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STS

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Shuttle cutaway
Shuttle cutaway showing deployment of LDEF
Credit: NASA

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The origins of the Space Transportation System (space shuttle) can be traced back to the mid-1960's. At that time the US Air Force conducted a series of classified studies on next-generation space transportation systems to support projected large military space stations, conduct manned military reconnaissance and strike missions, and reduce the cost of launching military payloads. These Air Force studies finally concluded that a partially reusable vehicle was the most attractive, along the lines of Lockheed's Starlifter, which had a large drop tank but returned the engines and avionics of the vehicle for reuse. The Air Force probably spent around $ 1 billion on 'black' technology development tests at this time, including work on linear aerospike engines and high fineness lifting body shapes that would re-emerge again 30 years later in Lockheed's X-33 space shuttle successor.

NASA also had ambitious plans - for large space stations, lunar bases, nuclear interplanetary rocket stages, and manned Mars expeditions. NASA went through a long iterative process in designing and selecting the space shuttle, leading ultimately to the same conclusion as the Air Force. Initial Phase A concepts were for two stages, both either winged or lifting bodies, both recovered at the launch site for reuse. NASA explored some alternative concepts, including Lockheed's LS200 single orbiter with drop tank, and Chrysler's SERV ballistic single stage to orbit vehicle, before proceeding to Phase B. The Phase B designs were more refined but still used the same two-stage approach. At this point the controversy were over large cross-range winged designs, medium cross-range lifting body designs, and minimal cross-range stub-wing designs. NASA's Faget strongly pushed for the stub-wing design.

Eventually the Nixon administration advised NASA that not only were there to be no flights to Mars, no nuclear interplanetary stages, no space station, no more Saturn V's, no orbital transfer vehicle - but there wouldn't be a space shuttle either if NASA couldn't get the development cost down and get the USAF to participate. A USAF requirement was a large cross-range to allow recovery of the orbiter at Vandenberg AFB from polar orbits in the case of abort-once-around scenarios. This, together with wind tunnel studies indicating that Faget's straight wing was unstable at re-entry speeds, drove NASA to the delta wing. The reduction in development cost led NASA to throw away the concept of reusing anything but the engines and guidance systems. Instead the shuttle would be boosted by cheap solid fuel boosters and, taking a concept from the Air Force, the propellants would be put in a big expendable drop tank.

Following the usual charade of competitive bidding, NASA picked the same contractors as for X-15 and Apollo, who would build precisely the vehicle it had in mind. North American Rockwell was selected to build the orbiter, with its Rocketdyne Division making the main engines, Thiokol for the solid rocket boosters, and Martin Marietta for the External Tank, to be built at the government Saturn IC factory at Michoud.

To finance the Shuttle in the austere 1970's, already-built Apollo hardware that would have supported a second Skylab mission was sent to museums and American manned space flight went into a long hiatus. Budget cuts and overruns reduced the number of shuttles built from five to four and delayed the first flight from 1978 to 1981 (thereby ruining the plan to save Skylab on an early shuttle mission). Although several elements were cancelled (a space tug), the project did not much overrun its original cost (development ended up costing $ 6.744 billion in 1971 dollars, versus $ 5.15 billion estimated - less than a quarter of the Apollo program cost).

The pretext for the shuttle was that it would be much cheaper than expendable launch vehicles and would replace them all. Production was accordingly terminated by the US government of Delta, Atlas, and Titan vehicles. NASA staff and contractors were under incredible pressure to justify this decision by increasing the shuttle launch rate, lowering the turn-around time, and thereby reducing the cost per launch. When the shuttle Challenger exploded and the entire US space lift program was shut down for almost a year, the fallacy of this situation was exposed. The US Air Force and commercial users returned to use of expendable launch vehicles. When the shuttle began flying again, it was only for NASA programs.

In the final analysis the shuttle came up short in two areas. First, the shuttle orbiter ended up almost 20% over its specified weight - resulting in it being unable to boost the US Air Force's payloads into polar orbits from Vandenberg. Lighter filament-would casing Solid Rocket Boosters were being developed for use in flights from Vandenberg, but even this did not seem enough. After the Challenger explosion the USAF was able to extricate itself from the Shuttle program. The Vandenberg launch complex, built at the cost of billions, was mothballed. The Air Force started a new costly development program to design the Titan 4 expendable rocket for its large military payloads.

The second was that it failed, by most definitions, to reduce the cost of putting payloads into orbit. The shuttle program inherited from Apollo huge fixed costs - the Manned Spaceflight Center in Houston, the cadres of government and contractor workers at the Kennedy Space Center, and so on. The result was that there is a fixed base cost of around $ 2.8 billion per year, just to keep all those people and facilities in place, even if you don't conduct any flights at all (as occurred after the shuttle disaster). The marginal cost of each flight added to this base is under $ 100 million per year. Seen this way the shuttle is almost competitive expendable boosters - but doesn't come anywhere near the reductions NASA promised when development started. But if you divide the usual number of flights per year by the total costs, you come up with a figure of $ 245 million per year, significantly more than a Titan 4 or Proton launch with the same payload.

If the shuttle failed as a space truck, it succeeded in keeping the US in the manned spaceflight business in a period of low public interest and political support. With the excuse of delivering payloads to orbit, NASA got to fly up to seven astronauts and run a host of supplementary experiments and payloads with each flight.

With construction of the international space station beginning, NASA finally looked forward to using the shuttle for its intended purpose. Due to the lower than planned flight rate, NASA's contractors were confident they can keep the existing shuttles flying through 2030. The real test come when (as was inevitable) another shuttle was lost. NASA then decided to essentially to complete the station only enough to keep its international partners happy, then retire the shuttle by 2010. It was to be replaced by a modernized Apollo capsule, dubbed the Orion. The shuttle turned out to be a fifty-year detour to nowhere. By 2020 NASA hoped to have the sort of lunar base it would have had by 1980 if it had continued with Apollo rather than started the shuttle program.

STS-1 First rocketplane flight to orbit. First flight of space shuttle. The only time a new spacecraft was launched manned on its first flight. Many thought it would be a disaster.

STS-2 First reuse of a manned space vehicle. First use of a remote manipulator in space. First use of a Spacelab pallet. Second shuttle test flight. Experienced erosion of the primary O-ring in the right SRM aft field joint, the worst until the loss of the space shuttle Challenger.

STS-3 First and only landing by a shuttle at White Sands, New Mexico, after weather at Edwards did not permit landing there.

STS-4 First Getaway Specials flown. Fourth space shuttle test flight.

STS-5 First operational STS mission, first commercial communications satellites deployed, first four-person spacecraft crew. EVA cancelled because one astronaut was vomiting so severely due to space sickness.

STS-6 First flight of space shuttle Challenger. First space walk of Shuttle program. Deployed Tracking and Data Relay Satellite.

STS-7 First US woman in space. Record five crew aboard a single spacecraft to date. Thagard flew as physician to study space sickness, which had severely impacted STS-5 operations. Deployed Anik C2, Palapa B1; deployed and retrieved SPAS platform.

STS-8 First African-American in space. First shuttle night launch and night landing. First night launch and night landing. Deployed Insat 1B.

STS-10 Planned Department of Defense shuttle mission. Cancelled due to payload delays.

STS-9 Spacelab 1. First West German to fly in space. First Spacelab mission. Record six crew size in a single spacecraft. Suspect exhaust nozzle on right solid rocket booster. Landing delayed when two computers failed. Landed on fire when hydraulic pump leaked.

STS-41-B First untethered space walk. First shuttle landing at Kennedy Space Center. Deployed Westar 6, Palapa B2; tested Manned Maneuvering Unit (MMU). O-ring erosion in both the right hand nozzle joint and the left SRB forward field joint.

STS-12 Planned TDRS/IUS deployment shuttle mission. Cancelled after IUS failures.

STS-41-C First repair on orbit of a satellite, Solar Maximum Mission, snared by astronaut using MMU. Deployed LDEF. Experienced erosion of the primary O-ring in the right-hand nozzle joint.

STS-41-E Planned Department of Defense shuttle mission. Cancelled due to IUS failure.

STS-41-F Canceled after the STS-10 launch abort required reshuffling of the shuttle schedule. Planned shuttle mission for deployment of commercial communications satellites. The STS-41F payload was added to STS-41D.Officially "cancelled due to payload delays".

STS-41-D First flight of space shuttle Discovery; deployed SBS 4, Leasat 1, Telstar 3C. First launch attempt aborted at T-3 seconds after SSMEs ignited. Toilet failed during mission. First occurrence of blow-by in SRB field joints.

STS-41-H Planned Department of Defense or TDRS deployment shuttle mission. Cancelled due to IUS failure.

STS-41-G First spaceflight to include two women. First American woman to walk in space. First Canadian astronaut. Record crew size aboard a single spacecraft. Deployed Earth Radiation Budget Satellite; performed high resolution Earth imagery.

STS-51-A First retrieval of two satellites (Palapa B-2 and Westar Vl) for return to earth. Deployed Anik D2, Leasat 2.

STS-51-C First shuttle military mission. Deployed USA 8 (Aquacade ELINT spacecraft). Experienced blow-by in both nozzle joints and erosion and blow-by in two case joints.

STS-51-E Planned TDRS/IUS deployment shuttle mission. Cancelled due to IUS failure.

STS-51-AA Planned shuttle mission. Cancelled due to payload delays.

STS-51-D First politician in space. Deployed Telesat-I (successful) and Syncom IV-3 (motor failed). Inboard right-side brake locked on landing, resulting in severe damage. Senator aboard resented, and had one of the worst cases of space sickness ever recorded.

STS-51-B Spacelab 3. Deployed Nusat. Conducted materials processing, environmental, life science, astrophysics, and technology experiments. Suffered the worst O-ring erosion experienced prior to the loss of Challenger

STS-51-G First Saudi astronaut. Deployed and retrieved Spartan 1; launched Morelos 1, Arabsat 1B, Telstar 3D. Experienced blow-by and erosion in both nozzle joints.

STS-51-DA Planned TDRS/IUS deployment shuttle mission. Cancelled due to IUS failure.

STS-51-F Spacelab 2. At 5 minutes, 45 seconds into ascent the number one engine shut down prematurely due to a sensor problem and an abort to orbit was declared. Despite the anomaly the mission continued. Launched PDP; carried Spacelab 2.

STS-51-I First retrieval, repair, and relaunch of a satellite in orbit (Leasat 3). Launched Aussat 1, ASC 1, Leasat 4. Suffered primary O-ring erosion in two locations on the left-hand SRM nozzle joint.

STS-51-J First flight of shuttle Atlantis. Military mission, Deployed USA-11, USA-12.

STS-61-A Spacelab D-1. Record set of eight crew launched aboard a single spacecraft. First Dutch astronaut. Launched GLOMR. Six of the eight crew members were divided into a blue and red team working 12-hour shifts. Experienced O-ring erosion.

STS-51-H Planned EOM-1/2 shuttle mission. Cancelled due to payload delays.

STS-61-B Deployed Morelos 2, Aussat 2, Satcom K2, OEX. Experienced primary O-ring erosion in both nozzle joints

STS-61-C Launched Satcom K1. Second politician in space; he bumped Jarvis to later launch on which he was killed. Launch scrub saved crew from death due to undetected jammed SSME valve. Experienced nozzle joint O-ring erosion.

STS-51-L First shuttle launch from pad LC-39B. An O-ring failure in a solid rocket booster led to leaking of hot gases against the external tank; exploded 73 seconds after launch, all seven crew, with no means of escape, were killed when crew cabin hit the ocean.

STS-61-E Planned Astro-1 shuttle mission. Cancelled after Challenger disaster.

STS-61-F Planned shuttle mission for deployment of Ulysses spacecraft. Cancelled after Challenger disaster.

STS-61-G Planned shuttle mission for deployment of Galileo spacecraft. Cancelled after Challenger disaster.

STS-61-H Planned shuttle mission for deployment of commercial communications satellites. Cancelled after Challenger disaster.

STS-62-A Planned Department of Defense shuttle mission. Cancelled after Challenger disaster. Would have been first launch from the ill-fated SLC-6 launch site at Vandenberg, California.

STS-61-M Planned TDRS/IUS deployment shuttle mission. Cancelled after Challenger disaster.

STS-61-J Planned shuttle mission for deployment of Hubble space telescope. Cancelled after Challenger disaster.

STS-61-N Planned Department of Defense shuttle mission. Cancelled after Challenger disaster.

STS-61-I Planned shuttle LDEF (Long Duration Exposure Facility) recovery mission. Cancelled after Challenger disaster.

STS-62-B Planned Department of Defense shuttle mission. Cancelled after Challenger disaster.

STS-61-K Planned EOM-1 shuttle mission. Cancelled after Challenger disaster. No crew named, later combined with STS-61K

STS-61-L Planned shuttle mission for deployment of commercial communications satellites. Would have launched the first American journalist in space from Launch Complex 39B. Cancelled after Challenger disaster.

STS-71-B Planned shuttle mission. Cancelled after Challenger disaster.

STS-71-A Planned Astro-2 shuttle mission. Cancelled after Challenger disaster.

STS-71-C Planned shuttle mission for deployment of commercial communications satellites. Cancelled after Challenger disaster.

STS-71-D Planned shuttle mission for deployment of commercial communications satellites. Cancelled after Challenger disaster.

