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Levigliani mine, Stazzema, Lucca Province, Tuscany, Italyi
| Regional Level Types | |
|---|---|
| Levigliani mine | Mine |
| Stazzema | Commune |
| Lucca Province | Province |
| Tuscany | Region |
| Italy | Country |
Levigliani mine, Apuan Alps, Tuscany, Italy
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Latitude & Longitude (WGS84):
44° 1' 9'' North , 10° 17' 23'' East
Latitude & Longitude (decimal):
Type:
Köppen climate type:
Nearest Settlements:
| Place | Population | Distance |
|---|---|---|
| Levigliani | 331 (2014) | 0.5km |
| Terrinca | 331 (2014) | 1.5km |
| Pruno | 113 (2014) | 2.0km |
| Retignano | 360 (2014) | 2.2km |
| Cardoso | 214 (2014) | 2.4km |
Name(s) in local language(s):
Miniera di Levigliani, Stazzema, Alpi Apuane, Lucca, Toscana, Italia
The mercury deposit of Levigliani is hosted within phyllitic and metavolcanic rocks of Middle to Upper Ordovician age (metasandstones, quartzites and phyllites with carbonate-chloritic phyllites levels and calcalkaline metabasites), which were intensely deformed and metamorphosed to the greenschist facies (about 0.3-0.4 GPa, 350°-370°C) during both the Hercynian and the Tertiary Appenninic orogenies. Levigliani deposit reached the present structural arrangment during a syn-tectonic and syn-metamorphic process of mineralization. Levigliani probably represents a pre-Hercynian concentration of mercury sulphide, which survived through Hercynian and Alpine tectono-metamorphic events.
An unique mineralogical situation exists in the Cavetta tunnel, where some decimetric to metric quartz-carbonate veins contain widespread cavities completely or partially filled by native mercury with the walls of the cavities covered by millimetric crystals of cinnabar, pyrite, mercurian sphalerite ... Usually their size does not exceed a few millimeters but in the 18th century were found some very large cavities, containing about 1 tons of native mercury.
Hg mineralization is associated with carbonate-chloritic levels and it occurs as disseminations or as quartz-carbonate veins. Disseminated mineralization is constituted of small levels of cinnabar, flattened along S1; this kind of ore is isoclinally deformed by D1. Dini et al. (2001) report the presence of two generations of veins; the early ones are folded, with axial plane parallel to S1. A later generation of veins was emplaced along extensional fractures, controlled by D2 structures.
In both mineralizations, Dini et al. (2001) recognize two different assemblages:
- A-type: cinnabar I, zincian metacinnabar and pyrite. This assemblage is equilibrated at P-T conditions close to the metamorphic peak of Apuane Metamorphic Complex (P = 0,3-0,4 GPa; T = 350-385°C).
- B-type: cinnabar II, mercurian sphalerite, pyrite, native mercury, chalcopyrite, galena and pyrrhotite. B-type assemblage is present exclusively in the late stage veins of Cavetta adit. According to Dini et al. (1995), B-type assemblage partially overprinted and replaced A-type assemblage during the retrograde stages of metamorphism (T less than 250°C). Grumiplucite is present in this kind of assemblage.
NB: Weddellite previously described as unconfirmed species present at "Cavetta" tunnel is now considered not existent. Also Metacinnabar does not occur in the "Cavetta" tunnel, but is present in other parageneses at Levigliani mine [Ref.: Batoni, M. & Ceccantini, L. (2007): Errata corrige: Levigliani. Solo cinabro alla "Cavetta". Micro (località), 1/2007, 179-179].
