Cappagh Mine (Cappaghglass; Audley; Great Cappagh), Audley Mines, Ballydehob, Mizen Peninsula, Cork County, Munster, Irelandi
| Regional Level Types | |
|---|---|
| Cappagh Mine (Cappaghglass; Audley; Great Cappagh) | Mine |
| Audley Mines | Group of Mines |
| Ballydehob | - not defined - |
| Mizen Peninsula | Peninsula |
| Cork County | County |
| Munster | Province |
| Ireland | Country |
| Place | Population | Distance |
|---|---|---|
| Ballydehob | 271 (2017) | 2.8km |
| Schull | 658 (2013) | 6.0km |
| Baltimore | 347 (2015) | 8.7km |
| Durrus | 334 (2017) | 10.5km |
| Skibbereen | 2,098 (2012) | 13.6km |
Cappagh Mine (Cappaghglass; "Great Cappagh"; recorded as the "Audley Mine" in the 1830–32 Swansea returns) is an abandoned copper mine in the townland of Cappaghglass, about 2 miles (3 km) south of Ballydehob beside Audley Cove on Roaringwater Bay, immediately east of Ballycummisk Mine, Mizen Peninsula, West Cork.[1] It was the best known and most litigated of the three "Audley Mines" (with Ballycummisk and Horse Island): opened by Colonel Robert Hall about 1816, worked by Lord Audley in 1819–22, by the Mining Company of Ireland in 1824–32 to 84 fathoms (504 ft, 154 m), by Thomas Saunders Cave and the Cappagh Mining Company in 1857–66 to about 94–96 fathoms, and by a second Cappagh Mining Company in 1870–73 to 120 fathoms (720 ft, 220 m), with recorded sales of roughly 2,500 tons of ore in all.[2]
Its "Champion" lode carried two short, pipe-like ore shoots, the Cornishman's Pitch and the Englishman's Pitch, that gave malachite and very rich purple ore near surface and chalcopyrite, bornite and tennantite–tetrahedrite in depth; the purple ore is bismuth-bearing (45 % Cu, 20 % Bi in Edmund Davy's analysis) and the grey ore argentiferous.[3] The site had the most complete set of surface ruins of the West Carbery copper mines until the engine-house chimney, probably built in 1862 at the reopening and once about 20 m high, was destroyed by a lightning strike in February 2002; it is on the Fastnet Trails Rosbrin walk but was not designated a County Geological Site.[4]
Location and access
Irish Grid V 992 322, the main area of mining being centred on ITM 498927 532495 (the GSI mine-record grid 09900E 03244N places the record point about V 990 324); 6-inch sheet Cork 140 SW; 1-inch sheet 199; GSI 1:100,000 bedrock sheet 24.[5] The mine lies "two miles south of Ballydehob near Audley Cove"; the 1852 sale particulars give the sett as 426 acres, the workings about thirty fathoms above sea level and half a mile from the shipping place at Audley Cove, with Foilnamuck to the east, the "Valley Mine" (Bog Mine) to the north, Ballycummisk to the west and Horse Island to the south.[6] A Fastnet Trails signboard beside the road overlooking the derelict miners' cottages summarises the history and lists the extant features; the mapped shafts are obscured by vegetation and the ground is private farmland (Capt. Munday's house is now a farmhouse).[7]
Geology
The lodes lie in the same Upper Devonian purple and grey mudstones and grey-green sandstones of the Munster Basin as Ballycummisk, on the eastern continuation of the Ballycummisk lodes at the southern edge of the Ballydehob anticline; Kinahan's 1861 memoir places the mine "on the eastern continuation of the lodes" of Ballycummisk.[8] Thomas Weaver, who inspected the mine for the Mining Company of Ireland in 1824, described the Champion lode as "a true metallic bed, composed chiefly of gray clay slate, interstratified with gray quartzite, forming a portion of the Yellow Sandstone series", with the ore "usually contained in a rib, varying in thickness from one to six inches, composed of white quartz, more or less disintegrated, in which purple sulphuret of copper is disseminated"; the bed strikes nearly east–west by compass, underlies south at 84° and is 2 ft to 2 ft 6 in between walls of schistose quartzite, the ore rib lying against the north wall.[9] Griffith in 1819 described the lode in Hall's opencast as a 6–14-inch quartz vein dipping 80° south with "numerous cavities which are partly filled with malachite" and a string of 1–2½ inches of solid ore, proved for at least 80 fathoms along strike by trial pits; the Cornishman's Pitch was a 12 × 18-inch pipe of solid ore pitching east.[10]
The 1857 promotional sections drawn for Cave (annotated by John Calvert as "copied from the original diallings made 30 years ago... I would advise no great faith be put in it") show four lodes: A, North Lode, dip 21° south; B, Champion Lode, dip 5°; C, Scovan Lode, dip 20°; D, South Lode, dip 10° (dips from the vertical, all underlying south); E, an iron-stone course dipping 48° south-west; F, the Great Cross-course dipping east; and seven "cross-courses or diagonal splits" underlying east, with elvan courses parallel to the lodes.[11]
Foley's 1856 report gives the four lodes bearings of a few degrees to 20° from the east–west line, underlies south of 7½–20° from the vertical, seven crop joints or diagonal splits dipping east at about 50°, one great cross-course dipping east and an iron-stone course dipping south-west; he expected the North and Champion lodes to intersect at the 109th fathom and the Scovan and South lodes at the 90th.[12] The Mining Company of Ireland's whole strategy rested on the two main lodes converging: at 75 fathoms in 1829 they were "still approximate, and are expected to be found conjoined a few fathoms under the level"; they never joined, and the expected junction migrated to 94–96 fathoms (Lisabe, 1865), then 114 fathoms (1871), before the mine was abandoned at 120 fathoms.[13] Modern summaries describe the mineralisation as centred on two pipe-like ore shoots on ENE quartz veins, malachite at surface and bornite, chalcopyrite and tetrahedrite at depth, with bismuth phases confirmed by assay; Collins (1917) called the shoots "veritable chimneys", even shorter than those at Ballycummisk.[14] For the regional genetic models (metamorphic remobilisation of red-bed copper; early-Variscan vein ages at Ballycummisk) see the Ballycummisk entry.[15]
The Mining Journal preserved the miners' own descriptions of the ground. Captain Eddy told the Skibbereen Literary and Scientific Society in October 1863 that "there are several masterly lodes traversing this sett, the direction of these lodes being nearly east and west, with a south underlie — angle about 8°. The stratum in which these lodes are found is a light-coloured [killas]"; a paper of December 1869 quoted Griffith's "true metallic bed ... 2 feet to 2 feet 6 inches ... the rib containing the ore being generally close to the north wall" and answered that "there are ribs of ore through the lode, and instead of its being 2 ft 6 in wide, it varies in width from 2 to 14 ft ... It is quite probable that Sir R. Griffith mistook what miners designate 'grey stone' for grey slate, and quartzite for 'slaty grit'"; the paper's leader that September gave "Cappagh Mine ... 90 fathoms deep, with a continuous lode 10 feet wide"; the prospectus notice of January 1870 reported that "what appeared to be two lodes in the upper workings was verging into one masterly lode, in which the admixture of carbonate of lime becomes a large ingredient"; and William Thomas wrote in 1880 that "the two great lodes are nearly joined in the bottom level, and a caunter silver vein intersects the main lodes near the skip-shaft".[16]
Lodes and ore shoots
Named lodes and ore shoots at Cappagh | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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[17]
The Mining Journal traces the Champion lode down through the two later workings. When Eddy forked the old mine in March 1863 "a vein of copper ore [was] discovered worth £100 per fathom" in the plat at the 84, "grey, intermixed with yellow", in new or whole ground; by September the great Cappagh lode was "reported to be 5 ft wide at 84 fms from surface, and to be rich at that depth in grey and purple copper ore", the engine shaft "being sunk on the course of the lode" towards the 94, and in October the sinking was "producing rocks of ore intermixed with carbonate of lime, quartz, &c."; Brenton Symons in January 1865 found "a very good course of ore in the bottom ... whilst in the 80 east is a most promising course of yellow ore", and by July 1865 the mine was "down 100 fathoms, and ... sending up rich grey, purple, and yellow ore".
A correspondent of 1869 said the shaft had been sunk "on the lode down to the 90, every fathom of which yielded rich ore, the lode increasing in yield every fathom, and in the 90 has proved actually worth £70 to £80 per fm". In the second company's time the paper reported in December 1870 "a lode going down from 6 to 9 ft wide, with ore producing from 45 to 53 per cent of pure copper", in January 1871 "an important discovery of exceedingly rich and beautiful purple copper ore ... in a winze sinking under the bottom (94) level, and ... the same run of splendid ore has just been hit in the skip-shaft further west, which is nearly down to the 104", and in April 1872 "good prospects ... in sinking under the 104 fm level"; the special correspondent of 1875 gave the deepest level as 114 fathoms and "the bottom of the mine ... in a great run of rich ore, and softer ground", and Thomas in 1880 recalled that the last company had sunk "the shaft on the course of the lode the last 20 fms, and raised ore of the value of £1650", the lode in the bottom being worth "2 tons of rich copper ore per fathom". Thomas also observed, as the 1857 sections had, "two of the lodes near surface contain splendid gossan".[18]
Mineralogy
Primary ore. Bornite is the characteristic ore: the "very rich purple sulphuret of copper" of the surface workings, the "horse-flesh" ore of Foley's 1856 report, and the "peacock ore" struck at the bottom of the west shaft in the final working, a few tons of which still lay at surface in 1917 and were "gradually being carried away as a curiosity by tourists".[19] The Cappagh purple ore "is sometimes accompanied with bismuth": an intermixture analysed by Edmund Davy, Professor of Chemistry to the Royal Dublin Society, yielded 45 % copper and 20 % bismuth, and Daly in 1917 found the peacock ore at the bottom of the mine contained bismuth, "therefore it is probable that the smelting companies would not purchase it".[20]
Chalcopyrite ("yellow ore") occurs as a 6-inch course on the 84-fathom level east and as bunches at the elvan intersections; grey copper (tennantite–tetrahedrite, "silver grey ore") gave 87 oz of silver per ton in a 46 % Cu parcel from the 104-fathom level in 1873, and gold was claimed from the 114-fathom level in 1875.[21] Yellow, silver-grey and purple ores (chalcopyrite, tennantite and bornite) can still be found in the old spoil that backfills Hall's opencast.[22] Historic assays: Griffith (1819) found 55 % and 33 % Cu in two samples; Herdman (1819) had Cappagh ore assayed at Falmouth at 60 % Cu; the Mining Company of Ireland's 1826 shipments assayed 17½–18½ % with "some stones producing no less than forty-six per cent"; bulk produce fell from about 14 % (1820–32) to 10 % (1857–72) with 18 % in 1867.[23]
Contemporary notices in the Mining Journal. The ore found at the 84 in March 1863 was "grey, intermixed with yellow, and some specimens were shown us which competent authorities state will yield 60 per cent of pure metal. It has a very similar [appearance] to specimens of copper ore we have seen from Cuba and Chili"; the Cork correspondent disputed Captain Paul's claim of "40 to 60 per cent" for the first 70 or 80 tons, and Paul explained that he meant "the prills of solid purple ore, as then seen at surface".
