFe22+Al(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Svanbergite | SrAl3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| H | ⓘ Thadeuite | Ca(Mg,Fe2+)3(PO4)2(OH,F)2 |
| H | ⓘ Topaz | Al2(SiO4)(F,OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Tungstite | WO3 · H2O |
| H | ⓘ Vivianite | Fe2+Fe22+(PO4)2 · 8H2O |
| H | ⓘ Wolfeite | Fe22+(PO4)(OH) |
| H | ⓘ Zinnwaldite | |
| H | ⓘ Gypsum var. Selenite | CaSO4 · 2H2O |
| H | ⓘ Dravite-Schorl Series | |
| Li | Lithium | |
| Li | ⓘ Amblygonite | LiAl(PO4)F |
| Li | ⓘ Zinnwaldite | |
| Be | Beryllium | |
| Be | ⓘ Bertrandite | Be4(Si2O7)(OH)2 |
| Be | ⓘ Beryl | Be3Al2(Si6O18) |
| B | Boron | |
| B | ⓘ Dravite | NaMg3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) |
| B | ⓘ Foitite | ◻(Fe22+Al)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) |
| B | ⓘ Schorl | NaFe32+Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) |
| B | ⓘ Tourmaline | AD3G6(T6O18)(BO3)3X3Z |
| B | ⓘ Dravite-Schorl Series | |
| C | Carbon | |
| C | ⓘ Ankerite | Ca(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2 |
| C | ⓘ Calcite | CaCO3 |
| C | ⓘ Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| C | ⓘ Siderite | FeCO3 |
| O | Oxygen | |
| O | ⓘ Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| O | ⓘ Althausite | Mg4(PO4)2(OH,O)(F,◻) |
| O | ⓘ Amblygonite | LiAl(PO4)F |
| O | ⓘ Amesite | Mg2Al(AlSiO5)(OH)4 |
| O | ⓘ Andalusite | Al2(SiO4)O |
| O | ⓘ Ankerite | Ca(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2 |
| O | ⓘ Arseniosiderite | Ca2Fe33+(AsO4)3O2 · 3H2O |
| O | ⓘ Baryte | BaSO4 |
| O | ⓘ Bertrandite | Be4(Si2O7)(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Biotite | K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2 |
| O | ⓘ Beryl | Be3Al2(Si6O18) |
| O | ⓘ Calcite | CaCO3 |
| O | ⓘ Cassiterite | SnO2 |
| O | ⓘ Chalcanthite | CuSO4 · 5H2O |
| O | ⓘ Chamosite | Fe52+Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| O | ⓘ Clinochlore | Mg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| O | ⓘ Cordierite | Mg2Al4Si5O18 |
| O | ⓘ Corundum | Al2O3 |
| O | ⓘ Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| O | ⓘ Dravite | NaMg3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) |
| O | ⓘ Ferberite | FeWO4 |
| O | ⓘ Florencite-(Ce) | CeAl3(PO4)2(OH)6 |
| O | ⓘ Fluorapatite | Ca5(PO4)3F |
| O | ⓘ Foitite | ◻(Fe22+Al)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) |
| O | ⓘ Goethite | Fe3+O(OH) |
| O | ⓘ Gorceixite | BaAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 |
| O | ⓘ Graftonite | Fe2+Fe22+(PO4)2 |
| O | ⓘ Gypsum | CaSO4 · 2H2O |
| O | ⓘ Goyazite | SrAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 |
| O | ⓘ Hagendorfite | NaCaMn2+Fe22+(PO4)3 |
