Orpiment
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
This page kindly sponsored by Mark Kucera
About Orpiment
Formula:
As2S3
Colour:
Orange-yellow to lemon-yellow
Lustre:
Pearly
Hardness:
1½ - 2
Specific Gravity:
3.49
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Name:
From Latin "aurum", gold, and "pigmentum", pigment, in allusion to its color.
Isostructural with:
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3021
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3021:8
IMA Classification of Orpiment
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
As3+2S2-3
Classification of Orpiment
2.FA.30
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
F : Sulfides of arsenic, alkalies; sulfides with halide, oxide, hydroxide, H2O
A : With As, (Sb), S
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
F : Sulfides of arsenic, alkalies; sulfides with halide, oxide, hydroxide, H2O
A : With As, (Sb), S
2.11.1.1
2 : SULFIDES
11 : AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 2:3
2 : SULFIDES
11 : AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 2:3
3.7.8
3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
7 : Sulphides etc. of V, As, Sb and Bi
3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
7 : Sulphides etc. of V, As, Sb and Bi
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Orp | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Orp | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
| Orp | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Pronunciation of Orpiment
Pronunciation:
| Play | Recorded by | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Jolyon Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Orpiment
Pearly
Transparency:
Transparent
Colour:
Orange-yellow to lemon-yellow
Streak:
Light lemon yellow
Hardness:
1½ - 2 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Sectile
Cleavage:
Perfect
Perfect {010} imperfect {100}
Perfect {010} imperfect {100}
Density:
3.49 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.48 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Orpiment
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 2.4 nβ = 2.81 nγ = 3.02
2V:
Measured: 30° to 76°, Calculated: 62°
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.620
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Very High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure
- the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using
this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points
where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the
field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are
isogyres.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Anisotropism:
Barely observable because of strong internal reflections
Dispersion:
relatively strong r > v
Reflectivity:
| Wavelength | R1 (%) | R2 (%) |
|---|---|---|
| 400nm | 33.0% | 36.5% |
| 420nm | 31.0% | 35.2% |
| 440nm | 28.9% | 33.9% |
| 460nm | 27.4% | 31.5% |
| 480nm | 26.0% | 30.3% |
| 500nm | 24.9% | 29.3% |
| 520nm | 24.0% | 28.4% |
| 540nm | 23.3% | 27.8% |
| 560nm | 22.8% | 27.3% |
| 580nm | 22.3% | 26.9% |
| 600nm | 22.0% | 26.5% |
| 620nm | 21.7% | 26.3% |
| 640nm | 21.5% | 26.0% |
| 660nm | 21.2% | 25.7% |
| 680nm | 21.0% | 25.5% |
| 700nm | 20.8% | 25.3% |
Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Peak reflectance is 36.5%.
R1 shown in black, R2 shown in red
Colour in reflected light:
White to pale grey
Internal Reflections:
Strong
Pleochroism:
Strong
Comments:
white to grey-white with a reddish tint (reflected light)
Y=yellow, Z=greenish yellow (transmitted light)
Y=yellow, Z=greenish yellow (transmitted light)
Chemistry of Orpiment
Mindat Formula:
As2S3
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Hg,Ge,Sb
Crystallography of Orpiment
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
P21/c
Setting:
P21/n
Cell Parameters:
a = 11.475(5) Å, b = 9.577(4) Å, c = 4.256(2) Å
β = 90.45(5)°
β = 90.45(5)°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 1.198 : 1 : 0.444
Unit Cell V:
467.70 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Commonly in foliated columnar or fibrous aggregates, with cleavages as much as 60 cm across; may be reniform or botryoidal; also granular or powdery; rarely as prismatic crystals.
Twinning:
On {100}
Crystallographic forms of Orpiment
Crystal Atlas:
Image Loading
Click on an icon to view
Orpiment no.3 - {301} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Orpiment no.13 - {210} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Orpiment - Tabular {010}
3d models and HTML5 code kindly provided by
www.smorf.nl.
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Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0010733 | Orpiment | Mullen D J E, Nowacki W (1972) Refinement of the crystal structures of realgar, AsS and orpiment, As2S3 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 136 48-65 |  | 1972 | Lengenbach quarry, Binnatal, Switzerland | 0 | 293 |
| 0014411 | Orpiment | Morimoto N (1954) The crystal structure of orpiment (As2S3) refined Mineralogical Journal 1 160-169 | | 1954 | Saimoku, Japan | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Loading XRD data...