Professor W. White's samples "taken up promiscuously, and retaining their attached gangue", assayed 46.8, 46.0 and higher, "averaging 49.6 per cent"; the paper in December 1870 gave the ore in the second hundred fathoms as "producing from 45 to 53 per cent of pure copper"; the West Cork Eagle in 1871 saw "many beautiful specimens of copper ore which contain silver and gold", with analyses by the assayers to the Mint and by Claudet, assayer to the Rothschilds, "which gave 12 dwts of gold and 13 ozs 5 dwts of silver to the ton of ore. The last cargo of copper ore sold in Swansea gave 6½ ozs of silver to the ton"; a Ballydehob correspondent in 1872 reported assays "for silver and gold ... Silver, 13 ozs; gold, 4 dwts, 12 dwts, and 2 ozs per ton", the ore in sinking "really splendid"; the Swansea sale of 21 November 1871 took 24 tons at 19¼ per cent and 16 tons at 8¼; and the special correspondent of 1875 described the ore "from near the surface to the deepest level (114 fms)" as "of a most beautiful character", yielding "a high percentage of pure copper, with from 10 to 40 ozs of silver per ton of ore".
Carbonate of lime was noted in the lode at the 94 in 1863 and as "a large ingredient" of the united lode in 1870.[24] The malachite of the early workings is remembered in the paper: the West Cork Eagle in 1871 wrote that "remarkably fine specimens of malachite were also found during Lord Audley's superficial operations, and a necklace of malachite set in gold, from this mine, was presented to Queen Charlotte, the consort of George III. It is a singular fact that malachite in the Cappagh Mine and the neighbouring [mine] of Coosheen was not found extending in depth more than about 14 fathoms from the surface", and the special correspondent of 1875 repeated that fine specimens "were cut and polished and [made into a] necklace set in gold"; a visitor of 1863 found that "malachite is also to be picked up at low water" on the beach near the mine.
Whether the Cappagh lodes carry barytes was argued in 1880: a dialogue on the West Cork mines said "the Cappagh Copper Ore Mines have this mineral in part as a gangue", William Thomas replied from Coosheen that "there is no barytes in Cappagh Mine", and the writer answered that he had meant "the Cappagh Mines, meaning the group", since "will anyone deny that there is barytes at Ballycummisk, adjoining Cappagh Mine?".[25]
Secondary. Malachite lined the cavities of the Champion lode at surface and, with "very rich purple sulphuret", formed the bunches of the first workings; Kinahan noted that in the district grey copper ore near surface changed to malachite "or in wet places into the blue (azurite)"; Foley's neighbouring Bog Mine report describes green carbonate impregnating a 6-ft lode with branches of grey copper.[26] Manganese "of both varieties" was claimed on the estate by the West Cork Mining Company's promoters (Jacob deposed that at Cappagh and Toe Head it "might be seen piled up as rubbish"), but the 600 tons shipped to London in 1835 proved unsaleable and was used as wharf filling.[27] Gangue is quartz with elvan (green sandstone) walls; specularite is "a member of the assemblage in the copper bearing lodes at Ballycumisk, Cappagh and related mines".[28] The Cappaghglass slate, worked by the Mining Company of Ireland from 1827 east of Audley Cove as "perfectly free from pyrites, and of good merchantable quality, resembling the most approved slate of Westmoreland", and the pearl-coloured slate praised by Jacob, are recorded on separate GSI locality cards.[29]
History
Colonel Robert Hall opened Cappagh about 1816 after his Horse Island and Ballycummisk trials, sinking a "trumpet-shaped" pit 30 fathoms long and 6 deep on the Champion lode; Hunt's returns for 1816–18 under "Ross Brin" (37, 36 and 27 tons) are taken to be his Cappagh ore, and Griffith wrote that the vein "although conducted in a very rude and slovenly manner, has produced... upwards of 239 tons".[30]
The second Lord Audley, inheriting in 1818 with debts of £8,400 and an estate income of £535 a year, ousted Hall, had Griffith report on the mine in 1819 and 1821, borrowed £2,500 at 10 % and set Captain Matthew Luke to work in 1819–20: a whim shaft to 20 fathoms in the centre of Hall's opencast, a level at 15 fathoms driven 26 fathoms west and 25 east, an adit begun towards the 24-fathom level, and 120 tons of ore sold in 1820–22 (with 20 tons from Horse Island) for £1,148 through Henry Bath of Swansea to Williams Grenfell, Crown, Daniel and Birmingham & Co.[31] John Taylor inspected in 1820 and Weaver in 1824, both unfavourably; Audley's debt had reached £26,900 by 1824 when the Mining Company of Ireland, having lent him £10,000 against the deeds, took 31-year leases of the Audley estate, Swanton's land at Ballydehob and the Earl of Bandon's Kilbronogue, and decided "by ascertaining one, the value of the entire may be to some degree estimated".[32]
The company's half-yearly reports trace the sinking: engine shaft 20 of 28 fathoms (1825); the lode cut at 24 fathoms "perfectly regular, with good walls... considerably larger... than on the fifteen fathom level" (January 1826); sunk to 34 fathoms with 140 fathoms of length and a first cargo of 31 tons sold at £14 3s a ton (July 1826); a 40-inch-cylinder steam engine ordered "to work the mine to 150 fathoms in depth" and 96 tons shipped (December 1826); 44 fathoms and 180 fathoms of levels (June 1827); 50 fathoms and 200 fathoms of levels with "the deepest part of the mine... the richest ore" (December 1827); 54 fathoms with a continuous rib "worth from 13l. to 15l. per ton" and the miners' rate cut from £5 to £3 a ton (June 1828); 70 fathoms with "no improvement" (June 1829); 75 fathoms (December 1829); and in June 1830 an agreement to surrender the lease and machinery to Audley for £12,000 secured by mortgage, which he could not pay, so that in 1832 the company removed its engine and tram-plates and the mine flooded.[33]
Over the period the company spent £26,727 12s 4d and received £13,064 18s 4d in produce, about 1,540 tons at roughly 14 % (Table 3 of Cowman & Reilly; Cole gives 448 tons for 1827); Reilly & Cowman calculate a mining cost of about £11.6 per ton against sale values of £8.9, so that only 1827–29 came near break-even.[34] The West Cork Mining Company of 1834–43, the Audley–Pike promotion, sold £165,000 worth of paper on the strength of Cappagh but did no mining there; Calvert later annotated the sections "full of water since 1832".[35]
Thomas Saunders Cave bought the estate at the Encumbered Estates Court sale of November 1852 and had Captain Triphook testing at Cappagh by October 1852; Vivian reported on Cappagh in July 1853 and Edwards on the Bog Mine in March 1854, but Cave was back in Chancery and work stopped in December 1853.[36] He reopened Cappagh in 1857 with John Calvert as engineer, "invested heavily", built the captain's house and stables shown on Calvert's 1857 surface plan and installed a 50-inch pumping engine with the unusual double beam sketched by Calvert; Foley junior's 1856 report claiming "immense profits with very little outlay" was annotated by Calvert "Not the least dependence can be placed on any statement made by above young man".[37] The Cappagh Mining Company Ltd was registered on 8 May 1862 (Board of Trade file BT 31/642/2694; £36,000 in 720 £50 shares; eight subscribers including Cave of Rossbrin Manor and six Girdlestones; lease of 30 September 1858) to work the mine Cowman & Reilly describe as the Great Cappagh Copper Mining Company of 1860 (40,000 £1 shares, Cave to receive £5,000 and £15,000 in shares).[38]
The workings were cleared to the 500-ft level by the end of 1862, a 24-inch second-hand engine bought from Harveys of Hayle, Glaston's and the Engine shafts sunk a further ten fathoms and "good ore" hit 60 ft below the old bottom; by late 1863 miners and merchants were unpaid and ore was seized by magistrates' order, Cave was adjudicated bankrupt on 29 January 1864 (his 430 shares forfeit), a provisional liquidator was appointed in January 1865, pumping continued until mid-1866 and the mine was then allowed to flood; the company was not struck off until 1902.[39]
The Mining Journal record, 1836–67. The paper's campaign against the West Cork Mining Company in 1836 printed Adam Murray's statement that, valuing Lord Audley's Cork estates three years earlier, "I think I valued the minerals at £20,000", against the £165,000 of the Pike lease, and recalled that the mines had been "previously abandoned for a nominal consideration by the Mining Company of Ireland, after an unprofitable outlay"; the Chancery hearing of 1837 heard a report that the copper "averaged 17½" per cent and that Cappagh "had been abandoned, not from want of mineral, but from want of proper skill on the part of the manager"; the Vigers v. Pike background of 1840 records that the company "abandoned the mines as worthless, and surrendered them to Lord Audley without any valuable consideration ... submitting to a loss incurred in working the mines of £12,000", that Audley had offered the fee of his whole estates including the mines for £100,000, and that Pike's scheme was a 61-year lease "in consideration of £165,000, and a rent of £50".