STS-71-E Planned SLS-1 shuttle mission. Cancelled after Challenger disaster.

STS-71-F Planned shuttle mission. Cancelled after Challenger disaster.

STS-71-M Planned Astro-3 shuttle mission. Cancelled after Challenger disaster.

STS-81-G Planned Spacelab-J shuttle mission. Cancelled after Challenger disaster.

STS-81-M Planned SLS-2 shuttle mission. Cancelled after Challenger disaster.

STS-51-K Planned Spacelab-D1 shuttle mission. Cancelled after Challenger disaster. No crew selected; renamed STS-61A

STS-26 First shuttle reflight after Challenger disaster. Deployed TDRS 3.

STS-27 Manned military mission. Robot arm used to deploy a classified satellite. At T+85 seconds a large piece of SRB nose cone struck the shuttle. The orbiter took 707 hits; one tile was knocked off. The crew was unsure if they would survive reentry.

STS-29 Deployed TDRS 4.

STS-30 Deployed Magellan Venus probe. One of five General Purpose Computers failed and had to be replaced with a sixth onboard hardware spare. First time a GPC was switched on orbit.

STS-28 Deployed two classified satellites.

STS-34 Deployed Galileo Jupiter probe.

STS-33 Deployed a classified payload.

STS-32 Deployed Leasat 5, retrieved LDEF. Night landing. Second bipod ramp foam loss.

STS-36 Classified mission in 62 degree orbit, the highest inclination orbit ever flown by an American mission. Launch delayed due to illness of crew members.

STS-31 Deployed the Hubble Space Telescope.

STS-41 Deployed Ulysses spacecraft.

STS-38 Deployed a classified payload. Launch delayed from July 1990 for series of technical problems. First post-Challenger landing at KSC after mission extended one day due to unacceptable crosswinds at original planned landing site, Edwards.

STS-35 Carried ASTRO-1 observatory. Launch scrubbed several times due to hydrogen leaks.

STS-37 Delivered the Gamma-Ray Observatory (GRO) to orbit. Unscheduled EVA to manually deploy the GRO's high-gain antenna, which failed to deploy upon ground command.

STS-39 Deployed USA-70, CRO A, CRO B, CRO C; deployed and retrieved Infrared Background Signature Survey .

STS-40 Spacelab SLS-1. Carried life sciences experiments.

STS-43 Deployed TDRS 5 satellite.

STS-48 Deployed UARS Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite; conducted materials and biological research.

STS-44 Deployed Defense Support Program satellite.

STS-42 Spacelab International Microgravity Laboratory-1.

STS-45 First Belgian astronaut. Carried ATLAS-1 experimental package.

STS-49 First flight of shuttle Endeavour. First three-person spacewalk. First active dual rendezvous of two orbiting spacecraft (Endeavour and Intelsat-6). Retrieved Intelsat 6 and attached new SRM. First deployment of a drag chute on the orbiter fleet.

STS-50 Spacelab USML-1 (United States Microgravity Laboratory). First extended-duration shuttle mission.

STS-46 First Italian astronaut. First Swiss astronaut. Deployed Eureca-1; failed to deploy Italian tether probe TSS-1.

STS-47 Spacelab-J. First on-time Shuttle launch since November 1985. First Japanese astronaut aboard shuttle. First African-American woman to fly in space. First married couple to fly on the same space mission. Conducted microgravity and biology experiments.

STS-52 Deployed Lageos 2, CTA. External tank lost a 10 x 20 cm corner of the left bipod ramp; orbiter took a higher-than-average 290 hits on upper and lower tiles.

STS-53 Deployed classified military satellite USA-89. The ODERACS payload was unable to be deployed because of payload equipment malfunction.

STS-54 Deployed TDRSS 6.

STS-56 First radio contact between Shuttle and Mir space station. Carried ATLAS-2; deployed and retrieved Spartan 201.

STS-55 Spacelab-D2. German materials experiments.

STS-57 First flight of Spacehab module. Retrieved Eureca-1 spacecraft.

STS-51 First shuttle night landing in Florida. Deployed and retrieved Orfeus-SPAS. During the EVA conducted tests in support of the Hubble Space Telescope first servicing mission and future EVAs, including Space Station assembly and maintenance.

STS-58 Spacelab SLS-2. Biological, microgravity experiments.

STS-61 Hubble repair mission. Conducted the most EVAs on a Space Shuttle flight to that date.

STS-60 First flight of a Russian cosmonaut aboard an American spacecraft. Deployed ODERACS A-F, Bremsat, carried Wake Shield Facility.

STS-62 Carried United States Microgravity Payload USMP-2, OAST-2, SAMPIE, TES, EISG experiments. The external tank lost a 2.4 x 7 cm piece of foam in the rear face of the left bipod ramp.

STS-59 Spacelab SRL-1 / SIR-C SAR radar. The Space Radar Laboratory obtained radar high-resolution images of approximately 25 percent of the planet's land surfaces.

STS-65 First Japanese woman to fly in space. Carried IML-2; microgravity, biology experiments.

STS-68 Carried SIR-C SAR. Continued high-resolution radar mapping of the earth begun on STS-59.

STS-66 Carried Atlas-3 laboratory; deployed and retrieved CRISTA-SPAS.

STS-67 First shuttle mission connected to the Internet. Carried Astro 2 astronomy payload with 3 UV telescopes.

STS-70 Deployed TDRS 7.

STS-69 Deployed and retrieved Spartan 201, Wake Shield Facility 2.

STS-73 Carried USML-2 for microgravity experiments.

STS-72 Deployed and retrieved OAST Flyer; retrieved SFU Space Flyer Unit. Beside the two satellite retrievals, the mission included two spacewalks.

STS-75 Carried TSS-1R tether satellite; satellite tether broke during deployment, making TSS-1R an unintentional free flyer.

STS-77 Deployed and retrieved Spartan 2; deployed PAMS-STU; carried Spacehab module.

STS-78 Life and Microgravity Spacelab; human biological and microgravity experiments.

STS-80 Carried the Orfeus astronomy satellite, Wake Shield Facility. The shuttle's exit hatch would not open and NASA cancelled the planned spacewalks of the mission.

STS-82 Hubble repair mission; five spacewalks.

STS-83 First Microgravity Science Laboratory (MSL-1) mission. Orbiter recalled to earth after three days of flight when one of three fuel cells failed. Mission reflown as STS-94.

STS-94 First shuttle mission reflight (same vehicle, crew, and payload as curtailed STS-83 mission). MSL-1 Microgravity Science Laboratory.

STS-85 Deployed and retrieved the CRISTA-SPAS-2 (the Cryogenic Infrared Spectrometers and Telescopes for the Atmosphere-Shuttle Pallet Satellite-2) designed to study Earth's middle atmosphere.

STS-87 Microgravity science mission. Spartan 201 was released, but had to be recaptured by hand during EVA. Loss of external tank intertank foam results in over 100 hits on orbiter heat shield.

STS-90 Neurolab.

STS-95 First Spanish astronaut. Oldest man in space, longest gap between two flights for an astronaut. The flight of STS-95 provoked more publicity for NASA than any other flight in years. Spartan 201 satellite released and retrieved.

STS-93 Delivered Chandra spacecraft. Hydrogen fuel leaked out during ascent, resulting in shuttle running out of propellant and ending up in an orbit 11 km lower than planned.

STS-103 Hubble Space Telescope (HST) servicing mission SM-3A.

STS-99 Deployed the 61 meter long STRM mast, a side-looking radar that digitally mapped the entire land surface of the Earth between latitudes 60 deg N and 54 deg S.

STS-109 Hubble Servicing Mission 3B.

STS-107 First Israeli astronaut. Conducted experiments in Double Spacehab module. Crew perished when shuttle broke up during re-entry. Cause was damage to a leading-edge RCC from foam breaking off of external tank bipod strut.

STS-128A Hubble Space Telescope Servicing Flight 5. Flight delayed, then cancelled after the Columbia disaster. No crew had been named at the time of the loss of Columbia. Resurrected later after Congressional pressure.

Photo Gallery

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Shuttle Orbiter Shuttle Orbiter side view Credit: © Mark Wade

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Shuttle Orbiter Shuttle Orbiter 2 view Credit: © Mark Wade

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• Space Shuttle Task Group formed - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. The Director of Apollo Test in the NASA Hq. Apollo Program Office, LeRoy E. Day, was detailed to head the MSF Space Shuttle Task Group. The group would provide NASA with material for a report on the Space Shuttle to the President's Space Task Group..

• Contract awarded for shuttle OV-102. - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Columbia.

• Shuttle go-ahead. - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Rockwell receives authority to proceed, space shuttle orbiter.

• Structural assembly of crew module for OV-102 begun. - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Columbia.

• Shuttle Enterprise construction begins. - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Enterprise. Structural assembly of the crew module for shuttle Enterprise (OV-101) begins at Plant 42 in Palmdale..

• Shuttle propulsion test article assembly starts. - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Start long-lead fabrication (MPTA-098).

• Shuttle Enterprise fuselage assembly starts. - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Enterprise. Start structural assembly aft fuselage, Enterprise (OV-101).

• Shuttle static test article assembly starts. - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Start long-lead fabrication aft fuselage (STA-099).

• Shuttle Enterprise fuselage complete. - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Enterprise.

• Shuttle Columbia fuselage assembly starts. - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Columbia. Start long-lead fabrication aft fuselage, Columbia (OV-102).

• Enterprise wings complete. - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Enterprise. Wings on dock, Palmdale-less elevons, seals and main gear doors-Enterprise (OV-101).

• Enterprise vertical stabilizer complete. - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Enterprise. Vertical stabilizer on dock, Palmdale (main fin box only), Enterprise (OV-101).

• Start structural assembly (MPTA-098) - . Nation: USA. Program: STS.

• Shuttle Enterprise final assembly. - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Enterprise. Start final assembly and closeout system installation, Enterprise (OV-101).

• Enterprise aft fuselage complete. - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Enterprise. Aft fuselage on dock, Palmdale, Enterprise (OV-101).

• Shuttle SSME first test. - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Space shuttle main engine first main stage test at NSTL.

• Enterprise lower fuselage complete. - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Enterprise. Lower forward fuselage on dock, Palmdale, Enterprise (OV-101).

• Columbia crew module started. - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Columbia. Start long-lead fabrication of crew module, Columbia (OV-102).

• Enterprise upper forward fuselage complete. - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Enterprise. Upper forward fuselage on dock, Palmdale, Enterprise (OV-101).

• First SSME 60-second duration test, NSTL - . Nation: USA. Program: STS.

• Shuttle 1/4-scale model ground vibration test - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. 1/4-scale model ground vibration test facility construction starts..

• Crew module on dock, Palmdale, Enterprise (OV-101) - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Enterprise.

• MPTA-098 truss on dock, Downey - . Nation: USA. Program: STS.

• Start fabrication forward fuselage (STA-099) - . Nation: USA. Program: STS.

• Payload bay doors on dock, Palmdale, Enterprise - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Enterprise. Payload bay doors on dock, Palmdale, Enterprise (OV-101).

• Enterprise final assembly complete. - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Enterprise. Complete final assembly and closeout system installation..

• Start functional checkout, Enterprise - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Enterprise. Start functional checkout, Enterprise (OV-101)..

• Complete premate MPTA test structure. - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Complete premate MPTA test structure, Downey, and deliver to Palmdale.

• Crew escape system test sled on dock, Downey - . Nation: USA. Program: STS.

• Complete assembly and deliver MPTA structure - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Complete assembly and deliver MPTA structure on dock, Lockheed test site, Palmdale.

• Body flap on dock, Palmdale, Enterprise (OV-101) - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Enterprise.

• MPTA-098 proof load test setup - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. MPTA-098 proof load test setup, Lockheed test site, Palmdale.

• Start aft fuselage assembly (STA-099) - . Nation: USA. Program: STS.

• Complete MPTA-098 proof load test - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Complete MPTA-098 proof load test, Lockheed test site and on dock, Palmdale.

• Complete functional checkout, Enterprise (OV-101) - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Enterprise.

• Start horizontal ground vibration tests Enterprise - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Enterprise. Start horizontal ground vibration tests and proof load tests, Enterprise (OV-101).

• SSME dummy set on dock, Palmdale. - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Enterprise. SSME dummy set on dock, Palmdale, Enterprise (OV-101).

• MPTA-098 on dock, Downey, without truss assembly - . Nation: USA. Program: STS.

• Start installation secondary structure (MPTA-098) - . Nation: USA. Program: STS.

• Start overland roadway construction from Palmdale - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Start overland roadway construction from Palmdale to Edwards Air Force Base..

• Start carrier aircraft modification - . Nation: USA. Program: STS.

• Complete horizontal ground vibration tests - . Nation: USA. Program: STS.

• Start Delta F modification, Enterprise (OV-101) - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Enterprise.

• Shuttle Enterprise - dummy OMS pods delivered. - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Enterprise. Reaction control system/orbital maneuvering system pods (simulated), approach and landing tests, on dock, Palmdale, Enterprise.

• Complete Delta F modifications, Enterprise - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Enterprise.

• Start preparations for first rollout, Enterprise - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Enterprise.

• Complete on-stand construction, NSTL - . Nation: USA. Program: STS.

