1916 Michigan gubernatorial election
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November 7, 1916
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 County results Sleeper: 40–50% 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% 80–90% Sweet: 40–50% 50–60% | |||||||||||||||||
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| Elections in Michigan |
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The 1916 Michigan gubernatorial election was held on November 7, 1916. Republican nominee Albert Sleeper defeated Democratic nominee Edwin F. Sweet with 55.83% of the vote.
Primary election
[edit]Michigan held primary elections on August 29, 1916.[1]
Democratic party
[edit]By late July, it was unclear whether or not incumbent Democratic governor Woodbridge N. Ferris would run for a third term.[2] Democrats had considered Charles H. Bender, president of City Trust & Savings Bank, and Edwin F. Sweet, United States deputy secretary of commerce. Both men were from Grand Rapids. On July 25, a meeting of the Democratic state central committee had favored Bender for the nomination.[3] The committee was against asking Henry Ford to run, as he was uninterested in politics.[4] By this time, it was known Governor Ferris would not be running for re-election. Ferris had endorsed Bender's nomination.[5] On July 26, the committee had tentatively selected Bender as their candidate for governor.[6]
Bender had earlier said he did not want to be a candidate.[6] Bender said that he was more interested in business than politics. By July 27, Democratic Committee Chairman A. E. Stevenson and Governor Ferris urged Bender to run, though he was not swayed.[7] Stevenson did not accept Bender's refusal as final and, by July 28, began circulating petitions as preparation for Bender's name to appear on the primary ballot.[8]
By July 31, Bender still refused the nomination, however, he was the only name filed to appear on the Democratic primary ballot for the election in August.[9] Bender ultimately allowed his name to be on the ballot, but had made it clear that he would resign as nominee after the election.[10] In the primary election, despite Ford's disinterest and his name not appearing on the ballot, he received 1,344 votes.[11][12] He also received 137 votes in the Republican primary.[11] His candidacy was promoted with paper slips.[13]
Bender's refusal left the responsibility of choosing a gubernatorial nominee with the state central committee.[14] Ford was asked by the committee to accept the nomination, though he refused. The committee had decided to return to a potential candidate from earlier consideration, Edwin F. Sweet. After the primary, Sweet had received a telegram asking him to run, though he could not give an immediate answer, as he was in North Dakota, and he'd have to consult with U. S. Secretary of Commerce William C. Redfield in Washington, D.C. before he could consider it.[15] By August 17, Governor Ferris had endorsed Sweet's nomination.[16] On September 2, Sweet agreed to run for governor, after being urged to run by President Woodrow Wilson via telegram.[17] On September 21, Sweet's nomination was confirmed by the state central committee.[18] By September 26, Sweet resigned as deputy secretary, and left Washington for Michigan to begin his campaign.[19]
Candidates
[edit]- Charles H. Bender, banker from Grand Rapids
Results
[edit]| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Charles H. Bender | 28,591 | 95.18% | |
| Democratic | Scattering | 1,449 | 4.82% | |
| Total votes | 30,040 | 100.00% | ||
Republican party
[edit]Former state treasurer Albert E. Sleeper emerged victorious in a crowded primary field.
Candidates
[edit]- Gerrit J. Diekema, former representative from Michigan's 5th congressional district
- Washington Gardner, former commander-in-chief of the Grand Army of the Republic
- Frank B. Leland, member of University of Michigan Board of Regents
- Albert E. Sleeper, former State Treasurer of Michigan
- Sybrant Wesselius, former member of Michigan House of Representatives[21]
Results
[edit]| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Albert E. Sleeper | 99,638 | 34.98% | |
| Republican | Frank B. Leland | 90,283 | 31.69% | |
| Republican | Gerrit J. Diekema | 43,741 | 15.35% | |
| Republican | Washington Gardner | 40.881 | 14.35% | |
| Republican | Sybrant Wesselius | 10,160 | 3.57% | |
| Republican | Scattering | 163 | 0.06% | |
| Total votes | 284,866 | 100.00% | ||
Minor parties
[edit]| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Socialist | Ernest J. Moore | 1,449 | 84.94% | |
| Socialist | Scattering | 257 | 15.06% | |
| Total votes | 1,706 | 100.00% | ||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prohibition | E. W. Woodruff | 703 | 82.42% | |
| Prohibition | Scattering | 150 | 17.58% | |
| Total votes | 853 | 100.00% | ||
General election
[edit]Candidates
[edit]Major party candidates
- Albert Sleeper, Republican
- Edwin F. Sweet, Democratic
Other candidates
- Ernest J. Moore, Socialist
- E. W. Woodruff, Prohibition
- James R. Murray, Socialist Labor
Results
[edit]| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Albert Sleeper | 363,724 | 55.83% | +15.81% | |
| Democratic | Edwin F. Sweet | 264,440 | 40.59% | −7.56% | |
| Socialist | Ernest J. Moore | 15,040 | 2.31% | −0.20% | |
| Prohibition | E. W. Woodruff | 7,255 | 1.11% | +0.24% | |
| Socialist Labor | James R. Murray | 963 | 0.15% | +0.03% | |
| Scattering | 96 | 0.01% | |||
| Majority | 99,284 | 15.24% | |||
| Total votes | 651,518 | 100.00% | |||
| Republican gain from Democratic | Swing | +23.37% | |||
Results by county
[edit]After this election, Kalamazoo County would not vote Democratic again until 1986.