The Audley mines were "not now at work" in 1842, were offered for sale under the Court of Chancery in 1843, and by 1847 the Cappagh Mine was "the chief scene of the West Cork Mining Company's notorious adventure ... but too familiar both to mining capitalists and to those versed in Chancery reports"; the Mining Company of Ireland still carried "securities on the Audley estate bearing 5 per cent interest, £14,677 1s 3d" in its balance sheets of 1850–52.[40]
The paper's correspondent walked the estate in May 1852, before the Encumbered Estates sale: "Cappagh ... some three or four miles east of the village [of Skull] ... 426 acres ... bounded on the south by Roaring Water Bay, and immediately contiguous to Horse Island ... The surface, to which operations have been confined, is about 26 to 30 fms above the sea level, and at a distance of ½ mile from the shipping port (Audley Cove). The stratum is of a soft and light-coloured killas, 'kindly,' as the miner would say, for ore, intersected by elvan ranges ... The principal operations appear to have been mainly confined to one lode, from which several parcels of rich ore have been obtained; while the attle would hardly yield a specimen, much less a prill ... An adit or cross-cut has been driven to take the lodes, but requires being carried a further extent of some 40 or 50 fms ... which ... will ... drain the mine 25 or 30 fms. The buildings consist of an engine-house and stack, substantial dwelling-house for resident agent, captain's house, with storehouses, shops, offices, &c., the whole enclosed by a wall. Everything at surface appears compact, and an incline road leads to the shipping port, about half a mile distant."
The 26 townlands, 5,676 acres, advertised for 22 June 1852, were sold in lots on 9 November 1852 with the mines and minerals in one lot; the paper's Skibbereen correspondent reported that "the mineral royalties extending over the Audley estates ... were purchased last week by McCarthy Downing, Esq., in trust for Thomas Saunders Cave, Esq., of London, for the sum of £7600; and it appears that mining operations have been already commenced at Cappagh and Cappanacailly".
In January 1853 "Capt. Martin has been appointed manager, and Mr. A. Sims, of Cornwall, engineer to the company; Mr. Best purser, and Capt. J. Hoskin, W. Hoskin, and Maurice Quinlan, underground agents", with 60 to 70 persons employed, and Captain C. J. Hosking was "inspector, surveyor, and reporter of mines and minerals on the Audley Mines"; in March the paper alleged that ground "not worth more than 30s to 35s per fathom is set at £7", which the agents at "Audley Mines, Ballydehob" denied on 19 April 1853. A year later the Dublin correspondent wrote that Cave had "laid out some £10,000, as report goes. The mines were stopped", and in July 1855 the Skibbereen correspondent called the Audley Mines "commenced in a most extravagant manner some three years since, and machinery ordered, amounting to thousands of pounds, that was never required — some of which ... was recently reshipped to the manufacturers, at a heavy loss"; M. Edwards, "managing agent" for the latter half of the two years' working, answered that the works were suspended "on account of proceedings in Chancery being unjustly instituted".[41]
Cave's second attempt began early in 1857: "the well-known Audley Mines, in the south, are resuming their former activity. All law-suits ... are at an end ... Sixty miners have been sent for from the Berehaven Mines ... The miners, we are assured, are making 50s to 60s per month, and labourers have from 1s 6d to 2s per diem"; in January the Audley Mines had "sent 100 tons of grey and purple ore to market ... and realised £3000, or £30 per ton", and in October the paper wrote that "the Audley Mine (Cappagh), I am informed, was worked many years ago to a depth of 80 fms from surface ... and if credit is to be attached to the sworn affidavits of several practical miners, there is now a good course of ore in the 80 fm level", the "celebrated mine" being "reported to be richer than any of the other mines in this cluster".
The Great Cappagh Mining Company of 1860 was "defunct for some months" by July 1861, its deposits returned; that September a Cornish miner, James Lawrence, advertised that "the old Cappagh Mine is well worth a trial, as I can prove that there is 8 in of solid ore in the 82 fm level", and Edwards replied that Lawrence had worked only at Horse Island, and that "the Old Cappagh Mine was not cleared up, but ... I took down a statement from [the miners that last worked in it] of the principal part of the workings, which was very favourable".[42]
The reopening of 1862 is dated by the paper: in April "Capt. Eddy, late manager of Pendeen, Mr. John Hocking, engineer of Redruth, and a staff of Cornish miners, are already on the spot, making arrangements for the reception of the 50-in cylinder pumping-engine, steam-whim crusher, and all the materials lately purchased by Mr. T. S. Cave, from the Budnick Consols adventurers, which are now being shipped at Truro. The Great Cappagh Mine has been idle during the last thirty years. The shaft is about 70 fathoms deep, and from the appearance of the burrows, the old miners must have broken copper"; Hocking and Son advertised for sixty fathoms of 9 and 10-inch pitwork and a pitman; by July "a house has recently been erected, the engine and other machinery have been [landed] at the mine", and the engine "has been set to work this week" in the third week of August 1862.
The mine was "cleared of water and rubbish to the bottom — 84 fathoms from surface" in March 1863, when the plat at the 84 cut "a vein of copper ore ... worth £100 per fathom", "a sight worthy of a miner's glance, a pile of rich purple and yellow copper ore from the 80 fm level"; 77 tons sold at Swansea on 16 June 1863 for £727 15s; by August "the western skip-shaft has been sunk to the 84 fathom level, and a communication made at that level between the engine-shaft and the skip-shaft ... To the west of the skip-shaft, during the former working, the ore was stoped deeper than the shaft, and this valuable piece of ore ground is now being properly laid open"; a cargo "of upwards of 90 tons" was shipped in September as the engine shaft neared the 94; and on 27 October 1863 Eddy exhibited "splendid specimens" to the Skibbereen Literary and Scientific Society.
The collapse followed within weeks: a working miner wrote on 30 January 1864 that "Great Cappagh — This mine is now idle. There is nothing at work but the pumping-engine, and the men who attend to it. About 10 or 15 days since part of the copper ore in this mine was taken, by virtue of decrees obtained from the local magistrates (who held a special court), and sold by the county police, to satisfy part of the demands of the working miners ... What of the merchants, who are pouring in writs for their demands on the Great Cappagh? Why, nothing left for them but the machinery"; the Dublin correspondent regretted "the failure of Mr. Thomas Saunders Cave, the proprietor of the once famous Audley Mines", adding that "legitimate mining enterprise is not the cause of Mr. Cave's present difficulties, no more than it was of his former bankruptcy"; and in April 1864 Eddy advertised the spare materials for sale.[43]
The company nevertheless kept the engine going. Brenton Symons wrote in January 1865 that the Great Cappagh "during the present working had been very nearly paying cost, up to the time that the present proprietor got into difficulties, when it was suspended. The engine is still working, however, and it will be a great piece of folly if the mine is allowed to stop, as there is a very good course of ore in the bottom, sufficient to pay the current expenses, whilst in the 80 east is a most promising course of yellow ore. This mine had been cleared out by Capt. Eddy ... The machinery is also abundant and excellent"; Eddy was inspecting Roaring Water for its board in 1864–65, and in July 1865 a visitor found Cappagh "down 100 fathoms, and ... sending up rich grey, purple, and yellow ore".
Under an order of the Court of Chancery of 9 August 1865 the company's interest "in this mine, now in full work, and in the machinery, plant, and stores, held under an underlease, dated 29th September, 1862, for a term of which fourteen years are unexpired, at a rent certain of £50, and a royalty of one-sixteenth", was put up at the London Tavern on 19 October 1865; in November "Cappagh near £600 worth" was in the last Swansea sale, the mine having raised its ore "with only about fifty persons" since March from the bottom, "where the lode is greatly improving"; and in February 1867 the paper recorded that "Cappagh Mine ... stopped making sales and working, in consequence of pecuniary difficulties of the owner, Mr. T. S. Cave, totally unconnected with this mine". The Cave estate, Cappaghglass with its "royalty of mine" among the townlands, went through the Landed Estates Court in November 1867.[44]
The estate was resold in the Landed Estates Court in 1868–69 to David Stevens, and a second Cappagh Mining Company Ltd was incorporated on 18 January 1870 (BT 31/1507/4701; 15 Finsbury Place South, London; £21,000 in 7,000 £3 shares; chairman George Rogers FGS of Long Ashton, Bristol) on a 21-year lease from 1 November 1869 at a one-sixteenth royalty (so the prospectus as printed in the Mining Journal; Cowman and Reilly give 1/60th) and £50 dead rent; its prospectus, with reports by Captains Eddy, Henry Thomas and St Pierre Foley, claimed that more than £30,000 had been spent opening the mine to over 84 fathoms and that ore worth £5,650 had come from between the 80- and 90-fathom levels, and inventoried a 60-inch pumping engine with an 11-ton boiler, a 22-inch double-acting whim engine with a 10-ton boiler and crushing machinery worth about £10,000.[45]
Henry and William Thomas restarted the engines, survived an attempt at sabotage, drained the mine by August 1870, sank on the Champion lode and hit a rich pocket 60 ft below the old levels that yielded only 48 tons; 132 tons in all were raised (97 tons in 1872, 35 in 1873), the company owed local merchants by the end of 1873, went into liquidation in December 1873 and was wound up on 2 November 1875, abandoning the mine at 120 fathoms; William Thomas's 1874 letter to the Inspector of Mines blamed "inadequate capital".[46]
Daly (June 1917) found two main shafts, the west shaft 126 fathoms deep, and reopened an old trench without result; Collins (August 1917) estimated 7,000–8,000 tons of dumps yielding at most 20 tons of copper and advised that nothing warranted a plant.[47] The stack was photographed intact in 1962 by the Royal Institution of Cornwall, and Reilly and Cowman recorded the surface features in 1998.[48] The chimney stack, once about 20 m high, was destroyed by lightning in February 2002, and by the 2020s most if not all of the shafts had been in-filled, leaving the stump of the stack and the row of deteriorating miners' cottages as the principal remains.[49][50]
The Mining Journal record, 1869–85. The paper's leader of September 1869 urged that Cappagh, "90 fathoms deep, with a continuous lode 10 feet wide", "must be sunk 200 or 300 fathoms deep", and a correspondent who had visited it thought "it is a matter of astonishment that Cappagh should be allowed to remain idle ... if such a property were in this country, or even in South America, it would be readily taken up, and the public asked to give something like £30,000 for the privilege".
