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Limagne Basin, Puy-de-Dôme, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Francei
Regional Level Types
Limagne BasinBasin
Puy-de-DômeDepartment
Auvergne-Rhône-AlpesRegion
FranceCountry

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Latitude & Longitude (WGS84):
45° 43' North , 3° 17' East
Latitude & Longitude (decimal):
45.71667,3.28333
GeoHash:
G#: u04k4dqyg
GRN:
N31E02
Type:
Basin
Age:
19 to 3.8 Ma
Geologic Time:
Neogene
Dating method:
K-Ar
Reference for age:
Camus, G., Cantagrel, J. M., Taupinard, J. M., & Vialette, Y. (1969). Mesure par la m
Köppen climate type:
Cfb : Temperate oceanic climate
Mindat Locality ID:
345167
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:2:345167:3
GUID (UUID V4):
0


The basin lies to the east of the Chaȋne de Puys and to the east and SE of Clermont-Ferrand, volcanic rocks comprise over 230 occurrences, mostly as small monogenetic edifices, lying within an area of c. 25 x 40 km (Chazot & Mergoil-Daniel 2012).

Select Mineral List Type

Standard Detailed Gallery Strunz Chemical Elements

Mineral List


15 valid minerals.

Rock Types Recorded

Note: data is currently VERY limited. Please bear with us while we work towards adding this information!

Select Rock List Type

Alphabetical List Tree Diagram

Detailed Mineral List:

ⓘ Aegirine
Formula: NaFe3+Si2O6
References:
Bailey, D.K. 2010. New forms of carbonate volcanism: what to look for and where. Paper presented at IMA 2010, 20th General Meeting of the International Mineralogical Association, 21-27 August 2010, Budapest, Hungary. Acta Mineralogica-petrographica, Abstract Series, 558.
Brousse, R. & Lefèvre, C. 1990. Le volcanisme en France et en Europe limitrophe. «Guides géologiques régionaux». Masson, Paris.
Michel, R. (1953). Contribution à l'étude pétrographique des pépérites et du volcanisme tertiaire de la Grande Limagne. Mémoires de la Société d'Histoire Naturelle d'Auvergne, 5, 1-140.
Camus, G., Cantagrel, J. M., Taupinard, J. M., & Vialette, Y. (1969). Mesure par la méthode à l'argon, de l'âge de quelques rochesvolcaniques de Limagne (Massif central français). Comptes-rendus de l’Académie des Sciences de Paris, série D, 269, 2513-2516.
de Herve, A. G. (2000). Peperites from the Limagne trench (Auvergne, Franch Massif Central): a distinctive facies of phreatomagmatic pyroclastics. History of a semantic drift. In Volcanoclastic rocks: from magmas to sediments (pp. 91-110). Gordon and Breach Science Publishers Amsterdam.
Bailey, K., Kearns, S., Mergoil, J., Daniel, J. M., & Paterson, B. (2006). Extensive dolomitic volcanism through the Limagne Basin, central France: a new form of carbonatite activity. Mineralogical Magazine, 70(2), 231-236.
Bailey, D. K., & Kearns, S. (2012). New forms of abundant carbonatite–silicate volcanism: recognition criteria and further target locations. Mineralogical Magazine, 76(2), 271-284.
Chazot, G., & Mergoil-Daniel, J. (2012). Co-eruption of carbonate and silicate magmas during volcanism in the Limagne graben (French Massif Central). Lithos, 154, 130-146.
ⓘ Albite
Formula: Na(AlSi3O8)
References:
Bailey, D.K. 2010. New forms of carbonate volcanism: what to look for and where. Paper presented at IMA 2010, 20th General Meeting of the International Mineralogical Association, 21-27 August 2010, Budapest, Hungary. Acta Mineralogica-petrographica, Abstract Series, 558.
Brousse, R. & Lefèvre, C. 1990. Le volcanisme en France et en Europe limitrophe. «Guides géologiques régionaux». Masson, Paris.
Bailey, D.K. 2010. New forms of carbonate volcanism: what to look for and where. Paper presented at IMA 2010, 20th General Meeting of the International Mineralogical Association, 21-27 August 2010, Budapest, Hungary. Acta Mineralogica-petrographica, Abstract Series, 558.
Michel, R. (1953). Contribution à l'étude pétrographique des pépérites et du volcanisme tertiaire de la Grande Limagne. Mémoires de la Société d'Histoire Naturelle d'Auvergne, 5, 1-140.
Camus, G., Cantagrel, J. M., Taupinard, J. M., & Vialette, Y. (1969). Mesure par la méthode à l'argon, de l'âge de quelques rochesvolcaniques de Limagne (Massif central français). Comptes-rendus de l’Académie des Sciences de Paris, série D, 269, 2513-2516.
de Herve, A. G. (2000). Peperites from the Limagne trench (Auvergne, Franch Massif Central): a distinctive facies of phreatomagmatic pyroclastics. History of a semantic drift. In Volcanoclastic rocks: from magmas to sediments (pp. 91-110). Gordon and Breach Science Publishers Amsterdam.
Bailey, K., Kearns, S., Mergoil, J., Daniel, J. M., & Paterson, B. (2006). Extensive dolomitic volcanism through the Limagne Basin, central France: a new form of carbonatite activity. Mineralogical Magazine, 70(2), 231-236.
Bailey, D. K., & Kearns, S. (2012). New forms of abundant carbonatite–silicate volcanism: recognition criteria and further target locations. Mineralogical Magazine, 76(2), 271-284.
Chazot, G., & Mergoil-Daniel, J. (2012). Co-eruption of carbonate and silicate magmas during volcanism in the Limagne graben (French Massif Central). Lithos, 154, 130-146.
Bailey, D. K., & Kearns, S. (2012). New forms of abundant carbonatite–silicate volcanism: recognition criteria and further target locations. Mineralogical Magazine, 76(2), 271-284.
Chazot, G., & Mergoil-Daniel, J. (2012). Co-eruption of carbonate and silicate magmas during volcanism in the Limagne graben (French Massif Central). Lithos, 154, 130-146.
ⓘ Albite var. Andesine
Formula: (Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si2O8]
References:
Bailey, D.K. 2010. New forms of carbonate volcanism: what to look for and where. Paper presented at IMA 2010, 20th General Meeting of the International Mineralogical Association, 21-27 August 2010, Budapest, Hungary. Acta Mineralogica-petrographica, Abstract Series, 558.
Brousse, R. & Lefèvre, C. 1990. Le volcanisme en France et en Europe limitrophe. «Guides géologiques régionaux». Masson, Paris.
Bailey, D.K. 2010. New forms of carbonate volcanism: what to look for and where. Paper presented at IMA 2010, 20th General Meeting of the International Mineralogical Association, 21-27 August 2010, Budapest, Hungary. Acta Mineralogica-petrographica, Abstract Series, 558.
Michel, R. (1953). Contribution à l'étude pétrographique des pépérites et du volcanisme tertiaire de la Grande Limagne. Mémoires de la Société d'Histoire Naturelle d'Auvergne, 5, 1-140.
Camus, G., Cantagrel, J. M., Taupinard, J. M., & Vialette, Y. (1969). Mesure par la méthode à l'argon, de l'âge de quelques rochesvolcaniques de Limagne (Massif central français). Comptes-rendus de l’Académie des Sciences de Paris, série D, 269, 2513-2516.
de Herve, A. G. (2000). Peperites from the Limagne trench (Auvergne, Franch Massif Central): a distinctive facies of phreatomagmatic pyroclastics. History of a semantic drift. In Volcanoclastic rocks: from magmas to sediments (pp. 91-110). Gordon and Breach Science Publishers Amsterdam.
Bailey, K., Kearns, S., Mergoil, J., Daniel, J. M., & Paterson, B. (2006). Extensive dolomitic volcanism through the Limagne Basin, central France: a new form of carbonatite activity. Mineralogical Magazine, 70(2), 231-236.
Bailey, D. K., & Kearns, S. (2012). New forms of abundant carbonatite–silicate volcanism: recognition criteria and further target locations. Mineralogical Magazine, 76(2), 271-284.
Chazot, G., & Mergoil-Daniel, J. (2012). Co-eruption of carbonate and silicate magmas during volcanism in the Limagne graben (French Massif Central). Lithos, 154, 130-146.
Bailey, D. K., & Kearns, S. (2012). New forms of abundant carbonatite–silicate volcanism: recognition criteria and further target locations. Mineralogical Magazine, 76(2), 271-284.
Chazot, G., & Mergoil-Daniel, J. (2012). Co-eruption of carbonate and silicate magmas during volcanism in the Limagne graben (French Massif Central). Lithos, 154, 130-146.
ⓘ Albite var. Anorthoclase
Formula: (Na,K)AlSi3O8
References:
Bailey, D.K. 2010. New forms of carbonate volcanism: what to look for and where. Paper presented at IMA 2010, 20th General Meeting of the International Mineralogical Association, 21-27 August 2010, Budapest, Hungary. Acta Mineralogica-petrographica, Abstract Series, 558.
Brousse, R. & Lefèvre, C. 1990. Le volcanisme en France et en Europe limitrophe. «Guides géologiques régionaux». Masson, Paris.
Bailey, D.K. 2010. New forms of carbonate volcanism: what to look for and where. Paper presented at IMA 2010, 20th General Meeting of the International Mineralogical Association, 21-27 August 2010, Budapest, Hungary. Acta Mineralogica-petrographica, Abstract Series, 558.
Michel, R. (1953). Contribution à l'étude pétrographique des pépérites et du volcanisme tertiaire de la Grande Limagne. Mémoires de la Société d'Histoire Naturelle d'Auvergne, 5, 1-140.
Camus, G., Cantagrel, J. M., Taupinard, J. M., & Vialette, Y. (1969). Mesure par la méthode à l'argon, de l'âge de quelques rochesvolcaniques de Limagne (Massif central français). Comptes-rendus de l’Académie des Sciences de Paris, série D, 269, 2513-2516.
de Herve, A. G. (2000). Peperites from the Limagne trench (Auvergne, Franch Massif Central): a distinctive facies of phreatomagmatic pyroclastics. History of a semantic drift. In Volcanoclastic rocks: from magmas to sediments (pp. 91-110). Gordon and Breach Science Publishers Amsterdam.
Bailey, K., Kearns, S., Mergoil, J., Daniel, J. M., & Paterson, B. (2006). Extensive dolomitic volcanism through the Limagne Basin, central France: a new form of carbonatite activity. Mineralogical Magazine, 70(2), 231-236.
Bailey, D. K., & Kearns, S. (2012). New forms of abundant carbonatite–silicate volcanism: recognition criteria and further target locations. Mineralogical Magazine, 76(2), 271-284.
Chazot, G., & Mergoil-Daniel, J. (2012). Co-eruption of carbonate and silicate magmas during volcanism in the Limagne graben (French Massif Central). Lithos, 154, 130-146.
Bailey, D. K., & Kearns, S. (2012). New forms of abundant carbonatite–silicate volcanism: recognition criteria and further target locations. Mineralogical Magazine, 76(2), 271-284.
Chazot, G., & Mergoil-Daniel, J. (2012). Co-eruption of carbonate and silicate magmas during volcanism in the Limagne graben (French Massif Central). Lithos, 154, 130-146.
ⓘ Albite var. Oligoclase
Formula: (Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si2O8]
References:
Bailey, D.K. 2010. New forms of carbonate volcanism: what to look for and where. Paper presented at IMA 2010, 20th General Meeting of the International Mineralogical Association, 21-27 August 2010, Budapest, Hungary. Acta Mineralogica-petrographica, Abstract Series, 558.
Brousse, R. & Lefèvre, C. 1990. Le volcanisme en France et en Europe limitrophe. «Guides géologiques régionaux». Masson, Paris.
Michel, R. (1953). Contribution à l'étude pétrographique des pépérites et du volcanisme tertiaire de la Grande Limagne. Mémoires de la Société d'Histoire Naturelle d'Auvergne, 5, 1-140.
Camus, G., Cantagrel, J. M., Taupinard, J. M., & Vialette, Y. (1969). Mesure par la méthode à l'argon, de l'âge de quelques rochesvolcaniques de Limagne (Massif central français). Comptes-rendus de l’Académie des Sciences de Paris, série D, 269, 2513-2516.
de Herve, A. G. (2000). Peperites from the Limagne trench (Auvergne, Franch Massif Central): a distinctive facies of phreatomagmatic pyroclastics. History of a semantic drift. In Volcanoclastic rocks: from magmas to sediments (pp. 91-110). Gordon and Breach Science Publishers Amsterdam.
Bailey, K., Kearns, S., Mergoil, J., Daniel, J. M., & Paterson, B. (2006). Extensive dolomitic volcanism through the Limagne Basin, central France: a new form of carbonatite activity. Mineralogical Magazine, 70(2), 231-236.
