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Papagoite
A valid IMA mineral species
This page kindly sponsored by Canyonite Laboratories
About Papagoite
Flag of the Tohono O'odham Nation
Formula:
CaCu[H3AlSi2O9]
Colour:
Blue, cerulean blue
Lustre:
Vitreous
Hardness:
5 - 5½
Specific Gravity:
3.25
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Name:
Named for the Tohono O'odham Nation of Native American people that live in the area around the type locality. The European name for these people was Papago, but the name has been rejected by the nation.
Visit gemdat.org for Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3077
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3077:5
Similar Names
| Papikeite | A valid IMA mineral species - pending publication | NaMg2(Mg3Al2}(Al3Si5O22)(OH)2 |
IMA Classification of Papagoite
Approved
IMA Formula:
CaCu2+AlSi2O6(OH)3
First published:
1960
Classification of Papagoite
9.CE.05
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
C : Cyclosilicates
E : [Si4O12]8- 4-membered single rings (vierer-Einfachringe), without insular complex anions
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
C : Cyclosilicates
E : [Si4O12]8- 4-membered single rings (vierer-Einfachringe), without insular complex anions
60.1.4.1
60 : CYCLOSILICATES Four-Membered Rings
1 : Four-Membered Rings, as Titanosilicates
60 : CYCLOSILICATES Four-Membered Rings
1 : Four-Membered Rings, as Titanosilicates
16.5.7
16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
5 : Aluminosilicates of Cs, NH4 and Cu
16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
5 : Aluminosilicates of Cs, NH4 and Cu
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMAâCNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Pap | IMAâCNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMAâCNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Papagoite
Vitreous
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Blue, cerulean blue
Hardness:
5 - 5½ on Mohs scale
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
On {100}, noted in thin sections but not in crystals.
On {100}, noted in thin sections but not in crystals.
Density:
3.25 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.25 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Papagoite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.607 nβ = 1.641 nγ = 1.672
2V:
Measured: 78° , Calculated: 84°
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.065
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 Âĩm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 Âĩm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure
- the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using
this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points
where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the
field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are
isogyres.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Dispersion:
r < v
Pleochroism:
Strong
Comments:
X = colorless to very pale greenish blue; Y = blue; Z = deep greenish blue.
Comments:
Z > Y > X.
Z = b; X Πc = 44°.
Z = b; X Πc = 44°.
Chemistry of Papagoite
Mindat Formula:
CaCu[H3AlSi2O9]
Element Weights:
Common Impurities:
Ti,Fe,Mn,Mg,H2O
Crystallography of Papagoite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
B2/m
Setting:
C2/m
Cell Parameters:
a = 12.926(3) Å, b = 11.496(3) Å, c = 4.696(1) Å
β = 100.81(2)°
β = 100.81(2)°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 1.124 : 1 : 0.408
Unit Cell V:
685.43 Ã
Âģ (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Type material: Roughly equidimensional, slightly flattened parallel to {001}. Faces in the zone [010] well developed. Forms include dominant {001}, {401}, {110} and less dominant {102}, {101}, {201}, {601}, and {100}.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0014616 | Papagoite | Groat L A, Hawthorne F C (1987) Refinement of the structure of papagoite, CaCuAlSi2O6(OH)3 Mineralogy and Petrology 37 89-96 | 1987 | Ajo, Pima County, Arizona, USA | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Loading XRD data...