The re-working was announced on 15 January 1870: "although the shafts have only been sunk to the 90 fathom level, and very little of the stopes taken away, the returns by sinking only were greater than the amount expended"; the prospectus of the Cappagh Mining Company (Limited), printed on 22 and 29 January, named George Rogers MD FGS FLS of Long Ashton as chairman with Charles Titian Hawkins, John Morkill, Thomas Pringle CE and P. E. Van Noorden, Robert W. Smith as secretary at 15 Finsbury Place South, a 21-year lease from 1 November 1869 at one-sixteenth and £50 dead rent, "a tramway ... laid down for the shipment of the produce", "very large sums of money (exceeding £30,000) ... expended in opening and sinking these mines to below the 84 fathom level, and ore to the value of over £30,000 ... sold", Henry Thomas's opinion that the Cappagh lodes ran "in a direct line for eight miles" from Coosheen to Roaring Water, machinery "fully calculated to develope the property 300 fms deep" which had cost "not less than £20,000" and was bought with the lease and tramway for £7,000, and reports by Captain Reed of Berehaven and Captain Eddy; the paper added that the House of Lords had heard Cappagh ore sold "at £14 3s per ton, at the standard of £93".
Professor White's letter of November 1870 quoted the Lords' evidence that the ore was "of much greater value, and richer than any copper mines in Cornwall ... only equalled by those of Greenland and some parts of Hungary", Captain M. Luke's estimate of £155,400 of ore in sight, and Mr Barker of the Mining Company of Ireland that "the deepest part of the mine produces the richest ore".[51] Progress was reported through 1870–72: in December 1870 the mine "has just entered into the second hundred fathoms in depth, and having a lode going down from 6 to 9 ft wide, with ore producing from 45 to 53 per cent of pure copper"; in January 1871 rich purple ore was found in a winze under the 94 and in the skip-shaft "nearly down to the 104, and ... being rapidly sunk by nine men"; the West Cork Eagle's visit of October 1871 found "a busy scene. The ponderous engine — equal, we understand, to 300-horse power — does its work silently and effectually"; 40 tons sold at Swansea on 21 November 1871 for £402; and in April 1872 the sinking was under the 104 with "two little parcels of ore for sale in Swansea — the best, 21¼; second, 9½ produce".
The company was in liquidation by December 1873, when its liquidator invited tenders for "the Cappagh Mine, Ballydehob ... as a going concern". The special correspondent of June 1875 summed up: only 5,000 of the 7,000 shares had been issued, "the expenditure in the mine, including purchase of new pumpwork, steel wire-ropes, and all necessary plant, &c., was about £6000. About £2000 worth of copper ore was sold ... and after struggling on for three years, this company went into liquidation, owing at the mine merchants' bills, &c., some [£]200 ... I cannot ascertain that the machinery was purchased, as it is still the property of the lessors"; the deepest level was 114 fathoms, "one pare of men broke in the last 11 days' working in the bottom of the mine 4 tons of ore, of 17¾ per cent produce", and "about £70,000 worth has been raised and sold" from the mine in all.
Captain William Thomas dated his letters to the paper from "Cappagh Mine, Ballydehob" between August 1876 and August 1879, advertising in 1877 "extensive and rich mines of silver-lead, blende, copper, arsenic, iron ... also the best barytes mine in Ireland" to capitalists; in May 1880 he wrote that the mine "has had the name of being worked for the last 60 years or more, and at short intervals of working produced ore of the value of about £60,000", that the last company had "raised ore of the value of £1650", and that "the owners of Rossbrin, Ballycummisk, Intermediate Sett, and Cappagh Mines are Mr. and Mrs. McCarthy Collins. A party now taking up Cappagh Mine, with all the valuable machinery fixed and in proper position ... would ... no doubt realise handsome profits".
In 1881 he had "seen documents with the account sales of copper ore at Swansea from the Cappagh and Coosheen Mines, of cargoes having realised from £25 to £40 per ton", and in 1885 the Times's special correspondent found that "the Coosheen Mines, over Schull, and the Cappagh Mines paid well at one time, but the works have been stopped ... It is certain that the Cork copper is extraordinarily pure".[52]
Operators and companies at Cappagh | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Workings and surface remains
Shafts named on the plans are the Peak (Mary or Lawn) Shaft, Glaston's or Skip Shaft (sunk on the lode from surface to 84 fathoms by the Mining Company of Ireland, with ten-fathom levels 10–35 fathoms west and east), the Ladder-way, the Engine Shaft (vertical to the 64-fathom level, then following the lode at an underlie of 14 inches to the fathom; sunk from 1826 offset so as to cut the lode at 60 fathoms), the Cornish Pitch shaft, the Bog Shaft (Connolly's Shaft on the 25-inch map; the earliest MCI sinking, to test the Cornishman's Pitch at 24 fathoms) and Davey's (Davy's) Shaft (to the 24-fathom level with 10-fathom crosscuts); levels were driven at 14, 24, 34, 44, 54, 64, 74 and 84 fathoms.[53]
The 1907 GSI tracing of the Section of Main Lode shows the stoped ground (mostly above the 34-fathom level around the Englishman's Pitch and between the Skip and Engine shafts), a "crosscut north 6 fms" from the 24 near the Bog Shaft and the note that "at the 84 East there is a course of yellow copper ore about 6 inches wide. This is perhaps the most promising end in the mine".[54] The adit, begun by Luke in 1822 from the roadside bog at the foot of the hill to Audley Cove and marked by two air shafts, stopped some 45 fathoms short of the 24-fathom level; English in 1852 reckoned the shortfall at 40–50 fathoms.[55]
The Mining Journal adds the plant of the two later workings. In 1852 the surface consisted of "an engine-house and stack, substantial dwelling-house for resident agent, captain's house, with storehouses, shops, offices, &c., the whole enclosed by a wall", with "an incline road" to Audley Cove; in April 1862 Cave bought "the 50-in cylinder pumping-engine, steam-whim crusher, and all the materials" of the Budnick Consols adventurers in Cornwall, shipped from Truro, and Hocking and Son of Redruth advertised for "sixty fathoms of pitwork, 9 and 10 in, with working barrels and plunger bottoms"; Eddy described the plant in October 1863 as "a powerful 50-inch cylinder steam pumping-engine of the latest invention, with 9 and 8-inch pitwork fixed to the 84; also a 24-inch cylinder steam-engine, for the double purpose of crushing the ore and drawing the ore and rubbish to surface, which is done with the greatest economy, by the use of the Cornish skip, there being a double skip-road fixed complete to the bottom of the mine"; and the spare materials he offered in April 1864 included forty 9-ft pumps of 10, 9 and 7 inches, plunger poles, windbores, "double winch, lifting screw, shaft gig, horse whim axle ... 2 large tram wagons, 250 fms 4½ in round wire rope, flat-rod, whim and other sheaves".
The prospectus of 1870 valued machinery "fully calculated to develope the property 300 fms deep" at £10,000 and mentioned the tramway to the sea; the West Cork Eagle in 1871 called the engine "equal, we understand, to 300-horse power"; the special correspondent of 1875 listed "a splendid and powerful steam-engine ... steam-whim for hauling and crusher attached, first-class agents' houses, offices, store houses, carpenters' and smiths' shops, dressing-floors, copper yards"; and Thomas in 1880 gave "a first-class pumping-engine, 56-in cylinder, 9-ft stroke, on the mine, pitwork fixed, skip-roads to the bottom of the shaft, steam whim for hauling and crusher attached, houses, yards, &c." The paper's reports name the engine shaft (sunk on the lode from the 84 towards the 94 in 1863), the western skip-shaft (to the 84 in 1863, nearly to the 104 in January 1871) and a winze under the 94.[56]
The account books of Harvey and Co. of Hayle, transcribed by Cundick (2002), show the West Cork Mining Company buying sundry spares and "carpenter's labour for making all the woodwork for the engine house, paint, packing and shipping" (£21 10s) in 1836, and Cave's Cappagh Mining Company buying crusher spares and replacements in June 1862 (£190 13s 5d), "top and bottom nozzles for winding engine" in July 1862 (£77 15s 1d) and spares, timber, 4- to 6-inch pitwork, moulding sand and chain per the "Carnsew" to Audley Cove for Thomas J. Cave in 1863; the 50-inch pumping engine came second-hand from Budnick Consols and is not a Harvey purchase.[57]
Surface features recorded in 1998, keyed to the 1855 Landed Estates Court map: the Old Works (Hall's opencast, partly filled); Cappagh Lodge (Audley's summer lodge, now rubble); the adit portal; the engine house and shaft (engine house of 1826 with the 36- or 40-inch engine, later the 50-inch double-beam engine; now a heap of rubble); Davy's Shaft; the Bog Shaft; Capt. Munday's house (agent of the West Cork Mining Company; now a farmhouse); the double-walled magazine beside it and a larger magazine near Audley Cove incorporated into a holiday cottage; Glaston's or Skip Shaft (still open in 1998); the Captain's House with half-slated walls and mansard roof; the stables that housed the whim horses to 1826; the crusher shed and dressers' shed; the "new" chimney stack of c.1862, one of only two then intact on the West Carbery copper mines, which fell in 2002; and the slate quarry east of Audley Cove.[58] The Mining Company of Ireland's reports record the engine house built and "engine and pit works prepared" by December 1826, so that Cowman & Reilly's Fig. 13 sketch of the chimney is of the later stack.[59]
Production
Ore sold from Cappagh by year | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Recorded sales therefore total about 2,600 tons; the Mining Company of Ireland's own figure for 1824–32 was produce of £13,065 against expenditure of £26,727.[60] Together the three Audley mines produced about 10,000 tons of ore worth some £80,000 at Swansea over sixty years.[61]
Mining Journal references
The Mining Journal is the fullest contemporary record of Cave's two reopenings and of the company of 1870–75. In the Internet Archive's run of the paper (collection pub_mining-journal, which lacks the 1860 volume and the years 1886–93) 196 passages in issues between 1836 and 1885 mention Cappagh or the Audley Mines; the substantive items are tabled below. Each identifier opens at archive.org/details/ followed by the identifier; the text is uncorrected OCR and figures should be checked against the page images.[62]
Mining Journal issues noticing Cappagh Mine (Internet Archive run) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Collecting and specimens
Sparsely mineralised spoil is found in the ditches and scattered around the site.[63] Cappagh was not selected for detailed survey by the EPA/GSI historic-mine inventory and is not a County Geological Site; the 2023 audit judged "the poorly preserved remaining mine features do not warrant designating it".[64] Collins estimated the dumps at 7,000–8,000 tons in 1917, when hand-picking could still yield 2–3 % of their weight at about 4 % Cu; the bornite ore then at surface was being taken by tourists.[65] The land is private farmland viewed from the Fastnet Trails Rosbrin walk. For assayed museum material from the Audley mines see the Ballycummisk entry; no Cappagh specimens appear in the published 1963 assay lists. Sir Arthur Russell's collection at the Natural History Museum, London, registers a bornite from "Cappagh mine, Ballydehob" (BM 1964R,00626) and a pseudomalachite collected at Cappagh Mine in August 1907 (BM 1964R,08648).[66][67]
References
1. Cole, G.A.J. (1922) Memoir and Map of Localities of Minerals of Economic Importance and Metalliferous Mines in Ireland. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, Cappagh (Cappaghglass) entry.