Bailey, D. K., & Kearns, S. (2012). New forms of abundant carbonatite–silicate volcanism: recognition criteria and further target locations. Mineralogical Magazine, 76(2), 271-284.
Chazot, G., & Mergoil-Daniel, J. (2012). Co-eruption of carbonate and silicate magmas during volcanism in the Limagne graben (French Massif Central). Lithos, 154, 130-146.
ⓘ 'Amphibole Supergroup'
Formula: AB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2
References:
Bailey, D.K. 2010. New forms of carbonate volcanism: what to look for and where. Paper presented at IMA 2010, 20th General Meeting of the International Mineralogical Association, 21-27 August 2010, Budapest, Hungary. Acta Mineralogica-petrographica, Abstract Series, 558.
Brousse, R. & Lefèvre, C. 1990. Le volcanisme en France et en Europe limitrophe. «Guides géologiques régionaux». Masson, Paris.
Bailey, D.K. 2010. New forms of carbonate volcanism: what to look for and where. Paper presented at IMA 2010, 20th General Meeting of the International Mineralogical Association, 21-27 August 2010, Budapest, Hungary. Acta Mineralogica-petrographica, Abstract Series, 558.
Brousse, R. & Lefèvre, C. 1990. Le volcanisme en France et en Europe limitrophe. «Guides géologiques régionaux». Masson, Paris.
Bailey, D.K. 2010. New forms of carbonate volcanism: what to look for and where. Paper presented at IMA 2010, 20th General Meeting of the International Mineralogical Association, 21-27 August 2010, Budapest, Hungary. Acta Mineralogica-petrographica, Abstract Series, 558.
Michel, R. (1953). Contribution à l'étude pétrographique des pépérites et du volcanisme tertiaire de la Grande Limagne. Mémoires de la Société d'Histoire Naturelle d'Auvergne, 5, 1-140.
Camus, G., Cantagrel, J. M., Taupinard, J. M., & Vialette, Y. (1969). Mesure par la méthode à l'argon, de l'âge de quelques rochesvolcaniques de Limagne (Massif central français). Comptes-rendus de l’Académie des Sciences de Paris, série D, 269, 2513-2516.
de Herve, A. G. (2000). Peperites from the Limagne trench (Auvergne, Franch Massif Central): a distinctive facies of phreatomagmatic pyroclastics. History of a semantic drift. In Volcanoclastic rocks: from magmas to sediments (pp. 91-110). Gordon and Breach Science Publishers Amsterdam.
Bailey, K., Kearns, S., Mergoil, J., Daniel, J. M., & Paterson, B. (2006). Extensive dolomitic volcanism through the Limagne Basin, central France: a new form of carbonatite activity. Mineralogical Magazine, 70(2), 231-236.
Bailey, D. K., & Kearns, S. (2012). New forms of abundant carbonatite–silicate volcanism: recognition criteria and further target locations. Mineralogical Magazine, 76(2), 271-284.
Chazot, G., & Mergoil-Daniel, J. (2012). Co-eruption of carbonate and silicate magmas during volcanism in the Limagne graben (French Massif Central). Lithos, 154, 130-146.
Bailey, D. K., & Kearns, S. (2012). New forms of abundant carbonatite–silicate volcanism: recognition criteria and further target locations. Mineralogical Magazine, 76(2), 271-284.
Chazot, G., & Mergoil-Daniel, J. (2012). Co-eruption of carbonate and silicate magmas during volcanism in the Limagne graben (French Massif Central). Lithos, 154, 130-146.
Bailey, D. K., & Kearns, S. (2012). New forms of abundant carbonatite–silicate volcanism: recognition criteria and further target locations. Mineralogical Magazine, 76(2), 271-284.
Chazot, G., & Mergoil-Daniel, J. (2012). Co-eruption of carbonate and silicate magmas during volcanism in the Limagne graben (French Massif Central). Lithos, 154, 130-146.
ⓘ Analcime
Formula: Na(AlSi2O6) · H2O
References:
Bailey, D.K. 2010. New forms of carbonate volcanism: what to look for and where. Paper presented at IMA 2010, 20th General Meeting of the International Mineralogical Association, 21-27 August 2010, Budapest, Hungary. Acta Mineralogica-petrographica, Abstract Series, 558.
Brousse, R. & Lefèvre, C. 1990. Le volcanisme en France et en Europe limitrophe. «Guides géologiques régionaux». Masson, Paris.
Michel, R. (1953). Contribution à l'étude pétrographique des pépérites et du volcanisme tertiaire de la Grande Limagne. Mémoires de la Société d'Histoire Naturelle d'Auvergne, 5, 1-140.
Camus, G., Cantagrel, J. M., Taupinard, J. M., & Vialette, Y. (1969). Mesure par la méthode à l'argon, de l'âge de quelques rochesvolcaniques de Limagne (Massif central français). Comptes-rendus de l’Académie des Sciences de Paris, série D, 269, 2513-2516.
de Herve, A. G. (2000). Peperites from the Limagne trench (Auvergne, Franch Massif Central): a distinctive facies of phreatomagmatic pyroclastics. History of a semantic drift. In Volcanoclastic rocks: from magmas to sediments (pp. 91-110). Gordon and Breach Science Publishers Amsterdam.
Bailey, K., Kearns, S., Mergoil, J., Daniel, J. M., & Paterson, B. (2006). Extensive dolomitic volcanism through the Limagne Basin, central France: a new form of carbonatite activity. Mineralogical Magazine, 70(2), 231-236.
Bailey, D. K., & Kearns, S. (2012). New forms of abundant carbonatite–silicate volcanism: recognition criteria and further target locations. Mineralogical Magazine, 76(2), 271-284.
Chazot, G., & Mergoil-Daniel, J. (2012). Co-eruption of carbonate and silicate magmas during volcanism in the Limagne graben (French Massif Central). Lithos, 154, 130-146.
ⓘ Anorthite
Formula: Ca(Al2Si2O8)
References:
Bailey, D.K. 2010. New forms of carbonate volcanism: what to look for and where. Paper presented at IMA 2010, 20th General Meeting of the International Mineralogical Association, 21-27 August 2010, Budapest, Hungary. Acta Mineralogica-petrographica, Abstract Series, 558.
Brousse, R. & Lefèvre, C. 1990. Le volcanisme en France et en Europe limitrophe. «Guides géologiques régionaux». Masson, Paris.
Michel, R. (1953). Contribution à l'étude pétrographique des pépérites et du volcanisme tertiaire de la Grande Limagne. Mémoires de la Société d'Histoire Naturelle d'Auvergne, 5, 1-140.
Camus, G., Cantagrel, J. M., Taupinard, J. M., & Vialette, Y. (1969). Mesure par la méthode à l'argon, de l'âge de quelques rochesvolcaniques de Limagne (Massif central français). Comptes-rendus de l’Académie des Sciences de Paris, série D, 269, 2513-2516.
de Herve, A. G. (2000). Peperites from the Limagne trench (Auvergne, Franch Massif Central): a distinctive facies of phreatomagmatic pyroclastics. History of a semantic drift. In Volcanoclastic rocks: from magmas to sediments (pp. 91-110). Gordon and Breach Science Publishers Amsterdam.
Bailey, K., Kearns, S., Mergoil, J., Daniel, J. M., & Paterson, B. (2006). Extensive dolomitic volcanism through the Limagne Basin, central France: a new form of carbonatite activity. Mineralogical Magazine, 70(2), 231-236.
Bailey, D. K., & Kearns, S. (2012). New forms of abundant carbonatite–silicate volcanism: recognition criteria and further target locations. Mineralogical Magazine, 76(2), 271-284.
Chazot, G., & Mergoil-Daniel, J. (2012). Co-eruption of carbonate and silicate magmas during volcanism in the Limagne graben (French Massif Central). Lithos, 154, 130-146.
ⓘ Anorthite var. Labradorite
Formula: (Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si2O8]
References:
Bailey, D.K. 2010. New forms of carbonate volcanism: what to look for and where. Paper presented at IMA 2010, 20th General Meeting of the International Mineralogical Association, 21-27 August 2010, Budapest, Hungary. Acta Mineralogica-petrographica, Abstract Series, 558.
Brousse, R. & Lefèvre, C. 1990. Le volcanisme en France et en Europe limitrophe. «Guides géologiques régionaux». Masson, Paris.
Michel, R. (1953). Contribution à l'étude pétrographique des pépérites et du volcanisme tertiaire de la Grande Limagne. Mémoires de la Société d'Histoire Naturelle d'Auvergne, 5, 1-140.
Camus, G., Cantagrel, J. M., Taupinard, J. M., & Vialette, Y. (1969). Mesure par la méthode à l'argon, de l'âge de quelques rochesvolcaniques de Limagne (Massif central français). Comptes-rendus de l’Académie des Sciences de Paris, série D, 269, 2513-2516.
de Herve, A. G. (2000). Peperites from the Limagne trench (Auvergne, Franch Massif Central): a distinctive facies of phreatomagmatic pyroclastics. History of a semantic drift. In Volcanoclastic rocks: from magmas to sediments (pp. 91-110). Gordon and Breach Science Publishers Amsterdam.
Bailey, K., Kearns, S., Mergoil, J., Daniel, J. M., & Paterson, B. (2006). Extensive dolomitic volcanism through the Limagne Basin, central France: a new form of carbonatite activity. Mineralogical Magazine, 70(2), 231-236.
Bailey, D. K., & Kearns, S. (2012). New forms of abundant carbonatite–silicate volcanism: recognition criteria and further target locations. Mineralogical Magazine, 76(2), 271-284.
Chazot, G., & Mergoil-Daniel, J. (2012). Co-eruption of carbonate and silicate magmas during volcanism in the Limagne graben (French Massif Central). Lithos, 154, 130-146.
ⓘ Augite
Formula: (CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6
References:
Bailey, D.K. 2010. New forms of carbonate volcanism: what to look for and where. Paper presented at IMA 2010, 20th General Meeting of the International Mineralogical Association, 21-27 August 2010, Budapest, Hungary. Acta Mineralogica-petrographica, Abstract Series, 558.
Brousse, R. & Lefèvre, C. 1990. Le volcanisme en France et en Europe limitrophe. «Guides géologiques régionaux». Masson, Paris.
Michel, R. (1953). Contribution à l'étude pétrographique des pépérites et du volcanisme tertiaire de la Grande Limagne. Mémoires de la Société d'Histoire Naturelle d'Auvergne, 5, 1-140.
Camus, G., Cantagrel, J. M., Taupinard, J. M., & Vialette, Y. (1969). Mesure par la méthode à l'argon, de l'âge de quelques rochesvolcaniques de Limagne (Massif central français). Comptes-rendus de l’Académie des Sciences de Paris, série D, 269, 2513-2516.
de Herve, A. G. (2000). Peperites from the Limagne trench (Auvergne, Franch Massif Central): a distinctive facies of phreatomagmatic pyroclastics. History of a semantic drift. In Volcanoclastic rocks: from magmas to sediments (pp. 91-110). Gordon and Breach Science Publishers Amsterdam.
Bailey, K., Kearns, S., Mergoil, J., Daniel, J. M., & Paterson, B. (2006). Extensive dolomitic volcanism through the Limagne Basin, central France: a new form of carbonatite activity. Mineralogical Magazine, 70(2), 231-236.