| County[22] | Albert Sleeper Republican |
Edwin F. Sweet Democratic |
Ernest J. Moore Socialist |
E. W. Woodruff Prohibition |
James R. Murray Socialist Labor |
Margin | Total votes cast | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | ||
| Alcona | 664 | 60.86% | 381 | 34.92% | 34 | 3.12% | 10 | 0.92% | 2 | 0.18% | 283 | 25.94% | 1,091 |
| Alger | 780 | 54.81% | 561 | 39.42% | 55 | 3.87% | 25 | 1.76% | 2 | 0.14% | 219 | 15.39% | 1,423 |
| Allegan | 4,925 | 55.94% | 3,529 | 40.08% | 217 | 2.46% | 118 | 1.34% | 10 | 0.11% | 1,396 | 15.86% | 8,804[a] |
| Alpena | 2,120 | 60.36% | 1,333 | 37.96% | 48 | 1.37% | 10 | 0.28% | 1 | 0.03% | 787 | 22.41% | 3,512 |
| Antrim | 1,363 | 54.78% | 930 | 37.38% | 144 | 5.79% | 43 | 1.73% | 8 | 0.32% | 433 | 17.40% | 2,488 |
| Arenac | 1,062 | 54.27% | 809 | 41.34% | 53 | 2.71% | 30 | 1.53% | 3 | 0.15% | 253 | 12.93% | 1,957 |
| Baraga | 869 | 66.18% | 350 | 26.66% | 83 | 6.32% | 8 | 0.61% | 3 | 0.23% | 519 | 39.53% | 1,313 |
| Barry | 3,169 | 53.86% | 2,515 | 42.74% | 100 | 1.70% | 92 | 1.56% | 5 | 0.08% | 654 | 11.11% | 5,884[b] |
| Bay | 7,315 | 55.72% | 5,389 | 41.05% | 318 | 2.42% | 64 | 0.49% | 41 | 0.31% | 1,926 | 14.67% | 13,127 |
| Benzie | 954 | 49.71% | 730 | 38.04% | 160 | 8.34% | 64 | 3.34% | 11 | 0.57% | 224 | 11.67% | 1,919 |
| Berrien | 7,766 | 55.37% | 5,850 | 41.71% | 222 | 1.58% | 115 | 0.82% | 67 | 0.48% | 1,916 | 13.66% | 14,026[c] |
| Branch | 2,962 | 46.57% | 3,217 | 50.58% | 93 | 1.46% | 85 | 1.34% | 3 | 0.05% | -255 | -4.01% | 6,360 |
| Calhoun | 7,119 | 45.86% | 7,548 | 48.62% | 645 | 4.15% | 163 | 1.05% | 49 | 0.32% | -429 | -2.76% | 15,524 |
| Cass | 2,603 | 48.13% | 2,596 | 48.00% | 150 | 2.77% | 51 | 0.94% | 8 | 0.15% | 7 | 0.13% | 5,408 |
| Charlevoix | 1,964 | 56.93% | 1,108 | 32.12% | 303 | 8.78% | 61 | 1.77% | 14 | 0.41% | 856 | 24.81% | 3,450 |
| Cheboygan | 1,573 | 50.96% | 1,412 | 45.74% | 78 | 2.53% | 20 | 0.65% | 4 | 0.13% | 161 | 5.22% | 3,087 |
| Chippewa | 2,621 | 59.94% | 1,585 | 36.25% | 116 | 2.65% | 46 | 1.05% | 5 | 0.11% | 1,036 | 23.69% | 4,373 |
| Clare | 1,074 | 55.02% | 779 | 39.91% | 68 | 3.48% | 29 | 1.49% | 2 | 0.10% | 295 | 15.11% | 1,952 |
| Clinton | 3,502 | 62.20% | 2,030 | 36.06% | 38 | 0.67% | 60 | 1.07% | 0 | 0.00% | 1,472 | 26.15% | 5,630 |
| Crawford | 474 | 53.08% | 394 | 44.12% | 18 | 2.02% | 6 | 0.67% | 1 | 0.11% | 80 | 8.96% | 893 |
| Delta | 3,295 | 63.38% | 1,596 | 30.70% | 246 | 4.73% | 42 | 0.81% | 20 | 0.38% | 1,699 | 32.68% | 5,199 |
| Dickinson | 2,571 | 64.78% | 1,146 | 28.87% | 206 | 5.19% | 41 | 1.03% | 5 | 0.13% | 1,425 | 35.90% | 3,969 |
| Eaton | 3,977 | 53.01% | 3,324 | 44.31% | 105 | 1.40% | 83 | 1.11% | 13 | 0.17% | 653 | 8.70% | 7,502 |
