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Last Chance Mine, Casey Hill, Courtland, Turquoise Mining District (Courtland-Gleeson Mining District), Cochise County, Arizona, USAi
Regional Level Types
Last Chance MineMine
Casey HillHill
CourtlandTown (Former)
Turquoise Mining District (Courtland-Gleeson Mining District)Mining District
Cochise CountyCounty
ArizonaState
USACountry

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Latitude & Longitude (WGS84):
31° 46' 28'' North , 109° 48' 51'' West
Latitude & Longitude (decimal):
Type:
Nearest Settlements:
PlacePopulationDistance
Elfrida459 (2011)15.6km
Sunizona281 (2011)19.3km
McNeal238 (2011)23.6km
Tombstone1,312 (2017)24.9km
Dragoon209 (2011)35.2km
Nearest Clubs:
Local clubs are the best way to get access to collecting localities
ClubLocationDistance
Sunsites Gem and Mineral ClubPearce, Arizona15km
Mindat Locality ID:
33022
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:2:33022:3
GUID (UUID V4):
0
Other/historical names associated with this locality:
1907 Mine


A former small Pb-Zn-Cu-Ag-Au-Gemstone occurrence/mine located in the corner of secs. 16, 17, 20 & 21, T19S, R25E, G&SRM, on the northern slope of Casey Hill, approximately ½ mile NW of Courtland. Produced 1912-1949. Owned by A.G. Stevenson (1949), and leased to D.F. Morris; and, Warnekros.

Mineralization is a replacement deposit with irregular pockets and blanket-like deposits of lead, zinc, and minor copper ores, largely oxidized, in Pennsylvanian-Permian Naco Group limestone. Ore control was by faults and fractures in limestone; also, along a dike perpendicular to bedding. Associated rocks include Paleocene-Late Permian quartz monzonite.

An ore body stoped in 1949 occurred near the south boundary fault and ranged in thickness from 1½ feet on the north to 10 feet on the south. It contained sulfides.

Here the principal rock is medium-bedded, gray Naco Limestone which in places includes lenses of chert and layers of shale or hornfels. Monzonite porphyry irregularly intrudes the limestone. The beds strike N30W and dip prevailingly eastward (40-50NE), but locally are deformed by flexures, low-angle faults, and steeply-dipping faults.

Workings include surface and underground openings. An old shaft was reported to be 100 feet deep with approximately 75 feet of southwesterly drift.

Production was about 700 tons of ore produced intermittently from 1912 through 1949.

Select Mineral List Type

Standard Detailed Gallery Strunz Chemical Elements

Commodity List

This is a list of exploitable or exploited mineral commodities recorded at this locality.


Mineral List


49 valid minerals.

Rock Types Recorded

Note: data is currently VERY limited. Please bear with us while we work towards adding this information!

Select Rock List Type

Alphabetical List Tree Diagram

Detailed Mineral List:

ⓘ Actinolite
Formula: ◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2
ⓘ Allophane
Formula: (Al2O3)(SiO2)1.3-2 · 2.5-3H2O
ⓘ Aurichalcite
Formula: (Zn,Cu)5(CO3)2(OH)6
ⓘ Azurite
Formula: Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2
ⓘ Baryte
Formula: BaSO4
ⓘ Brochantite
Formula: Cu4(SO4)(OH)6
ⓘ Calcite
Formula: CaCO3
ⓘ Chalcoalumite
Formula: CuAl4(SO4)(OH)12 · 3H2O
ⓘ Chalcophanite
Formula: ZnMn4+3O7 · 3H2O
ⓘ Chalcopyrite
Formula: CuFeS2
ⓘ Chlorargyrite
Formula: AgCl
ⓘ Chrysocolla
Formula: Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1
ⓘ Chrysotile
Formula: Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4
ⓘ Copiapite
Formula: Fe2+Fe3+4(SO4)6(OH)2 · 20H2O
ⓘ Covellite
Formula: CuS
ⓘ Cuprite
Formula: Cu2O
ⓘ Cuprite var. Chalcotrichite
Formula: Cu2O
ⓘ Cyanotrichite
Formula: Cu4Al2(SO4)(OH)12 · 2H2O
ⓘ Delafossite
Formula: Cu+Fe3+O2
ⓘ Diopside
Formula: CaMgSi2O6
ⓘ Dolomite
Formula: CaMg(CO3)2
ⓘ Fluorite
Formula: CaF2
ⓘ Galena
Formula: PbS
ⓘ 'Garnet Group'
Formula: X3Z2(SiO4)3
ⓘ Glaucocerinite
Formula: (Zn1-xAlx)(OH)2(SO4)x/2 · nH2O
ⓘ Goethite
Formula: Fe3+O(OH)
ⓘ Gypsum
Formula: CaSO4 · 2H2O
ⓘ Hematite
Formula: Fe2O3
ⓘ Hemimorphite
Formula: Zn4Si2O7(OH)2 · H2O
ⓘ Jarosite
Formula: KFe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6
ⓘ Kaolinite
Formula: Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4
ⓘ Lepidocrocite
Formula: Fe3+O(OH)
ⓘ Libethenite
Formula: Cu2(PO4)(OH)
ⓘ 'Limonite'
ⓘ Linarite
Formula: PbCu(SO4)(OH)2
ⓘ Malachite
Formula: Cu2(CO3)(OH)2
ⓘ Marcasite
Formula: FeS2
ⓘ Melanterite
Formula: Fe2+(H2O)6SO4 · H2O
ⓘ Native Copper
Formula: Cu
ⓘ Opal
Formula: SiO2 · nH2O
ⓘ Pharmacosiderite
Formula: KFe3+4(AsO4)3(OH)4 · 6-7H2O
ⓘ Pyrite
Formula: FeS2
ⓘ Pyrophyllite
Formula: Al2Si4O10(OH)2
ⓘ Quartz
Formula: SiO2
ⓘ Quartz var. Chalcedony
Formula: SiO2
ⓘ Ranciéite
Formula: (Ca,Mn2+)0.2(Mn4+,Mn3+)O2 · 0.6H2O
ⓘ Rosasite
Formula: (Cu,Zn)2(CO3)(OH)2
ⓘ Siderite
Formula: FeCO3
ⓘ Smithsonite
Formula: ZnCO3
ⓘ Sphalerite
Formula: ZnS
ⓘ Talc
Formula: Mg3Si4O10(OH)2
ⓘ Turquoise
Formula: CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8 · 4H2O
ⓘ Woodwardite
Formula: Cu1-xAlx(OH)2(SO4)x/2 · nH2O

Gallery:

List of minerals arranged by Strunz 10th Edition classification

Group 1 - Elements
ⓘNative Copper1.AA.05Cu
Group 2 - Sulphides and Sulfosalts
ⓘCovellite2.CA.05aCuS
ⓘSphalerite2.CB.05aZnS
ⓘChalcopyrite2.CB.10aCuFeS2
ⓘGalena2.CD.10PbS
ⓘPyrite2.EB.05aFeS2
ⓘMarcasite2.EB.10aFeS2
Group 3 - Halides
ⓘChlorargyrite3.AA.15AgCl
ⓘFluorite3.AB.25CaF2
Group 4 - Oxides and Hydroxides
ⓘGoethite4.00.Fe3+O(OH)
ⓘCuprite
var. Chalcotrichite
4.AA.10Cu2O
ⓘ4.AA.10Cu2O
ⓘDelafossite4.AB.15Cu+Fe3+O2
ⓘHematite4.CB.05Fe2O3
ⓘQuartz
var. Chalcedony
4.DA.05SiO2
ⓘ4.DA.05SiO2
ⓘOpal4.DA.10SiO2 · nH2O
ⓘLepidocrocite4.FE.15Fe3+O(OH)
ⓘChalcophanite4.FL.20ZnMn4+3O7 · 3H2O
ⓘRanciéite4.FL.40(Ca,Mn2+)0.2(Mn4+,Mn3+)O2 · 0.6H2O
Group 5 - Nitrates and Carbonates
ⓘCalcite5.AB.05CaCO3
ⓘSiderite5.AB.05FeCO3
ⓘSmithsonite5.AB.05ZnCO3
ⓘDolomite5.AB.10CaMg(CO3)2
ⓘAzurite5.BA.05Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2
ⓘMalachite5.BA.10Cu2(CO3)(OH)2
ⓘRosasite5.BA.10(Cu,Zn)2(CO3)(OH)2
ⓘAurichalcite5.BA.15(Zn,Cu)5(CO3)2(OH)6
Group 7 - Sulphates, Chromates, Molybdates and Tungstates
ⓘBaryte7.AD.35BaSO4
ⓘBrochantite7.BB.25Cu4(SO4)(OH)6
ⓘJarosite7.BC.10KFe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6
ⓘLinarite7.BC.65PbCu(SO4)(OH)2
ⓘMelanterite7.CB.35Fe2+(H2O)6SO4 · H2O
ⓘGypsum7.CD.40CaSO4 · 2H2O
ⓘCopiapite7.DB.35Fe2+Fe3+4(SO4)6(OH)2 · 20H2O
ⓘGlaucocerinite7.DD.35(Zn1-xAlx)(OH)2(SO4)x/2 · nH2O
ⓘWoodwardite7.DD.35Cu1-xAlx(OH)2(SO4)x/2 · nH2O
ⓘChalcoalumite7.DD.75CuAl4(SO4)(OH)12 · 3H2O
ⓘCyanotrichite7.DE.10Cu4Al2(SO4)(OH)12 · 2H2O
Group 8 - Phosphates, Arsenates and Vanadates
ⓘLibethenite8.BB.30Cu2(PO4)(OH)
ⓘTurquoise8.DD.15CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8 · 4H2O
ⓘPharmacosiderite8.DK.10KFe3+4(AsO4)3(OH)4 · 6-7H2O
Group 9 - Silicates
ⓘChrysotile9.00.Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4
ⓘHemimorphite9.BD.10Zn4Si2O7(OH)2 · H2O
ⓘDiopside9.DA.15CaMgSi2O6
ⓘActinolite9.DE.10◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2
ⓘTalc9.EC.05Mg3Si4O10(OH)2
ⓘPyrophyllite9.EC.10Al2Si4O10(OH)2
ⓘKaolinite9.ED.05Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4
ⓘAllophane9.ED.20(Al2O3)(SiO2)1.3-2 · 2.5-3H2O
ⓘChrysocolla9.ED.20Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1
Unclassified
ⓘ'Limonite'-
ⓘ'Garnet Group'-X3Z2(SiO4)3