| O | ⓘ Hematite | Fe2O3 |
| O | ⓘ Hydrotungstite | WO3 · 2H2O |
| O | ⓘ Ilmenite | Fe2+TiO3 |
| O | ⓘ Isoclasite | Ca2(PO4)(OH) · 2H2O |
| O | ⓘ Isokite | CaMg(PO4)F |
| O | ⓘ Kaolinite | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| O | ⓘ Magnetite | Fe2+Fe23+O4 |
| O | ⓘ Melanterite | Fe2+(H2O)6(SO4) · H2O |
| O | ⓘ Monazite Group | REE(PO4) |
| O | ⓘ Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Albite var. Oligoclase | (Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si2O8] |
| O | ⓘ Panasqueiraite | CaMg(PO4)(OH) |
| O | ⓘ Pharmacosiderite | KFe43+(AsO4)3(OH)4 · 6-7H2O |
| O | ⓘ Muscovite var. Phengite | KAl1.5(Mg,Fe)0.5(Al0.5Si3.5O10)(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Quartz | SiO2 |
| O | ⓘ Rutile | TiO2 |
| O | ⓘ Scheelite | Ca(WO4) |
| O | ⓘ Schorl | NaFe32+Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) |
| O | ⓘ Scorodite | Fe3+AsO4 · 2H2O |
| O | ⓘ Siderite | FeCO3 |
| O | ⓘ Siderophyllite | KFe22+Al(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Svanbergite | SrAl3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| O | ⓘ Thadeuite | Ca(Mg,Fe2+)3(PO4)2(OH,F)2 |
| O | ⓘ Topaz | Al2(SiO4)(F,OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Tourmaline | AD3G6(T6O18)(BO3)3X3Z |
| O | ⓘ Triplite | Mn22+(PO4)F |
| O | ⓘ Tungstite | WO3 · H2O |
| O | ⓘ Uraninite | UO2 |
| O | ⓘ Vivianite | Fe2+Fe22+(PO4)2 · 8H2O |
| O | ⓘ Wagnerite | Mg2(PO4)F |
| O | ⓘ Wolfeite | Fe22+(PO4)(OH) |
| O | ⓘ Xenotime-(Y) | Y(PO4) |
| O | ⓘ Zinnwaldite | |
| O | ⓘ Zircon | Zr(SiO4) |
| O | ⓘ Zwieselite | Fe22+(PO4)F |
| O | ⓘ Gypsum var. Selenite | CaSO4 · 2H2O |
| O | ⓘ Quartz var. Rock Crystal | SiO2 |
| O | ⓘ Quartz var. Milky Quartz | SiO2 |
| O | ⓘ Dravite-Schorl Series | |
| O | ⓘ Plagioclase | (Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8 |
| F | Fluorine | |
| F | ⓘ Althausite | Mg4(PO4)2(OH,O)(F,◻) |
| F | ⓘ Amblygonite | LiAl(PO4)F |
| F | ⓘ Biotite | K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2 |
| F | ⓘ Fluorapatite | Ca5(PO4)3F |
| F | ⓘ Fluorite | CaF2 |
| F | ⓘ Isokite | CaMg(PO4)F |
| F | ⓘ Thadeuite | Ca(Mg,Fe2+)3(PO4)2(OH,F)2 |
| F | ⓘ Topaz | Al2(SiO4)(F,OH)2 |
| F | ⓘ Triplite | Mn22+(PO4)F |
| F | ⓘ Wagnerite | Mg2(PO4)F |
| F | ⓘ Zinnwaldite | |
| F | ⓘ Zwieselite | Fe22+(PO4)F |
| Na | Sodium | |
| Na | ⓘ Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| Na | ⓘ Dravite | NaMg3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) |
| Na | ⓘ Hagendorfite | NaCaMn2+Fe22+(PO4)3 |
| Na | ⓘ Albite var. Oligoclase | (Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si2O8] |
| Na | ⓘ Schorl | NaFe32+Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) |