• Start Delta F retest, Enterprise (OV-101) - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Enterprise.

• Start final assembly, wing (STA-099) - . Nation: USA. Program: STS.

• Midfuselage on dock, Palmdale (STA-099) - . Nation: USA. Program: STS.

• Escape system test assembly sled ship from Downey - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Escape system test assembly sled ship from Downey to Holloman, N.M..

• Complete Delta F retest, Enterprise (OV-101) - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Enterprise.

• Solid rocket booster 1/4-scale model - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Solid rocket booster 1/4-scale model (burnout configuration).

• Complete 747 shuttle carrier aircraft modification - . Nation: USA. Program: STS.

• Start escape system sled test, Holloman, N.M. - . Nation: USA. Program: STS.

• Complete integrated checkout, Enterprise (OV-101) - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Enterprise.

• Complete orbiter transporter strongback - . Nation: USA. Program: STS.

• Tail cone fairing on dock, Palmdale - . Nation: USA. Program: STS.

• Complete overland roadway construction to Edwards - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Complete overland roadway construction, Palmdale to Edwards Air Force Base.

• Start assembly upper forward fuselage, Columbia - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Columbia.

• External tank 1/4-scale model on dock, Downey - . Nation: USA. Program: STS.

• Start assembly vertical stabilizer, Columbia - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Columbia.

• Boeing 747 shuttle carrier aircraft delivered - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Boeing 747 shuttle carrier aircraft delivered to Edwards.

• Complete aft fuselage assembly on dock, STA-099 - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Complete aft fuselage assembly on dock, Palmdale (STA-099).

• Simulated crew module on dock, Palmdale (STA-099) - . Nation: USA. Program: STS.

• Mockup SSME's delivered for Enterprise - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Enterprise. Mass simulated SSMEs on dock, Palmdale, Enterprise (OV-101).

• Enterprise (OV-101) transported to Edwards AFB - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Enterprise.

• Mass simulated SSMEs on dock, Palmdale, Enterprise - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Enterprise.

• Enterprise (OV-101)/shuttle carrier aircraft mate - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Enterprise. Enterprise (OV-101)/shuttle carrier aircraft mate start.

• Midfuselage on dock, Palmdale, Columbia (OV-102) - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Columbia.

• Enterprise (OV-101)/shuttle carrier aircraft mated - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Enterprise. Complete Enterprise (OV-101)/shuttle carrier aircraft mated.

• First inert captive flight - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Enterprise. Conduct first inert captive flight, Edwards (2 hours, 5 minutes), Enterprise (OV-101).

• Second inert captive flight - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Enterprise. Conduct second inert captive flight, Edwards (3 hours, 13 minutes), Enterprise (OV-101).

• Third inert captive flight - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Enterprise. Conduct third inert captive flight, Edwards (2 hours, 28 minutes), Enterprise (OV-101).

• Fourth inert captive flight - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Enterprise. Conduct fourth inert captive flight, Edwards (2 hours, 11 minutes), Enterprise (OV-101).

• Fifth inert captive flight - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Enterprise. Conduct fifth inert captive flight, Edwards (1 hour, 39 minutes), Enterprise (OV-101).

• Wings on dock, Palmdale (STA-099) - . Nation: USA. Program: STS.

• Orbiter 1/4-scale model on dock, Downey - . Nation: USA. Program: STS.

• Lower forward fuselage on dock, Palmdale (STA-099) - . Nation: USA. Program: STS.

• Vertical stabilizer on dock, Palmdale (STA-099) - . Nation: USA. Program: STS.

• Nose landing gear doors on dock, Palmdale(STA-099) - . Nation: USA. Program: STS.

• Aft payload bay doors on dock, Palmdale (STA-099) - . Nation: USA. Program: STS.

• Complete systems installation MPTA-098 - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Complete systems installation/final acceptance, MPTA-098, transport from Downey to Seal Beach.

• Body flap on dock, Palmdale (STA-099) - . Nation: USA. Program: STS.

• SRB 1/4-scale model, burnout and maximum q config - . Nation: USA. Program: STS.

• Body flap on dock, Palmdale (STA-099) - . Nation: USA. Program: STS.

• Ship MPTA-098 from Seal Beach, Calif., to NSTL - . Nation: USA. Program: STS.

• Complete integrated checkout of Enterprise - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Enterprise. Complete integrated checkout and hot-fire ground test, Edwards, Enterprise (OV-101).

• Enterprise flight 1 - . Call Sign: Enterprise. Crew: Fullerton, Haise. Nation: USA. Related Persons: Fullerton, Haise. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Enterprise. First manned captive active flight. Enterprise (OV-101)/shuttle carrier aircraft, Edwards (55 minutes, 46 seconds).

• Deliver first SSME to NSTL (MPTA-098) - . Nation: USA. Program: STS.

• Deliver MPTA-098 to NSTL - . Nation: USA. Program: STS.

• Enterprise flight 2 - . Call Sign: Enterprise. Crew: Engle, Truly. Nation: USA. Related Persons: Engle, Truly. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Enterprise. Second manned captive active flight. Enterprise (OV-101)/shuttle carrier aircraft, Edwards (1 hour, 2 minutes).

• Start fabrication aft fuselage, Discovery - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Start long-lead fabrication aft fuselage, Discovery (OV-103).

• Deliver second main engine to NSTL (MPTA-098) - . Nation: USA. Program: STS.

• Deliver third main engine to NSTL (MPTA-098) - . Nation: USA. Program: STS.

• 2-minute firing of SRB at Brigham City, Utah - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Conduct 2-minute firing of SRB at Brigham City, Utah, Thiokol (2.4 million pounds of thrust).

• Deliver forward payload bay doors, STA-099 - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Deliver forward payload bay doors, on dock, Palmdale (STA-099).

• Enterprise flight 3 - . Call Sign: Enterprise. Crew: Fullerton, Haise. Nation: USA. Related Persons: Fullerton, Haise. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Enterprise. Third manned captive active flight. Enterprise (OV-101)/shuttle carrier aircraft, Edwards (59 minutes, 50 seconds).

• Enterprise flight 4. The space shuttle made its first free flight. - . Call Sign: Enterprise. Crew: Fullerton, Haise. Nation: USA. Related Persons: Fullerton, Haise. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Enterprise.

  After being carried aloft by a Boeing 747, it was released and made an unassisted landing at Edwards AFB, California. This was part of a series of approach and landing tests carried out at Edwards from February to October. Conduct first free flight, ALT, tail cone on, Edwards (5 minutes, 21 seconds), Enterprise (OV-101), lake bed Runway 17

• Deliver wings on dock, Palmdale, Columbia (OV-102) - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Columbia.

• Lower forward fuselage on dock, Palmdale, Columbia - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Columbia.

• Deliver external tank MPTA-098 - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Deliver external tank MPTA-098 (Martin Marietta) to NSTL.

• Enterprise flight 5 - . Call Sign: Enterprise. Crew: Engle, Truly. Nation: USA. Related Persons: Engle, Truly. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Enterprise. Second free flight, ALT, tail cone on, Edwards (5 minutes, 28 seconds), Enterprise (OV-101), lake bed Runway 17.

• Enterprise flight 6 - . Call Sign: Enterprise. Crew: Fullerton, Haise. Nation: USA. Related Persons: Fullerton, Haise. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Enterprise. Third free flight , ALT, tail cone on, Edwards (5 minutes, 34 seconds), Enterprise (OV-101), lake bed Runway 15.

• Complete mate vertical stabilizer, STA-099 - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Complete mate vertical stabilizer, Palmdale (STA-099).

• Enterprise flight 7 - . Call Sign: Enterprise. Crew: Engle, Truly. Nation: USA. Related Persons: Engle, Truly. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Enterprise. Fourth free flight, ALT, first tail cone off, Edwards (2 minutes, 34 seconds), Enterprise (OV-101), lake bed Runway 17.

• Enterprise flight 8 - . Call Sign: Enterprise. Crew: Fullerton, Haise. Nation: USA. Related Persons: Fullerton, Haise. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Enterprise. Fifth free flight, ALT, final tail cone off, Edwards (2 minutes, 1 second), Enterprise (OV-101), concrete Runway 04.

• Lower forward fuselage on dock, Palmdale, Columbia - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Columbia.

• Deliver aft fuselage on dock, Palmdale, Columbia - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Columbia.

• Start final assembly Columbia. - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Columbia. Start final assembly and closeout system installation, Palmdale, Columbia (OV-102).

• Forward RCS on dock, Palmdale (STA-099) - . Nation: USA. Program: STS.

• First ferry flight test, Edwards - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Enterprise. First ferry flight test, Edwards (3 hours, 21 minutes), Enterprise (OV-101).

• Second ferry flight test, Edwards - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Enterprise. Second ferry flight test, Edwards (4 hours, 17 minutes), Enterprise (OV-101).

• Third ferry flight test, Edwards - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Enterprise. Third ferry flight test, Edwards (4 hours, 13 minutes), Enterprise (OV-101).

• Fourth ferry flight test, Edwards - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Enterprise. Fourth ferry flight test, Edwards (3 hours, 37 minutes), Enterprise (OV-101).

• Complete approach and landing flight tests - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Enterprise. Complete approach and landing flight tests, including ferry flights, Enterprise (OV-101).

• Start modification of Enterprise for ground vibe tests - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Enterprise. Start removal for mated vertical ground vibration test modification at Edwards, Enterprise (OV-101).

• Complete propellant load testing, NSTL (MPTA-098) - . Nation: USA. Program: STS.

• Deliver SSME envelope/electrical simulators - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Deliver SSME envelope/electrical simulators on dock, Palmdale, Columbia (OV-102).

• Vertical stabilizer on dock, Palmdale, Columbia - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Columbia.

• Second SRB firing, Thiokol - . Nation: USA. Program: STS.

• Complete final assembly, STA-099, Palmdale - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Challenger.

• STA-099 on dock, Lockheed facility, Palmdale - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Challenger.

• Crew module on dock, Palmdale, Columbia (OV-102) - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Columbia.

• Body flap on dock, Palmdale, Columbia (OV-102) - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Columbia.

• Complete modification for mated vibe tests. - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Enterprise. Complete modification for mated vertical ground vibration test, Edwards, Enterprise (OV-101).

• Upper forward fuselage on dock, Palmdale, Columbia - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Columbia.

• Ferry Enterprise from Edwards to Texas. - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Enterprise. Ferry Enterprise (OV-101) atop shuttle carrier aircraft from Edwards to Ellington Air Force Base, Texas (approximately 3 hours, 38 min).

• Ferry Enterprise from Texas to Huntsville - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Enterprise. Ferry Enterprise (OV-101) atop shuttle carrier aircraft from Ellington AFB to Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala..

• Aft payload bay doors on dock, Palmdale, Columbia - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Columbia.

• ET for vibe tests delivered. - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. External tank for mated vertical ground vibration test delivered..

• Operational readiness date, SRB refurbishment. - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Operational readiness date, solid rocket booster refurbishment and subassembly, Kennedy Space Center. Fla..

• Complete ground vibration test modification - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Complete ground vibration test modification at MSFC.

• First static firing, MPTA-098 - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. First static firing, MPTA-098, NSTL (2.5 seconds; stub nozzles).

• Columbia ready for power-on. - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Columbia. Complete final assembly and closeout system installation, ready for power-on, Columbia (OV-102).

• Start precombined systems test, Columbia (OV-102) - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Columbia.

• Forward payload bay doors on dock, Columbia. - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Columbia. Forward payload bay doors on dock, Palmdale, Columbia (OV-102).

• Start forward RCS thermal tests - . Nation: USA. Program: STS.

• Complete forward RCS structure, Columbia (OV-102) - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Columbia.

• Upper forward fuselage mate, Columbia (OV-102) - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Columbia.

• Start Enterprise (OV-101)/ ET mated vibe test - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Enterprise. Start Enterprise (OV-101)/ ET mated vertical ground vibration test, MSFC.

• Loaded SRBs (2) arrive for mated vibe test - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Loaded SRBs (2) arrive at MSFC for mated vertical ground vibration test.

• Third static firing, MPTA-098 - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Third static firing, MPTA-098, NSTL (50 seconds, 90% thrust).

• Deliver left-hand OMS/RCS pod to WSTF - . Nation: USA. Program: STS.

• Fourth static firing, MPTA-098 - . Nation: USA. Program: STS.

• Complete mate payload bay doors, Columbia - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Columbia. Complete mate forward and aft payload bay doors, Columbia (OV-102).

• Reconfigure from boost to launch, vibe test - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Enterprise. Reconfigure from boost to launch, mated vertical ground vibration test, MSFC, Enterprise (OV-101).

• Deliver SRBs empty for mated vertical vibe test - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Deliver SRBs (2) empty to MSFC for mated vertical ground vibration test.

• First firing development test, OMS - . Nation: USA. Program: STS.

• Operational readiness date, OPF 1 - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Operational readiness date, Orbiter Processing Facility Bay 1, shuttle landing facility, and Hypergolic Maintenance Facility, KSC.

• Complete test preparation, STA-099 - . Nation: USA. Program: STS.

• Complete forward RCS thermal test - . Nation: USA. Program: STS.

• Complete forward RCS, Columbia (OV-102) - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Columbia.

• Start coefficient tests, STA-099 - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Start coefficient tests, STA-099, Lockheed facility, Palmdale.