List of minerals for each chemical element

HHydrogen
Hⓘ Actinolite◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2
Hⓘ Allophane(Al2O3)(SiO2)1.3-2 · 2.5-3H2O
Hⓘ Aurichalcite(Zn,Cu)5(CO3)2(OH)6
Hⓘ AzuriteCu3(CO3)2(OH)2
Hⓘ BrochantiteCu4(SO4)(OH)6
Hⓘ ChalcophaniteZnMn34+O7 · 3H2O
Hⓘ ChalcoalumiteCuAl4(SO4)(OH)12 · 3H2O
Hⓘ ChrysotileMg3(Si2O5)(OH)4
Hⓘ ChrysocollaCu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1
Hⓘ CopiapiteFe2+Fe43+(SO4)6(OH)2 · 20H2O
Hⓘ CyanotrichiteCu4Al2(SO4)(OH)12 · 2H2O
Hⓘ Glaucocerinite(Zn1-xAlx)(OH)2(SO4)x/2 · nH2O
Hⓘ GoethiteFe3+O(OH)
Hⓘ GypsumCaSO4 · 2H2O
Hⓘ HemimorphiteZn4Si2O7(OH)2 · H2O
Hⓘ JarositeKFe33+(SO4)2(OH)6
Hⓘ KaoliniteAl2(Si2O5)(OH)4
Hⓘ LepidocrociteFe3+O(OH)
Hⓘ LibetheniteCu2(PO4)(OH)
Hⓘ LinaritePbCu(SO4)(OH)2
Hⓘ MalachiteCu2(CO3)(OH)2
Hⓘ MelanteriteFe2+(H2O)6SO4 · H2O
Hⓘ OpalSiO2 · nH2O
Hⓘ PharmacosideriteKFe43+(AsO4)3(OH)4 · 6-7H2O
Hⓘ PyrophylliteAl2Si4O10(OH)2
Hⓘ Ranciéite(Ca,Mn2+)0.2(Mn4+,Mn3+)O2 · 0.6H2O
Hⓘ Rosasite(Cu,Zn)2(CO3)(OH)2
Hⓘ TalcMg3Si4O10(OH)2
Hⓘ TurquoiseCuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8 · 4H2O
Hⓘ WoodwarditeCu1-xAlx(OH)2(SO4)x/2 · nH2O
CCarbon
Cⓘ Aurichalcite(Zn,Cu)5(CO3)2(OH)6
Cⓘ AzuriteCu3(CO3)2(OH)2
Cⓘ CalciteCaCO3
Cⓘ DolomiteCaMg(CO3)2
Cⓘ MalachiteCu2(CO3)(OH)2
Cⓘ Rosasite(Cu,Zn)2(CO3)(OH)2
Cⓘ SideriteFeCO3
Cⓘ SmithsoniteZnCO3
OOxygen
Oⓘ Actinolite◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2
Oⓘ Allophane(Al2O3)(SiO2)1.3-2 · 2.5-3H2O
Oⓘ Aurichalcite(Zn,Cu)5(CO3)2(OH)6
Oⓘ AzuriteCu3(CO3)2(OH)2
Oⓘ BaryteBaSO4
Oⓘ BrochantiteCu4(SO4)(OH)6
Oⓘ CalciteCaCO3
Oⓘ ChalcophaniteZnMn34+O7 · 3H2O
Oⓘ Quartz var. ChalcedonySiO2
Oⓘ ChalcoalumiteCuAl4(SO4)(OH)12 · 3H2O
Oⓘ ChrysotileMg3(Si2O5)(OH)4
Oⓘ Cuprite var. ChalcotrichiteCu2O
Oⓘ ChrysocollaCu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1
Oⓘ CopiapiteFe2+Fe43+(SO4)6(OH)2 · 20H2O
Oⓘ CupriteCu2O
Oⓘ CyanotrichiteCu4Al2(SO4)(OH)12 · 2H2O
Oⓘ DelafossiteCu+Fe3+O2
Oⓘ DiopsideCaMgSi2O6
Oⓘ DolomiteCaMg(CO3)2
Oⓘ Glaucocerinite(Zn1-xAlx)(OH)2(SO4)x/2 · nH2O
Oⓘ GoethiteFe3+O(OH)
Oⓘ GypsumCaSO4 · 2H2O
Oⓘ HematiteFe2O3
Oⓘ HemimorphiteZn4Si2O7(OH)2 · H2O
Oⓘ JarositeKFe33+(SO4)2(OH)6
Oⓘ KaoliniteAl2(Si2O5)(OH)4
Oⓘ LepidocrociteFe3+O(OH)
Oⓘ LibetheniteCu2(PO4)(OH)
Oⓘ LinaritePbCu(SO4)(OH)2
Oⓘ MalachiteCu2(CO3)(OH)2
Oⓘ MelanteriteFe2+(H2O)6SO4 · H2O