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 4.85 Å | (100) |
| 4.02 Å | (50) |
| 3.22 Å | (30) |
| 2.79 Å | (30) |
| 2.72 Å | (30) |
| 2.47 Å | (40) |
| 1.755 Å | (40) |
Comments:
Baia Sprie (Felsőbánya), Romania.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 3a: Earth’s earliest Hadean crust | >4.50 |
| 11 : Volcanic fumarole minerals; reduced phases (see also #45) | |
| Stage 3b: Earth’s earliest hydrosphere | >4.45 |
| 12 : Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits (see also #33) | |
| 14 : Hot springs, geysers, and other subaerial geothermal minerals | |
| High-? alteration and/or metamorphism | |
| 33 : Minerals deposited by hydrothermal metal-rich fluids (see also [#12]) | |
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47h : [Near-surface oxidized, dehydrated minerals] | |
| Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
| 49 : Oxic cellular biomineralization (see also #44) | <0.54 |
| 50 : Coal and/or oil shale minerals | <0.36 |
| Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
| 54 : Coal and other mine fire minerals (see also #51 and #56) |
Geological Setting:
In low-temperature hydrothermal veins, hot springs and fumaroles; also commonly as an alteration product of arsenic minerals, especially realgar.
Synonyms of Orpiment
Other Language Names for Orpiment
Catalan:Orpiment
Dutch:Orpiment
Estonian:Auripigment
French:Orpiment
Arsenic Jaune
Arsenic Jaune
Irish Gaelic:Óirpimint
Italian:Orpimento
Japanese:石黄
Lithuanian:Orpimentas
Polish:Aurypigment
Portuguese:Auripigmento
Russian:Аурипигмент
Simplified Chinese:雌黄
Slovak:Auripigment
Spanish:Orpimente
Ukrainian:Аурипігмент
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 614 photos of Orpiment associated with Realgar | As4S4 |
| 311 photos of Orpiment associated with Baryte | BaSO4 |
| 202 photos of Orpiment associated with Hutchinsonite | TlPbAs5S9 |
| 143 photos of Orpiment associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 128 photos of Orpiment associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 109 photos of Orpiment associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
| 95 photos of Orpiment associated with Getchellite | AsSbS3 |
| 86 photos of Orpiment associated with Stibnite | Sb2S3 |
| 44 photos of Orpiment associated with Anorpiment | As2S3 |
| 37 photos of Orpiment associated with Lorándite | TlAsS2 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 2.FA. | Bonazziite | As4S4 |
| 2.FA. | Anorpiment | As2S3 |
| 2.FA. | Paradimorphite | As4S3 |
| 2.FA.05 | Duranusite | As4S |
| 2.FA.10 | Dimorphite | As4S3 |
| 2.FA.15b | Pararealgar | As4S4 |
| 2.FA.15a | Realgar | As4S4 |
| 2.FA.15d | 'UM1970-18-S:As' | As4S4 |
| 2.FA.20 | Alacránite | As8S9 |
| 2.FA.25 | Uzonite | As4S5 |
| 2.FA.30 | Laphamite | As2Se3 |
| 2.FA.35 | Getchellite | AsSbS3 |
| 2.FA.40 | Wakabayashilite | [(As,Sb)6S9][As4S5] |
| 2.FA.40 | Kalgoorlieite | As2Te3 |
Other Information
Thermal Behaviour:
Heated in a closed tube it fuses, volatizes and gives a dark yellow sublimate.
Notes:
Soluble in aqua regia and caustic alkalies.
Health Risks:
Contains arsenic - always wash hands after handling. Avoid inhaling dust when handling or breaking. Never lick or ingest.