| Emmet | 1,817 | 52.77% | 1,315 | 38.19% | 257 | 7.46% | 41 | 1.19% | 13 | 0.38% | 502 | 14.58% | 3,443 |
| Genesee | 10,108 | 52.15% | 8,594 | 44.34% | 427 | 2.20% | 185 | 0.95% | 42 | 0.22% | 1,514 | 7.81% | 19,383[d] |
| Gladwin | 1,059 | 60.58% | 650 | 37.19% | 0 | 0.00% | 34 | 1.95% | 4 | 0.23% | 409 | 23.40% | 1,748[e] |
| Gogebic | 2,334 | 58.09% | 1,421 | 35.37% | 125 | 3.11% | 132 | 3.29% | 6 | 0.15% | 913 | 22.72% | 4,018 |
| Grand Traverse | 2,041 | 48.32% | 1,777 | 42.07% | 322 | 7.62% | 59 | 1.40% | 25 | 0.59% | 264 | 6.25% | 4,224 |
| Gratiot | 3,531 | 53.19% | 2,896 | 43.62% | 55 | 0.83% | 111 | 1.67% | 6 | 0.09% | 635 | 9.56% | 6,639[f] |
| Hillsdale | 3,541 | 49.69% | 3,377 | 47.39% | 42 | 0.59% | 164 | 2.30% | 2 | 0.03% | 164 | 2.30% | 7,126 |
| Houghton | 8,590 | 64.28% | 4,061 | 30.39% | 271 | 2.03% | 426 | 3.19% | 13 | 0.10% | 4,529 | 33.89% | 13,363[g] |
| Huron | 5,267 | 77.70% | 1,407 | 20.76% | 65 | 0.96% | 39 | 0.58% | 1 | 0.01% | 3,860 | 56.94% | 6,779 |
| Ingham | 8,732 | 54.48% | 7,023 | 43.81% | 3 | 0.02% | 216 | 1.35% | 55 | 0.34% | 1,709 | 10.66% | 16,029 |
| Ionia | 4,149 | 50.68% | 3,771 | 46.07% | 126 | 1.54% | 136 | 1.66% | 4 | 0.05% | 378 | 4.62% | 8,186 |
| Iosco | 1,093 | 61.51% | 649 | 36.52% | 20 | 1.13% | 14 | 0.79% | 1 | 0.06% | 444 | 24.99% | 1,777 |
| Iron | 2,262 | 70.51% | 791 | 24.66% | 128 | 3.99% | 21 | 0.65% | 5 | 0.16% | 1,471 | 45.85% | 3,208[h] |
| Isabella | 2,836 | 56.36% | 2,041 | 40.56% | 65 | 1.29% | 85 | 1.69% | 5 | 0.10% | 795 | 15.80% | 5,032 |
| Jackson | 7,690 | 49.23% | 7,552 | 48.34% | 193 | 1.24% | 169 | 1.08% | 18 | 0.12% | 138 | 0.88% | 15,622 |
| Kalamazoo | 6,607 | 46.25% | 6,735 | 47.14% | 748 | 5.24% | 177 | 1.24% | 19 | 0.13% | -128 | -0.90% | 14,286 |
| Kalkaska | 749 | 57.75% | 437 | 33.69% | 79 | 6.09% | 28 | 2.16% | 4 | 0.31% | 312 | 24.06% | 1,297 |
| Kent | 16,495 | 43.45% | 20,169 | 53.13% | 861 | 2.27% | 423 | 1.11% | 17 | 0.04% | -3,674 | -9.68% | 37,965 |
| Keweenaw | 882 | 79.96% | 174 | 15.78% | 21 | 1.90% | 24 | 2.18% | 2 | 0.18% | 708 | 64.19% | 1,103 |
| Lake | 607 | 62.32% | 340 | 34.91% | 25 | 2.57% | 2 | 0.21% | 0 | 0.00% | 267 | 27.41% | 974 |
| Lapeer | 3,520 | 64.56% | 1,805 | 33.11% | 28 | 0.51% | 89 | 1.63% | 10 | 0.18% | 1,715 | 31.46% | 5,452 |
| Leelanau | 1,010 | 54.92% | 749 | 40.73% | 54 | 2.94% | 23 | 1.25% | 3 | 0.16% | 261 | 14.19% | 1,839 |
| Lenawee | 6,330 | 52.62% | 5,465 | 45.43% | 81 | 0.67% | 145 | 1.21% | 6 | 0.05% | 865 | 7.19% | 12,030[b] |
| Livingston | 2,546 | 52.31% | 2,255 | 46.33% | 6 | 0.12% | 59 | 1.21% | 1 | 0.02% | 291 | 5.98% | 4,867 |
| Luce | 575 | 69.87% | 228 | 27.70% | 6 | 0.73% | 14 | 1.70% | 0 | 0.00% | 347 | 42.16% | 823 |
| Mackinac | 1,121 | 54.92% | 889 | 43.56% | 28 | 1.37% | 3 | 0.15% | 0 | 0.00% | 232 | 11.37% | 2,041 |