• Operational readiness date, VAB - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Operational readiness date, Vertical Assembly Building High Bays 3 and 4, KSC.

• Start OMS left-hand development test - . Nation: USA. Program: STS.

• Start acoustic test, forward RCS - . Nation: USA. Program: STS.

• Start precombined system test, Columbia (OV-102) - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Columbia.

• Complete coefficient tests, STA-099 - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Complete coefficient tests, STA-099, Lockheed facility, Palmdale.

• Operational readiness date, crawler. - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Operational readiness date, mobile launcher platform, KSC.

• Third SRB firing, Thiokol - . Nation: USA. Program: STS.

• Complete forward RCS acoustic test - . Nation: USA. Program: STS.

• Complete OMS development test - . Nation: USA. Program: STS.

• Complete aft RCS development test - . Nation: USA. Program: STS.

• Operational readiness date, Pad A, KSC - . Nation: USA. Program: STS.

• Start OMS Phase I qualification tests - . Nation: USA. Program: STS.

• Complete precombined system test, Columbia. - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Columbia.

• Demolition and construction work began at SLC-6 - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Demolition and construction work began at Space Launch Complex 6 in preparation for the Space Shuttle program..

• Start fabrication crew module, Challenger - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Start long-lead fabrication crew module, Challenger (OV-099).

• Start orbiter/ET/SRB burnout mated vibe tests - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Start orbiter/ET/SRB burnout mated vertical ground vibration test, MSFC.

• Start left-hand OMS Phase I qualification test - . Nation: USA. Program: STS.

• Start left-hand OMS Phase I qualification test - . Nation: USA. Program: STS.

• Mission Control Center ready for shuttle. - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Mission Control Center-Houston/Goldstone ready for operational flight test early operations..

• Complete combined systems test, Palmdale, Columbia - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Columbia.

• Airlock on dock, Palmdale, Columbia (OV-102) - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Columbia.

• Fourth SRB firing, Thiokol - . Nation: USA. Program: STS.

• Complete mated vertical ground vibe test program - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Enterprise. Complete mated vertical ground vibration test program at MSFC, Enterprise (OV-101).

• Operational readiness date, shuttle landing site. - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Operational readiness date, shuttle landing site, Edwards (Edwards AFB) Runway 23, for first manned orbital flight.

• Complete postcheckout, Palmdale, Columbia (OV-102) - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Columbia.

• Columbia (OV-102) transported overland to Edwards. - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Columbia. Columbia (OV-102) transported overland from Palmdale to Edwards (38 miles).

• Shuttle carrier aircraft/Columbia test flight - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Columbia. Shuttle carrier aircraft/Columbia (OV-102) test flight at NASA Edwards.

• SSME 2005, flight engine delivered for acceptance - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Space shuttle main engine 2005, first flight engine delivered to NSTL for acceptance test firings.

• Ferry flight, Edwards to El Paso - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Columbia. Ferry flight, shuttle carrier aircraft/Columbia (OV-102) from Edwards to Biggs Army Air Base, El Paso, Texas (3 hours, 20 minutes).

• Ferry flight El Paso to Kelly AFB - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Columbia. Ferry flight, shuttle carrier aircraft/Columbia (OV-102) from Biggs Army Air Base to Kelly AFB, San Antonio, Texas (1 hr, 39 min).

• Ferry flight, Kelly AFB to Eglin AFB, Fla - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Columbia. Ferry flight, shuttle carrier aircraft/Columbia (OV-102) from Kelly AFB to Eglin AFB, Fla. (2 hours, 12 minutes).

• Ferry flight, Eglin AFB to KSC - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Columbia. Ferry flight, shuttle carrier aircraft/Columbia (OV-102) from Eglin AFB to KSC (1 hour, 33 minutes).

• SSME 2007, flight engine delivered for acceptance - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Space shuttle main engine 2007, flight engine delivered to NSTL for acceptance test firing.

• Complete Phase I qualification tests, aft RCS - . Nation: USA. Program: STS.

• Ferry flight, MSFC to KSC - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Enterprise. Ferry flight, shuttle carrier aircraft/Enterprise (OV-101) from MSFC to KSC (1 hour, 52 minutes).

• SSME 2006, flight engine delivered for acceptance - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Space shuttle main engine 2006, flight engine delivered to NSTL, for acceptance test firing.

• Complete left-hand OMS/RCS Phase I qualification - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Enterprise. Complete left-hand OMS/RCS Phase I qualification, WSTF May 1 Enterprise (OV-101)/ ET/SRBs mated on mobile launcher platform,.

• Fifth static firing, MPTA-098, flight nozzles - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Fifth static firing, MPTA-098, NSTL, flight nozzles 1.5 seconds.

• Deliver right-hand OMS/RCS for Columbia - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Columbia. Deliver right-hand OMS/RCS from McDonnell Douglas, St. Louis, to KSC, Columbia (OV-102).

• Deliver left-hand OMS/RCS for Columbia - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Columbia. Deliver left-hand OMS/RCS from McDonnell Douglas to KSC, Columbia (OV-102).

• ET used for ground vibration to be refurbished. - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Deliver ET used in mated vertical ground vibration test from MSFC to Martin Marietta for refurbishment.

• Fifth static firing, MPTA-098, flight nozzles - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Fifth static firing, MPTA-098, NSTL, flight nozzles (54 seconds, early cutoff, accelerometer filters).

• First SRB qualification firing - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. First SRB qualification firing, Thiokol, Utah, 122 seconds; nozzle extension severed at end of run as in actual mission; full cycle gimbal.

• Start assembly crew module, Challenger (OV-099) - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Challenger.

• Sixth static firing, MPTA-098, flight nozzles. - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Sixth static firing, MPTA-098, NSTL, flight nozzles (19 seconds, early cutoff-main fuel valve rupture).

• First test STS stack move from VAB to LC39A - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Enterprise. Enterprise (OV-101), ET, SRBs transported on mobile launcher platform from Launch Complex 39-A to Vehicle Assembly Building at KSC.

• Start long-lead fabrication crew module, Discovery - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Discovery.

• Complete limit test (STA-099) - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Challenger. Complete limit test (STA-099), Lockheed facility, Palmdale.

• Ferry flight, KSC to Atlanta - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Enterprise. Ferry flight, shuttle carrier aircraft/Enterprise (OV-101), KSC to Atlanta (1 hour, 55 minutes).

• Ferry flight, Atlanta to St. Louis - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Enterprise. Ferry flight, shuttle carrier aircraft/Enterprise (OV-101), Atlanta to St. Louis (1 hour, 50 minutes).

• Ferry flight, St. Louis to Tulsa - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Enterprise. Ferry flight, shuttle carrier aircraft/Enterprise (OV-101), St. Louis to Tulsa (1 hour, 35 minutes).

• Ferry flight, Tulsa to Denver - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Enterprise. Ferry flight, shuttle carrier aircraft/Enterprise (OV-101), Tulsa to Denver (2 hours).

• Ferry flight, Denver to Hill AFB, Ogden, Utah - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Enterprise. Ferry flight, shuttle carrier aircraft/Enterprise (OV-101), Denver to Hill AFB, Ogden, Utah (1 hour, 30 minutes).

• Ferry flight, Ogden to Vandenberg AFB - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Enterprise. Ferry flight, shuttle carrier aircraft/Enterprise (OV-101), Ogden to Vandenberg AFB (2 hours, 20 minutes).

• Ferry flight, Vandenberg AFB to Edwards - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Enterprise. Ferry flight, shuttle carrier aircraft/Enterprise (OV-101), Vandenberg AFB to Edwards (1 hour, 10 minutes).

• Enterprise / shuttle carrier demate, Edwards - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Enterprise. Enterprise (OV-101)/ shuttle carrier demate, Edwards.

• Start long-lead fabrication crew module, Discovery - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Discovery.

• Complete OMS Phase II qualification tests - . Nation: USA. Program: STS.

• STS-2A (cancelled) - . Crew: Haise, Lousma. Nation: USA. Related Persons: Haise, Lousma. Program: STS. Flight: STS-2A. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Columbia.

  In late 1977 shuttle orbital missions were due to start in 1979. STS-2, the second shuttle flight, was to have rendezvoused with the Skylab space station and released a small Skylab Reboost Module. This would dock to Skylab and boost the station to a higher orbit for later use. But the shuttle program also was hit with delays and before the first shuttle flew, Skylab burned up in the atmosphere and crashed into the Australian outback on July 11, 1979.

• STS-1 - . Call Sign: Columbia. Crew: Crippen, Young. Payload: Columbia F01 / DFI. Mass: 4,909 kg (10,822 lb). Nation: USA. Related Persons: Crippen, Young. Agency: NASA Houston. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Flight: STS-1. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Columbia. Duration: 2.26 days. Decay Date: 1981-04-14 . USAF Sat Cat: 12399 . COSPAR: 1981-034A. Apogee: 251 km (155 mi). Perigee: 240 km (140 mi). Inclination: 40.30 deg. Period: 89.40 min. First flight of Space Transportation System (aka Space Shuttle).. Payloads: Development Flight Instrumentation and Aerodynamic Coefficient Identification Package..

• DFI - . Payload: DFI PLT. Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Program: STS. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle Attached Payloads. Spacecraft: DFI. Decay Date: 1981-04-14 . USAF Sat Cat: 12399 . COSPAR: 1981-034xx. Apogee: 272 km (169 mi). Perigee: 260 km (160 mi). Inclination: 40.30 deg. Period: 89.80 min.

• Landing of STS-1 - . Return Crew: Crippen, Young. Nation: USA. Related Persons: Crippen, Young. Program: STS. Flight: STS-1. STS-1 landed at 18:20 GMT. .

• STS-2 - . Call Sign: Columbia. Crew: Engle, Truly. Payload: Columbia F02 / DFI. Mass: 8,517 kg (18,776 lb). Nation: USA. Related Persons: Engle, Truly. Agency: NASA Houston. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Flight: STS-2. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Columbia. Duration: 2.26 days. Decay Date: 1981-11-14 . USAF Sat Cat: 12953 . COSPAR: 1981-111A. Apogee: 231 km (143 mi). Perigee: 222 km (137 mi). Inclination: 38.00 deg. Period: 89.00 min. Second shuttle test flight. Payloads: Office of Space and Terrestrial Applications (OSTA)-1 experiments, Orbiter Experiments (OEX)..

• DFI - . Payload: DFI PLT. Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Program: STS. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle Attached Payloads. Spacecraft: DFI. Decay Date: 1981-11-14 . USAF Sat Cat: 12953 . COSPAR: 1981-111xx. Apogee: 265 km (164 mi). Perigee: 255 km (158 mi). Inclination: 38.00 deg. Period: 89.70 min.

• OSTA-1 - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Program: STS. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle Attached Payloads. Spacecraft: SLP. Decay Date: 1981-11-14 . USAF Sat Cat: 12953 . COSPAR: 1981-111xx. Apogee: 265 km (164 mi). Perigee: 255 km (158 mi). Inclination: 38.00 deg. Period: 89.70 min.

• Landing of STS-2 - . Return Crew: Engle, Truly. Nation: USA. Related Persons: Engle, Truly. Program: STS. Flight: STS-2. STS-2 landed at 21:23 GMT. .

• STS-3 - . Call Sign: Columbia. Crew: Fullerton, Lousma. Payload: Columbia F03 / OSS-1. Mass: 10,301 kg (22,709 lb). Nation: USA. Related Persons: Fullerton, Lousma. Agency: NASA Houston. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Flight: STS-3. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Columbia. Duration: 8.00 days. Decay Date: 1982-03-30 . USAF Sat Cat: 13106 . COSPAR: 1982-022A. Apogee: 249 km (154 mi). Perigee: 241 km (149 mi). Inclination: 38.00 deg. Period: 89.40 min. Manned two crew. Payloads: Office of Space Science (OSS) experiments, Monodisperse Latex Reactor (MLR), Electro-phoresis Verification Test (EEVT), Plant Lignification Experiment..

• DFI - . Payload: DFI PLT. Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Program: STS. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle Attached Payloads. Spacecraft: DFI. Decay Date: 1982-03-30 . USAF Sat Cat: 13106 . COSPAR: 1982-022xx. Apogee: 245 km (152 mi). Perigee: 220 km (130 mi). Inclination: 38.00 deg. Period: 89.20 min.

• OSS-1 - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Program: STS. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle Attached Payloads. Spacecraft: SLP. Decay Date: 1982-03-30 . USAF Sat Cat: 13106 . COSPAR: 1982-022xx. Apogee: 245 km (152 mi). Perigee: 220 km (130 mi). Inclination: 38.00 deg. Period: 89.20 min.

• Landing of STS-3 - . Return Crew: Fullerton, Lousma. Nation: USA. Related Persons: Fullerton, Lousma. Program: STS. Flight: STS-3. First and only landing by a shuttle at White Sands, New Mexico, after weather at Edwards did not permit landing there. STS-3 landed at 16:04 GMT..

• STS-4 - . Call Sign: Columbia. Crew: Hartsfield, Mattingly. Payload: Columbia F04 / DoD 82-1. Mass: 11,109 kg (24,491 lb). Nation: USA. Related Persons: Hartsfield, Mattingly. Agency: NASA Houston. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Flight: STS-4. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Columbia. Duration: 7.05 days. Decay Date: 1982-07-04 . USAF Sat Cat: 13300 . COSPAR: 1982-065A. Apogee: 302 km (187 mi). Perigee: 295 km (183 mi). Inclination: 28.50 deg. Period: 90.30 min.