Internet Links for Orpiment
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3021.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Orpiment
Reference List:
Buerger, M. J. (1942) The unit cell and space group of orpiment. American Mineralogist, 27 (4) 301-304
Scheuermann, W., Ritter, G. J. (1969) Raman Spectra of Cinnabar (HgS), Realgar (As4S4) and Orpiment (As2S3). Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A, 24 (3). 408-411 doi:10.1515/zna-1969-0317
Forneris, Roberto (1969) The infrared and Raman spectra of realgar and orpiment. American Mineralogist, 54 (7-8) 1062-1074
Mullen, D. J. E.; Nowacki, W. (1972) Refinement of the crystal structures of realgar, AsS and orpiment, As2S3. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 136 (1-2). 48-65 doi:10.1524/zkri.1972.136.1-2.48
Frost, R. L., Martens, W. N., Kloprogge, J. T. (2002) Raman spectroscopic study of cinnabar (HgS), realgar (As4S4), and orpiment (As2S3) at 298 and 77K. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Monatshefte, 2002 (10) 469-480 doi:10.1127/0028-3649/2002/2002-0469
Localities for Orpiment
Showing 660 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Albania | |
| ALLIU (2024) |
| Ferrini et al. (2003) +1 other reference |
| Ferrini et al. (2003) +1 other reference | |
| Ferrini et al. (2003) +1 other reference | |
| Ferrini et al. (2003) +1 other reference | |
| Ferrini et al. (2003) +1 other reference | |
| Ferrini et al. (2003) |
Antarctica | |
| Petersen et al. (2004) |
Argentina | |
| Juan Carlos Lodovichi |
| Helvaci et al. (2000) +1 other reference |
| Helvaci et al. (2000) +1 other reference |
| Helvaci et al. (2000) +2 other references | |
| YAMANA GOLD INC. ANNUAL INFORMATION ... |
| Brodtkorb (2002) |
| Patagonia Gold plc |
Armenia | |
| Kukulyan (1988) |
Australia | |
| Sorrell (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Noble et al. (1983) |
| Simpson (1948) |
| Fetherston et al. (2013) |
Austria | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Meixner (1950) |
| Niedermayr et al. (2011) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) | |
| Niedermayr (1992) +1 other reference | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| J.Metzger (2012) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Meixner (1950) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Habel (2005) |
| Fugger (1878) | |
| F.Bernhard (2012) |
| K.A.Redlich (1908) |
| Postl et al. (2006) |
| Bojar et al. (1994) |
| Strasser (2006) |
| Hanneberg et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
| Spötl (1989) |
| - (1994, July) | |
| Arlt et al. (1994) |
| - (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Exel (1982) |
Azerbaijan | |
| Hovakimyan et al. (2019) |
| Hovakimyan et al. (2019) | |
Bolivia | |
| Petrov et al. (2006) |
| USGS Bulletin # 1975 |
| Osvaldo R. Arce Burgoa (2007) | |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | |
| Barić et al. (1948.-1950.) +1 other reference |
Canada | |
| - (n.d.) |
| Ray et al. (2002) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Econ Geol (1980) | |
| Hudgins (1967) |
| Anthony et al. (1990) |
| Ontario Ministry of Northern ... |
| Ontario Geological Survey Miscellaneous ... +2 other references |
| Kuhns et al. (1994) +2 other references |
| Ontario MDI Number: MDI42C12NW00002 +1 other reference | |
| Proceedings 30th Intl Geol Cong Vol 16 ... +2 other references | |
| Barrick Gold Corporation | |
| ATAC Resources Ltd. |
| Kovacs et al. (2014) | |
Chile | |
| Inostroza et al. (2020) |
| Samples analysed by Tony Kampf of LAC ... |
| Inostroza et al. (2020) |
| Gröpper et al. (1991) +1 other reference |
| Maskaev et al. (2007) |
| Thompson et al. (2004) +1 other reference | |
| Sample in the Maurizio Dini collection | |
| Popova et al. (1986) +1 other reference |
| Maurizio Dini collection |
China | |
| Mingan Wu (2007) |
| Chuanzhi Luo (1991) |
| Chuanzhi Luo (1991) +1 other reference |
| Shenghao Yan et al. (2000) +2 other references |
| Guanghong Wang et al. (2009) | |
| Chuanzhi Luo (1991) +1 other reference |
| Peng Zhang (2009) |
| Rongsheng Yang et al. (2006) |
| Xiaodong Mao et al. (2007) |