2. Cowman, D. & Reilly, T.A. (1988) The Abandoned Mines of West Carbery: Promoters, Adventurers and Miners. Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, pp. 19–28, 115–118 and Tables 2, 3 and 7; Reilly, T.A. & Cowman, D. (1998) Cappagh Mine: an endangered heritage site. Mizen Journal 6, 163–173.
3. Weaver, T. (1838) Geological relations of the south of Ireland. Transactions of the Geological Society of London, 2nd series, vol. 5, p. 26, with Davy's analysis as quoted in the Landed Estates Court, particulars of sale of the Audley estate (1852/1855), Geological Survey of Ireland mine-record files (GSI Goldmine record 9554308, Mine Records: Mine Reports, West Cork), p. 138; Daly, H.J. (1917) Report on the Skull copper mines, Co. Cork, for the Ministry of Munitions, 9 June 1917. Geological Survey of Ireland mine-record files (GSI Goldmine record 9554297, Mine Records: Reports, Skull); Mining Journal 1873, p. 185, tabulated in Cowman, D. & Reilly, T.A. (1988) The Abandoned Mines of West Carbery: Promoters, Adventurers and Miners. Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, Table 6.
4. Reilly, T.A. & Cowman, D. (1998) Cappagh Mine: an endangered heritage site. Mizen Journal 6, 163–173; Geological Survey Ireland (2023) The Geological Heritage of Cork: an audit of County Geological Sites in County Cork. Geological Survey Ireland, Dublin, Cappagh Mine entry, p. 20; Earlier description of this locality on Mindat (field observations, pre-2026).
5. Pracht, M. (2002) Geology of West Cork: a geological description to accompany the bedrock geology 1:100,000 scale map, Sheet 24, West Cork. Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, Table 4; Cole, G.A.J. (1922) Memoir and Map of Localities of Minerals of Economic Importance and Metalliferous Mines in Ireland. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin.
6. Landed Estates Court, particulars of sale of the Audley estate (1852/1855), Geological Survey of Ireland mine-record files (GSI Goldmine record 9554308, Mine Records: Mine Reports, West Cork, pp. 133–138); Foley, P.J. jun. (1856) Report on Cappagh Copper Mine. Typed transcript, Geological Survey of Ireland mine-record files (GSI Goldmine record 9554151, Mine Records: Reports, Cappagh), pp. 10–11.
7. Geological Survey Ireland (2023) The Geological Heritage of Cork: an audit of County Geological Sites in County Cork. Geological Survey Ireland, Dublin, p. 20; Reilly, T.A. & Cowman, D. (1998) Cappagh Mine: an endangered heritage site. Mizen Journal 6, 163–173, pp. 167–168.
8. Kinahan, G.H. (1861) in Jukes, J.B., Du Noyer, G.V., Willson, W.L., Wyley, A. & Kinahan, G.H., Explanations to accompany Sheets 200, 203, 204 and 205, and part of 199, of the maps of the Geological Survey of Ireland. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, p. 24; Pracht, M. (2002) Geology of West Cork: a geological description to accompany the bedrock geology 1:100,000 scale map, Sheet 24, West Cork. Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin.
9. Weaver, T. (1838) Geological relations of the south of Ireland. Transactions of the Geological Society of London, 2nd series, vol. 5, §38, reprinted in the Landed Estates Court, particulars of sale of the Audley estate (1852/1855), Geological Survey of Ireland mine-record files (GSI Goldmine record 9554308, Mine Records: Mine Reports, West Cork), pp. 134 and 138.
10. Griffith, R. (1819, 1821) Reports on Cappagh Copper Mine to Lord Audley, Halliday Pamphlets, Royal Irish Academy 1239, as quoted in Pike v. Vigers (Court of Chancery, Ireland, 1838), reported in Drury, W.B. & Walsh, F.W. (1842) Reports of cases argued and determined in the High Court of Chancery in Ireland during the time of Lord Chancellor Plunket, Dublin; copy in the Geological Survey of Ireland mine-record files (GSI Goldmine record 9554308, Mine Records: Mine Reports, West Cork) and in Reilly, T.A. & Cowman, D. (1998) Cappagh Mine: an endangered heritage site. Mizen Journal 6, 163–173, pp. 165–166.
11. Cappagh Copper Mine, horizontal, longitudinal and transverse sections, 1857, with Calvert's annotations, GSI mine records (GSI Goldmine record 9556914, Mine Maps: Cappagh horizontal and longitudinal sections 1857, No. 13, and GSI Goldmine record 24780140, Mine Maps: Cappagh sections and key plan 1857); Cowman, D. & Reilly, T.A. (1988) The Abandoned Mines of West Carbery: Promoters, Adventurers and Miners. Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, Figs 14 and 22.
12. Foley, P.J. jun. (1856) Report on Cappagh Copper Mine. Typed transcript, Geological Survey of Ireland mine-record files (GSI Goldmine record 9554151, Mine Records: Reports, Cappagh), p. 10.
13. Mining Company of Ireland half-yearly reports June and December 1829, printed in Pike v. Vigers (Court of Chancery, Ireland, 1838), reported in Drury, W.B. & Walsh, F.W. (1842) Reports of cases argued and determined in the High Court of Chancery in Ireland during the time of Lord Chancellor Plunket, Dublin; copy in the Geological Survey of Ireland mine-record files (GSI Goldmine record 9554308, Mine Records: Mine Reports, West Cork), pp. 90–91; Reilly, T.A. & Cowman, D. (1998) Cappagh Mine: an endangered heritage site. Mizen Journal 6, 163–173, p. 171.
14. Pracht, M. (2002) Geology of West Cork: a geological description to accompany the bedrock geology 1:100,000 scale map, Sheet 24, West Cork. Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, Table 4; Collins, H.F. (1917) Report on the Skull copper mines, Co. Cork, 31 August 1917. Geological Survey of Ireland mine-record files (GSI Goldmine record 9554297, Mine Records: Reports, Skull), pp. 24–27.
15. Wen, N., Boyce, A.J., Fallick, A.E., Ashworth, J.R. & Ixer, R.A. (1996) The genesis of Cu-bearing quartz veins by metamorphic remobilization from stratiform red bed deposits, SW County Cork, Ireland. Mineralogy and Petrology 57, 73–89; Lang, J. (2022) Metallogenesis of Cu deposits in Upper Palaeozoic sedimentary rocks, southern Ireland. PhD thesis, University College Cork (hdl.handle.net/10468/13191).
16. The Mining Journal (London), 7 November 1863, Vol. 33 No. supplement, Mining in Ireland, the Cappagh Mine, extracts from Captain W. Eddy's paper to the Skibbereen Literary and Scientific Society, 27 October 1863 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1863-11-07_33_supplement); The Mining Journal (London), 18 December 1869, Vol. 39 No. supplement, paper on the Cappagh and Coosheen mines and Sir R. Griffith's description of the Cappagh lode (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1869-12-18_39_supplement); The Mining Journal (London), 11 September 1869, Vol. 39 No. 1777, leader on the Geological Survey memoirs and the mines of the Ballycummisk district (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1869-09-11_39_1777); The Mining Journal (London), 15 January 1870, Vol. 40 No. 1795, Copper mining in Ireland, the re-working of the Cappagh Mines (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1870-01-15_40_1795); The Mining Journal (London), 1 May 1880, Vol. 50 No. supplement, Thomas, W., Short Notices on Irish Mines, Ballycummisk and Cappagh (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1880-05-01_50_supplement).
17. Sources as tabulated: Reilly, T.A. & Cowman, D. (1998) Cappagh Mine: an endangered heritage site. Mizen Journal 6, 163–173, pp. 165–171; Foley, P.J. jun. (1856) Report on Cappagh Copper Mine. Typed transcript, Geological Survey of Ireland mine-record files (GSI Goldmine record 9554151, Mine Records: Reports, Cappagh), pp. 10–11; GSI Goldmine records 9556914 (Mine Maps: Cappagh horizontal and longitudinal sections 1857, No. 13), 24780140 (Mine Maps: Cappagh sections and key plan 1857) and 9557203 (Mine Maps: Cappagh section of main lode, No. 10; Geological Survey tracing of 1907 from an original annotated "1857?").