  Manned two crew. Fourth space shuttle test flight. Payloads: Induced Environment Contamination Monitor (IECM), Monodisperse Latex Reactor (MLR), Continuous Flow Electrophoresis System (CFES), Development Flight Instrumentation (DFl), Orbiter Experiments (OEX), first NASA getaway special (GAS), Night/Day Optical Survey of Lightning (NOSL) experiment, Vapor Phase Compression (VPC) freezer heat exchanger dynamics for freezing samples, Aerodynamic Coefficient Identification Package (AClP) experiment.

• DoD 82-1 - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Program: STS. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle Attached Payloads. Spacecraft: DoD 82-1. Decay Date: 1982-07-04 . USAF Sat Cat: 13300 . COSPAR: 1982-065xx. Apogee: 319 km (198 mi). Perigee: 306 km (190 mi). Inclination: 28.50 deg. Period: 90.80 min. Cirris cryogenic infrared radiance instrument to obtain spectra of rocket and aircraft target exhausts. Lens cap failed to deploy..

• DFI - . Payload: DFI PLT. Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Program: STS. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle Attached Payloads. Spacecraft: DFI. Decay Date: 1982-07-04 . USAF Sat Cat: 13300 . COSPAR: 1982-065xx. Apogee: 319 km (198 mi). Perigee: 306 km (190 mi). Inclination: 28.50 deg. Period: 90.80 min.

• Landing of STS-4 - . Return Crew: Hartsfield, Mattingly. Nation: USA. Related Persons: Hartsfield, Mattingly. Program: STS. Flight: STS-4. STS-4 landed at 16:09 GMT. .

• STS-5 - . Call Sign: Columbia. Crew: Allen, Brand, Lenoir, Overmyer. Payload: Columbia F05 / SBS 3 [PAM-D] / Anik C3 [PAM-D]. Mass: 14,551 kg (32,079 lb). Nation: USA. Related Persons: Allen, Brand, Lenoir, Overmyer. Agency: NASA Houston. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Flight: STS-5. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Columbia. Duration: 5.09 days. Decay Date: 1982-11-16 . USAF Sat Cat: 13650 . COSPAR: 1982-110A. Apogee: 317 km (196 mi). Perigee: 294 km (182 mi). Inclination: 28.50 deg. Period: 90.50 min.

  Manned four crew. First mission to deploy commercial communications satellites (SBS 3, Anik C3). Payloads: : Satellite Business Systems (SBS)-C with Payload Assist ; (PAM)-D; Telesat-E (Canadian communications satellite) with PAM-D. Monodisperse Latex Reactor (MLR), Continuous Flow Electrophoresis System (CFES), three getaway specials (GAS), Student experiments, GLOW experiment, Vestibular experiment, Oxygen Interaction With Materials experiment.

• DFI - . Payload: DFI PLT. Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Program: STS. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle Attached Payloads. Spacecraft: DFI. Decay Date: 1982-11-16 . USAF Sat Cat: 13650 . COSPAR: 1982-110xx. Apogee: 287 km (178 mi). Perigee: 277 km (172 mi). Inclination: 28.50 deg. Period: 90.20 min.

• Landing of STS-5 - . Return Crew: Allen, Brand, Lenoir, Overmyer. Nation: USA. Related Persons: Allen, Brand, Lenoir, Overmyer. Program: STS. Flight: STS-5. STS-5 landed at 14:33 GMT. .

• STS-6 - . Call Sign: Challenger. Crew: Bobko, Musgrave, Peterson, Weitz. Payload: Challenger F01 / TDRS 1 [IUS]. Mass: 21,305 kg (46,969 lb). Nation: USA. Related Persons: Bobko, Musgrave, Peterson, Weitz. Agency: NASA Houston. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Flight: STS-6. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Challenger. Duration: 5.02 days. Decay Date: 1983-04-09 . USAF Sat Cat: 13968 . COSPAR: 1983-026A. Apogee: 295 km (183 mi). Perigee: 288 km (178 mi). Inclination: 28.50 deg. Period: 90.40 min.

  Manned four crew. First flight of space shuttle Challenger; deployed TDRSS. Payloads: Deployment of Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS)-A with Inertial Upper Stage (lUS)-2, Continuous Flow Electrophoresis System (CFES), Monodisperse Latex Reactor (MLR), Night/Day Optical Survey of Lightning (NOSL) experiment, three getaway specials (GAS).

• TDRS 1 - . Payload: TDRS A. Mass: 2,268 kg (5,000 lb). Nation: USA. Agency: NASA Greenbelt. Program: STS. Class: Communications. Type: Civilian communications satellite. Spacecraft: TDRS. USAF Sat Cat: 13969 . COSPAR: 1983-026B. Apogee: 35,976 km (22,354 mi). Perigee: 35,835 km (22,266 mi). Inclination: 7.40 deg. Period: 1,442.20 min.

  Element of satellite communications network, deployed from STS-6 5 April 1983. Spacecraft engaged in practical applications and uses of space technology such as weather or communication (US Cat C). Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 67 deg W in 1983; 41 deg W in 1983-1989; 79 deg W in 1989-1990; 170 deg W in 1990-1993; 85 deg E in 1994-1995; 49 deg W in 1996-on. As of 5 September 2001 located at 49.36 deg W drifting at 0.010 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 9 located at 48.98W drifting at 0.029W degrees per day.

• EVA STS-6-1 - . Crew: Musgrave, Peterson. EVA Duration: 0.17 days. Nation: USA. Related Persons: Musgrave, Peterson. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Flight: STS-6. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Challenger. Tested EMU Manoeuvring Unit. Tested EVA emergency procedures..

• Landing of STS-6 - . Return Crew: Bobko, Musgrave, Peterson, Weitz. Nation: USA. Related Persons: Bobko, Musgrave, Peterson, Weitz. Program: STS. Flight: STS-6. STS-6 landed at 18:53 GMT. .

• STS-7 - . Call Sign: Challenger. Crew: Crippen, Fabian, Hauck, Ride, Thagard. Payload: Challenger F02 / OSTA-2. Mass: 16,839 kg (37,123 lb). Nation: USA. Related Persons: Crippen, Fabian, Hauck, Ride, Thagard. Agency: NASA Houston. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Flight: STS-7. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Challenger. Duration: 6.10 days. Decay Date: 1983-06-24 . USAF Sat Cat: 14132 . COSPAR: 1983-059A. Apogee: 307 km (190 mi). Perigee: 299 km (185 mi). Inclination: 28.30 deg. Period: 90.60 min.

  Manned five crew. Deployed Anik C2, Palapa B1; deployed and retrieved SPAS platform. Payloads: Office of Space and Terrestrial Applications (OSTA)-2 experiments, deployment of PALAPA-B1 communications satellite for Indonesia with Payload Assist Module (PAM)-D and Telesat-F communications satellite for Canada with PAM-D, German Shuttle Pallet Satellite (SPAS)-01, seven getaway specials (GAS), Monodisperse Latex Reactor (MLR), Continuous Flow Electrophoresis System (CFES).

• OSTA-2 - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Program: STS. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle Attached Payloads. Spacecraft: SLP. Decay Date: 1983-06-24 . USAF Sat Cat: 14132 . COSPAR: 1983-059xx. Apogee: 295 km (183 mi). Perigee: 289 km (179 mi). Inclination: 28.50 deg. Period: 90.40 min.

• Landing of STS-7 - . Return Crew: Crippen, Fabian, Hauck, Ride, Thagard. Nation: USA. Related Persons: Crippen, Fabian, Hauck, Ride, Thagard. Program: STS. Flight: STS-7. STS-7 landed at 13:56 GMT. .

• STS-8 - . Call Sign: Challenger. Crew: Bluford, Brandenstein, Gardner, Thornton, Bill, Truly. Payload: Challenger F03 / PFTA. Mass: 13,642 kg (30,075 lb). Nation: USA. Related Persons: Bluford, Brandenstein, Gardner, Thornton, Bill, Truly. Agency: NASA Houston. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Flight: STS-8. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Challenger. Duration: 6.05 days. Decay Date: 1983-09-05 . USAF Sat Cat: 14312 . COSPAR: 1983-089A. Apogee: 313 km (194 mi). Perigee: 306 km (190 mi). Inclination: 28.50 deg. Period: 90.70 min.

  First night launch and night landing. Deployed Insat 1B. Payloads: Deployment of INSAT (lndia communica-tion satellite) with Payload Assist Module (PAM)-D, Payload Flight Test Article (PFTA)/ Payload Deployment Retrieval System (PDRS), Continuous Flow Electrophoresis (CFES), biomedical experiments. 250,000 express mail envelopes with special cachet for U.S. Postal Service were carried for a first-day cover.

• PFTA - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Program: STS. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle Attached Payloads. Spacecraft: PFTA. Decay Date: 1983-09-05 . USAF Sat Cat: 14312 . COSPAR: 1983-089xx. Apogee: 223 km (138 mi). Perigee: 216 km (134 mi). Inclination: 28.50 deg. Period: 88.90 min.

• DFI/USPS - . Payload: DFI PLT. Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Program: STS. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle Attached Payloads. Spacecraft: DFI. Decay Date: 1983-09-05 . USAF Sat Cat: 14312 . COSPAR: 1983-089xx. Apogee: 223 km (138 mi). Perigee: 216 km (134 mi). Inclination: 28.50 deg. Period: 88.90 min.

• Landing of STS-8 - . Return Crew: Bluford, Brandenstein, Gardner, Thornton, Bill, Truly. Nation: USA. Related Persons: Bluford, Brandenstein, Gardner, Thornton, Bill, Truly. Program: STS. Flight: STS-8. STS-8 landed at 07:40 GMT. .

• STS-10 (cancelled) - . Crew: Buchli, Mattingly, Onizuka, Payton, Shriver. Backup Crew: Wright, Keith. Payload: DoD Mission. Nation: USA. Program: STS. Flight: STS-10. Planned Department of Defense shuttle mission. Cancelled due to payload delays..

• Space Shuttle orbiter Discovery at Vandenberg AFB - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Space Shuttle orbiter Discovery at Vandenberg AFB for a series of fit checks at the orbiter lifting frame..

• STS-9 - . Call Sign: Columbia. Crew: Garriott, Lichtenberg, Merbold, Parker, Shaw, Young. Payload: Columbia F06 / Spacelab 1 Pallet. Mass: 15,088 kg (33,263 lb). Nation: USA. Related Persons: Garriott, Lichtenberg, Merbold, Parker, Shaw, Young. Agency: NASA Houston. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Flight: STS-9. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Columbia. Duration: 10.32 days. Decay Date: 1983-12-08 . USAF Sat Cat: 14523 . COSPAR: 1983-116A. Apogee: 254 km (157 mi). Perigee: 241 km (149 mi). Inclination: 57.00 deg. Period: 89.50 min.

  Carried ESA Spacelab. Payloads: Payload: Spacelab-1 experiments, habitable Spacelab and pallet, carried 71 experiments. The six-man crew was divided into two 12-hour-day red and blue teams to operate experiments. First high-inclination orbit of 57 degrees.

• Shuttle Columbia overhauled at Palmdale. - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Columbia.

  The ejection seats and flight instrumentation used for the first manned shuttle flights were removed. Head-up display and GPS avionics were installed. Orbiter 5.4 structural modifications were made; the disconnect valves, thermal protection system, and brakes were brought up to date. Provisions were made for use of the Manned Maneuvering Unit and 231 Master Change Requests were implemented.

• STS-41-B - . Call Sign: Challenger. Crew: Brand, Gibson, McCandless, McNair, Stewart. Payload: Challenger F04 / SPAS 1A. Mass: 15,362 kg (33,867 lb). Nation: USA. Related Persons: Brand, Gibson, McCandless, McNair, Stewart. Agency: NASA Houston. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Flight: STS-41-B. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Challenger. Duration: 7.97 days. Decay Date: 1984-02-11 . USAF Sat Cat: 14681 . COSPAR: 1984-011A. Apogee: 316 km (196 mi). Perigee: 307 km (190 mi). Inclination: 28.50 deg. Period: 90.80 min.

  Manned five crew. Deployed Westar 6, Palapa B2; tested Manned Maneuvering Unit (MMU). Payloads: PALAPA-B2 (Indonesian communications satellite) with Payload Assist Module (PAM)-D and WESTAR (Western Union communications satellite)-Vl with PAM-D. Both satellites were deployed but the PAM-D in each satellite failed to ignite, leaving both satellites in earth orbit. Both satellites were retrieved and returned to earth for renovation on the STS-51-A mission. The manned maneuvering unit (MMU) was tested with extravehicular astronauts as free flyers without tethers as far as 98 m from the orbiter. Shuttle Pallet Satellite (SPAS)-01 experiments, Monodisperse Latex Reactor (MLR), Isoelectric Focusing Experiment (lEF), Acoustic Containerless Experiment System (ACES), Cinema 360 cameras, five getaway specials (GAS), Aerodynamic Coefficient Identification (ACIP)/High Resolution Accelerom-eter Package (HIRAP).