| Macomb | 4,689 | 59.75% | 3,015 | 38.42% | 45 | 0.57% | 92 | 1.17% | 7 | 0.09% | 1,674 | 21.33% | 7,848 |
| Manistee | 2,501 | 53.07% | 2,047 | 43.43% | 108 | 2.29% | 47 | 1.00% | 10 | 0.21% | 454 | 9.63% | 4,713 |
| Marquette | 5,532 | 67.24% | 2,260 | 27.47% | 311 | 3.78% | 108 | 1.31% | 16 | 0.19% | 3,272 | 39.77% | 8,227 |
| Mason | 2,370 | 57.95% | 1,669 | 40.81% | 0 | 0.00% | 48 | 1.17% | 0 | 0.00% | 701 | 17.14% | 4,090[b] |
| Mecosta | 2,628 | 60.59% | 1,382 | 31.87% | 247 | 5.70% | 77 | 1.78% | 3 | 0.07% | 1,246 | 28.73% | 4,337 |
| Menominee | 3,012 | 63.60% | 1,580 | 33.36% | 102 | 2.15% | 39 | 0.82% | 2 | 0.04% | 1,432 | 30.24% | 4,736[h] |
| Midland | 2,227 | 60.29% | 1,356 | 36.71% | 66 | 1.79% | 41 | 1.11% | 4 | 0.11% | 871 | 23.58% | 3,694 |
| Missaukee | 1,249 | 58.28% | 847 | 39.52% | 26 | 1.21% | 19 | 0.89% | 2 | 0.09% | 402 | 18.76% | 2,143 |
| Monroe | 3,901 | 48.02% | 4,112 | 50.62% | 35 | 0.43% | 74 | 0.91% | 1 | 0.01% | -211 | -2.60% | 8,123 |
| Montcalm | 3,930 | 56.30% | 2,820 | 40.40% | 98 | 1.40% | 121 | 1.73% | 11 | 0.16% | 1,110 | 15.90% | 6,980 |
| Montmorency | 452 | 60.19% | 234 | 31.16% | 54 | 7.19% | 9 | 1.20% | 2 | 0.27% | 218 | 29.03% | 751 |
| Muskegon | 6,167 | 56.00% | 4,087 | 37.11% | 610 | 5.54% | 121 | 1.10% | 28 | 0.25% | 2,080 | 18.89% | 11,013 |
| Newaygo | 2,512 | 59.68% | 1,475 | 35.04% | 144 | 3.42% | 67 | 1.59% | 11 | 0.26% | 1,037 | 24.64% | 4,209 |
| Oakland | 8,149 | 54.39% | 6,371 | 42.52% | 280 | 1.87% | 163 | 1.09% | 19 | 0.13% | 1,778 | 11.87% | 14,982 |
| Oceana | 2,014 | 55.21% | 1,373 | 37.64% | 175 | 4.80% | 76 | 2.08% | 10 | 0.27% | 641 | 17.57% | 3,648 |
| Ogemaw | 986 | 57.06% | 651 | 37.67% | 38 | 2.20% | 52 | 3.01% | 1 | 0.06% | 335 | 19.39% | 1,728 |
| Ontonagon | 1,333 | 58.46% | 794 | 34.82% | 120 | 5.26% | 28 | 1.23% | 5 | 0.22% | 539 | 23.64% | 2,280 |
| Osceola | 2,298 | 64.14% | 1,228 | 34.27% | 14 | 0.39% | 42 | 1.17% | 1 | 0.03% | 1,070 | 29.86% | 3,583 |
| Oscoda | 270 | 61.64% | 159 | 36.30% | 7 | 1.60% | 2 | 0.46% | 0 | 0.00% | 111 | 25.34% | 438 |
| Otsego | 639 | 58.41% | 428 | 39.12% | 11 | 1.01% | 13 | 1.19% | 3 | 0.27% | 211 | 19.29% | 1,094 |
| Ottawa | 5,409 | 54.91% | 4,144 | 42.07% | 214 | 2.17% | 76 | 0.77% | 7 | 0.07% | 1,265 | 12.84% | 9,850 |
| Presque Isle | 1,573 | 68.15% | 661 | 28.64% | 56 | 2.43% | 8 | 0.35% | 8 | 0.35% | 912 | 39.51% | 2,308[g] |
| Roscommon | 367 | 61.47% | 200 | 33.50% | 23 | 3.85% | 3 | 0.50% | 4 | 0.67% | 167 | 27.97% | 597 |
| Saginaw | 10,285 | 55.64% | 7,735 | 41.84% | 306 | 1.66% | 132 | 0.71% | 27 | 0.15% | 2,550 | 13.79% | 18,485 |
| Sanilac | 5,128 | 74.51% | 1,511 | 21.96% | 24 | 0.35% | 218 | 3.17% | 1 | 0.01% | 3,617 | 52.56% | 6,882 |