18. The Mining Journal (London), 14 March 1863, Vol. 33 No. 1438, Our Mines in the West, from the West Carbery Eagle (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1863-03-14_33_1438); The Mining Journal (London), 21 March 1863, Vol. 33 No. 1439, Mining in Ireland, from the correspondent in the county of Cork, and letter on mining in the county of Cork (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1863-03-21_33_1439); The Mining Journal (London), 26 September 1863, Vol. 33 No. 1466, Irish Mine Share Market and Mining in Ireland No. X, the Cappagh lode at 84 fathoms (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1863-09-26_33_1466); The Mining Journal (London), 31 October 1863, Vol. 33 No. supplement, Mining in Ireland, the Schull district mines (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1863-10-31_33_supplement); The Mining Journal (London), 21 January 1865, Vol. 35 No. 1535, Symons, B., letter on the Cork mining district (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1865-01-21_35_1535); The Mining Journal (London), 29 July 1865, Vol. 35 No. 1562, Roaring Water Mining Company, report noticing a visit to the Cappagh Mine (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1865-07-29_35_1562); The Mining Journal (London), 18 September 1869, Vol. 39 No. supplement, letter confirming the Cappagh lode at the 90 fathom level (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1869-09-18_39_supplement); The Mining Journal (London), 17 December 1870, Vol. 40 No. 1843, Mining in Ireland, the Cappagh Mine in its second hundred fathoms (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1870-12-17_40_1843); The Mining Journal (London), 21 January 1871, Vol. 41 No. 1848, Mining Notabilia, Ireland, Cappagh Mine, discovery of purple ore under the 94 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1871-01-21_41_1848); The Mining Journal (London), 6 April 1872, Vol. 42 No. 1911, Mining in Ireland, letter from Ballydehob on the Cappagh Mines (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1872-04-06_42_1911); The Mining Journal (London), 5 June 1875, Vol. 45 No. 2076, The Mineral Resources of the South-West of Ireland No. VII, Ballydehob district, the Cappagh Mine (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1875-06-05_45_2076); The Mining Journal (London), 1 May 1880, Vol. 50 No. supplement, Thomas, W., Short Notices on Irish Mines, Ballycummisk and Cappagh (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1880-05-01_50_supplement).
19. Weaver, T. (1838) Geological relations of the south of Ireland. Transactions of the Geological Society of London, 2nd series, vol. 5, p. 26; Foley, P.J. jun. (1856) Report on Cappagh Copper Mine. Typed transcript, Geological Survey of Ireland mine-record files (GSI Goldmine record 9554151, Mine Records: Reports, Cappagh), pp. 10–11; Daly, H.J. (1917) Report on the Skull copper mines, Co. Cork, for the Ministry of Munitions, 9 June 1917. Geological Survey of Ireland mine-record files (GSI Goldmine record 9554297, Mine Records: Reports, Skull), and Collins, H.F. (1917) Report on the Skull copper mines, Co. Cork, 31 August 1917. Geological Survey of Ireland mine-record files (GSI Goldmine record 9554297, Mine Records: Reports, Skull), pp. 21 and 26.
20. Weaver, T. (1838) Geological relations of the south of Ireland. Transactions of the Geological Society of London, 2nd series, vol. 5, note, reprinted in the Landed Estates Court, particulars of sale of the Audley estate (1852/1855), Geological Survey of Ireland mine-record files (GSI Goldmine record 9554308, Mine Records: Mine Reports, West Cork), p. 138; Daly, H.J. (1917) Report on the Skull copper mines, Co. Cork, for the Ministry of Munitions, 9 June 1917. Geological Survey of Ireland mine-record files (GSI Goldmine record 9554297, Mine Records: Reports, Skull), p. 21.
21. Cappagh Mine, Section of workings on main lode, Geological Survey tracing of 1907 (GSI Goldmine record 9557203, Mine Maps: Cappagh section of main lode, No. 10); Mining Journal 1873, p. 185, and 1875, pp. 551 and 603, tabulated in Cowman, D. & Reilly, T.A. (1988) The Abandoned Mines of West Carbery: Promoters, Adventurers and Miners. Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, Table 6.
22. Reilly, T.A. & Cowman, D. (1998) Cappagh Mine: an endangered heritage site. Mizen Journal 6, 163–173, p. 165.
23. Griffith letter of 10 Feb 1819 and Herdman letter of 25 Sept 1819, printed in the Landed Estates Court, particulars of sale of the Audley estate (1852/1855), Geological Survey of Ireland mine-record files (GSI Goldmine record 9554308, Mine Records: Mine Reports, West Cork), p. 61; Mining Company of Ireland half-yearly reports July 1826, printed in Pike v. Vigers (Court of Chancery, Ireland, 1838), reported in Drury, W.B. & Walsh, F.W. (1842) Reports of cases argued and determined in the High Court of Chancery in Ireland during the time of Lord Chancellor Plunket, Dublin; copy in the Geological Survey of Ireland mine-record files (GSI Goldmine record 9554308, Mine Records: Mine Reports, West Cork), p. 85; Cowman, D. & Reilly, T.A. (1988) The Abandoned Mines of West Carbery: Promoters, Adventurers and Miners. Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, Tables 3 and 7; Reilly, T.A. & Cowman, D. (1998) Cappagh Mine: an endangered heritage site. Mizen Journal 6, 163–173, p. 172.
24. The Mining Journal (London), 14 March 1863, Vol. 33 No. 1438, Our Mines in the West, from the West Carbery Eagle (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1863-03-14_33_1438); The Mining Journal (London), 13 June 1863, Vol. 33 No. supplement, Mining in Ireland, from the correspondent in the county of Cork, on the Cappagh ore (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1863-06-13_33_supplement); The Mining Journal (London), 20 June 1863, Vol. 33 No. 1452, letter of W. C. Paul on the Roaring Water and Cappagh mines (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1863-06-20_33_1452); The Mining Journal (London), 26 November 1870, Vol. 40 No. supplement, White, W., Mining in Ireland, the Cappagh Mine, with assays and House of Lords evidence (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1870-11-26_40_supplement); The Mining Journal (London), 17 December 1870, Vol. 40 No. 1843, Mining in Ireland, the Cappagh Mine in its second hundred fathoms (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1870-12-17_40_1843); The Mining Journal (London), 14 October 1871, Vol. 41 No. supplement, Mining in Ireland, Our visit to the Cappagh Mines, from the West Cork Eagle (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1871-10-14_41_supplement); The Mining Journal (London), 6 April 1872, Vol. 42 No. 1911, Mining in Ireland, letter from Ballydehob on the Cappagh Mines (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1872-04-06_42_1911); The Mining Journal (London), 25 November 1871, Vol. 41 No. 1892, Mining Notabilia, Cappagh Mine, Swansea sale of 21 November 1871 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1871-11-25_41_1892); The Mining Journal (London), 5 June 1875, Vol. 45 No. 2076, The Mineral Resources of the South-West of Ireland No. VII, Ballydehob district, the Cappagh Mine (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1875-06-05_45_2076); The Mining Journal (London), 31 October 1863, Vol. 33 No. supplement, Mining in Ireland, the Schull district mines (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1863-10-31_33_supplement); The Mining Journal (London), 15 January 1870, Vol. 40 No. 1795, Copper mining in Ireland, the re-working of the Cappagh Mines (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1870-01-15_40_1795).
25. The Mining Journal (London), 14 October 1871, Vol. 41 No. supplement, Mining in Ireland, Our visit to the Cappagh Mines, from the West Cork Eagle (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1871-10-14_41_supplement); The Mining Journal (London), 5 June 1875, Vol. 45 No. 2076, The Mineral Resources of the South-West of Ireland No. VII, Ballydehob district, the Cappagh Mine (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1875-06-05_45_2076); The Mining Journal (London), 11 April 1863, Vol. 33 No. 1442, letter on the mines of the county of Cork after a visit (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1863-04-11_33_1442); The Mining Journal (London), 20 March 1880, Vol. 50 No. supplement, Mining in the South-West of Ireland, a dialogue on barytes in the Cappagh mines (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1880-03-20_50_supplement); The Mining Journal (London), 27 March 1880, Vol. 50 No. supplement, letter of William Thomas, Coosheen Mine, 22 March 1880: no barytes in Cappagh Mine (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1880-03-27_50_supplement); The Mining Journal (London), 3 April 1880, Vol. 50 No. supplement, reply on barytes in the Cappagh mines and at Ballycummisk (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1880-04-03_50_supplement).
26. Weaver, T. (1838) Geological relations of the south of Ireland. Transactions of the Geological Society of London, 2nd series, vol. 5, p. 26; Kinahan, G.H. (1861) in Jukes, J.B., Du Noyer, G.V., Willson, W.L., Wyley, A. & Kinahan, G.H., Explanations to accompany Sheets 200, 203, 204 and 205, and part of 199, of the maps of the Geological Survey of Ireland. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, p. 20; Edwards, M. (1854) Report of the Bog Mine, Audley Mines, 23 March 1854. Typed transcript, Geological Survey of Ireland mine-record files (GSI Goldmine record 9554151, Mine Records: Reports, Cappagh), p. 13.
27. Landed Estates Court, particulars of sale of the Audley estate (1852/1855), Geological Survey of Ireland mine-record files (GSI Goldmine record 9554308, Mine Records: Mine Reports, West Cork), p. 135; Cowman, D. & Reilly, T.A. (1988) The Abandoned Mines of West Carbery: Promoters, Adventurers and Miners. Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, p. 33.
28. Foley, P.J. jun. (1856) Report on Cappagh Copper Mine. Typed transcript, Geological Survey of Ireland mine-record files (GSI Goldmine record 9554151, Mine Records: Reports, Cappagh), pp. 10–11; Earth Sciences International (1966) Interim report on 1966 exploration programme, Concession 587, Schull, for Mid Central Red Lake Mines Ltd. Geological Survey of Ireland open file 10211289 (GSI Goldmine), p. 5.