| Lin Niu (1994) |
| Gao et al. (2021) +1 other reference | |
| Zhiping Li (1998) |
| Zhiping Li (1998) | |
| Zhiping Li (1998) | |
| Yang et al. (2020) |
| Gao et al. (2021) |
| Yang et al. (2020) | |
| Shihua Qi et al. (2000) +2 other references |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) +1 other reference | |
| Jian Liu et al. (2008) | |
| Baogui Zhang (1985) |
| Jiaming Tan (1988) |
| Maozhong Min and Xiangyun Wang (1994) |
| Guanqing Lu (1994) |
| Xianxiao (2010) |
| Wenhui Qiu (1985) |
| Zhiwei Bao (2001) +1 other reference |
| Zhiping Li (1998) | |
| Zhiping Li (1998) |
| brightrich.com (2009) | |
| Xiaoqing Zhu and Zhonggang Wang (2002) +1 other reference | |
| Wei +7 other references |
| Chen et al. (2021) |
| Zhiping Li (1998) |
| Wang et al. (2024) | |
| Zhiping Li (1998) |
| Tangfuo Xiao et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| Ruizhong Hu et al. (2002) +2 other references | |
| Zhiping Li (1998) | |
| Jianzhong Liu et al. (2010) | |
| Zhiping Li (1998) |
| Tan et al. (2019) |
| Hu et al. (2017) | |
| Su et al. (2008) +6 other references | |
| Zhiwei Bao and Jayanta Guha (2007) +4 other references | |
| Xianxiao (2010) |
| Zhenhua Ding et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| Yonghong Zhu et al. (2012) |
| wrgis.wr.usgs.gov (2004) |
| Shangquan Wu (1984) +3 other references |
| Xianxiao (2010) +1 other reference |
| Zichao Zhao (1987) |
| Jingqu Yao (1981) |
| Han et al. (2020) |
| Liangshui Zhong (1991) +3 other references | |
| Guanglong Shu et al. (2007) | |
| Guanglong Shu et al. (2007) | |
| Yunfeng Ke (1993) +2 other references |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) |
| Zhang Baogui (1996) +1 other reference |
| Du et al. (2025) |
| Yansong Tan (1980) +2 other references |
| Zheng et al. (2022) |
| Ottens (2007) |
| Shoufu Wu (1983) |
| Maozhong Min and Xiangyun Wang (1994) |
| Hart et al. (2002) |
| wrgis.wr.usgs.gov (2004) +1 other reference |
| Xilin Liu (1991) |
| Shuhuan Hou and Jianjun Jiang (2005) |
| Han Zhong et al. (1981) |
| Cunjie Dong et al. (2010) |
| Cunjie Dong et al. (2010) | |
| Cunjie Dong et al. (2010) +1 other reference | |
| Caisheng Zhao et al. (2009) |
| Rui Xia et al. (2013) | |
| Xianxiao Xiong (1999) +1 other reference |
| Junzhi Dai et al. (2011) |
| Vielreicher et al. (2003) |
| Pang Jiangli (1999) +2 other references |
| Caifu Xie et al. (2004) |
| USGS Open-File Report 98-466 |
| Yingchuan Lu et al. (2012) |
| Hou et al. (2007) |
| Xiaoming Qu et al. (2001) | |
| Yuanfu Xiao et al. (2010) |
| Yongjun Gao et al. (2011) |
| www.ruegg.co.uk (n.d.) |
| www.idm.gov.vn (n.d.) | |
| Shaohong Fu et al. (2002) +1 other reference | |
| Xianxiao (2010) |
| Peters (2002) | |
| Peters (2002) | |
| Peters (2002) | |
| Su Sun (1993) |
| Zhiping Li (1998) | |
| De'an Zhu (1995) +1 other reference | |
| De'an Zhu (1995) | |
| LENG et al. (2014) |
| Xianxiao (2010) |
| Yao Tan et al. (2011) +2 other references |
| |
| Xing et al. (2022) | |
| Bingyu Zhu et al. (2010) |
| Xianxiao Xiong (1999) +1 other reference |
| Zhang Zhong et al. (2000) +1 other reference | |
| Hou et al. (2007) |
| Jiajun Liu et al. (2010) |
| Xiaohu Wang et al. (2011) |
| Xiaohu Wang et al. (2011) | |
| Zaw et al. (2007) |
| Wen Yan and Chaoyang Li (1992) |
| |
| Song et al. (2022) |
Czech Republic | |
| Žáček et al. (1998) |
| Hloušek et al. (2002) |
| Beran +2 other references |
| Scharm B. |
| Gramblička (n.d.) |
Ethiopia | |
| Cook et al. (2000) |
France | |
| Pascal Chollet collection |
| Gonnard F. (1906) |
| Laurent (1995) |
| Laurent (1995) |
| |
| Meisser (1993) |
| De Ascençao Guedes (2005) |
| De Ascenção Guedes et al. (2012) |
| Devismes (1978) |
| Rocks & Minerals (xxxx) +1 other reference |
| Bari (1982) |
| Wittern +1 other reference |
| Bari (1982) | |
| This mine worked the same vein as Gabe ... +2 other references | |
| Dana 7:I:547. |
| Jean-Pierre Bourgarel collection |
| Berbain et al. (2005) |
| Belot (1978) |
| |
| Bariand et al. (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| R. Pierrot | |
| Mantienne (1974) +1 other reference |
Georgia | |
| - (n.d.) | |