| Schoolcraft | 1,079 | 61.20% | 558 | 31.65% | 37 | 2.10% | 88 | 4.99% | 1 | 0.06% | 521 | 29.55% | 1,763 |
| Shiawassee | 4,066 | 54.04% | 3,226 | 42.88% | 172 | 2.29% | 53 | 0.70% | 7 | 0.09% | 840 | 11.16% | 7,524 |
| St. Clair | 7,161 | 62.51% | 4,095 | 35.75% | 110 | 0.96% | 88 | 0.77% | 1 | 0.01% | 3,066 | 26.76% | 11,456[h] |
| St. Joseph | 3,201 | 45.55% | 3,610 | 51.37% | 194 | 2.76% | 13 | 0.19% | 9 | 0.13% | -409 | -5.82% | 7,027 |
| Tuscola | 4,722 | 66.86% | 2,135 | 30.23% | 51 | 0.72% | 150 | 2.12% | 5 | 0.07% | 2,587 | 36.63% | 7,063 |
| Van Buren | 4,457 | 57.07% | 3,120 | 39.95% | 164 | 2.10% | 57 | 0.73% | 12 | 0.15% | 1,337 | 17.12% | 7,810 |
| Washtenaw | 6,510 | 53.64% | 5,388 | 44.39% | 134 | 1.10% | 75 | 0.62% | 30 | 0.25% | 1,122 | 9.24% | 12,137 |
| Wayne | 80,294 | 58.35% | 52,856 | 38.41% | 3,413 | 2.48% | 876 | 0.64% | 176 | 0.13% | 27,438 | 19.94% | 137,616[h] |
| Wexford | 2,399 | 56.61% | 1,630 | 38.46% | 115 | 2.71% | 94 | 2.22% | 0 | 0.00% | 769 | 18.15% | 4,238 |
| Total | 363,724 | 55.83% | 264,440 | 40.59% | 15,040 | 2.31% | 7,255 | 1.11% | 963 | 0.15% | 99,284 | 15.24% | 651,518 |
Counties that flipped from Democratic to Republican
[edit]- Alger
- Bay
- Berrien
- Cass
- Cheboygan
- Clare
- Clinton
- Crawford
- Eaton
- Genesee
- Grand Traverse
- Gratiot
- Hillsdale
- Houghton
- Ingham
- Ionia
- Iosco
- Isabella
- Jackson
- Leelanau
- Lenawee
- Livingston
- Luce
- Mackinac
- Macomb
- Manistee
- Mecosta
- Midland
- Montmorency
- Oakland
- Ontonagon
- Otsego
- Roscommon
- Saginaw
- Shiawassee
- Washtenaw
- Wayne
Notes
[edit]- ↑ Includes 5 write-in votes for H. R. Pattengill
- 1 2 3 Includes 3 write-in votes for H. R. Pattengill
- ↑ Includes 6 write-in votes for H. R. Pattengill
- ↑ Includes 27 write-in votes for H. R. Pattengill
- ↑ Includes 1 write-in vote for Frank Durfee
- ↑ Includes 40 write-in votes for H. R. Pattengill
- 1 2 Includes 2 write-in votes for H. R. Pattengill
- 1 2 3 4 Includes 1 write-in vote for H. R. Pattengill
References
[edit]- ↑ "Hot Primary Battle on in State Today". Kalamazoo Gazette. August 29, 1916. p. 1. Retrieved July 19, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
- ↑ "Ferris Candidacy Depends on Wife". St. Joseph Daily Press. July 21, 1916. p. 1. Retrieved July 19, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
- ↑ "Democrats Still Seek A Leader". Detroit Evening Times. July 25, 1916. p. 3. Retrieved July 19, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
- ↑ "Democrats in Dilema on Governor". The Herald-Press. July 25, 1916. p. 1. Retrieved July 19, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
- ↑ "Ferris In Favor of Bender For Governor". Lansing State Journal. July 26, 1916. p. 12. Retrieved July 19, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