| Na | ⓘ Dravite-Schorl Series | |
| Na | ⓘ Plagioclase | (Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8 |
| Mg | Magnesium | |
| Mg | ⓘ Althausite | Mg4(PO4)2(OH,O)(F,◻) |
| Mg | ⓘ Amesite | Mg2Al(AlSiO5)(OH)4 |
| Mg | ⓘ Ankerite | Ca(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2 |
| Mg | ⓘ Biotite | K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2 |
| Mg | ⓘ Clinochlore | Mg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| Mg | ⓘ Cordierite | Mg2Al4Si5O18 |
| Mg | ⓘ Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| Mg | ⓘ Dravite | NaMg3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) |
| Mg | ⓘ Isokite | CaMg(PO4)F |
| Mg | ⓘ Panasqueiraite | CaMg(PO4)(OH) |
| Mg | ⓘ Muscovite var. Phengite | KAl1.5(Mg,Fe)0.5(Al0.5Si3.5O10)(OH)2 |
| Mg | ⓘ Thadeuite | Ca(Mg,Fe2+)3(PO4)2(OH,F)2 |
| Mg | ⓘ Wagnerite | Mg2(PO4)F |
| Mg | ⓘ Dravite-Schorl Series | |
| Al | Aluminium | |
| Al | ⓘ Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| Al | ⓘ Amblygonite | LiAl(PO4)F |
| Al | ⓘ Amesite | Mg2Al(AlSiO5)(OH)4 |
| Al | ⓘ Andalusite | Al2(SiO4)O |
| Al | ⓘ Biotite | K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2 |
| Al | ⓘ Beryl | Be3Al2(Si6O18) |
| Al | ⓘ Chamosite | Fe52+Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| Al | ⓘ Clinochlore | Mg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| Al | ⓘ Cordierite | Mg2Al4Si5O18 |
| Al | ⓘ Corundum | Al2O3 |
| Al | ⓘ Dravite | NaMg3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) |
| Al | ⓘ Florencite-(Ce) | CeAl3(PO4)2(OH)6 |
| Al | ⓘ Foitite | ◻(Fe22+Al)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) |
| Al | ⓘ Gorceixite | BaAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 |
| Al | ⓘ Goyazite | SrAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 |
| Al | ⓘ Kaolinite | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| Al | ⓘ Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| Al | ⓘ Albite var. Oligoclase | (Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si2O8] |
| Al | ⓘ Muscovite var. Phengite | KAl1.5(Mg,Fe)0.5(Al0.5Si3.5O10)(OH)2 |
| Al | ⓘ Schorl | NaFe32+Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) |
| Al | ⓘ Siderophyllite | KFe22+Al(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
| Al | ⓘ Svanbergite | SrAl3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| Al | ⓘ Topaz | Al2(SiO4)(F,OH)2 |
| Al | ⓘ Zinnwaldite | |
| Al | ⓘ Dravite-Schorl Series | |
| Al | ⓘ Plagioclase | (Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8 |
| Si | Silicon | |
| Si | ⓘ Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| Si | ⓘ Amesite | Mg2Al(AlSiO5)(OH)4 |
| Si | ⓘ Andalusite | Al2(SiO4)O |
| Si | ⓘ Bertrandite | Be4(Si2O7)(OH)2 |