Bailey, D. K., & Kearns, S. (2012). New forms of abundant carbonatite–silicate volcanism: recognition criteria and further target locations. Mineralogical Magazine, 76(2), 271-284.
Chazot, G., & Mergoil-Daniel, J. (2012). Co-eruption of carbonate and silicate magmas during volcanism in the Limagne graben (French Massif Central). Lithos, 154, 130-146.
ⓘ 'Biotite'
Formula: K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
References:
Bailey, D.K. 2010. New forms of carbonate volcanism: what to look for and where. Paper presented at IMA 2010, 20th General Meeting of the International Mineralogical Association, 21-27 August 2010, Budapest, Hungary. Acta Mineralogica-petrographica, Abstract Series, 558.
Brousse, R. & Lefèvre, C. 1990. Le volcanisme en France et en Europe limitrophe. «Guides géologiques régionaux». Masson, Paris.
Michel, R. (1953). Contribution à l'étude pétrographique des pépérites et du volcanisme tertiaire de la Grande Limagne. Mémoires de la Société d'Histoire Naturelle d'Auvergne, 5, 1-140.
Camus, G., Cantagrel, J. M., Taupinard, J. M., & Vialette, Y. (1969). Mesure par la méthode à l'argon, de l'âge de quelques rochesvolcaniques de Limagne (Massif central français). Comptes-rendus de l’Académie des Sciences de Paris, série D, 269, 2513-2516.
de Herve, A. G. (2000). Peperites from the Limagne trench (Auvergne, Franch Massif Central): a distinctive facies of phreatomagmatic pyroclastics. History of a semantic drift. In Volcanoclastic rocks: from magmas to sediments (pp. 91-110). Gordon and Breach Science Publishers Amsterdam.
Bailey, K., Kearns, S., Mergoil, J., Daniel, J. M., & Paterson, B. (2006). Extensive dolomitic volcanism through the Limagne Basin, central France: a new form of carbonatite activity. Mineralogical Magazine, 70(2), 231-236.
Bailey, D. K., & Kearns, S. (2012). New forms of abundant carbonatite–silicate volcanism: recognition criteria and further target locations. Mineralogical Magazine, 76(2), 271-284.
Chazot, G., & Mergoil-Daniel, J. (2012). Co-eruption of carbonate and silicate magmas during volcanism in the Limagne graben (French Massif Central). Lithos, 154, 130-146.
ⓘ Calcite
Formula: CaCO3
References:
Bailey, D.K. 2010. New forms of carbonate volcanism: what to look for and where. Paper presented at IMA 2010, 20th General Meeting of the International Mineralogical Association, 21-27 August 2010, Budapest, Hungary. Acta Mineralogica-petrographica, Abstract Series, 558.
Brousse, R. & Lefèvre, C. 1990. Le volcanisme en France et en Europe limitrophe. «Guides géologiques régionaux». Masson, Paris.
Michel, R. (1953). Contribution à l'étude pétrographique des pépérites et du volcanisme tertiaire de la Grande Limagne. Mémoires de la Société d'Histoire Naturelle d'Auvergne, 5, 1-140.
Camus, G., Cantagrel, J. M., Taupinard, J. M., & Vialette, Y. (1969). Mesure par la méthode à l'argon, de l'âge de quelques rochesvolcaniques de Limagne (Massif central français). Comptes-rendus de l’Académie des Sciences de Paris, série D, 269, 2513-2516.
de Herve, A. G. (2000). Peperites from the Limagne trench (Auvergne, Franch Massif Central): a distinctive facies of phreatomagmatic pyroclastics. History of a semantic drift. In Volcanoclastic rocks: from magmas to sediments (pp. 91-110). Gordon and Breach Science Publishers Amsterdam.
Bailey, K., Kearns, S., Mergoil, J., Daniel, J. M., & Paterson, B. (2006). Extensive dolomitic volcanism through the Limagne Basin, central France: a new form of carbonatite activity. Mineralogical Magazine, 70(2), 231-236.
Bailey, D. K., & Kearns, S. (2012). New forms of abundant carbonatite–silicate volcanism: recognition criteria and further target locations. Mineralogical Magazine, 76(2), 271-284.
Chazot, G., & Mergoil-Daniel, J. (2012). Co-eruption of carbonate and silicate magmas during volcanism in the Limagne graben (French Massif Central). Lithos, 154, 130-146.
ⓘ Dolomite
Formula: CaMg(CO3)2
References:
Bailey, D.K. 2010. New forms of carbonate volcanism: what to look for and where. Paper presented at IMA 2010, 20th General Meeting of the International Mineralogical Association, 21-27 August 2010, Budapest, Hungary. Acta Mineralogica-petrographica, Abstract Series, 558.
Brousse, R. & Lefèvre, C. 1990. Le volcanisme en France et en Europe limitrophe. «Guides géologiques régionaux». Masson, Paris.
Michel, R. (1953). Contribution à l'étude pétrographique des pépérites et du volcanisme tertiaire de la Grande Limagne. Mémoires de la Société d'Histoire Naturelle d'Auvergne, 5, 1-140.
Camus, G., Cantagrel, J. M., Taupinard, J. M., & Vialette, Y. (1969). Mesure par la méthode à l'argon, de l'âge de quelques rochesvolcaniques de Limagne (Massif central français). Comptes-rendus de l’Académie des Sciences de Paris, série D, 269, 2513-2516.
de Herve, A. G. (2000). Peperites from the Limagne trench (Auvergne, Franch Massif Central): a distinctive facies of phreatomagmatic pyroclastics. History of a semantic drift. In Volcanoclastic rocks: from magmas to sediments (pp. 91-110). Gordon and Breach Science Publishers Amsterdam.
Bailey, K., Kearns, S., Mergoil, J., Daniel, J. M., & Paterson, B. (2006). Extensive dolomitic volcanism through the Limagne Basin, central France: a new form of carbonatite activity. Mineralogical Magazine, 70(2), 231-236.
Bailey, D. K., & Kearns, S. (2012). New forms of abundant carbonatite–silicate volcanism: recognition criteria and further target locations. Mineralogical Magazine, 76(2), 271-284.
Chazot, G., & Mergoil-Daniel, J. (2012). Co-eruption of carbonate and silicate magmas during volcanism in the Limagne graben (French Massif Central). Lithos, 154, 130-146.
ⓘ 'Fayalite-Forsterite Series'
References:
Bailey, D.K. 2010. New forms of carbonate volcanism: what to look for and where. Paper presented at IMA 2010, 20th General Meeting of the International Mineralogical Association, 21-27 August 2010, Budapest, Hungary. Acta Mineralogica-petrographica, Abstract Series, 558.
Brousse, R. & Lefèvre, C. 1990. Le volcanisme en France et en Europe limitrophe. «Guides géologiques régionaux». Masson, Paris.
Michel, R. (1953). Contribution à l'étude pétrographique des pépérites et du volcanisme tertiaire de la Grande Limagne. Mémoires de la Société d'Histoire Naturelle d'Auvergne, 5, 1-140.
Camus, G., Cantagrel, J. M., Taupinard, J. M., & Vialette, Y. (1969). Mesure par la méthode à l'argon, de l'âge de quelques rochesvolcaniques de Limagne (Massif central français). Comptes-rendus de l’Académie des Sciences de Paris, série D, 269, 2513-2516.
de Herve, A. G. (2000). Peperites from the Limagne trench (Auvergne, Franch Massif Central): a distinctive facies of phreatomagmatic pyroclastics. History of a semantic drift. In Volcanoclastic rocks: from magmas to sediments (pp. 91-110). Gordon and Breach Science Publishers Amsterdam.
Bailey, K., Kearns, S., Mergoil, J., Daniel, J. M., & Paterson, B. (2006). Extensive dolomitic volcanism through the Limagne Basin, central France: a new form of carbonatite activity. Mineralogical Magazine, 70(2), 231-236.
Bailey, D. K., & Kearns, S. (2012). New forms of abundant carbonatite–silicate volcanism: recognition criteria and further target locations. Mineralogical Magazine, 76(2), 271-284.
Chazot, G., & Mergoil-Daniel, J. (2012). Co-eruption of carbonate and silicate magmas during volcanism in the Limagne graben (French Massif Central). Lithos, 154, 130-146.
ⓘ 'Glass'
References:
Bailey, D.K. 2010. New forms of carbonate volcanism: what to look for and where. Paper presented at IMA 2010, 20th General Meeting of the International Mineralogical Association, 21-27 August 2010, Budapest, Hungary. Acta Mineralogica-petrographica, Abstract Series, 558.
Brousse, R. & Lefèvre, C. 1990. Le volcanisme en France et en Europe limitrophe. «Guides géologiques régionaux». Masson, Paris.
Michel, R. (1953). Contribution à l'étude pétrographique des pépérites et du volcanisme tertiaire de la Grande Limagne. Mémoires de la Société d'Histoire Naturelle d'Auvergne, 5, 1-140.
Camus, G., Cantagrel, J. M., Taupinard, J. M., & Vialette, Y. (1969). Mesure par la méthode à l'argon, de l'âge de quelques rochesvolcaniques de Limagne (Massif central français). Comptes-rendus de l’Académie des Sciences de Paris, série D, 269, 2513-2516.
de Herve, A. G. (2000). Peperites from the Limagne trench (Auvergne, Franch Massif Central): a distinctive facies of phreatomagmatic pyroclastics. History of a semantic drift. In Volcanoclastic rocks: from magmas to sediments (pp. 91-110). Gordon and Breach Science Publishers Amsterdam.
Bailey, K., Kearns, S., Mergoil, J., Daniel, J. M., & Paterson, B. (2006). Extensive dolomitic volcanism through the Limagne Basin, central France: a new form of carbonatite activity. Mineralogical Magazine, 70(2), 231-236.
Bailey, D. K., & Kearns, S. (2012). New forms of abundant carbonatite–silicate volcanism: recognition criteria and further target locations. Mineralogical Magazine, 76(2), 271-284.
Chazot, G., & Mergoil-Daniel, J. (2012). Co-eruption of carbonate and silicate magmas during volcanism in the Limagne graben (French Massif Central). Lithos, 154, 130-146.
ⓘ Haüyne
Formula: Na3Ca(Si3Al3)O12(SO4)
References:
Bailey, D.K. 2010. New forms of carbonate volcanism: what to look for and where. Paper presented at IMA 2010, 20th General Meeting of the International Mineralogical Association, 21-27 August 2010, Budapest, Hungary. Acta Mineralogica-petrographica, Abstract Series, 558.
Brousse, R. & Lefèvre, C. 1990. Le volcanisme en France et en Europe limitrophe. «Guides géologiques régionaux». Masson, Paris.
Michel, R. (1953). Contribution à l'étude pétrographique des pépérites et du volcanisme tertiaire de la Grande Limagne. Mémoires de la Société d'Histoire Naturelle d'Auvergne, 5, 1-140.
Camus, G., Cantagrel, J. M., Taupinard, J. M., & Vialette, Y. (1969). Mesure par la méthode à l'argon, de l'âge de quelques rochesvolcaniques de Limagne (Massif central français). Comptes-rendus de l’Académie des Sciences de Paris, série D, 269, 2513-2516.
de Herve, A. G. (2000). Peperites from the Limagne trench (Auvergne, Franch Massif Central): a distinctive facies of phreatomagmatic pyroclastics. History of a semantic drift. In Volcanoclastic rocks: from magmas to sediments (pp. 91-110). Gordon and Breach Science Publishers Amsterdam.