• MMU 3 - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Program: STS. Spacecraft: Shuttle MMU. COSPAR: 1984-011xx.

• MMU 2 - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Program: STS. Spacecraft: Shuttle MMU. COSPAR: 1984-011xx.

• EVA STS-10-1 - . Crew: McCandless, Stewart. EVA Duration: 0.23 days. Nation: USA. Related Persons: McCandless, Stewart. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Flight: STS-10. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Challenger. Tested MMU manoeuvring unit in free flight..

• EVA STS-10-2 - . Crew: McCandless, Stewart. EVA Duration: 0.25 days. Nation: USA. Related Persons: McCandless, Stewart. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Flight: STS-10. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Challenger. Tested MMU manoeuvring unit in free flight..

• Landing of STS-41-B - . Return Crew: Brand, Gibson, McCandless, McNair, Stewart. Nation: USA. Related Persons: Brand, Gibson, McCandless, McNair, Stewart. Program: STS. Flight: STS-41-B. STS-41-B landed at 12:15 GMT. .

• STS-12 (cancelled) - . Crew: Coats, Hartsfield, Hawley, Mullane, Resnik. Payload: TDRS/IUS. Nation: USA. Related Persons: Coats, Hartsfield, Hawley, Mullane, Resnik. Program: STS. Flight: STS-12. Planned TDRS/IUS deployment shuttle mission. Cancelled after IUS failures..

• STS-41-C - . Call Sign: Challenger. Crew: Crippen, Hart, Nelson, Scobee, van Hoften. Payload: Challenger F05 / LDEF 1 / MMU 3. Mass: 17,357 kg (38,265 lb). Nation: USA. Related Persons: Crippen, Hart, Nelson, Scobee, van Hoften. Agency: NASA Houston. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Flight: STS-41-C. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Challenger. Duration: 6.99 days. Decay Date: 1984-04-13 . USAF Sat Cat: 14897 . COSPAR: 1984-034A. Apogee: 468 km (290 mi). Perigee: 222 km (137 mi). Inclination: 28.50 deg. Period: 91.40 min.

  Manned five crew. First repair on orbit of a satellite, Solar Maximum Mission, by James van Hoften and George Nelson. Deployed LDEF. Payloads:Solar Maximum Mission (SMM) repair, manned maneuvering unit (MMU) satellite support, deployment of Long-Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) in earth orbit free drift. LDEF contained 57 experiments and weighed about 10,000 kg. Cinema 360 and IMAX 70-mm cameras.

• MMU 2 - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Program: STS. Spacecraft: Shuttle MMU. Decay Date: 1984-04-13 . USAF Sat Cat: 14897 . COSPAR: 1984-034xx. Apogee: 496 km (308 mi). Perigee: 494 km (306 mi). Inclination: 28.50 deg. Period: 94.50 min.

• MMU 3 - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Program: STS. Spacecraft: Shuttle MMU. Decay Date: 1984-04-13 . USAF Sat Cat: 14897 . COSPAR: 1984-034xx. Apogee: 496 km (308 mi). Perigee: 494 km (306 mi). Inclination: 28.50 deg. Period: 94.50 min.

• SMRM-FSS - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Program: STS. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle Attached Payloads. Spacecraft: FSS. Decay Date: 1984-04-13 . USAF Sat Cat: 14897 . COSPAR: 1984-034xx. Apogee: 496 km (308 mi). Perigee: 494 km (306 mi). Inclination: 28.50 deg. Period: 94.50 min.

• EVA STS-41-C-1 - . Crew: Nelson, van Hoften. EVA Duration: 0.12 days. Nation: USA. Related Persons: Nelson, van Hoften. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Flight: STS-41-C. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Challenger. Attempted capture of Solar Max satellite..

• EVA STS-41-C-2 - . Crew: Nelson, van Hoften. EVA Duration: 0.30 days. Nation: USA. Related Persons: Nelson, van Hoften. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Flight: STS-41-C. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Challenger. Successfully captured and repaired Solar Max satellite..

• Landing of STS-41-C - . Return Crew: Crippen, Hart, Nelson, Scobee, van Hoften. Nation: USA. Related Persons: Crippen, Hart, Nelson, Scobee, van Hoften. Program: STS. Flight: STS-41-C. STS-41-C landed at 13:38 GMT. .

• Shuttle Discovery Pad Abort - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Flight: STS-41-D. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Discovery. The countdown for the second launch attempt for Discovery's maiden flight ended at T- 4 seconds when the orbiter's computers detected a sluggish valve in main engine #3. The main engine was replaced and Discovery was finally launched on August 30, 1984..

• STS-41-E (cancelled) - . Crew: Buchli, Detroye, Mattingly, Onizuka, Shriver. Backup Crew: Sundberg. Support Crew: Watterson. Payload: DoD Mission. Nation: USA. Program: STS. Flight: STS-41-E. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Challenger. Planned Department of Defense shuttle mission. Cancelled due to IUS failure..

• STS-41-F (cancelled) - . Crew: Bobko, Griggs, Hoffman, Seddon, Williams, Donald. Payload: Communications satellites. Nation: USA. Related Persons: Bobko, Griggs, Hoffman, Seddon, Williams, Donald. Program: STS. Flight: STS-41-F. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Discovery. Planned shuttle mission for deployment of commercial communications satellites. Cancelled due to payload delays..

• STS-41-D - . Call Sign: Discovery. Crew: Coats, Hartsfield, Hawley, Mullane, Resnik, Walker. Payload: Discovery F01 / SBS 4[PAM-D] / Telstar 302[PAM-D]. Mass: 21,552 kg (47,514 lb). Nation: USA. Related Persons: Coats, Hartsfield, Hawley, Mullane, Resnik, Walker. Agency: NASA Houston. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Flight: STS-41-D. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Discovery. Duration: 6.04 days. Decay Date: 1984-09-05 . USAF Sat Cat: 15234 . COSPAR: 1984-093A. Apogee: 307 km (190 mi). Perigee: 300 km (180 mi). Inclination: 28.50 deg. Period: 90.60 min.

  Manned six crew. First flight of space shuttle Discovery; deployed SBS 4, Leasat 1, Telstar 3C. Payloads: Satellite Business System (SBS)-D commu-nications satellite with Payload Assist Module (PAM)-D deployment, Syncom IV-2 communica-tions satellite with its unique stage deployment, Telstar (American Telephone and Telegraph) 3-C with PAM-D deployment, Office of Aeronautics and Space Technology (OAST)-1 experiments. Deployment and restowing of large solar array. Continuous Flow Electrophoresis (CFES). IMAX camera.

• OAST 1 - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Program: STS. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle Attached Payloads. Spacecraft: OAST. Decay Date: 1984-09-05 . USAF Sat Cat: 15234 . COSPAR: 1984-093xx. Apogee: 297 km (184 mi). Perigee: 294 km (182 mi). Inclination: 28.50 deg. Period: 90.40 min.

• STS-41-H (cancelled) - . Crew: Allen, Casserino, Fisher, Gardner, Hauck, Payton, Walker, Dave. Backup Crew: Joseph. Payload: DoD or TDRS Mission. Nation: USA. Program: STS. Flight: STS-41-H. Planned Department of Defense or TDRS deployment shuttle mission. Cancelled due to IUS failure..

• Landing of STS-41-D - . Return Crew: Coats, Hartsfield, Hawley, Mullane, Resnik, Walker. Nation: USA. Related Persons: Coats, Hartsfield, Hawley, Mullane, Resnik, Walker. Program: STS. Flight: STS-41-D. STS-41-D landed at 13:39 GMT. .

• STS-41-G - . Call Sign: Challenger. Crew: Crippen, Garneau, Leestma, McBride, Ride, Scully-Power, Sullivan. Payload: Challenger F06 / ERBS / LFC / ORS. Mass: 10,643 kg (23,463 lb). Nation: USA. Related Persons: Crippen, Garneau, Leestma, McBride, Ride, Scully-Power, Sullivan. Agency: NASA Houston. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Flight: STS-41-G. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Challenger. Duration: 8.22 days. Decay Date: 1984-10-13 . USAF Sat Cat: 15353 . COSPAR: 1984-108A. Apogee: 390 km (240 mi). Perigee: 350 km (210 mi). Inclination: 51.70 deg. Period: 92.00 min.

  Manned seven crew. Deployed ERBS; performed high resolution Earth imagery. Payloads: Earth Radiation Budget Satellite (ERBS) deployment, Office of Space and Terrestrial Applications (OSTA)-3 experiments, Large Format Camera (LFC). First use of Orbital Refueling System (ORS) with extravehicular activity (EVA) astronauts, IMAX camera.

• OSTA-3 - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Program: STS. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle Attached Payloads. Spacecraft: SLP. Decay Date: 1984-10-13 . USAF Sat Cat: 15353 . COSPAR: 1984-108xx. Apogee: 227 km (141 mi). Perigee: 214 km (132 mi). Inclination: 57.00 deg. Period: 88.90 min.

• LFC/ORS - . Payload: MPESS. Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Program: STS. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle Attached Payloads. Spacecraft: LFC/ORS. Decay Date: 1984-10-13 . USAF Sat Cat: 15353 . COSPAR: 1984-108xx. Apogee: 227 km (141 mi). Perigee: 214 km (132 mi). Inclination: 57.00 deg. Period: 88.90 min. Larger Format Camera/ Orbital Refueling System payload carried in shuttle bay..

• EVA STS-41-G-1 - . Crew: Leestma, Sullivan. EVA Duration: 0.15 days. Nation: USA. Related Persons: Leestma, Sullivan. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Flight: STS-41-G. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Challenger. Simulated refuelling of satellite..

• Landing of STS-41-G - . Return Crew: Crippen, Garneau, Leestma, McBride, Ride, Scully-Power, Sullivan. Nation: USA. Related Persons: Crippen, Garneau, Leestma, McBride, Ride, Scully-Power, Sullivan. Program: STS. Flight: STS-41-G. STS-41-G landed at 16:11 GMT. .

• STS-51-A - . Call Sign: Discovery. Crew: Allen, Fisher, Gardner, Hauck, Walker, Dave. Payload: Discovery F02 / PLT. Mass: 20,550 kg (45,300 lb). Nation: USA. Related Persons: Allen, Fisher, Gardner, Hauck, Walker, Dave. Agency: NASA Houston. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Flight: STS-51-A. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Discovery. Duration: 7.99 days. Decay Date: 1984-11-16 . USAF Sat Cat: 15382 . COSPAR: 1984-113A. Apogee: 297 km (184 mi). Perigee: 289 km (179 mi). Inclination: 28.40 deg. Period: 90.40 min.

  Manned five crew. First retrieval of two satellites (PALAPA B-2 and WESTAR Vl) for return to earth. Deployed Anik D2, Leasat 2; recovered Westar 6, Palapa B2. Payloads: Telesat (Canada communications satellite)-H with Payload Assist Module (PAM)-D deploy-ment, Syncom IV-1 communications satellite deployment with its unique stage, retrieval of PALAPA B-2 and WESTAR VI communications satellites with PAM-D which failed to ignite on the STS-41-B mission. Manned maneuvering unit (MMU) used for retrieval. Diffusive Mixing of Organic Solutions (DMOS) experiment.

• EVA STS-51-A-1 - . Crew: Allen, Gardner. EVA Duration: 0.26 days. Nation: USA. Related Persons: Allen, Gardner. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Flight: STS-51-A. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Discovery. Retrieved Palapa satellite..

• EVA STS-51-A-2 - . Crew: Allen, Gardner. EVA Duration: 0.25 days. Nation: USA. Related Persons: Allen, Gardner. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Flight: STS-51-A. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Discovery. Retrieved Westar satellite..

• The Space Shuttle orbiter Enterprise arrives - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Enterprise. The Space Shuttle orbiter Enterprise arrived at Vandenberg AFB for a series of facility verification tests..

• Landing of STS-51-A - . Return Crew: Allen, Fisher, Gardner, Hauck, Walker, Dave. Nation: USA. Related Persons: Allen, Fisher, Gardner, Hauck, Walker, Dave. Program: STS. Flight: STS-51-A. STS-51-A landed at 12:14 GMT. .

• STS-51-C - . Call Sign: Discovery. Crew: Buchli, Mattingly, Onizuka, Payton, Shriver. Payload: Discovery F03 / Magnum 1 [IUS]. Mass: 116,884 kg (257,685 lb). Nation: USA. Related Persons: Buchli, Mattingly, Onizuka, Payton, Shriver. Agency: NASA Houston. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Flight: STS-51-C. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Discovery. Duration: 3.06 days. Decay Date: 1985-01-27 . USAF Sat Cat: 15496 . COSPAR: 1985-010A. Apogee: 341 km (211 mi). Perigee: 332 km (206 mi). Inclination: 28.40 deg. Period: 91.30 min.

  Manned five crew. Deployed USA 8 (Aquacade ELINT spacecraft). Orbits of Earth: 48. Landed at: Runway 15 at Kennedy Space Center, Florida. Landing Speed: 342 kph. Touchdown miss distance: 839.00 m. Landing Rollout: 2,240.00 m. Payloads: Department of Defence classified payloads.

• Landing of STS-51-C - . Return Crew: Buchli, Mattingly, Onizuka, Payton, Shriver. Nation: USA. Related Persons: Buchli, Mattingly, Onizuka, Payton, Shriver. Program: STS. Flight: STS-51-C. STS-51-C landed at 21:28 GMT. .