| Si | ⓘ Biotite | K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2 |
| Si | ⓘ Beryl | Be3Al2(Si6O18) |
| Si | ⓘ Chamosite | Fe52+Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| Si | ⓘ Clinochlore | Mg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| Si | ⓘ Cordierite | Mg2Al4Si5O18 |
| Si | ⓘ Dravite | NaMg3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) |
| Si | ⓘ Foitite | ◻(Fe22+Al)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) |
| Si | ⓘ Kaolinite | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| Si | ⓘ Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| Si | ⓘ Albite var. Oligoclase | (Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si2O8] |
| Si | ⓘ Muscovite var. Phengite | KAl1.5(Mg,Fe)0.5(Al0.5Si3.5O10)(OH)2 |
| Si | ⓘ Quartz | SiO2 |
| Si | ⓘ Schorl | NaFe32+Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) |
| Si | ⓘ Siderophyllite | KFe22+Al(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
| Si | ⓘ Topaz | Al2(SiO4)(F,OH)2 |
| Si | ⓘ Zinnwaldite | |
| Si | ⓘ Zircon | Zr(SiO4) |
| Si | ⓘ Quartz var. Rock Crystal | SiO2 |
| Si | ⓘ Quartz var. Milky Quartz | SiO2 |
| Si | ⓘ Dravite-Schorl Series | |
| Si | ⓘ Plagioclase | (Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8 |
| P | Phosphorus | |
| P | ⓘ Althausite | Mg4(PO4)2(OH,O)(F,◻) |
| P | ⓘ Amblygonite | LiAl(PO4)F |
| P | ⓘ Florencite-(Ce) | CeAl3(PO4)2(OH)6 |
| P | ⓘ Fluorapatite | Ca5(PO4)3F |
| P | ⓘ Gorceixite | BaAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 |
| P | ⓘ Graftonite | Fe2+Fe22+(PO4)2 |
| P | ⓘ Goyazite | SrAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 |
| P | ⓘ Hagendorfite | NaCaMn2+Fe22+(PO4)3 |
| P | ⓘ Isoclasite | Ca2(PO4)(OH) · 2H2O |
| P | ⓘ Isokite | CaMg(PO4)F |
| P | ⓘ Monazite Group | REE(PO4) |
| P | ⓘ Panasqueiraite | CaMg(PO4)(OH) |
| P | ⓘ Svanbergite | SrAl3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| P | ⓘ Thadeuite | Ca(Mg,Fe2+)3(PO4)2(OH,F)2 |
| P | ⓘ Triplite | Mn22+(PO4)F |
| P | ⓘ Vivianite | Fe2+Fe22+(PO4)2 · 8H2O |
| P | ⓘ Wagnerite | Mg2(PO4)F |
| P | ⓘ Wolfeite | Fe22+(PO4)(OH) |
| P | ⓘ Xenotime-(Y) | Y(PO4) |
| P | ⓘ Zwieselite | Fe22+(PO4)F |
| S | Sulfur | |
| S | ⓘ Acanthite | Ag2S |
| S | ⓘ Arsenopyrite | FeAsS |
| S | ⓘ Baryte | BaSO4 |
| S | ⓘ Berndtite | SnS2 |
| S | ⓘ Bismuthinite | Bi2S3 |
| S | ⓘ Canfieldite | Ag8SnS6 |
| S | ⓘ Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
| S | ⓘ Chalcanthite | CuSO4 · 5H2O |
| S | ⓘ Chalcocite | Cu2S |
| S | ⓘ Covellite | CuS |
| S | ⓘ Cubanite | CuFe2S3 |
| S | ⓘ Freibergite Subgroup | (Ag6,[Ag6]4+)(Cu4 C22+)Sb4S12S0-1 |
| S | ⓘ Galena | PbS |
| S | ⓘ Gudmundite | FeSbS |
| S | ⓘ Gustavite | AgPbBi3S6 |