Bailey, K., Kearns, S., Mergoil, J., Daniel, J. M., & Paterson, B. (2006). Extensive dolomitic volcanism through the Limagne Basin, central France: a new form of carbonatite activity. Mineralogical Magazine, 70(2), 231-236.
Bailey, D. K., & Kearns, S. (2012). New forms of abundant carbonatite–silicate volcanism: recognition criteria and further target locations. Mineralogical Magazine, 76(2), 271-284.
Chazot, G., & Mergoil-Daniel, J. (2012). Co-eruption of carbonate and silicate magmas during volcanism in the Limagne graben (French Massif Central). Lithos, 154, 130-146.
ⓘ Magnesite
Formula: MgCO3
References:
Bailey, D.K. 2010. New forms of carbonate volcanism: what to look for and where. Paper presented at IMA 2010, 20th General Meeting of the International Mineralogical Association, 21-27 August 2010, Budapest, Hungary. Acta Mineralogica-petrographica, Abstract Series, 558.
Brousse, R. & Lefèvre, C. 1990. Le volcanisme en France et en Europe limitrophe. «Guides géologiques régionaux». Masson, Paris.
Michel, R. (1953). Contribution à l'étude pétrographique des pépérites et du volcanisme tertiaire de la Grande Limagne. Mémoires de la Société d'Histoire Naturelle d'Auvergne, 5, 1-140.
Camus, G., Cantagrel, J. M., Taupinard, J. M., & Vialette, Y. (1969). Mesure par la méthode à l'argon, de l'âge de quelques rochesvolcaniques de Limagne (Massif central français). Comptes-rendus de l’Académie des Sciences de Paris, série D, 269, 2513-2516.
de Herve, A. G. (2000). Peperites from the Limagne trench (Auvergne, Franch Massif Central): a distinctive facies of phreatomagmatic pyroclastics. History of a semantic drift. In Volcanoclastic rocks: from magmas to sediments (pp. 91-110). Gordon and Breach Science Publishers Amsterdam.
Bailey, K., Kearns, S., Mergoil, J., Daniel, J. M., & Paterson, B. (2006). Extensive dolomitic volcanism through the Limagne Basin, central France: a new form of carbonatite activity. Mineralogical Magazine, 70(2), 231-236.
Bailey, D. K., & Kearns, S. (2012). New forms of abundant carbonatite–silicate volcanism: recognition criteria and further target locations. Mineralogical Magazine, 76(2), 271-284.
Chazot, G., & Mergoil-Daniel, J. (2012). Co-eruption of carbonate and silicate magmas during volcanism in the Limagne graben (French Massif Central). Lithos, 154, 130-146.
ⓘ Magnetite
Formula: Fe2+Fe3+2O4
References:
Bailey, D.K. 2010. New forms of carbonate volcanism: what to look for and where. Paper presented at IMA 2010, 20th General Meeting of the International Mineralogical Association, 21-27 August 2010, Budapest, Hungary. Acta Mineralogica-petrographica, Abstract Series, 558.
Brousse, R. & Lefèvre, C. 1990. Le volcanisme en France et en Europe limitrophe. «Guides géologiques régionaux». Masson, Paris.
Michel, R. (1953). Contribution à l'étude pétrographique des pépérites et du volcanisme tertiaire de la Grande Limagne. Mémoires de la Société d'Histoire Naturelle d'Auvergne, 5, 1-140.
Camus, G., Cantagrel, J. M., Taupinard, J. M., & Vialette, Y. (1969). Mesure par la méthode à l'argon, de l'âge de quelques rochesvolcaniques de Limagne (Massif central français). Comptes-rendus de l’Académie des Sciences de Paris, série D, 269, 2513-2516.
de Herve, A. G. (2000). Peperites from the Limagne trench (Auvergne, Franch Massif Central): a distinctive facies of phreatomagmatic pyroclastics. History of a semantic drift. In Volcanoclastic rocks: from magmas to sediments (pp. 91-110). Gordon and Breach Science Publishers Amsterdam.
Bailey, K., Kearns, S., Mergoil, J., Daniel, J. M., & Paterson, B. (2006). Extensive dolomitic volcanism through the Limagne Basin, central France: a new form of carbonatite activity. Mineralogical Magazine, 70(2), 231-236.
Bailey, D. K., & Kearns, S. (2012). New forms of abundant carbonatite–silicate volcanism: recognition criteria and further target locations. Mineralogical Magazine, 76(2), 271-284.
Chazot, G., & Mergoil-Daniel, J. (2012). Co-eruption of carbonate and silicate magmas during volcanism in the Limagne graben (French Massif Central). Lithos, 154, 130-146.
ⓘ Magnetite var. Titanium-bearing Magnetite
Formula: Fe2+(Fe3+,Ti)2O4
References:
Bailey, D.K. 2010. New forms of carbonate volcanism: what to look for and where. Paper presented at IMA 2010, 20th General Meeting of the International Mineralogical Association, 21-27 August 2010, Budapest, Hungary. Acta Mineralogica-petrographica, Abstract Series, 558.
Brousse, R. & Lefèvre, C. 1990. Le volcanisme en France et en Europe limitrophe. «Guides géologiques régionaux». Masson, Paris.
Michel, R. (1953). Contribution à l'étude pétrographique des pépérites et du volcanisme tertiaire de la Grande Limagne. Mémoires de la Société d'Histoire Naturelle d'Auvergne, 5, 1-140.
Camus, G., Cantagrel, J. M., Taupinard, J. M., & Vialette, Y. (1969). Mesure par la méthode à l'argon, de l'âge de quelques rochesvolcaniques de Limagne (Massif central français). Comptes-rendus de l’Académie des Sciences de Paris, série D, 269, 2513-2516.
de Herve, A. G. (2000). Peperites from the Limagne trench (Auvergne, Franch Massif Central): a distinctive facies of phreatomagmatic pyroclastics. History of a semantic drift. In Volcanoclastic rocks: from magmas to sediments (pp. 91-110). Gordon and Breach Science Publishers Amsterdam.
Bailey, K., Kearns, S., Mergoil, J., Daniel, J. M., & Paterson, B. (2006). Extensive dolomitic volcanism through the Limagne Basin, central France: a new form of carbonatite activity. Mineralogical Magazine, 70(2), 231-236.
Bailey, D. K., & Kearns, S. (2012). New forms of abundant carbonatite–silicate volcanism: recognition criteria and further target locations. Mineralogical Magazine, 76(2), 271-284.
Chazot, G., & Mergoil-Daniel, J. (2012). Co-eruption of carbonate and silicate magmas during volcanism in the Limagne graben (French Massif Central). Lithos, 154, 130-146.
ⓘ Nepheline
Formula: Na3K(Al4Si4O16)
References:
Bailey, D.K. 2010. New forms of carbonate volcanism: what to look for and where. Paper presented at IMA 2010, 20th General Meeting of the International Mineralogical Association, 21-27 August 2010, Budapest, Hungary. Acta Mineralogica-petrographica, Abstract Series, 558.
Brousse, R. & Lefèvre, C. 1990. Le volcanisme en France et en Europe limitrophe. «Guides géologiques régionaux». Masson, Paris.
Michel, R. (1953). Contribution à l'étude pétrographique des pépérites et du volcanisme tertiaire de la Grande Limagne. Mémoires de la Société d'Histoire Naturelle d'Auvergne, 5, 1-140.
Camus, G., Cantagrel, J. M., Taupinard, J. M., & Vialette, Y. (1969). Mesure par la méthode à l'argon, de l'âge de quelques rochesvolcaniques de Limagne (Massif central français). Comptes-rendus de l’Académie des Sciences de Paris, série D, 269, 2513-2516.
de Herve, A. G. (2000). Peperites from the Limagne trench (Auvergne, Franch Massif Central): a distinctive facies of phreatomagmatic pyroclastics. History of a semantic drift. In Volcanoclastic rocks: from magmas to sediments (pp. 91-110). Gordon and Breach Science Publishers Amsterdam.
Bailey, K., Kearns, S., Mergoil, J., Daniel, J. M., & Paterson, B. (2006). Extensive dolomitic volcanism through the Limagne Basin, central France: a new form of carbonatite activity. Mineralogical Magazine, 70(2), 231-236.
Bailey, D. K., & Kearns, S. (2012). New forms of abundant carbonatite–silicate volcanism: recognition criteria and further target locations. Mineralogical Magazine, 76(2), 271-284.
Chazot, G., & Mergoil-Daniel, J. (2012). Co-eruption of carbonate and silicate magmas during volcanism in the Limagne graben (French Massif Central). Lithos, 154, 130-146.
ⓘ 'Plagioclase'
Formula: (Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8
References:
Bailey, D.K. 2010. New forms of carbonate volcanism: what to look for and where. Paper presented at IMA 2010, 20th General Meeting of the International Mineralogical Association, 21-27 August 2010, Budapest, Hungary. Acta Mineralogica-petrographica, Abstract Series, 558.
Brousse, R. & Lefèvre, C. 1990. Le volcanisme en France et en Europe limitrophe. «Guides géologiques régionaux». Masson, Paris.
Michel, R. (1953). Contribution à l'étude pétrographique des pépérites et du volcanisme tertiaire de la Grande Limagne. Mémoires de la Société d'Histoire Naturelle d'Auvergne, 5, 1-140.
Camus, G., Cantagrel, J. M., Taupinard, J. M., & Vialette, Y. (1969). Mesure par la méthode à l'argon, de l'âge de quelques rochesvolcaniques de Limagne (Massif central français). Comptes-rendus de l’Académie des Sciences de Paris, série D, 269, 2513-2516.
de Herve, A. G. (2000). Peperites from the Limagne trench (Auvergne, Franch Massif Central): a distinctive facies of phreatomagmatic pyroclastics. History of a semantic drift. In Volcanoclastic rocks: from magmas to sediments (pp. 91-110). Gordon and Breach Science Publishers Amsterdam.
Bailey, K., Kearns, S., Mergoil, J., Daniel, J. M., & Paterson, B. (2006). Extensive dolomitic volcanism through the Limagne Basin, central France: a new form of carbonatite activity. Mineralogical Magazine, 70(2), 231-236.
Bailey, D. K., & Kearns, S. (2012). New forms of abundant carbonatite–silicate volcanism: recognition criteria and further target locations. Mineralogical Magazine, 76(2), 271-284.
Chazot, G., & Mergoil-Daniel, J. (2012). Co-eruption of carbonate and silicate magmas during volcanism in the Limagne graben (French Massif Central). Lithos, 154, 130-146.
ⓘ 'Pyroxene Group'
Formula: ADSi2O6
References:
Bailey, D.K. 2010. New forms of carbonate volcanism: what to look for and where. Paper presented at IMA 2010, 20th General Meeting of the International Mineralogical Association, 21-27 August 2010, Budapest, Hungary. Acta Mineralogica-petrographica, Abstract Series, 558.
Brousse, R. & Lefèvre, C. 1990. Le volcanisme en France et en Europe limitrophe. «Guides géologiques régionaux». Masson, Paris.
Bailey, D.K. 2010. New forms of carbonate volcanism: what to look for and where. Paper presented at IMA 2010, 20th General Meeting of the International Mineralogical Association, 21-27 August 2010, Budapest, Hungary. Acta Mineralogica-petrographica, Abstract Series, 558.
Michel, R. (1953). Contribution à l'étude pétrographique des pépérites et du volcanisme tertiaire de la Grande Limagne. Mémoires de la Société d'Histoire Naturelle d'Auvergne, 5, 1-140.