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 2.874 Ã | (100) |
| 4.29 Ã | (90) |
| 2.204 Ã | (90) |
| 3.44 Ã | (80) |
| 2.795 Ã | (80) |
| 6.33 Ã | (70) |
| 4.61 Ã | (70) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 23 : Subaerial aqueous alteration by non-redox-sensitive fluids (see also #47) |
Type Occurrence of Papagoite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Narrow veinlets and veneers on slip-surfaces in an altered rock. Roughly equi-dimensional crystals, less than 1 mm in length.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
n.d.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Metasomatic rocks. Altered granodiorite porphyry.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Other Language Names for Papagoite
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 111 photos of Papagoite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 37 photos of Papagoite associated with Ajoite | (K,Na)Cu7AlSi9O24(OH)6 · 3H2O |
| 13 photos of Papagoite associated with Hematite | Fe2O3 |
| 12 photos of Papagoite associated with Shattuckite | Cu5(Si2O6)2(OH)2 |
| 10 photos of Papagoite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 9 photos of Papagoite associated with Epidote | (CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 7 photos of Papagoite associated with Cuprorivaite | CaCuSi4O10 |
| 5 photos of Papagoite associated with Tangeite | CaCu(VO4)(OH) |
| 3 photos of Papagoite associated with Cuprite | Cu2O |
| 2 photos of Papagoite associated with Native Copper | Cu |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 9.CE. | Dutkevichite-(Ce) | NaZnBa2Ce2Ti2Si8O26F · H2O |
| 9.CE. | Katanite | Ba3NbFe3Si2O14 |
| 9.CE. | Niobobaotite | Ba4(Ti2.5Fe2+1.5)Nb4Si4O28Cl |
| 9.CE. | Amaterasuite | Sr4Ti6Si4O23(OH)Cl |
| 9.CE. | Steiningerite | Ba2Zr2(Si4O12)O2 |
| 9.CE.10 | Verplanckite | Ba4Mn2+2Si4O12(OH,H2O)3Cl3 |
| 9.CE.15 | Baotite | Ba4(Ti,Nb,W)8O16(SiO3)4Cl |
| 9.CE.20 | Nagashimalite | Ba4(V,Ti)4B2Si8O27(O,OH)2Cl |
| 9.CE.20 | Taramellite | Ba4(Fe3+,Ti,Fe2+,Mg)4(B2Si8O27)O2Clx |
| 9.CE.20 | Titantaramellite | Ba4(Ti,Fe3+,Fe2+,Mg)4(B2Si8O27)O2Clx |
| 9.CE.25 | Bario-orthojoaquinite | (Ba,Sr)4Fe2Ti2[Si4O12]2O2 · H2O |
| 9.CE.25 | Byelorussite-(Ce) | NaBa2Ce2MnTi2[Si4O12]2O2(F,OH) · H2O |
| 9.CE.25 | Joaquinite-(Ce) | NaBa2Ce2FeTi2[Si4O12]2O2(OH,F) · H2O |
| 9.CE.25 | Orthojoaquinite-(La) | NaBa2La2Fe2+Ti2[Si4O12]2O2(O,OH) · H2O |
| 9.CE.25 | Strontiojoaquinite | Sr2Ba2(Na,Fe)2Ti2[Si4O12]2O2(O,OH)2 · H2O |
| 9.CE.25 | Orthojoaquinite-(Ce) | NaBa2Ce2FeTi2[Si4O12]2O2(O,OH) · H2O |
| 9.CE.25 | Strontio-orthojoaquinite | (Na,Fe)2Sr2Ba2Ti2[Si4O12]2O2(O,OH)2 · H2O |
| 9.CE.30e | Labuntsovite-Mn | Na4K4(Ba,K)2Mn2+(Ti,Nb)8(Si4O12)4(O,OH)8 · 10-12H2O |
| 9.CE.30b | Tsepinite-Na | Na2(Ti,Nb)2(Si4O12)(OH,O)2 · 3H2O |
| 9.CE.30c | Gjerdingenite-Na | K2Na(Nb,Ti)4(Si4O12)2(OH,O)4 · 5H2O |
| 9.CE.30h | Alsakharovite-Zn | NaSrKZn(Ti,Nb)4(Si4O12)2(O,OH)4 · 7H2O |
| 9.CE.30c | Burovaite-Ca | (Na,K)4Ca2(Ti,Nb)8(Si4O12)4(OH,O)8 · 12H2O |
| 9.CE.30a | Nenadkevichite | (Na,âŧ)8Nb4(Si4O12)2(O,OH)4 · 8H2O |
| 9.CE.30b | Tsepinite-Sr | Sr(Ti,Nb)2(Si4O12)(OH,O)2 · 3H2O |
| 9.CE.30c | Gjerdingenite-Mn | K2Mn2+(Nb,Ti)4(Si4O12)2(O,OH)4 · 6H2O |
| 9.CE.30b | Paratsepinite-Na | (Na,Sr,K,Ca)7(Ti,Nb)8(Si4O12)4(O,OH)8 · nH2O n ~ 8 |
| 9.CE.30d | Lemmleinite-K | K2(Ti,Nb)2(Si4O12)(OH,O)2 · 4H2O |
| 9.CE.30c | KarupmÃļllerite-Ca | (Na,Ca,K)2Ca(Nb,Ti)4(Si4O12)2(O,OH)4 · 7H2O |
| 9.CE.30c | Lepkhenelmite-Zn | (Ba,K)2Zn(Ti,Nb)4(Si4O12)2(O,OH)4 · 7H2O |
| 9.CE.30h | Gutkovaite-Mn | K2CaMn(Ti,Nb)4(Si4O12)2(O,OH)4 · 5H2O |