| S | ⓘ Gypsum | CaSO4 · 2H2O |
| S | ⓘ Ikunolite | Bi4S3 |
| S | ⓘ Mackinawite | FeS |
| S | ⓘ Marcasite | FeS2 |
| S | ⓘ Matildite | AgBiS2 |
| S | ⓘ Melanterite | Fe2+(H2O)6(SO4) · H2O |
| S | ⓘ Molybdenite | MoS2 |
| S | ⓘ Pavonite | AgBi3S5 |
| S | ⓘ Pentlandite | (NixFey)Σ9S8 |
| S | ⓘ Pyrargyrite | Ag3SbS3 |
| S | ⓘ Pyrite | FeS2 |
| S | ⓘ Pyrrhotite | Fe1-xS |
| S | ⓘ Sphalerite | ZnS |
| S | ⓘ Stannite | Cu2FeSnS4 |
| S | ⓘ Stephanite | Ag5SbS4 |
| S | ⓘ Stibnite | Sb2S3 |
| S | ⓘ Svanbergite | SrAl3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| S | ⓘ Tetrahedrite Subgroup | Cu6(Cu4C22+)Sb4S12S |
| S | ⓘ Gypsum var. Selenite | CaSO4 · 2H2O |
| K | Potassium | |
| K | ⓘ Biotite | K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2 |
| K | ⓘ Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| K | ⓘ Pharmacosiderite | KFe43+(AsO4)3(OH)4 · 6-7H2O |
| K | ⓘ Muscovite var. Phengite | KAl1.5(Mg,Fe)0.5(Al0.5Si3.5O10)(OH)2 |
| K | ⓘ Siderophyllite | KFe22+Al(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
| K | ⓘ Zinnwaldite | |
| Ca | Calcium | |
| Ca | ⓘ Ankerite | Ca(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2 |
| Ca | ⓘ Arseniosiderite | Ca2Fe33+(AsO4)3O2 · 3H2O |
| Ca | ⓘ Calcite | CaCO3 |
| Ca | ⓘ Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| Ca | ⓘ Fluorapatite | Ca5(PO4)3F |
| Ca | ⓘ Fluorite | CaF2 |
| Ca | ⓘ Gypsum | CaSO4 · 2H2O |
| Ca | ⓘ Hagendorfite | NaCaMn2+Fe22+(PO4)3 |
| Ca | ⓘ Isoclasite | Ca2(PO4)(OH) · 2H2O |
| Ca | ⓘ Isokite | CaMg(PO4)F |
| Ca | ⓘ Albite var. Oligoclase | (Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si2O8] |
| Ca | ⓘ Panasqueiraite | CaMg(PO4)(OH) |
| Ca | ⓘ Scheelite | Ca(WO4) |
| Ca | ⓘ Thadeuite | Ca(Mg,Fe2+)3(PO4)2(OH,F)2 |
| Ca | ⓘ Gypsum var. Selenite | CaSO4 · 2H2O |
| Ca | ⓘ Plagioclase | (Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8 |
| Ti | Titanium | |
| Ti | ⓘ Biotite | K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2 |
| Ti | ⓘ Ilmenite | Fe2+TiO3 |
| Ti | ⓘ Rutile | TiO2 |
| Mn | Manganese | |
| Mn | ⓘ Hagendorfite | NaCaMn2+Fe22+(PO4)3 |
| Mn | ⓘ Triplite | Mn22+(PO4)F |
| Fe | Iron | |
| Fe | ⓘ Ankerite | Ca(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2 |
| Fe | ⓘ Arsenopyrite | FeAsS |
| Fe | ⓘ Arseniosiderite | Ca2Fe33+(AsO4)3O2 · 3H2O |
| Fe | ⓘ Biotite | K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2 |
| Fe | ⓘ Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
| Fe | ⓘ Chamosite | Fe52+Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| Fe | ⓘ Cubanite | CuFe2S3 |
| Fe | ⓘ Ferberite | FeWO4 |
| Fe | ⓘ Foitite | ◻(Fe22+Al)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) |
| Fe | ⓘ Goethite | Fe3+O(OH) |