Camus, G., Cantagrel, J. M., Taupinard, J. M., & Vialette, Y. (1969). Mesure par la méthode à l'argon, de l'âge de quelques rochesvolcaniques de Limagne (Massif central français). Comptes-rendus de l’Académie des Sciences de Paris, série D, 269, 2513-2516.
de Herve, A. G. (2000). Peperites from the Limagne trench (Auvergne, Franch Massif Central): a distinctive facies of phreatomagmatic pyroclastics. History of a semantic drift. In Volcanoclastic rocks: from magmas to sediments (pp. 91-110). Gordon and Breach Science Publishers Amsterdam.
Bailey, K., Kearns, S., Mergoil, J., Daniel, J. M., & Paterson, B. (2006). Extensive dolomitic volcanism through the Limagne Basin, central France: a new form of carbonatite activity. Mineralogical Magazine, 70(2), 231-236.
Bailey, D. K., & Kearns, S. (2012). New forms of abundant carbonatite–silicate volcanism: recognition criteria and further target locations. Mineralogical Magazine, 76(2), 271-284.
Chazot, G., & Mergoil-Daniel, J. (2012). Co-eruption of carbonate and silicate magmas during volcanism in the Limagne graben (French Massif Central). Lithos, 154, 130-146.
Bailey, D. K., & Kearns, S. (2012). New forms of abundant carbonatite–silicate volcanism: recognition criteria and further target locations. Mineralogical Magazine, 76(2), 271-284.
Chazot, G., & Mergoil-Daniel, J. (2012). Co-eruption of carbonate and silicate magmas during volcanism in the Limagne graben (French Massif Central). Lithos, 154, 130-146.
ⓘ 'Rhombohedral Carbonate'
Formula: (Ca/Mg/Fe/Mn etc)CO3
References:
Bailey, D.K. 2010. New forms of carbonate volcanism: what to look for and where. Paper presented at IMA 2010, 20th General Meeting of the International Mineralogical Association, 21-27 August 2010, Budapest, Hungary. Acta Mineralogica-petrographica, Abstract Series, 558.
Brousse, R. & Lefèvre, C. 1990. Le volcanisme en France et en Europe limitrophe. «Guides géologiques régionaux». Masson, Paris.
Michel, R. (1953). Contribution à l'étude pétrographique des pépérites et du volcanisme tertiaire de la Grande Limagne. Mémoires de la Société d'Histoire Naturelle d'Auvergne, 5, 1-140.
Camus, G., Cantagrel, J. M., Taupinard, J. M., & Vialette, Y. (1969). Mesure par la méthode à l'argon, de l'âge de quelques rochesvolcaniques de Limagne (Massif central français). Comptes-rendus de l’Académie des Sciences de Paris, série D, 269, 2513-2516.
de Herve, A. G. (2000). Peperites from the Limagne trench (Auvergne, Franch Massif Central): a distinctive facies of phreatomagmatic pyroclastics. History of a semantic drift. In Volcanoclastic rocks: from magmas to sediments (pp. 91-110). Gordon and Breach Science Publishers Amsterdam.
Bailey, K., Kearns, S., Mergoil, J., Daniel, J. M., & Paterson, B. (2006). Extensive dolomitic volcanism through the Limagne Basin, central France: a new form of carbonatite activity. Mineralogical Magazine, 70(2), 231-236.
Bailey, D. K., & Kearns, S. (2012). New forms of abundant carbonatite–silicate volcanism: recognition criteria and further target locations. Mineralogical Magazine, 76(2), 271-284.
Chazot, G., & Mergoil-Daniel, J. (2012). Co-eruption of carbonate and silicate magmas during volcanism in the Limagne graben (French Massif Central). Lithos, 154, 130-146.
ⓘ Rhönite
Formula: Ca4[Mg8Fe3+2Ti2]O4[Si6Al6O36]
References:
Bailey, D.K. 2010. New forms of carbonate volcanism: what to look for and where. Paper presented at IMA 2010, 20th General Meeting of the International Mineralogical Association, 21-27 August 2010, Budapest, Hungary. Acta Mineralogica-petrographica, Abstract Series, 558.
Brousse, R. & Lefèvre, C. 1990. Le volcanisme en France et en Europe limitrophe. «Guides géologiques régionaux». Masson, Paris.
Michel, R. (1953). Contribution à l'étude pétrographique des pépérites et du volcanisme tertiaire de la Grande Limagne. Mémoires de la Société d'Histoire Naturelle d'Auvergne, 5, 1-140.
Camus, G., Cantagrel, J. M., Taupinard, J. M., & Vialette, Y. (1969). Mesure par la méthode à l'argon, de l'âge de quelques rochesvolcaniques de Limagne (Massif central français). Comptes-rendus de l’Académie des Sciences de Paris, série D, 269, 2513-2516.
de Herve, A. G. (2000). Peperites from the Limagne trench (Auvergne, Franch Massif Central): a distinctive facies of phreatomagmatic pyroclastics. History of a semantic drift. In Volcanoclastic rocks: from magmas to sediments (pp. 91-110). Gordon and Breach Science Publishers Amsterdam.
Bailey, K., Kearns, S., Mergoil, J., Daniel, J. M., & Paterson, B. (2006). Extensive dolomitic volcanism through the Limagne Basin, central France: a new form of carbonatite activity. Mineralogical Magazine, 70(2), 231-236.
Bailey, D. K., & Kearns, S. (2012). New forms of abundant carbonatite–silicate volcanism: recognition criteria and further target locations. Mineralogical Magazine, 76(2), 271-284.
Chazot, G., & Mergoil-Daniel, J. (2012). Co-eruption of carbonate and silicate magmas during volcanism in the Limagne graben (French Massif Central). Lithos, 154, 130-146.
ⓘ Sanidine
Formula: K(AlSi3O8)
References:
Bailey, D.K. 2010. New forms of carbonate volcanism: what to look for and where. Paper presented at IMA 2010, 20th General Meeting of the International Mineralogical Association, 21-27 August 2010, Budapest, Hungary. Acta Mineralogica-petrographica, Abstract Series, 558.
Brousse, R. & Lefèvre, C. 1990. Le volcanisme en France et en Europe limitrophe. «Guides géologiques régionaux». Masson, Paris.
Michel, R. (1953). Contribution à l'étude pétrographique des pépérites et du volcanisme tertiaire de la Grande Limagne. Mémoires de la Société d'Histoire Naturelle d'Auvergne, 5, 1-140.
Camus, G., Cantagrel, J. M., Taupinard, J. M., & Vialette, Y. (1969). Mesure par la méthode à l'argon, de l'âge de quelques rochesvolcaniques de Limagne (Massif central français). Comptes-rendus de l’Académie des Sciences de Paris, série D, 269, 2513-2516.
de Herve, A. G. (2000). Peperites from the Limagne trench (Auvergne, Franch Massif Central): a distinctive facies of phreatomagmatic pyroclastics. History of a semantic drift. In Volcanoclastic rocks: from magmas to sediments (pp. 91-110). Gordon and Breach Science Publishers Amsterdam.
Bailey, K., Kearns, S., Mergoil, J., Daniel, J. M., & Paterson, B. (2006). Extensive dolomitic volcanism through the Limagne Basin, central France: a new form of carbonatite activity. Mineralogical Magazine, 70(2), 231-236.
Bailey, D. K., & Kearns, S. (2012). New forms of abundant carbonatite–silicate volcanism: recognition criteria and further target locations. Mineralogical Magazine, 76(2), 271-284.
Chazot, G., & Mergoil-Daniel, J. (2012). Co-eruption of carbonate and silicate magmas during volcanism in the Limagne graben (French Massif Central). Lithos, 154, 130-146.
ⓘ Spinel
Formula: MgAl2O4
References:
Bailey, D.K. 2010. New forms of carbonate volcanism: what to look for and where. Paper presented at IMA 2010, 20th General Meeting of the International Mineralogical Association, 21-27 August 2010, Budapest, Hungary. Acta Mineralogica-petrographica, Abstract Series, 558.
Brousse, R. & Lefèvre, C. 1990. Le volcanisme en France et en Europe limitrophe. «Guides géologiques régionaux». Masson, Paris.
Michel, R. (1953). Contribution à l'étude pétrographique des pépérites et du volcanisme tertiaire de la Grande Limagne. Mémoires de la Société d'Histoire Naturelle d'Auvergne, 5, 1-140.
Camus, G., Cantagrel, J. M., Taupinard, J. M., & Vialette, Y. (1969). Mesure par la méthode à l'argon, de l'âge de quelques rochesvolcaniques de Limagne (Massif central français). Comptes-rendus de l’Académie des Sciences de Paris, série D, 269, 2513-2516.
de Herve, A. G. (2000). Peperites from the Limagne trench (Auvergne, Franch Massif Central): a distinctive facies of phreatomagmatic pyroclastics. History of a semantic drift. In Volcanoclastic rocks: from magmas to sediments (pp. 91-110). Gordon and Breach Science Publishers Amsterdam.
Bailey, K., Kearns, S., Mergoil, J., Daniel, J. M., & Paterson, B. (2006). Extensive dolomitic volcanism through the Limagne Basin, central France: a new form of carbonatite activity. Mineralogical Magazine, 70(2), 231-236.
Bailey, D. K., & Kearns, S. (2012). New forms of abundant carbonatite–silicate volcanism: recognition criteria and further target locations. Mineralogical Magazine, 76(2), 271-284.
Chazot, G., & Mergoil-Daniel, J. (2012). Co-eruption of carbonate and silicate magmas during volcanism in the Limagne graben (French Massif Central). Lithos, 154, 130-146.
ⓘ Titanite
Formula: CaTi(SiO4)O
References:
Bailey, D.K. 2010. New forms of carbonate volcanism: what to look for and where. Paper presented at IMA 2010, 20th General Meeting of the International Mineralogical Association, 21-27 August 2010, Budapest, Hungary. Acta Mineralogica-petrographica, Abstract Series, 558.
Brousse, R. & Lefèvre, C. 1990. Le volcanisme en France et en Europe limitrophe. «Guides géologiques régionaux». Masson, Paris.
Michel, R. (1953). Contribution à l'étude pétrographique des pépérites et du volcanisme tertiaire de la Grande Limagne. Mémoires de la Société d'Histoire Naturelle d'Auvergne, 5, 1-140.
Camus, G., Cantagrel, J. M., Taupinard, J. M., & Vialette, Y. (1969). Mesure par la méthode à l'argon, de l'âge de quelques rochesvolcaniques de Limagne (Massif central français). Comptes-rendus de l’Académie des Sciences de Paris, série D, 269, 2513-2516.
de Herve, A. G. (2000). Peperites from the Limagne trench (Auvergne, Franch Massif Central): a distinctive facies of phreatomagmatic pyroclastics. History of a semantic drift. In Volcanoclastic rocks: from magmas to sediments (pp. 91-110). Gordon and Breach Science Publishers Amsterdam.
Bailey, K., Kearns, S., Mergoil, J., Daniel, J. M., & Paterson, B. (2006). Extensive dolomitic volcanism through the Limagne Basin, central France: a new form of carbonatite activity. Mineralogical Magazine, 70(2), 231-236.
Bailey, D. K., & Kearns, S. (2012). New forms of abundant carbonatite–silicate volcanism: recognition criteria and further target locations. Mineralogical Magazine, 76(2), 271-284.
Chazot, G., & Mergoil-Daniel, J. (2012). Co-eruption of carbonate and silicate magmas during volcanism in the Limagne graben (French Massif Central). Lithos, 154, 130-146.