29. Mining Company of Ireland half-yearly reports December 1826, printed in Pike v. Vigers (Court of Chancery, Ireland, 1838), reported in Drury, W.B. & Walsh, F.W. (1842) Reports of cases argued and determined in the High Court of Chancery in Ireland during the time of Lord Chancellor Plunket, Dublin; copy in the Geological Survey of Ireland mine-record files (GSI Goldmine record 9554308, Mine Records: Mine Reports, West Cork), p. 87; GSI mineral-locality card, Slate – Cappaghglass (GSI Goldmine record 9548762, Mineral Localities: Slate – Cappaghglass).
30. Cowman, D. & Reilly, T.A. (1988) The Abandoned Mines of West Carbery: Promoters, Adventurers and Miners. Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, pp. 20–21 and Table 2; Reilly, T.A. & Cowman, D. (1998) Cappagh Mine: an endangered heritage site. Mizen Journal 6, 163–173, pp. 163–164; Griffith, R. (1819) Report on Cappagh Copper Mine to Lord Audley, as quoted in the Landed Estates Court, particulars of sale of the Audley estate (1852/1855), Geological Survey of Ireland mine-record files (GSI Goldmine record 9554308, Mine Records: Mine Reports, West Cork), p. 135.
31. Cowman, D. & Reilly, T.A. (1988) The Abandoned Mines of West Carbery: Promoters, Adventurers and Miners. Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, pp. 25–26 and Table 2; Reilly, T.A. & Cowman, D. (1998) Cappagh Mine: an endangered heritage site. Mizen Journal 6, 163–173, pp. 164–165; Bath's account of ore sales 1820–22, printed in the Landed Estates Court, particulars of sale of the Audley estate (1852/1855), Geological Survey of Ireland mine-record files (GSI Goldmine record 9554308, Mine Records: Mine Reports, West Cork), p. 138.
32. Taylor's and Weaver's evidence and the Mining Company of Ireland report of January 1826, in Pike v. Vigers (Court of Chancery, Ireland, 1838), reported in Drury, W.B. & Walsh, F.W. (1842) Reports of cases argued and determined in the High Court of Chancery in Ireland during the time of Lord Chancellor Plunket, Dublin; copy in the Geological Survey of Ireland mine-record files (GSI Goldmine record 9554308, Mine Records: Mine Reports, West Cork), pp. 84 and 104–105; Cowman, D. & Reilly, T.A. (1988) The Abandoned Mines of West Carbery: Promoters, Adventurers and Miners. Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, p. 26.
33. Mining Company of Ireland half-yearly reports 1825–32 printed in Pike v. Vigers (Court of Chancery, Ireland, 1838), reported in Drury, W.B. & Walsh, F.W. (1842) Reports of cases argued and determined in the High Court of Chancery in Ireland during the time of Lord Chancellor Plunket, Dublin; copy in the Geological Survey of Ireland mine-record files (GSI Goldmine record 9554308, Mine Records: Mine Reports, West Cork), pp. 84–92; Murray, A. (1833) General report on the estates of Lord Audley, 13 November 1833, in the same print, p. 94.
34. Purdy, R., evidence for the Mining Company of Ireland in Pike v. Vigers (Court of Chancery, Ireland, 1838), reported in Drury, W.B. & Walsh, F.W. (1842) Reports of cases argued and determined in the High Court of Chancery in Ireland during the time of Lord Chancellor Plunket, Dublin; copy in the Geological Survey of Ireland mine-record files (GSI Goldmine record 9554308, Mine Records: Mine Reports, West Cork), p. 106; Cowman, D. & Reilly, T.A. (1988) The Abandoned Mines of West Carbery: Promoters, Adventurers and Miners. Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, Table 3; Reilly, T.A. & Cowman, D. (1998) Cappagh Mine: an endangered heritage site. Mizen Journal 6, 163–173, p. 172; Cole, G.A.J. (1922) Memoir and Map of Localities of Minerals of Economic Importance and Metalliferous Mines in Ireland. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin.
35. Cowman, D. & Reilly, T.A. (1988) The Abandoned Mines of West Carbery: Promoters, Adventurers and Miners. Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, pp. 31–36 and note 5.13.
36. Cowman, D. & Reilly, T.A. (1988) The Abandoned Mines of West Carbery: Promoters, Adventurers and Miners. Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, pp. 95–96; Edwards, M. (1854) Report of the Bog Mine, Audley Mines, 23 March 1854. Typed transcript, Geological Survey of Ireland mine-record files (GSI Goldmine record 9554151, Mine Records: Reports, Cappagh), p. 13.
37. Cowman, D. & Reilly, T.A. (1988) The Abandoned Mines of West Carbery: Promoters, Adventurers and Miners. Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, p. 115; Reilly, T.A. & Cowman, D. (1998) Cappagh Mine: an endangered heritage site. Mizen Journal 6, 163–173, pp. 166–169; Foley, P.J. jun. (1856) Report on Cappagh Copper Mine. Typed transcript, Geological Survey of Ireland mine-record files (GSI Goldmine record 9554151, Mine Records: Reports, Cappagh), pp. 10–11, with Calvert's manuscript note at p. 11.
38. Eggleston, P. (2011) The Cappagh mine share certificate vignette. Journal of the Mining Heritage Trust of Ireland 11, 38–41; Cowman, D. & Reilly, T.A. (1988) The Abandoned Mines of West Carbery: Promoters, Adventurers and Miners. Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, p. 116.
39. Cowman, D. & Reilly, T.A. (1988) The Abandoned Mines of West Carbery: Promoters, Adventurers and Miners. Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, p. 116; Reilly, T.A. & Cowman, D. (1998) Cappagh Mine: an endangered heritage site. Mizen Journal 6, 163–173, p. 169; Eggleston, P. (2011) The Cappagh mine share certificate vignette. Journal of the Mining Heritage Trust of Ireland 11, 38–41, pp. 38–39; Brooke, J. (1991) Thomas Saunders Cave, speculator extraordinary. British Mining 43, 10–34, pp. 21–22.
40. The Mining Journal (London), 23 April 1836, Vol. 2 No. 35, letter of Adam Murray, Swansea, 17 April 1836, on the valuation of the Audley Mines (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1836-04-23_2_35); The Mining Journal (London), November 1836, Vol. 3 No. supplement_0, exposure of the West Cork Mining Company (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1836-11_3_supplement_0); The Mining Journal (London), 1837, Vol. 4 No. supplement, Chancery proceedings on the West Cork Mining Company (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1837_4_supplement); The Mining Journal (London), 27 June 1840, Vol. 10 No. 253, the West Cork Mining Company, Vigers v. Pike (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1840-06-27_10_253); The Mining Journal (London), 13 August 1842, Vol. 12 No. 364, Children's Employment Commission, Irish mines (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1842-08-13_12_364); The Mining Journal (London), 14 October 1843, Vol. 13 No. 425, sale of the Audley Mines under the Court of Chancery (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1843-10-14_13_425); The Mining Journal (London), 20 November 1847, Vol. 17 No. 639, Some account of an ancient mine, Derrycarhoon, with remarks on the Cappagh Mine (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1847-11-20_17_639); The Mining Journal (London), 17 January 1852, Vol. 22 No. 856, Mining Company of Ireland, half-yearly accounts (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1852-01-17_22_856).
41. The Mining Journal (London), 15 May 1852, Vol. 22 No. 873, Mining in Ireland No. III, the Audley Mines (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1852-05-15_22_873); The Mining Journal (London), 11 September 1852, Vol. 22 No. 890, Encumbered Estates Court, the Audley estates, sale in lots on 9 November 1852 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1852-09-11_22_890); The Mining Journal (London), 20 November 1852, Vol. 22 No. 900, Skibbereen correspondence, purchase of the Audley mineral royalties for Mr Cave (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1852-11-20_22_900); The Mining Journal (London), 15 January 1853, Vol. 23 No. 908, Skibbereen correspondence, Cappagh and Horse Island (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1853-01-15_23_908); The Mining Journal (London), 22 January 1853, Vol. 23 No. 909, appointment of Captain C. J. Hosking to the Audley Mines (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1853-01-22_23_909); The Mining Journal (London), 16 April 1853, Vol. 23 No. 921, Mining in Ireland, its present state and prospects, by William Connell (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1853-04-16_23_921); The Mining Journal (London), 23 April 1853, Vol. 23 No. 922, letter of the agents of the Audley Mines, 19 April 1853 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1853-04-23_23_922); The Mining Journal (London), 12 August 1854, Vol. 24 No. 990, Dublin correspondence on the Audley Mines and their proprietor (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1854-08-12_24_990); The Mining Journal (London), 21 July 1855, Vol. 25 No. 1039, Skibbereen correspondence on the Audley Mines (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1855-07-21_25_1039); The Mining Journal (London), 28 July 1855, Vol. 25 No. 1040, letter of M. Edwards on the Audley Mines (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1855-07-28_25_1040).
42. The Mining Journal (London), 7 February 1857, Vol. 27 No. 1120, Mining in Ireland, the Audley Mines resuming (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1857-02-07_27_1120); The Mining Journal (London), 24 January 1857, Vol. 27 No. 1118, Irish mining notes, ore sales from Coosheen and the Audley Mines (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1857-01-24_27_1118); The Mining Journal (London), 3 October 1857, Vol. 27 No. 1154, Mining in Ireland, the Audley Mine (Cappagh) and its neighbours (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1857-10-03_27_1154); The Mining Journal (London), 6 July 1861, Vol. 31 No. 1350, Notices to Correspondents, the Great Cappagh Mining Company (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1861-07-06_31_1350); The Mining Journal (London), 14 September 1861, Vol. 31 No. 1360, advertisement of James Lawrence, miner, on the Audley Mines (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1861-09-14_31_1360); The Mining Journal (London), 21 September 1861, Vol. 31 No. 1361, letters of the Proprietor of the Audley Mines and of M. Edwards, Redruth (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1861-09-21_31_1361).