| Fe | ⓘ Graftonite | Fe2+Fe22+(PO4)2 |
| Fe | ⓘ Gudmundite | FeSbS |
| Fe | ⓘ Hagendorfite | NaCaMn2+Fe22+(PO4)3 |
| Fe | ⓘ Hematite | Fe2O3 |
| Fe | ⓘ Ilmenite | Fe2+TiO3 |
| Fe | ⓘ Löllingite | FeAs2 |
| Fe | ⓘ Mackinawite | FeS |
| Fe | ⓘ Magnetite | Fe2+Fe23+O4 |
| Fe | ⓘ Marcasite | FeS2 |
| Fe | ⓘ Melanterite | Fe2+(H2O)6(SO4) · H2O |
| Fe | ⓘ Pentlandite | (NixFey)Σ9S8 |
| Fe | ⓘ Pharmacosiderite | KFe43+(AsO4)3(OH)4 · 6-7H2O |
| Fe | ⓘ Muscovite var. Phengite | KAl1.5(Mg,Fe)0.5(Al0.5Si3.5O10)(OH)2 |
| Fe | ⓘ Pyrite | FeS2 |
| Fe | ⓘ Pyrrhotite | Fe1-xS |
| Fe | ⓘ Schorl | NaFe32+Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) |
| Fe | ⓘ Scorodite | Fe3+AsO4 · 2H2O |
| Fe | ⓘ Siderite | FeCO3 |
| Fe | ⓘ Siderophyllite | KFe22+Al(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
| Fe | ⓘ Stannite | Cu2FeSnS4 |
| Fe | ⓘ Thadeuite | Ca(Mg,Fe2+)3(PO4)2(OH,F)2 |
| Fe | ⓘ Vivianite | Fe2+Fe22+(PO4)2 · 8H2O |
| Fe | ⓘ Wolfeite | Fe22+(PO4)(OH) |
| Fe | ⓘ Zinnwaldite | |
| Fe | ⓘ Zwieselite | Fe22+(PO4)F |
| Fe | ⓘ Dravite-Schorl Series | |
| Ni | Nickel | |
| Ni | ⓘ Pentlandite | (NixFey)Σ9S8 |
| Cu | Copper | |
| Cu | ⓘ Eta-bronze | Cu6Sn5 |
| Cu | ⓘ Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
| Cu | ⓘ Chalcanthite | CuSO4 · 5H2O |
| Cu | ⓘ Chalcocite | Cu2S |
| Cu | ⓘ Covellite | CuS |
| Cu | ⓘ Cubanite | CuFe2S3 |
| Cu | ⓘ Freibergite Subgroup | (Ag6,[Ag6]4+)(Cu4 C22+)Sb4S12S0-1 |
| Cu | ⓘ Stannite | Cu2FeSnS4 |
| Cu | ⓘ Tetrahedrite Subgroup | Cu6(Cu4C22+)Sb4S12S |
| Zn | Zinc | |
| Zn | ⓘ Sphalerite | ZnS |
| As | Arsenic | |
| As | ⓘ Arsenopyrite | FeAsS |
| As | ⓘ Native Arsenic | As |
| As | ⓘ Arseniosiderite | Ca2Fe33+(AsO4)3O2 · 3H2O |
| As | ⓘ Löllingite | FeAs2 |
| As | ⓘ Pharmacosiderite | KFe43+(AsO4)3(OH)4 · 6-7H2O |
| As | ⓘ Scorodite | Fe3+AsO4 · 2H2O |
| Sr | Strontium | |
| Sr | ⓘ Goyazite | SrAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 |
| Sr | ⓘ Svanbergite | SrAl3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| Y | Yttrium | |
| Y | ⓘ Xenotime-(Y) | Y(PO4) |
| Zr | Zirconium | |
| Zr | ⓘ Zircon | Zr(SiO4) |
| Mo | Molybdenum | |
| Mo | ⓘ Molybdenite | MoS2 |
| Ag | Silver | |
| Ag | ⓘ Acanthite | Ag2S |
| Ag | ⓘ Canfieldite | Ag8SnS6 |
| Ag | ⓘ Freibergite Subgroup | (Ag6,[Ag6]4+)(Cu4 C22+)Sb4S12S0-1 |
| Ag | ⓘ Gustavite | AgPbBi3S6 |
| Ag | ⓘ Matildite | AgBiS2 |
| Ag | ⓘ Pavonite | AgBi3S5 |
| Ag | ⓘ Pyrargyrite | Ag3SbS3 |
| Ag | ⓘ Native Silver | Ag |
| Ag | ⓘ Stephanite | Ag5SbS4 |
| Sn | Tin | |
| Sn | ⓘ Berndtite | SnS2 |
| Sn | ⓘ Eta-bronze | Cu6Sn5 |
| Sn | ⓘ Canfieldite | Ag8SnS6 |
| Sn | ⓘ Cassiterite | SnO2 |
| Sn | ⓘ Stannite | Cu2FeSnS4 |
| Sb | Antimony | |
| Sb | ⓘ Native Antimony | Sb |