Gallery:

List of minerals arranged by Strunz 10th Edition classification

Group 4 - Oxides and Hydroxides
ⓘMagnetite4.BB.05Fe2+Fe3+2O4
ⓘSpinel4.BB.05MgAl2O4
ⓘMagnetite
var. Titanium-bearing Magnetite		4.BB.05Fe2+(Fe3+,Ti)2O4
Group 5 - Nitrates and Carbonates
ⓘCalcite5.AB.05CaCO3
ⓘMagnesite5.AB.05MgCO3
ⓘDolomite5.AB.10CaMg(CO3)2
Group 9 - Silicates
ⓘTitanite9.AG.15CaTi(SiO4)O
ⓘAugite9.DA.15(CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6
ⓘAegirine9.DA.25NaFe3+Si2O6
ⓘRhönite9.DH.40Ca4[Mg8Fe3+2Ti2]O4[Si6Al6O36]
ⓘNepheline9.FA.05Na3K(Al4Si4O16)
ⓘSanidine9.FA.30K(AlSi3O8)
ⓘAlbite9.FA.35Na(AlSi3O8)
ⓘvar. Andesine9.FA.35(Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si2O8]
ⓘAnorthite9.FA.35Ca(Al2Si2O8)
ⓘAlbite
var. Anorthoclase		9.FA.35(Na,K)AlSi3O8
ⓘAnorthite
var. Labradorite		9.FA.35(Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si2O8]
ⓘAlbite
var. Oligoclase		9.FA.35(Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si2O8]
ⓘHaüyne9.FB.10Na3Ca(Si3Al3)O12(SO4)
ⓘAnalcime9.GB.05Na(AlSi2O6) · H2O
Unclassified
ⓘ'Amphibole Supergroup'-AB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2
ⓘ'Biotite'-K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
ⓘ'Fayalite-Forsterite Series'-
ⓘ'Plagioclase'-(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8
ⓘ'Pyroxene Group'-ADSi2O6
ⓘ'Glass'-
ⓘ'Rhombohedral Carbonate'-(Ca/Mg/Fe/Mn etc)CO3