Select Mineral List Type
Standard Detailed Gallery Strunz Chemical ElementsDetailed Mineral List:
| ⓘ Albite Formula: Na(AlSi3O8) |
| ⓘ Ankerite Formula: Ca(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2 |
| ⓘ Aragonite Formula: CaCO3 Habit: sprays of acicular crystals Colour: colorless, white |
| ✪ Calomel Formula: [Hg2]2+Cl2 Habit: tabular xls Colour: colorless Fluorescence: red |
| ⓘ Chalcopyrite Formula: CuFeS2 |
| ⓘ 'Chlorite Group' Habit: globular aggregates of small mica-like crystals Colour: white, yellow, green |
| ✪ Cinnabar Formula: HgS Colour: red, black |
| ⓘ Dolomite Formula: CaMg(CO3)2 Habit: rhombohedral Colour: yellow |
| ⓘ Galena Formula: PbS Habit: cube-octahedric Colour: gray |
| ✪ Grumiplucite (TL) Formula: HgBi2S4 Type Locality: Habit: very slender prismatic crystals Colour: grey-black |
| ⓘ Hydromagnesite Formula: Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| ⓘ Metacinnabar Formula: HgS References: |
| ⓘ Metacinnabar var. Leviglianite Formula: HgS |
| ⓘ Millerite ? Formula: NiS |
| ⓘ Muscovite Formula: KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| ✪ Native Mercury Formula: Hg Habit: drops |
| ⓘ Nesquehonite Formula: MgCO3 · 3H2O |
| ✪ Pyrite Formula: FeS2 Habit: cubic |
| ⓘ Pyrrhotite Formula: Fe1-xS Habit: Tabular exhagonal crystals |
| ⓘ Quartz Formula: SiO2 Habit: prismatic Colour: colorless, white Description: Sometimes, in quartz crystals, there are small drops of native mercury |
| ⓘ Siderite Formula: FeCO3 Habit: lenticular crystals Colour: brown, yellow |
| ✪ Sphalerite Formula: ZnS Habit: tetrahedric xls Colour: black, amber Description: Levigliani is the only italian locality for mercurian sphalerite. |
| ⓘ Stibnite ? Formula: Sb2S3 |
| ⓘ Weddellite Formula: Ca(C2O4) · (2.5-x)H2O |
List of minerals arranged by Strunz 10th Edition classification
| Group 1 - Elements | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ⓘ | Native Mercury | 1.AD.05 | Hg |
| Group 2 - Sulphides and Sulfosalts | |||
| ⓘ | Metacinnabar | 2.CB.05a | HgS |
| ⓘ | Sphalerite | 2.CB.05a | ZnS |
| ⓘ | Metacinnabar var. Leviglianite | 2.CB.05a | HgS |
| ⓘ | Chalcopyrite | 2.CB.10a | CuFeS2 |
| ⓘ | Pyrrhotite | 2.CC.10 | Fe1-xS |
| ⓘ | Millerite ? | 2.CC.20 | NiS |
| ⓘ | Galena | 2.CD.10 | PbS |
| ⓘ | Cinnabar | 2.CD.15a | HgS |
| ⓘ | Stibnite ? | 2.DB.05 | Sb2S3 |
| ⓘ | Pyrite | 2.EB.05a | FeS2 |
| ⓘ | Grumiplucite (TL) | 2.JA.05b | HgBi2S4 |
| Group 3 - Halides | |||
| ⓘ | Calomel | 3.AA.30 | [Hg2]2+Cl2 |
| Group 4 - Oxides and Hydroxides | |||
| ⓘ | Quartz | 4.DA.05 | SiO2 |
| Group 5 - Nitrates and Carbonates | |||
| ⓘ | Siderite | 5.AB.05 | FeCO3 |
| ⓘ | Ankerite | 5.AB.10 | Ca(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2 |
| ⓘ | Dolomite | 5.AB.10 | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| ⓘ | Aragonite | 5.AB.15 | CaCO3 |
| ⓘ | Nesquehonite | 5.CA.05 | MgCO3 · 3H2O |
| ⓘ | Hydromagnesite | 5.DA.05 | Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| Group 9 - Silicates | |||
| ⓘ | Muscovite | 9.EC.15 | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Albite | 9.FA.35 | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| Group 10 - Organic Compounds | |||
| ⓘ | Weddellite | 10.AB.40 | Ca(C2O4) · (2.5-x)H2O |
| Unclassified | |||
| ⓘ | 'Chlorite Group' | - | |
List of minerals for each chemical element
| H | Hydrogen | |
|---|---|---|
| H | ⓘ Hydromagnesite | Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| H | ⓘ Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Nesquehonite | MgCO3 · 3H2O |
| H | ⓘ Weddellite | Ca(C2O4) · (2.5-x)H2O |
| C | Carbon | |
| C | ⓘ Ankerite | Ca(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2 |