| Sb | ⓘ Freibergite Subgroup | (Ag6,[Ag6]4+)(Cu4 C22+)Sb4S12S0-1 |
| Sb | ⓘ Gudmundite | FeSbS |
| Sb | ⓘ Pyrargyrite | Ag3SbS3 |
| Sb | ⓘ Stephanite | Ag5SbS4 |
| Sb | ⓘ Stibnite | Sb2S3 |
| Sb | ⓘ Tetrahedrite Subgroup | Cu6(Cu4C22+)Sb4S12S |
| Ba | Barium | |
| Ba | ⓘ Baryte | BaSO4 |
| Ba | ⓘ Gorceixite | BaAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 |
| Ce | Cerium | |
| Ce | ⓘ Florencite-(Ce) | CeAl3(PO4)2(OH)6 |
| W | Tungsten | |
| W | ⓘ Ferberite | FeWO4 |
| W | ⓘ Hydrotungstite | WO3 · 2H2O |
| W | ⓘ Scheelite | Ca(WO4) |
| W | ⓘ Tungstite | WO3 · H2O |
| Au | Gold | |
| Au | ⓘ Native Gold | Au |
| Pb | Lead | |
| Pb | ⓘ Galena | PbS |
| Pb | ⓘ Gustavite | AgPbBi3S6 |
| Bi | Bismuth | |
| Bi | ⓘ Native Bismuth | Bi |
| Bi | ⓘ Bismuthinite | Bi2S3 |
| Bi | ⓘ Gustavite | AgPbBi3S6 |
| Bi | ⓘ Ikunolite | Bi4S3 |
| Bi | ⓘ Matildite | AgBiS2 |
| Bi | ⓘ Pavonite | AgBi3S5 |
| U | Uranium | |
| U | ⓘ Uraninite | UO2 |
Mindat Articles
Panasqueira Mines by Rui NunesLocalities in this Region
- Castelo Branco
- Covilhã
- Aldeia de São Francisco de Assis
- Alvaroso Mine
- Barroca Grande Mine
- Barroco do Caneiro Mine
- Cambão Mine
- Chiqueiro No. 2 Mine
- Corga Seca Mine
- Fontainhas Mine
- Fonte Masso Mine
- Giestal Mine
- Guinchão Mine
- Parada de Bodelhão Mine
- Ribeiro da Videira No. 1 Mine
- Ribeiro da Videira No. 2 Mine
- Ribeiro Dianteiro Mine
- Salada Cova Mine
- Sítio dos Cambões Mine
- Aldeia de São Francisco de Assis
- Covilhã
- Castelo Branco
- Covilhã
- Aldeia de São Francisco de Assis
- ⭔São Jorge da Beira
- Fundão
- Barroca
- Silvares
- Covilhã
- Coimbra
- Pampilhosa da Serra
- Unhais-o-Velho
- Pampilhosa da Serra
Other Regions, Features and Areas that Intersect
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References
Dunn, Pete J. (1977) Apatite: a Guide to Species Nomenclature. The Mineralogical Record, 8 (2) 78-82with analysis of green and violet Apatite-(CaF) from Panasqueira
Kelly, W. C., Rye, R. O. (1979) Geologic, fluid inclusion, and stable isotope studies of the tin-tungsten deposits of Panasqueira, Portugal. Economic Geology, 74 (8) 1721-1822 doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.74.8.1721
Bussink, Rudolf Willem, Kreulen, Rob, Jong, Arie F. M. de (1984) Gas analyses, fluid inclusions and stable isotopes of the Panasqueira W-Sn deposits, Portugal. Bulletin de Minéralogie, 107 (6) 703-713 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1984.7813
Bussink, R.W. (1984) Geochemistry of the Panasqueira tungsten-tin deposit, Portugal. Geologica Ultraiectina 33. Rijksuniversiteit
Wimmers, D. (1985) Silver minerals of Panasqueira, Portugal: a new occurrence of Te-bearing canfieldite. Mineralogical Magazine, 49 (354) 745-748 doi:10.1180/minmag.1985.049.354.16