• STS-51-E (cancelled) - . Crew: Baudry, Bobko, Garn, Griggs, Hoffman, Seddon, Williams, Donald. Payload: TDRS/IUS. Nation: USA. Related Persons: Baudry, Bobko, Garn, Griggs, Hoffman, Seddon, Williams, Donald. Program: STS. Flight: STS-51-E. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Challenger. Planned TDRS/IUS deployment shuttle mission. Cancelled due to IUS failure..

• STS-51-AA (cancelled) - . Crew: Creighton, Fabian, Jarvis, Lucid, Nagel, Walker. Backup Crew: Konrad. Nation: USA. Program: STS. Flight: STS-51-AA. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Discovery. Planned shuttle mission. Cancelled due to payload delays..

• STS-51-D - . Call Sign: Discovery. Crew: Bobko, Garn, Griggs, Hoffman, Seddon, Walker, Williams, Donald. Payload: Discovery F04 / Anik C1[PAM-D] / Syncom-4 3 /Orbus. Mass: 16,249 kg (35,822 lb). Nation: USA. Related Persons: Bobko, Garn, Griggs, Hoffman, Seddon, Walker, Williams, Donald. Agency: NASA Houston. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Flight: STS-51-D. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Discovery. Duration: 7.00 days. Decay Date: 1985-04-19 . USAF Sat Cat: 15641 . COSPAR: 1985-028A. Apogee: 535 km (332 mi). Perigee: 445 km (276 mi). Inclination: 28.50 deg. Period: 94.40 min.

  Manned seven crew. Payloads: Telesat (Canada communications satellite)-I with Payload Assist Module (PAM)-D deployment, Syncom IV-3 communications satellite deploy-ment with its unique stage (unique stage failed to ignite), Continuous Flow Electrophoresis (CFES), Phase Partitioning Experiment (PPE), student experiments, two getaway specials (GAS) Informal science studies (Toys in Space).

• EVA STS-51-D-1 - . Crew: Griggs, Hoffman. EVA Duration: 0.13 days. Nation: USA. Related Persons: Griggs, Hoffman. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Flight: STS-51-D. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Discovery. RMS 'Ryswatters' installed..

• Landing of STS-51-D - . Return Crew: Bobko, Garn, Griggs, Hoffman, Seddon, Walker, Williams, Donald. Nation: USA. Related Persons: Bobko, Garn, Griggs, Hoffman, Seddon, Walker, Williams, Donald. Program: STS. Flight: STS-51-D. STS-51-D landed at 13:50 GMT. .

• STS-51-B - . Call Sign: Challenger. Crew: Gregory, Lind, Overmyer, Thagard, Thornton, Bill, van den Berg, Lodewijk, Wang. Payload: Challenger F07 / SL 3 MPESS. Mass: 14,245 kg (31,404 lb). Nation: USA. Related Persons: Gregory, Lind, Overmyer, Thagard, Thornton, Bill, van den Berg, Lodewijk, Wang. Agency: NASA Houston. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Flight: STS-51-B. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Challenger. Duration: 7.01 days. Decay Date: 1985-05-06 . USAF Sat Cat: 15665 . COSPAR: 1985-034A. Apogee: 353 km (219 mi). Perigee: 346 km (214 mi). Inclination: 57.00 deg. Period: 91.50 min.

  Manned seven crew. Deployed Nusat; carried Spacelab 3. Payloads: Spacelab-3 experiments, habitable Spacelab and mission peculiar experiment support structure. The experiments represented a total of five different disciplines: materials processing in space, environmental observa-tions, life science, astrophysics, and technology experiments. Two getaway specials (GAS). The flight crew was split into gold and silver shifts working 12-hour days during the flight.

• SL 3 MPESS - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Program: STS. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle Attached Payloads. Spacecraft: SLP. Decay Date: 1985-05-06 . USAF Sat Cat: 15665 . COSPAR: 1985-034xx. Apogee: 359 km (223 mi). Perigee: 346 km (214 mi). Inclination: 57.00 deg. Period: 91.60 min.

• GLOMR - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Program: STS. Spacecraft: GLOMR. Decay Date: 1985-05-06 . USAF Sat Cat: 15665 . COSPAR: 1985-034xx. Apogee: 359 km (223 mi). Perigee: 346 km (214 mi). Inclination: 57.00 deg. Period: 91.60 min.

• STS-51-G - . Call Sign: Discovery. Crew: Al-Saud, Baudry, Brandenstein, Creighton, Fabian, Lucid, Nagel. Payload: Discovery F05 / Morelos 1[PAM-D] / Telstar 303. Mass: 20,174 kg (44,476 lb). Nation: USA. Related Persons: Al-Saud, Baudry, Brandenstein, Creighton, Fabian, Lucid, Nagel. Agency: NASA Houston. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Flight: STS-51-G. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Discovery. Duration: 7.07 days. Decay Date: 1985-06-24 . USAF Sat Cat: 15823 . COSPAR: 1985-048A. Apogee: 369 km (229 mi). Perigee: 358 km (222 mi). Inclination: 28.50 deg. Period: 91.80 min.

  Deployed and retrieved Spartan 1; launched Morelos 1, Arabsat 1B, Telstar 3D.Payloads: Shuttle Pointed Autono-mous Research Tool for Astronomy (SPARTAN)-1; Automated Directional Solidification Furnace (ADSF); High Precision Tracking Experiment (HPTE); Orbiter Experiments (OEX); French Echocardiograph Experiment (FEE) and French Pocket Experiment (FPE).

• Landing of STS-51-G - . Return Crew: Al-Saud, Baudry, Brandenstein, Creighton, Fabian, Lucid, Nagel. Nation: USA. Related Persons: Al-Saud, Baudry, Brandenstein, Creighton, Fabian, Lucid, Nagel. Program: STS. Flight: STS-51-G. STS-51-G landed at 13:10 GMT. .

• STS-51-DA (cancelled) - . Crew: Cleave, O Connor, Shaw, Spring. Payload: TDRS/IUS. Nation: USA. Related Persons: Cleave, O Connor, Shaw, Spring. Program: STS. Flight: STS-51-DA. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Challenger. Planned TDRS/IUS deployment shuttle mission. Cancelled due to IUS failure..

• Shuttle Challenger Pad Abort - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Flight: STS-51-F. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Challenger. The countdown for Challenger's launch was halted at T-3 seconds when on-board computers detected a problem with a coolant valve on main engine #2. The valve was replaced and Challenger was launched on July 29, 1985..

• STS-51-F - . Call Sign: Challenger. Crew: Acton, Bartoe, Bridges, England, Fullerton, Henize, Musgrave. Payload: Challenger F08 / PDP / Spacelab 2 PLT. Mass: 15,603 kg (34,398 lb). Nation: USA. Related Persons: Acton, Bartoe, Bridges, England, Fullerton, Henize, Musgrave. Agency: NASA Houston. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Flight: STS-51-F. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Challenger. Duration: 7.95 days. Decay Date: 1985-08-06 . USAF Sat Cat: 15925 . COSPAR: 1985-063A. Apogee: 337 km (209 mi). Perigee: 203 km (126 mi). Inclination: 49.50 deg. Period: 89.90 min.

  Manned seven crew. At 5 minutes, 45 seconds into ascent the number one engine shut down prematurely due to a a sensor problem and an abort to orbit was declared. Despite the anomaly the mission continued. Launched PDP; carried Spacelab 2. Payloads: Spacelab-2 with 13 experiments, Shuttle Amateur Radio Experiment (SAREX), Protein Crystal Growth (PCG). The flight crew was divided into a red and blue team. Each team worked 12-hour shifts for 24-hour-a-day operation.

• CRNE - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Program: STS. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle Attached Payloads. Spacecraft: CRNE. Decay Date: 1985-08-06 . USAF Sat Cat: 15925 . COSPAR: 1985-063xx. Apogee: 328 km (203 mi). Perigee: 300 km (180 mi). Inclination: 49.50 deg. Period: 90.80 min.

• STS-51-I - . Call Sign: Discovery. Crew: Covey, Engle, Fisher, William, Lounge, van Hoften. Payload: Discovery F06 / Syncom-4 4 [Orbus-7S] / Aussat A1. Mass: 19,952 kg (43,986 lb). Nation: USA. Related Persons: Covey, Engle, Fisher, William, Lounge, van Hoften. Agency: NASA Houston. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Flight: STS-51-I. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Discovery. Duration: 7.10 days. Decay Date: 1985-09-03 . USAF Sat Cat: 15992 . COSPAR: 1985-076A. Apogee: 364 km (226 mi). Perigee: 351 km (218 mi). Inclination: 28.50 deg. Period: 91.70 min.

  Manned five crew. Launched Aussat 1, ASC 1, Leasat 4; repaired Leasat 3. Payloads: Deploy ASC (American Satellite Company)-1 with Payload Assist Modue (PAM)-D. Deploy AUSSAT (Australian communications satellite)-1 with PAM-D. Deploy Syncom IV-4 communications satellite with its unique stage. Retrieve Leasat-3 communications satellite, repair and deploy by extravehicular activity (EVA) astronauts. Physical Vapor Transport Organic Solids (PVTOS) experiment.

• EVA STS-51-I-1 - . Crew: Fisher, William, van Hoften. EVA Duration: 0.31 days. Nation: USA. Related Persons: Fisher, William, van Hoften. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Flight: STS-51-I. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Discovery. Captured Syncom F3 and began repairs..

• EVA STS-51-I-2 - . Crew: Fisher, William, van Hoften. EVA Duration: 0.19 days. Nation: USA. Related Persons: Fisher, William, van Hoften. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Flight: STS-51-I. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Discovery. Completed Syncom F3 repairs and redeployed satellite..

• Landing of STS-51-I - . Return Crew: Covey, Engle, Fisher, William, Lounge, van Hoften. Nation: USA. Related Persons: Covey, Engle, Fisher, William, Lounge, van Hoften. Program: STS. Flight: STS-51-I. STS-51-I landed at 13:34 GMT. .

• STS-51-J - . Call Sign: Atlantis. Crew: Bobko, Grabe, Hilmers, Pailes, Stewart. Payload: Atlantis F01 / DSCS-3 2 / DSCS-3 3 [IUS]. Mass: 115,900 kg (255,500 lb). Nation: USA. Related Persons: Bobko, Grabe, Hilmers, Pailes, Stewart. Agency: NASA Houston. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Flight: STS-51-J. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Atlantis. Duration: 4.07 days. Decay Date: 1985-10-07 . USAF Sat Cat: 16115 . COSPAR: 1985-092A. Apogee: 486 km (301 mi). Perigee: 476 km (295 mi). Inclination: 28.50 deg. Period: 94.20 min.

  Manned five crew. Atlantis (first flight); deployed USA 11, USA 12. Reusable space transportation system.

  Orbits of Earth: 63. Landed at: Runway 23 dry lake bed at Edwards Air Force Base, . Touchdown miss distance: 754.00 m. Landing Rollout: 2,455.00 m. Payloads: Classified DoD Mission - Record altitude (as of 5/93).

• Landing of STS-51-J - . Return Crew: Bobko, Grabe, Hilmers, Pailes, Stewart. Nation: USA. Related Persons: Bobko, Grabe, Hilmers, Pailes, Stewart. Program: STS. Flight: STS-51-J. STS-51-J landed at 17:07 GMT. .

• SLC-6 declared operational for shuttle flights - . Nation: USA. Program: STS. Space Launch Complex 6, site of future Space Shuttle operations, declared operational. However, much additional work and testing required..

• STS-61-A - . Call Sign: Challenger. Crew: Bluford, Buchli, Dunbar, Furrer, Hartsfield, Messerschmid, Nagel, Ockels. Payload: Challenger F09 / GLOMR 1. Mass: 14,451 kg (31,859 lb). Nation: USA. Related Persons: Bluford, Buchli, Dunbar, Furrer, Hartsfield, Messerschmid, Nagel, Ockels. Agency: NASA Houston. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Flight: STS-61-A. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Challenger. Duration: 7.03 days. Decay Date: 1985-11-06 . USAF Sat Cat: 16230 . COSPAR: 1985-104A. Apogee: 331 km (205 mi). Perigee: 319 km (198 mi). Inclination: 57.00 deg. Period: 91.00 min.

  Manned eight crew. Launched GLOMR; carried Spacelab D1. Payloads: Spacelab D-1 with habitable module and 76 experiments. Six of the eight crew members were divided into a blue and red team working 12-hour shifts for 24-hour-a-day operation. The remaining two crew members were 'switch hitters.'.

• USS - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Program: STS. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle Attached Payloads. Spacecraft: USS. Decay Date: 1985-11-06 . USAF Sat Cat: 16230 . COSPAR: 1985-104xx. Apogee: 332 km (206 mi). Perigee: 322 km (200 mi). Inclination: 57.00 deg. Period: 91.10 min.

• STS-51-H (cancelled) - . Payload: EOM-1. Nation: USA. Program: STS. Flight: STS-51-H. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Columbia. Planned EOM-1/2 shuttle mission. Cancelled due to payload delays..