| C | ⓘ Aragonite | CaCO3 |
| C | ⓘ Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| C | ⓘ Hydromagnesite | Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| C | ⓘ Nesquehonite | MgCO3 · 3H2O |
| C | ⓘ Siderite | FeCO3 |
| C | ⓘ Weddellite | Ca(C2O4) · (2.5-x)H2O |
| O | Oxygen | |
| O | ⓘ Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| O | ⓘ Ankerite | Ca(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2 |
| O | ⓘ Aragonite | CaCO3 |
| O | ⓘ Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| O | ⓘ Hydromagnesite | Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| O | ⓘ Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Nesquehonite | MgCO3 · 3H2O |
| O | ⓘ Quartz | SiO2 |
| O | ⓘ Siderite | FeCO3 |
| O | ⓘ Weddellite | Ca(C2O4) · (2.5-x)H2O |
| Na | Sodium | |
| Na | ⓘ Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| Mg | Magnesium | |
| Mg | ⓘ Ankerite | Ca(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2 |
| Mg | ⓘ Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| Mg | ⓘ Hydromagnesite | Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| Mg | ⓘ Nesquehonite | MgCO3 · 3H2O |
| Al | Aluminium | |
| Al | ⓘ Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| Al | ⓘ Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| Si | Silicon | |
| Si | ⓘ Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| Si | ⓘ Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| Si | ⓘ Quartz | SiO2 |
| S | Sulfur | |
| S | ⓘ Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
| S | ⓘ Cinnabar | HgS |
| S | ⓘ Galena | PbS |
| S | ⓘ Metacinnabar | HgS |
| S | ⓘ Millerite | NiS |
| S | ⓘ Pyrite | FeS2 |
| S | ⓘ Pyrrhotite | Fe1-xS |
| S | ⓘ Sphalerite | ZnS |
| S | ⓘ Stibnite | Sb2S3 |
| S | ⓘ Grumiplucite | HgBi2S4 |
| S | ⓘ Metacinnabar var. Leviglianite | HgS |
| Cl | Chlorine | |
| Cl | ⓘ Calomel | [Hg2]2+Cl2 |
| K | Potassium | |
| K | ⓘ Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| Ca | Calcium | |
| Ca | ⓘ Ankerite | Ca(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2 |
| Ca | ⓘ Aragonite | CaCO3 |
| Ca | ⓘ Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| Ca | ⓘ Weddellite | Ca(C2O4) · (2.5-x)H2O |
| Fe | Iron | |
| Fe | ⓘ Ankerite | Ca(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2 |
| Fe | ⓘ Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
| Fe | ⓘ Pyrite | FeS2 |
| Fe | ⓘ Pyrrhotite | Fe1-xS |
| Fe | ⓘ Siderite | FeCO3 |
| Ni | Nickel | |
| Ni | ⓘ Millerite | NiS |
| Cu | Copper | |
| Cu | ⓘ Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
| Zn | Zinc | |
| Zn | ⓘ Sphalerite | ZnS |
| Sb | Antimony | |
| Sb | ⓘ Stibnite | Sb2S3 |
| Hg | Mercury | |
| Hg | ⓘ Calomel | [Hg2]2+Cl2 |
| Hg | ⓘ Cinnabar | HgS |
| Hg | ⓘ Native Mercury | Hg |
| Hg | ⓘ Metacinnabar | HgS |
| Hg | ⓘ Grumiplucite | HgBi2S4 |
| Hg | ⓘ Metacinnabar var. Leviglianite | HgS |
| Pb | Lead | |
| Pb | ⓘ Galena | PbS |
| Bi | Bismuth | |
| Bi | ⓘ Grumiplucite | HgBi2S4 |
Other Regions, Features and Areas containing this locality
Eurasian PlateTectonic Plate
- Apennine OrogenAccretionary Complex
EuropeContinent
Italy
- Tuscany
- Apuan AlpsMountain Range
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References
Carmignani, L., Dessau, Gabor, Duchi, G. (1978) Structural Control of Mineralization in the Apuan Alps (Tuscany, Italy) Verhandlungen der Geologischen Bundesanstalt, 1978. 279-283
Dini, Andrea, Benvenuti, Marco, Lattanzi, Pierfranco, Tanelli, Giuseppe (1995) Mineral assemblages in the Hg-Zn-(Fe)-S system at Levigliani, Tuscany, Italy. European Journal of Mineralogy, 7 (2) 417-428 doi:10.1127/ejm/7/2/0417
Levigliani mine, Stazzema, Lucca Province, Tuscany, Italy