- 1 2 "Democrats Decided on Governor". The Herald-Press. July 26, 1916. p. 1. Retrieved July 19, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
- ↑ "Bender Balks at Governorship". The Herald-Press. July 27, 1916. p. 1. Retrieved July 19, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
- ↑ "Bender Petitions Being Circulated". St. Joseph Daily Press. July 28, 1916. p. 1. Retrieved July 19, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
- ↑ "Five Seek Nomination G.O.P. Head". The Herald-Press. July 31, 1916. p. 1. Retrieved July 19, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
- ↑ "Bender to Quit After Primaries". Detroit Free Press. August 18, 1916. p. 1. Retrieved July 19, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
- 1 2 "Sleeper Wins By 9,335 Plurality". The Blade-Crescent and the Progress-Advance. September 21, 1916. p. 1. Retrieved July 19, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
- ↑ "Sleeper Leads Leland by 7,896 in Governor's Race Diekema Is Far Behind". St. Joseph Daily Press. August 31, 1916. p. 1. Retrieved July 19, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
- ↑ "Ford Vote Light in Democratic Primary". Lansing State Journal. September 8, 1916. p. 2. Retrieved July 19, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
- ↑ "Dems Nominee for Governor May be Sweet". The Herald-Press. August 15, 1916. p. 1. Retrieved July 19, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
- ↑ "Bender to Quit After Primaries". Detroit Free Press. August 18, 1916. p. 1. Retrieved July 19, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
- ↑ "Ferris Says Sweet is the Man". St. Joseph Daily Press. August 18, 1916. p. 6. Retrieved July 19, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
- ↑ "E. F. Sweet Agrees to Run For Governor". St. Joseph Saturday Herald. September 9, 1916. p. 2. Retrieved July 19, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
- ↑ "Sweet for Governor, Price Out for Senate". Lansing State Journal. September 22, 1916. p. 1. Retrieved July 19, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
- ↑ "Sweet Resigns to Run For Governor". The Herald-Press. September 26, 1916. p. 1. Retrieved July 19, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
- 1 2 3 4 Vaughn, Coleman C. (1917). "Canvass of Votes, Primary Election, August 29, 1916". Michigan Official Directory and Legislative Manual for the Years 1917 and 1918. pp. 420–422. Retrieved June 6, 2026.
- ↑ "Legislator Details". Library of Michigan. Retrieved June 6, 2026.
- 1 2 Vaughn, Coleman C. (1917). "Official Canvass of Votes, Election, November 7, 1916". Michigan Official Directory and Legislative Manual for the Years 1917 and 1918. pp. 466–467. Retrieved June 6, 2026.