• STS-61-B - . Call Sign: Atlantis. Crew: Cleave, Neri Vela, O Connor, Ross, Shaw, Spring, Walker. Payload: Atlantis F02 / EASE / ACCESS. Mass: 21,791 kg (48,040 lb). Nation: USA. Related Persons: Cleave, Neri Vela, O Connor, Ross, Shaw, Spring, Walker. Agency: NASA Houston. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Flight: STS-61-B. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Atlantis. Duration: 6.88 days. Decay Date: 1985-12-03 . USAF Sat Cat: 16273 . COSPAR: 1985-109A. Apogee: 370 km (220 mi). Perigee: 361 km (224 mi). Inclination: 28.50 deg. Period: 91.90 min.

  Manned seven crew. Deployed Morelos 2, Aussat 2, Satcom K2, OEX. Payloads: Deploy SATCOM (RCA-Satellite Communi-cations) Ku-2 with Payload Assist Module (PAM)-D II. Deploy Morelos (Mexico communications satellite)-B with PAM-D. Deploy AUSSAT (Australian communications satellite)-2 with PAM-D. EASE/ACCESS (Assembly of Structures— Assembly Concept for Construction of Erectable Space Structures) by extravehicular activity (EVA) astronauts, Continuous Flow Electrophore-sis System (CFES), Diffusive Mixing of Organic Solutions (DMOS), IMAX camera, one getaway special (GAS), Linhof camera and Hasseblad camera.

• OEX Target - . Payload: Atlantis F2 / Aussat A2 [PAM-D] / Morelos 2 [PAM-D. Mass: 16 kg (35 lb). Nation: USA. Agency: NASA Houston. Program: STS. Class: Technology. Type: Technology satellite. Spacecraft: OEX Target. Decay Date: 1987-03-02 . USAF Sat Cat: 16277 . COSPAR: 1985-109E. Apogee: 386 km (239 mi). Perigee: 373 km (231 mi). Inclination: 28.40 deg. Period: 92.10 min. Released from STS 61B 11/30/85; shuttle autopilot software test target. Spacecraft engaged in practical applications and uses of space technology such as weather or communication (US Cat C). .

• EASE/ACCESS - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Program: STS. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle Attached Payloads. Spacecraft: EASE/ACCESS. Decay Date: 1985-12-03 . USAF Sat Cat: 16273 . COSPAR: 1985-109xx. Apogee: 385 km (239 mi). Perigee: 323 km (200 mi). Inclination: 28.50 deg. Period: 91.60 min.

• EVA STS-61-B-1 - . Crew: Ross, Spring. EVA Duration: 0.23 days. Nation: USA. Related Persons: Ross, Spring. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Flight: STS-61-B. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Atlantis. Began EASE/ACCESS (Assembly of Structures / Assembly Concept for Construction of Erectable Space Structures) structural assembly experiments..

• EVA STS-61-B-2 - . Crew: Ross, Spring. EVA Duration: 0.28 days. Nation: USA. Related Persons: Ross, Spring. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Flight: STS-61-B. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Atlantis. Completed EASE/ACCESS (Assembly of Structures / Assembly Concept for Construction of Erectable Space Structures) structural assembly experiments..

• Landing of STS-61-B - . Return Crew: Cleave, Neri Vela, O Connor, Ross, Shaw, Spring, Walker. Nation: USA. Related Persons: Cleave, Neri Vela, O Connor, Ross, Shaw, Spring, Walker. Program: STS. Flight: STS-61-B. STS-61-B landed at 21:33 GMT. .

• STS-61-C - . Call Sign: Columbia. Crew: Bolden, Cenker, Chang-Diaz, Gibson, Hawley, Nelson, Nelson, Bill. Payload: Columbia F07 Satcom-K 1 [PAM-D2]. Mass: 14,724 kg (32,460 lb). Nation: USA. Related Persons: Bolden, Cenker, Chang-Diaz, Gibson, Hawley, Nelson, Nelson, Bill. Agency: NASA Houston. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Flight: STS-61-C. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Columbia. Duration: 6.09 days. Decay Date: 1986-01-18 . USAF Sat Cat: 16481 . COSPAR: 1986-003A. Apogee: 338 km (210 mi). Perigee: 331 km (205 mi). Inclination: 28.50 deg. Period: 91.20 min.

  Manned seven crew. Launched Satcom K1. Payloads: Deploy SATCOM (RCA-Satellite Communi-cations) Ku-1 with Payload Assist Module (PAM)-D II. Materials Science Laboratory, Comet Halley Active Monitoring Experiment (CHAMP), Hitchhiker (HH) Goddard (G)-1, thirteen getaway specials (GAS), student experiment, Initial Blood Storage Equipment (lBSE), Characterization of Space Motion Sickness (SMS).

• MSL-2 - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Program: STS. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle Attached Payloads. Spacecraft: MSL-2. Decay Date: 1986-01-18 . USAF Sat Cat: 16481 . COSPAR: 1986-003xx. Apogee: 347 km (215 mi). Perigee: 322 km (200 mi). Inclination: 28.50 deg. Period: 91.20 min.

  The Material Science Laboratory was a carrier system designed to utilize the residual space of the Shuttle cargo bay. Based on the multi-purpose experiment support structure (MPESS) carrier, it offered a full complement of power, data, and thermal control services to payloads mounted on it.

• GBA-1 - . Payload: GAS Bridge. Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Program: STS. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle Attached Payloads. Spacecraft: GBA. Decay Date: 1986-01-18 . USAF Sat Cat: 16481 . COSPAR: 1986-003xx. Apogee: 347 km (215 mi). Perigee: 322 km (200 mi). Inclination: 28.50 deg. Period: 91.20 min.

• Landing of STS-61-C - . Return Crew: Bolden, Cenker, Chang-Diaz, Gibson, Hawley, Nelson, Nelson, Bill. Nation: USA. Related Persons: Bolden, Cenker, Chang-Diaz, Gibson, Hawley, Nelson, Nelson, Bill. Program: STS. Flight: STS-61-C. STS-61-C landed at 13:59 GMT. .

• STS-51-L - . Call Sign: Challenger. Crew: Jarvis, McAuliffe, McNair, Onizuka, Resnik, Scobee, Smith. Payload: Challenger F10 / TDRS 2 [IUS]. Mass: 116,670 kg (257,210 lb). Nation: USA. Related Persons: Jarvis, McAuliffe, McNair, Onizuka, Resnik, Scobee, Smith. Agency: NASA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Flight: STS-51-L. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Challenger. Duration: 0.0008 days. Decay Date: 1986-01-28 . Apogee: 15 km (9 mi). Exploded 73 seconds after launch, all 7 crewmembers were killed; carried TDRSS satellite..

• TDRS B - . Payload: TDRS B. Mass: 2,240 kg (4,930 lb). Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Program: STS. Class: Communications. Type: Civilian communications satellite. Spacecraft: TDRS. Apogee: 15 km (9 mi).

• Spartan-Halley - . Payload: Spartan-Halley. Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Program: STS. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle Attached Payloads. Spacecraft: Spartan. Apogee: 15 km (9 mi).

  The Spartan series consists of low-cost, Shuttle-launched, short-duration, sounding-rocket-type payloads. The payloads were retrievable and reusable with a turnaround time of 6 to 9 months. Spartan operated as an autonomous sub-satellite, and the data was stored on an internal tape recorder. Pointing and stabilization were achieved by an attitude control system capable of three-axis stabilized pointing to any target within +/- 3 arc-minutes. The main objective of this spacecraft was to obtain UV spectra of the coma and tail of Comet Halley in January 1986 shortly before its perihelion. This spacecraft was lost when Space Shuttle Challenger exploded on launch.

• STS-61-E (cancelled) - . Crew: Durrance, Hoffman, Leestma, McBride, Parise, Parker, Richards. Backup Crew: Nordsieck. Payload: Astro-1. Nation: USA. Program: STS. Flight: STS-61-E. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Columbia. Planned Astro-1 shuttle mission. Cancelled after Challenger disaster. .

• STS-61-F (cancelled) - . Crew: Bridges, Hauck, Hilmers, Lounge. Payload: Ulysses. Nation: USA. Related Persons: Bridges, Hauck, Hilmers, Lounge. Program: STS. Flight: STS-61-F. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Challenger. Planned shuttle mission for deployment of Ulysses spacecraft. Cancelled after Challenger disaster. .

• STS-61-G (cancelled) - . Crew: Grabe, Thagard, van Hoften, Walker, Dave. Payload: Galileo. Nation: USA. Related Persons: Grabe, Thagard, van Hoften, Walker, Dave. Program: STS. Flight: STS-61-G. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Atlantis. Planned shuttle mission for deployment of Galileo spacecraft. Cancelled after Challenger disaster. .

• STS-61-H (cancelled) - . Crew: Blaha, Buchli, Coats, Fisher, Springer, Sudarmono, Wood, Nigel. Backup Crew: Akbar, Farrimond. Payload: Communications satellites. Nation: USA. Program: STS. Flight: STS-61-H. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Columbia. Planned shuttle mission for deployment of commercial communications satellites. Cancelled after Challenger disaster. .

• STS-62-A (cancelled) - . Crew: Aldridge, Crippen, Gardner, Gardner, Guy, Mullane, Ross, Watterson. Backup Crew: Odle. Payload: DoD Mission. Nation: USA. Program: STS. Flight: STS-62-A. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Discovery. Planned Department of Defense shuttle mission. Cancelled after Challenger disaster. Would have been first launch from the ill-fated SLC-6 launch site at Vandenberg, California..

• STS-61-M (cancelled) - . Crew: Fisher, William, Lee, O Connor, Ride, Shriver, Wood, Robert. Backup Crew: Walker. Payload: TDRS/IUS. Nation: USA. Program: STS. Flight: STS-61-M. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Challenger. Planned TDRS/IUS deployment shuttle mission. Cancelled after Challenger disaster. .

• STS-61-J (cancelled) - . Crew: Bolden, Hawley, McCandless, Sullivan, Young. Payload: Hubble. Nation: USA. Related Persons: Bolden, Hawley, McCandless, Sullivan, Young. Program: STS. Flight: STS-61-J. Spacecraft: Atlantis, HST. Planned shuttle mission for deployment of Hubble space telescope. Cancelled after Challenger disaster. .

• STS-61-N (cancelled) - . Crew: Adamson, Brown, Mark, Casserino, Leestma, McCulley, Shaw. Backup Crew: Joseph. Payload: DoD Mission. Nation: USA. Program: STS. Flight: STS-61-N. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Discovery. Planned Department of Defense shuttle mission. Cancelled after Challenger disaster. .

• STS-61-I (cancelled) - . Crew: Bagian, Bhat, Carter, Dunbar, Smith, Williams, Donald. Backup Crew: Nair. Payload: LDEF(Recovery). Nation: USA. Program: STS. Flight: STS-61-I. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Challenger. Planned shuttle LDEF (Long Duration Exposure Facility) recovery mission. Cancelled after Challenger disaster. .

• STS-62-B (cancelled) - . Crew: Roberts. Payload: DoD Mission. Nation: USA. Related Persons: Roberts. Program: STS. Flight: STS-62-B. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Discovery. Planned Department of Defense shuttle mission. Cancelled after Challenger disaster. .

• STS-61-K (cancelled) - . Crew: Brand, Garriott, Griggs, Lampton, Lichtenberg, Nicollier, Stevenson, Stewart. Backup Crew: Chappell, Frimout. Payload: EOM-1/2. Nation: USA. Program: STS. Flight: STS-61-K. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Columbia. Planned EOM-1 shuttle mission. Cancelled after Challenger disaster. No crew named, later combined with STS-61K.

• STS-61-L (cancelled) - . Crew: Konrad. Backup Crew: Cunningham, Stephen. Payload: Communications satellites. Nation: USA. Program: STS. Flight: STS-61-L. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Atlantis. Planned shuttle mission for deployment of commercial communications satellites. Would have launched the first American journalist in space from Launch Complex 39B. Cancelled after Challenger disaster..

• STS-71-B (cancelled) - . Crew: Jones, Charles. Nation: USA. Related Persons: Jones, Charles. Program: STS. Flight: STS-71-B. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Challenger. Planned shuttle mission. Cancelled after Challenger disaster. .

• STS-71-A (cancelled) - . Crew: Nordsieck. Payload: Astro-2. Nation: USA. Related Persons: Nordsieck. Program: STS. Flight: STS-71-A. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Columbia. Planned Astro-2 shuttle mission. Cancelled after Challenger disaster. .

• STS-71-C (cancelled) - . Crew: Longhurst. Backup Crew: Holmes. Payload: Communications satellites. Nation: USA. Program: STS. Flight: STS-71-C. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Atlantis. Planned shuttle mission for deployment of commercial communications satellites. Cancelled after Challenger disaster. .

• STS-71-D (cancelled) - . Crew: Wood, Robert. Backup Crew: Walker. Payload: Communications satellites. Nation: USA. Program: STS. Flight: STS-71-D. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Columbia. Planned shuttle mission for deployment of commercial communications satellites. Cancelled after Challenger disaster. .

• STS-71-E (cancelled) - . Crew: Gaffney, Phillips. Backup Crew: Hughes-Fulford. Payload: SLS-1. Nation: USA. Program: STS. Flight: STS-71-E. Spacecraft Bus: Shuttle. Spacecraft: Challenger. Planned SLS-1 shuttle mission. Cancelled after Challenger disaster. .