| 9.CE.30e | Labuntsovite-Mg | Na4K4(Ba,K)2Mg(Ti,Nb)8(Si4O12)4(O,OH)8 · 10H2O |
| 9.CE.30e | Labuntsovite-Fe | Na4K4(Ba,K)2Fe2+(Ti,Nb)8(Si4O12)4(O,OH)8 · 10H2O |
| 9.CE.30c | Kuzmenkoite-Zn | K2Zn(Ti,Nb)4(Si4O12)2(OH,O)4 · 6-8H2O |
| 9.CE.30f | Paralabuntsovite-Mg | Na8K8Mg4Ti16(Si4O12)8(OH,O)16 · 20-24H2O |
| 9.CE.30d | Lemmleinite-Ba | Na2K2Ba(Ti,Nb)4(Si4O12)2(O,OH)4 · 5H2O |
| 9.CE.30g | Organovaite-Mn | K2Mn(Nb,Ti)4(Si4O12)2(O,OH)4 · 5-7H2O |
| 9.CE.30g | Organovaite-Zn | K2Zn(Nb,Ti)4(Si4O12)2(O,OH)4 · 6H2O |
| 9.CE.30b | Vuoriyarvite-K | K2(Nb,Ti)2(Si4O12)(O,OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 9.CE.30c | Gjerdingenite-Fe | K2Fe2+(Nb,Ti)4(Si4O12)2(O,OH)4 · 6H2O |
| 9.CE.30a | 'Unnamed (Ca-Na-ordered analogue of Korobitsynite)' | (Ca,Na)2(Ti,Nb)2(Si4O12)(OH,O)2 · 3-4H2O |
| 9.CE.30g | Parakuzmenkoite-Fe | (K,Ba)4Fe(Ti,Nb)8(Si4O12)4(O,OH)8 · 14H2O |
| 9.CE.30a | Korobitsynite | (Na,âŧ)4Ti2(Si4O12)(O,OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 9.CE.30c | Kuzmenkoite-Mn | K2Mn2+(Ti,Nb)4(Si4O12)2(OH,O)4 · 5-6H2O |
| 9.CE.30b | Tsepinite-K | K2(Ti,Nb)2(Si4O12)(OH,O)2 · 3H2O |
| 9.CE.30b | Paratsepinite-Ba | Ba4(Ti,Nb)8(Si4O12)4(OH,O)8 · 8H2O |
| 9.CE.30h | Neskevaaraite-Fe | K3Na2Fe2+(Ti,Nb)4(Si4O12)2(O,OH)4 · 5-6 H2O |
| 9.CE.30c | Gjerdingenite-Ca | K2Ca(Nb,Ti)4(Si4O12)2(O,OH)4 · 6H2O |
| 9.CE.30b | Tsepinite-Ca | (Ca,K,Na)2-x(Ti,Nb)2(Si4O12)(OH,O)2 · 4H2O |
| 9.CE.45 | 'Natrokomarovite' | (Na,Ca,H)2Nb2Si2O10(OH,F)2 · H2O |
| 9.CE.45 | Komarovite | (Ca,Mn)(Nb,Ti)2[Si2O7](O,F)3 · 3.5H2O |
Other Information
Thermal Behaviour:
Crystal fragments must be heated in a closed tube to a dull red heat before any indication of decomposition is observed. Then, the mineral breaks down without decrepitation and water is evolved. A drab brown powder remains and since the temperature of decomposition is high, fusion with the glass of the tube results.
Notes:
Finely crushed papagoite dissolves very slowly in boiling concentrated HCl.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Papagoite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3077.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
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References for Papagoite
Reference List:
Hutton, C. O., Vlisidis, A. C. (1960) Papagoite, a new copper-bearing mineral from Ajo, Arizona. American Mineralogist, 45 (5-6) 599-611
(1962) International Mineralogical Association: Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 33 (258) 260-263 doi:10.1180/minmag.1962.033.258.09
Guillebert, Claire, Le Bihan, Marie-ThÃĐrÃĻse (1965) Contribution à l'ÃĐtude structurale des silicates de cuivre : structure atomique de la papagoÃŊte. Bulletin de MinÃĐralogie, 88 (1) 119-121 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1965.5811
Groat, L. A., Hawthorne, F. C. (1987) Refinement of the crystal structure of papagoite, CaCuAlSi2O6(OH)3. Mineralogy and Petrology, 37 (2) 89-96 doi:10.1007/bf01164184
Localities for Papagoite
Showing 6 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
â - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Namibia | |
| von Bezing (2007) +1 other reference |
Slovakia | |
| KodÄra et al. (1986) |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross (1991) +2 other references |
| Moore et al. (2016) | |
| Cairncross (1991) +1 other reference | |
USA (TL) | |
| Hutton et al. (1960) +2 other references |
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New Cornelia Mine, Ajo, Little Ajo Mountains, Ajo Mining District, Pima County, Arizona, USA