Campbell, Andrew, Robinson-Cook, Sylveen, Amindyas, Cornelius (1988) Observation of fluid inclusions in wolframite from Panasqueira, Portugal. Bulletin de Minéralogie, 111 (3) 251-256 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1988.8045
Polya, D. A. (1988) Compositional Variation in Wolframites from the Barroca Grande Mine, Portugal: Evidence for Fault-Controlled Ore Formation. Mineralogical Magazine, 52 (367) 497-503 doi:10.1180/minmag.1988.052.367.08
Foxford, K. A., Nicholson, R., Polya, D. A. (1991) Textural evolution of W-Cu-Sn-bearing hydrothermal veins at Minas da Panasqueira, Portugal. Mineralogical Magazine, 55 (380) 435-445 doi:10.1180/minmag.1991.055.380.13
(1998) International strategic mineral issues summary report: tungsten. Circular 930-O. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/cir930o
Weiß, S., Fabre, J. (2014) Panasqueira: Mineralien für Kenner - von A bis Z. Lapis, 39 (7-8), 30-53.
Mila, C.C., Salvan, C.M., Fabre, J. (2014): Panasqueira: Neufunde und Neubestimmungen. Lapis, 39 (7-8), 54-63.[mineral list on page 63]
Carocci, Eleonora, Marignac, Christian, Cathelineau, Michel, Truche, Laurent, Lecomte, Andreï, Pinto, Filipe (2018) Rutile from Panasqueira (Central Portugal): An Excellent Pathfinder for Wolframite Deposition. Minerals, 9 (1) 9 doi:10.3390/min9010009
Mateus, António, Figueiras, Jorge, Martins, Ivo, Rodrigues, Pedro, Pinto, Filipe (2020) Relative Abundance and Compositional Variation of Silicates, Oxides and Phosphates in the W-Sn-Rich Lodes of the Panasqueira Mine (Portugal): Implications for the Ore-Forming Process. Minerals, 10 (6) 551 doi:10.3390/min10060551
Marignac, Christian, Cuney, Michel, Cathelineau, Michel, Lecomte, Andreï, Carocci, Eleonora, Pinto, Filipe (2020) The Panasqueira Rare Metal Granite Suites and Their Involvement in the Genesis of the World-Class Panasqueira W–Sn–Cu Vein Deposit: A Petrographic, Mineralogical, and Geochemical Study. Minerals, 10 (6) 562 doi:10.3390/min10060562
Carocci, Eleonora, Marignac, Christian, Cathelineau, Michel, Truche, Laurent, Poujol, Marc, Boiron, Marie-Christine, Pinto, Filipe (2021) Incipient Wolframite Deposition at Panasqueira (Portugal): W-Rich Rutile and Tourmaline Compositions as Proxies for the Early Fluid Composition. Economic Geology, 116 (1) 123-146 doi:10.5382/econgeo.4783
Martins, Ivo, Mateus, António, Cathelineau, Michel, Boiron, Marie Christine, Ribeiro da Costa, Isabel, Dias da Silva, Ícaro, Gaspar, Miguel (2022) The Lanthanide “Tetrad Effect” as an Exploration Tool for Granite-Related Rare Metal Ore Systems: Examples from the Iberian Variscan Belt. Minerals, 12 (9) 1067 doi:10.3390/min12091067
Panasqueira Mines, Portugal