List of minerals for each chemical element

HHydrogen
Hⓘ Amphibole SupergroupAB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2
Hⓘ AnalcimeNa(AlSi2O6) · H2O
Hⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
CCarbon
Cⓘ CalciteCaCO3
Cⓘ DolomiteCaMg(CO3)2
Cⓘ MagnesiteMgCO3
Cⓘ Rhombohedral Carbonate(Ca/Mg/Fe/Mn etc)CO3
OOxygen
Oⓘ AegirineNaFe3+Si2O6
Oⓘ AlbiteNa(AlSi3O8)
Oⓘ Amphibole SupergroupAB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2
Oⓘ AnalcimeNa(AlSi2O6) · H2O
Oⓘ Albite var. Andesine(Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si2O8]
Oⓘ AnorthiteCa(Al2Si2O8)
Oⓘ Albite var. Anorthoclase(Na,K)AlSi3O8
Oⓘ Augite(CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6
Oⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Oⓘ CalciteCaCO3
Oⓘ DolomiteCaMg(CO3)2
Oⓘ HaüyneNa3Ca(Si3Al3)O12(SO4)
Oⓘ Anorthite var. Labradorite(Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si2O8]
Oⓘ MagnesiteMgCO3
Oⓘ MagnetiteFe2+Fe23+O4
Oⓘ NephelineNa3K(Al4Si4O16)
Oⓘ Albite var. Oligoclase(Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si2O8]
Oⓘ RhöniteCa4[Mg8Fe23+Ti2]O4[Si6Al6O36]
Oⓘ SanidineK(AlSi3O8)
Oⓘ SpinelMgAl2O4
Oⓘ TitaniteCaTi(SiO4)O
Oⓘ Magnetite var. Titanium-bearing MagnetiteFe2+(Fe3+,Ti)2O4
Oⓘ Fayalite-Forsterite Series
Oⓘ Plagioclase(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8
Oⓘ Pyroxene GroupADSi2O6
Oⓘ Rhombohedral Carbonate(Ca/Mg/Fe/Mn etc)CO3
FFluorine
Fⓘ Amphibole SupergroupAB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2
Fⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
NaSodium
Naⓘ AegirineNaFe3+Si2O6
Naⓘ AlbiteNa(AlSi3O8)
Naⓘ AnalcimeNa(AlSi2O6) · H2O
Naⓘ Albite var. Andesine(Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si2O8]
Naⓘ Albite var. Anorthoclase(Na,K)AlSi3O8
Naⓘ HaüyneNa3Ca(Si3Al3)O12(SO4)
Naⓘ Anorthite var. Labradorite(Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si2O8]
Naⓘ NephelineNa3K(Al4Si4O16)
Naⓘ Albite var. Oligoclase(Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si2O8]
Naⓘ Plagioclase(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8
MgMagnesium
Mgⓘ Augite(CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6
Mgⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Mgⓘ DolomiteCaMg(CO3)2
Mgⓘ MagnesiteMgCO3
Mgⓘ RhöniteCa4[Mg8Fe23+Ti2]O4[Si6Al6O36]
Mgⓘ SpinelMgAl2O4
Mgⓘ Fayalite-Forsterite Series
Mgⓘ Rhombohedral Carbonate(Ca/Mg/Fe/Mn etc)CO3
AlAluminium
Alⓘ AlbiteNa(AlSi3O8)
Alⓘ Amphibole SupergroupAB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2
Alⓘ AnalcimeNa(AlSi2O6) · H2O
Alⓘ Albite var. Andesine(Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si2O8]
Alⓘ AnorthiteCa(Al2Si2O8)
Alⓘ Albite var. Anorthoclase(Na,K)AlSi3O8
Alⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Alⓘ HaüyneNa3Ca(Si3Al3)O12(SO4)
Alⓘ Anorthite var. Labradorite(Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si2O8]
Alⓘ NephelineNa3K(Al4Si4O16)
Alⓘ Albite var. Oligoclase(Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si2O8]
Alⓘ RhöniteCa4[Mg8Fe23+Ti2]O4[Si6Al6O36]
Alⓘ SanidineK(AlSi3O8)
Alⓘ SpinelMgAl2O4
Alⓘ Plagioclase(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8
SiSilicon
Siⓘ AegirineNaFe3+Si2O6
Siⓘ AlbiteNa(AlSi3O8)
Siⓘ Amphibole SupergroupAB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2
Siⓘ AnalcimeNa(AlSi2O6) · H2O
Siⓘ Albite var. Andesine(Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si2O8]
Siⓘ AnorthiteCa(Al2Si2O8)
Siⓘ Albite var. Anorthoclase(Na,K)AlSi3O8
Siⓘ Augite(CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6
Siⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Siⓘ HaüyneNa3Ca(Si3Al3)O12(SO4)
Siⓘ Anorthite var. Labradorite(Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si2O8]
Siⓘ NephelineNa3K(Al4Si4O16)
Siⓘ Albite var. Oligoclase(Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si2O8]
Siⓘ RhöniteCa4[Mg8Fe23+Ti2]O4[Si6Al6O36]
Siⓘ SanidineK(AlSi3O8)
Siⓘ TitaniteCaTi(SiO4)O
Siⓘ Fayalite-Forsterite Series
Siⓘ Plagioclase(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8
Siⓘ Pyroxene GroupADSi2O6
SSulfur
Sⓘ HaüyneNa3Ca(Si3Al3)O12(SO4)
ClChlorine
Clⓘ Amphibole SupergroupAB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2
KPotassium
Kⓘ Albite var. Anorthoclase(Na,K)AlSi3O8
Kⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Kⓘ NephelineNa3K(Al4Si4O16)
Kⓘ SanidineK(AlSi3O8)
CaCalcium
Caⓘ Albite var. Andesine(Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si2O8]
Caⓘ AnorthiteCa(Al2Si2O8)
Caⓘ Augite(CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6
Caⓘ CalciteCaCO3
Caⓘ DolomiteCaMg(CO3)2
Caⓘ HaüyneNa3Ca(Si3Al3)O12(SO4)
Caⓘ Anorthite var. Labradorite(Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si2O8]
Caⓘ Albite var. Oligoclase(Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si2O8]
Caⓘ RhöniteCa4[Mg8Fe23+Ti2]O4[Si6Al6O36]
Caⓘ TitaniteCaTi(SiO4)O
Caⓘ Plagioclase(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8
Caⓘ Rhombohedral Carbonate(Ca/Mg/Fe/Mn etc)CO3
TiTitanium
Tiⓘ Amphibole SupergroupAB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2
Tiⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Tiⓘ RhöniteCa4[Mg8Fe23+Ti2]O4[Si6Al6O36]
Tiⓘ TitaniteCaTi(SiO4)O
Tiⓘ Magnetite var. Titanium-bearing MagnetiteFe2+(Fe3+,Ti)2O4
MnManganese
Mnⓘ Rhombohedral Carbonate(Ca/Mg/Fe/Mn etc)CO3
FeIron
Feⓘ AegirineNaFe3+Si2O6
Feⓘ Augite(CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6
Feⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Feⓘ MagnetiteFe2+Fe23+O4
Feⓘ RhöniteCa4[Mg8Fe23+Ti2]O4[Si6Al6O36]
Feⓘ Magnetite var. Titanium-bearing MagnetiteFe2+(Fe3+,Ti)2O4
Feⓘ Fayalite-Forsterite Series
Feⓘ Rhombohedral Carbonate(Ca/Mg/Fe/Mn etc)CO3

Geochronology

Mineralization age: Miocene : 15.2 ± 1.0 Ma to 13 ± 1.2 Ma

Important note: This table is based only on rock and mineral ages recorded on mindat.org for this locality and is not necessarily a complete representation of the geochronology, but does give an indication of possible mineralization events relevant to this locality. As more age information is added this table may expand in the future. A break in the table simply indicates a lack of data entered here, not necessarily a break in the geologic sequence. Grey background entries are from different, related, localities.

Geologic TimeRocks, Minerals and Events
Phanerozoic
 Cenozoic
  Neogene
   Miocene
ⓘ Peperite (youngest age)13 ± 1.2 Ma
ⓘ Peperite (oldest age)15.2 ± 1.0 Ma

Other Regions, Features and Areas containing this locality

Eurasian PlateTectonic Plate
EuropeContinent
France

This page contains all mineral locality references listed on mindat.org. This does not claim to be a complete list. If you know of more minerals from this site, please register so you can add to our database. This locality information is for reference purposes only. You should never attempt to visit any sites listed in mindat.org without first ensuring that you have the permission of the land and/or mineral rights holders for access and that you are aware of all safety precautions necessary.

References

Bailey, D.K. 2010. New forms of carbonate volcanism: what to look for and where. Paper presented at IMA 2010, 20th General Meeting of the International Mineralogical Association, 21-27 August 2010, Budapest, Hungary. Acta Mineralogica-petrographica, Abstract Series, 558.
Bellon, H., Brito, U., Brousse, R. & Gouhier, J. 1971. Ages Miocéne, inférieur pour les pépérites et moyen pour quelques laves de Limagne. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris, 273D, 1258-1260.
Brousse, R. & Lefèvre, C. 1990. Le volcanisme en France et en Europe limitrophe. «Guides géologiques régionaux». Masson, Paris.
Michel, R. (1953). Contribution à l'étude pétrographique des pépérites et du volcanisme tertiaire de la Grande Limagne. Mémoires de la Société d'Histoire Naturelle d'Auvergne, 5, 1-140.
Camus, G., Cantagrel, J. M., Taupinard, J. M., & Vialette, Y. (1969). Mesure par la méthode à l'argon, de l'âge de quelques rochesvolcaniques de Limagne (Massif central français). Comptes-rendus de l’Académie des Sciences de Paris, série D, 269, 2513-2516.
de Herve, A. G. (2000). Peperites from the Limagne trench (Auvergne, Franch Massif Central): a distinctive facies of phreatomagmatic pyroclastics. History of a semantic drift. In Volcanoclastic rocks: from magmas to sediments (pp. 91-110). Gordon and Breach Science Publishers Amsterdam.
Bailey, K., Kearns, S., Mergoil, J., Daniel, J. M., & Paterson, B. (2006). Extensive dolomitic volcanism through the Limagne Basin, central France: a new form of carbonatite activity. Mineralogical Magazine, 70(2), 231-236.
Bailey, D. K., & Kearns, S. (2012). New forms of abundant carbonatite–silicate volcanism: recognition criteria and further target locations. Mineralogical Magazine, 76(2), 271-284.
Chazot, G., & Mergoil-Daniel, J. (2012). Co-eruption of carbonate and silicate magmas during volcanism in the Limagne graben (French Massif Central). Lithos, 154, 130-146.
Woolley, Alan R. (2019) Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World. Part 4: Antarctica, Asia and Europe (excluding the former USSR), Australasia and Oceanic Islands. The Geological Society of London. doi:10.1144/mpar4p.325
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