Oⓘ OpalSiO2 · nH2O
Oⓘ PharmacosideriteKFe43+(AsO4)3(OH)4 · 6-7H2O
Oⓘ PyrophylliteAl2Si4O10(OH)2
Oⓘ QuartzSiO2
Oⓘ Ranciéite(Ca,Mn2+)0.2(Mn4+,Mn3+)O2 · 0.6H2O
Oⓘ Rosasite(Cu,Zn)2(CO3)(OH)2
Oⓘ SideriteFeCO3
Oⓘ SmithsoniteZnCO3
Oⓘ TalcMg3Si4O10(OH)2
Oⓘ TurquoiseCuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8 · 4H2O
Oⓘ WoodwarditeCu1-xAlx(OH)2(SO4)x/2 · nH2O
Oⓘ Garnet GroupX3Z2(SiO4)3
FFluorine
Fⓘ FluoriteCaF2
MgMagnesium
Mgⓘ Actinolite◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2
Mgⓘ ChrysotileMg3(Si2O5)(OH)4
Mgⓘ DiopsideCaMgSi2O6
Mgⓘ DolomiteCaMg(CO3)2
Mgⓘ TalcMg3Si4O10(OH)2
AlAluminium
Alⓘ Allophane(Al2O3)(SiO2)1.3-2 · 2.5-3H2O
Alⓘ ChalcoalumiteCuAl4(SO4)(OH)12 · 3H2O
Alⓘ ChrysocollaCu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1
Alⓘ CyanotrichiteCu4Al2(SO4)(OH)12 · 2H2O
Alⓘ Glaucocerinite(Zn1-xAlx)(OH)2(SO4)x/2 · nH2O
Alⓘ KaoliniteAl2(Si2O5)(OH)4
Alⓘ PyrophylliteAl2Si4O10(OH)2
Alⓘ TurquoiseCuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8 · 4H2O
Alⓘ WoodwarditeCu1-xAlx(OH)2(SO4)x/2 · nH2O
SiSilicon
Siⓘ Actinolite◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2
Siⓘ Allophane(Al2O3)(SiO2)1.3-2 · 2.5-3H2O
Siⓘ Quartz var. ChalcedonySiO2
Siⓘ ChrysotileMg3(Si2O5)(OH)4
Siⓘ ChrysocollaCu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1
Siⓘ DiopsideCaMgSi2O6
Siⓘ HemimorphiteZn4Si2O7(OH)2 · H2O
Siⓘ KaoliniteAl2(Si2O5)(OH)4
Siⓘ OpalSiO2 · nH2O
Siⓘ PyrophylliteAl2Si4O10(OH)2
Siⓘ QuartzSiO2
Siⓘ TalcMg3Si4O10(OH)2
Siⓘ Garnet GroupX3Z2(SiO4)3
PPhosphorus
Pⓘ LibetheniteCu2(PO4)(OH)
Pⓘ TurquoiseCuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8 · 4H2O
SSulfur
Sⓘ BaryteBaSO4
Sⓘ BrochantiteCu4(SO4)(OH)6
Sⓘ ChalcopyriteCuFeS2
Sⓘ ChalcoalumiteCuAl4(SO4)(OH)12 · 3H2O
Sⓘ CopiapiteFe2+Fe43+(SO4)6(OH)2 · 20H2O
Sⓘ CovelliteCuS
Sⓘ CyanotrichiteCu4Al2(SO4)(OH)12 · 2H2O
Sⓘ GalenaPbS
Sⓘ Glaucocerinite(Zn1-xAlx)(OH)2(SO4)x/2 · nH2O
Sⓘ GypsumCaSO4 · 2H2O
Sⓘ JarositeKFe33+(SO4)2(OH)6
Sⓘ LinaritePbCu(SO4)(OH)2
Sⓘ MarcasiteFeS2
Sⓘ MelanteriteFe2+(H2O)6SO4 · H2O
Sⓘ PyriteFeS2
Sⓘ SphaleriteZnS
Sⓘ WoodwarditeCu1-xAlx(OH)2(SO4)x/2 · nH2O
ClChlorine
Clⓘ ChlorargyriteAgCl
KPotassium
Kⓘ JarositeKFe33+(SO4)2(OH)6
Kⓘ PharmacosideriteKFe43+(AsO4)3(OH)4 · 6-7H2O
CaCalcium
Caⓘ Actinolite◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2
Caⓘ CalciteCaCO3