| A. G. Zhabin et al. (1990) +1 other reference |
| Kekelia et al. (2008) |
Germany | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Lapis (4) |
| Kaiser (1983) +2 other references |
| |
| |
| Walenta (1987) +1 other reference | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Klaus Schäfer collection (identified by Raman spectroscopy) |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (2013) |
| undefined +2 other references |
| P. Ramdohr +1 other reference | |
| Lorenz (2004) |
| |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Nickerl et al. (2000) |
| Hajek (2010) |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| E Lackner and John Sobolewski ... |
Greece | |
| |
| Fritz Schreiber collection | |
| Lazaridis G. et al. (2011) |
| Kilias et al. (2013) |
Hungary | |
| Mecsek-Oko |
| |
Indonesia | |
| 216.239.53.104 (n.d.) |
| Turner et al. (1994) |
| Collection of Alex Earl |
| Yuningsih et al. (2014) |
Iran | |
| M. A. Mallakpour (1992) |
| Maanijou et al. (2001, August) |
| Keshavarzi et al. (2012) |
| Keshavarzi et al. (2012) | |
| Rafiei et al. (2010) |
| Samiee et al. (2022) | |
| Richards (2006) +1 other reference | |
| Daliran (2008) |
| Afzal et al. (2017) | |
| Asadi +7 other references | |
Ireland | |
| de Haller +1 other reference |
Italy | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Russo |
| Russo et al. (2017) |
| Pelloux (1927) +2 other references | |
| Barrese et al. (1994) |
| Sella (1877) |
| 415. +1 other reference |
| Antofilli et al. (1985) +1 other reference |
| - (n.d.) |
| Mattias et al. (2008) |
| Bruno Marello et al. (2023) |
| Bruno Marello find & collection | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| - (n.d.) | |
| Jervis (1873) +2 other references | |
| Ambrino et al. (2008) |
| Barresi (2005) +2 other references |
| D'Agnolo (1968) +1 other reference |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| - (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| D'Agnolo (1968) +1 other reference |
| D'Agnolo (1966) +1 other reference | |
| D'Agnolo (1968) +1 other reference |
| Biste (1977) +1 other reference |
| DEVILLE SAINTE CLAIRE C. (1856) |
| Baccos (1966) +2 other references |
| - (n.d.) |
| Brizzi et al. (1990) |
| De Michele (1974) |
| Brizzi G. et al. (GR) |
| Arisi Rota et al. (1971) +2 other references |
| Giuliano bettini collection |
| Orlandi et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
| Orlandi et al. (2009) | |
| D'Achiardi (1899) +8 other references |
| D’Achiardi (1905) +2 other references |
| Morino et al. (2016) | |
| D’Achiardi (1905) +4 other references | |
| Anthony et al. (2003) +1 other reference |
| A. Del Caldo +2 other references |
| Meli R. |
| Menchetti et al. (2015) |
| Baccos (1967) +2 other references |
Japan | |
| Kagaya (1962) |
| Ōhashi (1920) |
| Sadanaga et al. (1974) |
| - (n.d.) | |
| Anthony et al. (1990) |
| Takeo Kato et al. (1934) |
| Sadanaga et al. (1974) |
| IMAI (1999) +3 other references | |
| Shimizu et al. (1999) |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) |
| Shun Nakano and Nobuo Geshi (2008) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Narita (1963) |
| Narita (1963) |
| Wang et al. (2023) |
| Suzuki et al. (2008) | |
| Dekov et al. (2022) | |
| Marumo et al. (2008) |
| Ii (2006) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Dill (1999) |
| Kopchenova et al. (1962) +2 other references |
Kyrgyzstan | |
| Kolesar et al. (1993) |
| Kolesar et al. (1993) +1 other reference | |
| Cook (2000) +1 other reference |
Laos | |
| Guo et al. (2018) +1 other reference |
Malaysia | |
| Yajima (1960) |
| Breward et al. (1994) | |
| Wolfram Dieter Schuh (1993) | |
| Kim (1994) | |
| Breward et al. (1994) | |
| Wolfram Dieter Schuh (1993) | |
Mexico | |
| Prescott |
| Minera Autlan |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Miranda-Gasca et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
| Verley et al. (2011) | |
Morocco | |
| Weiß (2006) |
New Zealand | |
| J Robertson (1999) +1 other reference |
| en.wikipedia.org (n.d.) |
| R. Martin (NZ) |
| Aurora Minerals +1 other reference | |
| Rod Martin personal collection |