Caⓘ DiopsideCaMgSi2O6
Caⓘ DolomiteCaMg(CO3)2
Caⓘ FluoriteCaF2
Caⓘ GypsumCaSO4 · 2H2O
Caⓘ Ranciéite(Ca,Mn2+)0.2(Mn4+,Mn3+)O2 · 0.6H2O
MnManganese
Mnⓘ ChalcophaniteZnMn34+O7 · 3H2O
Mnⓘ Ranciéite(Ca,Mn2+)0.2(Mn4+,Mn3+)O2 · 0.6H2O
FeIron
Feⓘ Actinolite◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2
Feⓘ ChalcopyriteCuFeS2
Feⓘ CopiapiteFe2+Fe43+(SO4)6(OH)2 · 20H2O
Feⓘ DelafossiteCu+Fe3+O2
Feⓘ GoethiteFe3+O(OH)
Feⓘ HematiteFe2O3
Feⓘ JarositeKFe33+(SO4)2(OH)6
Feⓘ LepidocrociteFe3+O(OH)
Feⓘ MarcasiteFeS2
Feⓘ MelanteriteFe2+(H2O)6SO4 · H2O
Feⓘ PharmacosideriteKFe43+(AsO4)3(OH)4 · 6-7H2O
Feⓘ PyriteFeS2
Feⓘ SideriteFeCO3
CuCopper
Cuⓘ Aurichalcite(Zn,Cu)5(CO3)2(OH)6
Cuⓘ AzuriteCu3(CO3)2(OH)2
Cuⓘ BrochantiteCu4(SO4)(OH)6
Cuⓘ ChalcopyriteCuFeS2
Cuⓘ ChalcoalumiteCuAl4(SO4)(OH)12 · 3H2O
Cuⓘ Cuprite var. ChalcotrichiteCu2O
Cuⓘ ChrysocollaCu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1
Cuⓘ CovelliteCuS
Cuⓘ CupriteCu2O
Cuⓘ CyanotrichiteCu4Al2(SO4)(OH)12 · 2H2O
Cuⓘ Native CopperCu
Cuⓘ DelafossiteCu+Fe3+O2
Cuⓘ LibetheniteCu2(PO4)(OH)
Cuⓘ LinaritePbCu(SO4)(OH)2
Cuⓘ MalachiteCu2(CO3)(OH)2
Cuⓘ Rosasite(Cu,Zn)2(CO3)(OH)2
Cuⓘ TurquoiseCuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8 · 4H2O
Cuⓘ WoodwarditeCu1-xAlx(OH)2(SO4)x/2 · nH2O
ZnZinc
Znⓘ Aurichalcite(Zn,Cu)5(CO3)2(OH)6
Znⓘ ChalcophaniteZnMn34+O7 · 3H2O
Znⓘ Glaucocerinite(Zn1-xAlx)(OH)2(SO4)x/2 · nH2O
Znⓘ HemimorphiteZn4Si2O7(OH)2 · H2O
Znⓘ Rosasite(Cu,Zn)2(CO3)(OH)2
Znⓘ SmithsoniteZnCO3
Znⓘ SphaleriteZnS
AsArsenic
Asⓘ PharmacosideriteKFe43+(AsO4)3(OH)4 · 6-7H2O
AgSilver
Agⓘ ChlorargyriteAgCl
BaBarium
Baⓘ BaryteBaSO4
PbLead
Pbⓘ GalenaPbS
Pbⓘ LinaritePbCu(SO4)(OH)2

Other Databases

Link to USGS MRDS:10046265

Mindat Articles

Collecting at the Last Chance Mine in Courtland Arizona by Rolf Luetcke


Other Regions, Features and Areas containing this locality

Mexico
North AmericaContinent
North America PlateTectonic Plate
USA

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To cite: Ralph, J., Von Bargen, D., Martynov, P., Zhang, J., Que, X., Prabhu, A., Morrison, S. M., Li, W., Chen, W., & Ma, X. (2025). Mindat.org: The open access mineralogy database to accelerate data-intensive geoscience research. American Mineralogist, 110(6), 833–844. doi:10.2138/am-2024-9486.
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