| An Active Epithermal Gold-Depositing ... +1 other reference |
| Krupp et al. (1987) |
| Kerr et al. (2018) |
| Kerr et al. (2018) | |
North Macedonia | |
| Percival et al. (1994) +2 other references |
| Nuclear Instruments and Methods in ... +5 other references | |
| Boev et al. (2016) +1 other reference | |
| Hiessleitner (1934) +3 other references |
Pakistan | |
| Ikram Mineralogy |
| Ikram Mineralogy (Wholly owned & manage by Ikram Nature Exploration ) |
Papua New Guinea | |
| Rinne et al. (2018) |
| Gemmell et al. (2004) |
| Brandl et al. (2025) | |
Peru | |
| Hyršl (2009) |
| Longo et al. (2005) |
| Crowley et al. (1997) |
| Duval et al. (1986) | |
| Pérez-Puig Obieta et al. (2013) |
| Lewis (1964) |
| Hyrsl et al. (2006) +2 other references |
| Hyršl et al. (2009) |
| Pérez-Puig Obieta et al. (2013) | |
| Wise et al. (2005) |
| Hyrsl et al. (2003) |
| - (1997) +1 other reference |
| Bussell et al. (1990) +1 other reference |
| Crowley et al. (1997) |
| Johnson et al. (1955) +1 other reference | |
Poland | |
| GAWEŁ A. (Middle Carpathians) |
| Acta Mineralogica-Petrographica +2 other references | |
Portugal | |
| Collected by Pierre Rosseel in October ... |
Romania | |
| www.minerals-of-the-carpathians |
| Szakáll (2002) | |
| Ed.:Szakáll S.-Kristály ... |
| www.minerals-of-the-carpathians |
| Grancea et al. (2002) |
| Minerals of Carpathians | |
| Łukasz Kruszewski PXRD & pXRF analysis ... |
| KOVÁCS et al. (2020) |
| Grancea et al. (2002) |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Carpathian Reg. | |
Russia | |
| Pavlova et al. (2009) |
| Pavlova et al. (2009) |
| Pavlova et al. (2009) |
| Okrugin |
| Плутахина |
| Migdisov et al. (1998) |
| Moore (2002) +1 other reference |
| [World of Stones 12:49] | |
| Kondratieva et al. (2021) |
| Kondratieva et al. (2021) | |
| Evseev (1973) +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (1990) +1 other reference |
| Seltmann et al. (2010) |
| American Mineralogist +10 other references |
| Redin et al. (2015) |
| Redin et al. (2015) | |
| Redin et al. (2015) | |
| Kasatkin et al. (2014) |
| Yurgenson et al. (2011) |
Serbia | |
| Slobodan A. Radosavljević et al. (2013) | |
| Radosavljević +4 other references |
| Ministry of Mining and Energy (2002) +1 other reference |
Slovakia | |
| Ďuďa R. +1 other reference |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Cook (2000) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Rojkovičová |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Ďuďa (1993) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Bačo |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Duda et. all. |
| Ďuďa R. (2001) | |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) +1 other reference |
Slovenia | |
| Bancroft et al. (1991) +1 other reference |
| Scopolia - Journal of the Slovenian ... |
| Scopolia - Journal of the Slovenian ... |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
Spain | |
| Mendoza et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| López (n.d.) |
| Luque et al. (2006) |
| Luque et al. (2006) | |
| López (n.d.) |
| www.fc.up.pt (n.d.) |
| Gutiérrez Villarias (nordeste de Leon) |
Sweden | |
| Holtstam et al. (1999) |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1978) +1 other reference |
Taiwan | |
| |
| Journal of the Chemical Society |
Tajikistan | |
| Xinjiang Tacheng International Resources Ltd. |
Turkey | |
| Çolakoğlu et al. (2011) |
| Yigit (2012) +1 other reference |
| Lucas Etienne collection | |
| Lucas Etienne collection | |
| |
| Alacer Gold |
| Helvaci et al. (2000) +2 other references |
| Erik Vercammen collection | |
| Erik Vercammen collection and field observations (1988) | |
| Akçay et al. (2006) |
| Erik Vercammen field observations and ... |
| Sarp et al. (2005) |
| García-Veigas et al. (2010) +2 other references |
| American Mineralogist +6 other references |
| American Mineralogist +4 other references | |
| Özen et al. (2013) |
| Arik (2012) |
| Miğraç Akçay (1995) |
| Miğraç Akçay (1995) |
| Yaylalı-Abanuz et al. (2010) +1 other reference |
UK | |
| Richard De Nul |
| Golley et al. (1995) | |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Rollinson et al. (2017) |
| Cotterell et al. (2011) |
Ukraine | |
| Shnykov E.F. at al. (1971) |
| [World of Stones 12:20] |
USA | |
| - (2008) |
| Burton et al. (2011) |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| USGS OFR 2003-404 (Hudson,2003) +1 other reference | |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| Galbraith (1947) +1 other reference |
| Pemberton et al. (1960) +1 other reference |
| Murdoch (1966) |
| [micromounts@yahoogroups.com] |
| Skinner et al. (1964) |
| Benda (1960) +2 other references | |
| - (2005) |
| Bradley (1942) +1 other reference | |
| Wright et al. (1930) +4 other references |
| Murdoch (1966) +2 other references |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Koschmann et al. (1968) +1 other reference |
| Barrick Gold Corporation |
| Anthony A. Longo et al. (2002) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| LaPointe et al. (199) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| - (2005) |
| Newmont Mining Corporation |
| Newmont Mining Corporation | |
| Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Hastings (2008) |
| Barrick Gold Corporation |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Radtke et al. (1978) +2 other references | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Jerry W. Mohling (2002) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| John W. Norby and Michael J.T. Orobona (2002) | |
| Barrick Gold Corporation | |
| Newmont Mining Corporation |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Mason (1976) +8 other references |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Barrick Gold Corporation | |
| Osterberg (1990) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Newmont Mining Corporation | |
| King (n.d.) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Blamey (2000) |
| - (2005) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| From the labelled Byron Weissberg PhD ... |
| Tony Nikischer specimen |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| John et al. (1989) | |
| NBMG files No. 29600051 |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Rocks & Min.: 16:22. +3 other references | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| - (2005) |
| mrdata.usgs.gov (n.d.) |
| Ilchik (1990) +2 other references | |
| Rocks & Minerals 80:4 pp234-241 +1 other reference |
| NJ Geol. Survey Bull. #64 et al. (1960) +2 other references |
| Manchester (1931) |
| Jensen (1978) |
| NY State Museum spec. no. 12663 |
| Chamberlain et al. (2023) | |
| - (2005) |
| USGS Bull 969 |
| - (2005) | |
| Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology NBMG ... +1 other reference |
| USGS OFR 99-666 |
| Microprobe |
| Lapham et al. (1980) +2 other references |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Page et al. (1956) +3 other references |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| USGS Prof Paper 300 p295 +2 other references | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Collection of Philip Bluemner |
| Econ Geol (1986) |
| Rocks & Minerals 80:3 pp194-196 |
| Collected by Gerry Austin | |
| Rick Dalrymple Collection |
| Econ Geol (1996) | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Mason (1976) | |
| Ege (2005) | |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference | |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Wilson et al. (1993) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Rocks & Min.: 12:277. +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Wilson et al. (1991) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Rocks & Min.: 12:277. |
| Bullock (1981) |
| - (2005) |
| Cannon (1975) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Valentine et al. (1960) +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Valentine et al. (1960) +1 other reference |
| Hausel et al. (2001) |
| Dana 7:I:293 +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Minerals (2001) |
| - (2005) |
Vanuatu | |
| Schmidt et al. (2017) |
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Twin Creeks Mine, Potosi Mining District, Osgood Mountains, Humboldt County, Nevada, USA