43. The Mining Journal (London), 19 April 1862, Vol. 32 No. 1391, Mining Notabilia, the Great Cappagh Copper Mine about to be re-worked (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1862-04-19_32_1391); The Mining Journal (London), 26 April 1862, Vol. 32 No. 1392, advertisements of Hocking and Son for pitwork and a pitman for the Great Cappagh Mines (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1862-04-26_32_1392); The Mining Journal (London), 12 July 1862, Vol. 32 No. 1403, paper on the mines of the Schull district (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1862-07-12_32_1403); The Mining Journal (London), 23 August 1862, Vol. 32 No. 1409, Irish mining notes, the engine set to work at Great Cappagh (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1862-08-23_32_1409); The Mining Journal (London), 14 March 1863, Vol. 33 No. 1438, Our Mines in the West, from the West Carbery Eagle (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1863-03-14_33_1438); The Mining Journal (London), 2 May 1863, Vol. 33 No. 1445, Mining in Ireland, district notes on the Cappagh discovery (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1863-05-02_33_1445); The Mining Journal (London), 4 July 1863, Vol. 33 No. 1454, Mining in Ireland No. VII, from the correspondent in the county of Cork (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1863-07-04_33_1454); The Mining Journal (London), 22 August 1863, Vol. 33 No. 1461, Mining in Ireland, the Schull district mines (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1863-08-22_33_1461); The Mining Journal (London), 26 September 1863, Vol. 33 No. 1466, Irish Mine Share Market and Mining in Ireland No. X, the Cappagh lode at 84 fathoms (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1863-09-26_33_1466); The Mining Journal (London), 7 November 1863, Vol. 33 No. supplement, Mining in Ireland, the Cappagh Mine, extracts from Captain W. Eddy's paper to the Skibbereen Literary and Scientific Society, 27 October 1863 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1863-11-07_33_supplement); The Mining Journal (London), 30 January 1864, Vol. 34 No. 1484, letter of John Morgan, working miner, Skibbereen (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1864-01-30_34_1484); The Mining Journal (London), 6 February 1864, Vol. 34 No. 1485, Irish Mine Share Market, the failure of Mr T. S. Cave (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1864-02-06_34_1485); The Mining Journal (London), 16 April 1864, Vol. 34 No. 1495, advertisement of spare materials for sale at the Cappagh Mine, 11 April 1864 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1864-04-16_34_1495).
44. The Mining Journal (London), 21 January 1865, Vol. 35 No. 1535, Symons, B., letter on the Cork mining district (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1865-01-21_35_1535); The Mining Journal (London), 26 March 1864, Vol. 34 No. 1492, Roaring Water Copper Mining Company, first annual meeting (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1864-03-26_34_1492); The Mining Journal (London), 29 July 1865, Vol. 35 No. 1562, Roaring Water Mining Company, report noticing a visit to the Cappagh Mine (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1865-07-29_35_1562); The Mining Journal (London), 30 September 1865, Vol. 35 No. 1571, advertisement of the sale of the Cappagh Copper Mine under the Court of Chancery, 19 October 1865 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1865-09-30_35_1571); The Mining Journal (London), 25 November 1865, Vol. 35 No. 1579, letter on the copper trade and the Cork mines (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1865-11-25_35_1579); The Mining Journal (London), 9 February 1867, Vol. 37 No. 1642, Irish mining notes, the Cappagh Mine stopped (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1867-02-09_37_1642); The Mining Journal (London), 24 August 1867, Vol. 37 No. 1670, Landed Estates Court, sale of the late Audley estate (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1867-08-24_37_1670).
45. Eggleston, P. (2011) The Cappagh mine share certificate vignette. Journal of the Mining Heritage Trust of Ireland 11, 38–41, pp. 39–40; Brooke, J. (1991) Thomas Saunders Cave, speculator extraordinary. British Mining 43, 10–34, p. 23; Cowman, D. & Reilly, T.A. (1988) The Abandoned Mines of West Carbery: Promoters, Adventurers and Miners. Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, p. 116.
46. Cowman, D. & Reilly, T.A. (1988) The Abandoned Mines of West Carbery: Promoters, Adventurers and Miners. Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, pp. 116–118 and Table 7; Reilly, T.A. & Cowman, D. (1998) Cappagh Mine: an endangered heritage site. Mizen Journal 6, 163–173, pp. 170–171; Eggleston, P. (2011) The Cappagh mine share certificate vignette. Journal of the Mining Heritage Trust of Ireland 11, 38–41, p. 40.
47. Daly, H.J. (1917) Report on the Skull copper mines, Co. Cork, for the Ministry of Munitions, 9 June 1917. Geological Survey of Ireland mine-record files (GSI Goldmine record 9554297, Mine Records: Reports, Skull), and Collins, H.F. (1917) Report on the Skull copper mines, Co. Cork, 31 August 1917. Geological Survey of Ireland mine-record files (GSI Goldmine record 9554297, Mine Records: Reports, Skull), pp. 21–22 and 26.
48. Hodnett, D. (2010) The Metal Mines of West Cork. Trevithick Society, Camborne, p. 155, Fig. 106 (Cappagh Mine stack, 1962, photograph Royal Institution of Cornwall).
49. Earlier description of this locality on Mindat (field observations, pre-2026); Geological Survey Ireland (2023) The Geological Heritage of Cork: an audit of County Geological Sites in County Cork. Geological Survey Ireland, Dublin, p. 20.
50. Reilly, T.A. & Cowman, D. (1998) Cappagh Mine: an endangered heritage site. Mizen Journal 6, 163–173; Geological Survey Ireland (2023) The Geological Heritage of Cork: an audit of County Geological Sites in County Cork. Geological Survey Ireland, Dublin, pp. 20 and 48.
51. The Mining Journal (London), 11 September 1869, Vol. 39 No. 1777, leader on the Geological Survey memoirs and the mines of the Ballycummisk district (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1869-09-11_39_1777); The Mining Journal (London), 18 September 1869, Vol. 39 No. supplement, letter confirming the Cappagh lode at the 90 fathom level (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1869-09-18_39_supplement); The Mining Journal (London), 15 January 1870, Vol. 40 No. 1795, Copper mining in Ireland, the re-working of the Cappagh Mines (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1870-01-15_40_1795); The Mining Journal (London), 22 January 1870, Vol. 40 No. 1796, prospectus of the Cappagh Mining Company (Limited) with the reports of Captains Eddy, Henry Thomas and others (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1870-01-22_40_1796); The Mining Journal (London), 29 January 1870, Vol. 40 No. 1797, prospectus of the Cappagh Mining Company (Limited), second printing (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1870-01-29_40_1797); The Mining Journal (London), 26 November 1870, Vol. 40 No. supplement, White, W., Mining in Ireland, the Cappagh Mine, with assays and House of Lords evidence (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1870-11-26_40_supplement).
52. The Mining Journal (London), 17 December 1870, Vol. 40 No. 1843, Mining in Ireland, the Cappagh Mine in its second hundred fathoms (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1870-12-17_40_1843); The Mining Journal (London), 21 January 1871, Vol. 41 No. 1848, Mining Notabilia, Ireland, Cappagh Mine, discovery of purple ore under the 94 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1871-01-21_41_1848); The Mining Journal (London), 14 October 1871, Vol. 41 No. supplement, Mining in Ireland, Our visit to the Cappagh Mines, from the West Cork Eagle (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1871-10-14_41_supplement); The Mining Journal (London), 25 November 1871, Vol. 41 No. 1892, Mining Notabilia, Cappagh Mine, Swansea sale of 21 November 1871 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1871-11-25_41_1892); The Mining Journal (London), 6 April 1872, Vol. 42 No. 1911, Mining in Ireland, letter from Ballydehob on the Cappagh Mines (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1872-04-06_42_1911); The Mining Journal (London), 13 December 1873, Vol. 43 No. 1999, advertisement of the liquidator of the Cappagh Mining Company (Limited) inviting tenders (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1873-12-13_43_1999); The Mining Journal (London), 5 June 1875, Vol. 45 No. 2076, The Mineral Resources of the South-West of Ireland No. VII, Ballydehob district, the Cappagh Mine (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1875-06-05_45_2076); The Mining Journal (London), 2 September 1876, Vol. 46 No. supplement, letter of William Thomas, Cappagh Mine, Ballydehob, 28 August 1876 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1876-09-02_46_supplement); The Mining Journal (London), 2 June 1877, Vol. 47 No. 2180, advertisement of Captain W. Thomas, Cappagh Mine, Ballydehob, 28 May 1877 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1877-06-02_47_2180); The Mining Journal (London), 4 August 1877, Vol. 47 No. 2189, advertisement of Captain Thomas, Cappagh Mine, 23 July 1877 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1877-08-04_47_2189); The Mining Journal (London), 30 August 1879, Vol. 49 No. supplement, letter of W. Thomas, Cappagh Mine, 25 August 1879 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1879-08-30_49_supplement); The Mining Journal (London), 1 May 1880, Vol. 50 No. supplement, Thomas, W., Short Notices on Irish Mines, Ballycummisk and Cappagh (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1880-05-01_50_supplement); The Mining Journal (London), 4 June 1881, Vol. 51 No. 2389, letter on the copper mines between Kilcoe and Coosheen (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1881-06-04_51_2389); The Mining Journal (London), 28 November 1885, Vol. 55 No. 2623, Irish Mines, extract from the Times special correspondent of September 1885 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1885-11-28_55_2623).
53. Cappagh Copper Mine, horizontal and longitudinal sections of 1857 with reference key (GSI Goldmine record 9556914, Mine Maps: Cappagh horizontal and longitudinal sections 1857, No. 13); Section of workings on main lode, Geological Survey tracing of 1907 from an original marked "1857?" (GSI Goldmine record 9557203, Mine Maps: Cappagh section of main lode, No. 10); sections with key plan on the Ordnance Survey map (GSI Goldmine record 24780140, Mine Maps: Cappagh sections and key plan 1857); Reilly, T.A. & Cowman, D. (1998) Cappagh Mine: an endangered heritage site. Mizen Journal 6, 163–173, pp. 166–167.
54. Cappagh Mine, Section of workings on main lode, Geological Survey tracing of 1907 from an original marked "1857?" (GSI Goldmine record 9557203, Mine Maps: Cappagh section of main lode, No. 10).
55. Reilly, T.A. & Cowman, D. (1998) Cappagh Mine: an endangered heritage site. Mizen Journal 6, 163–173, p. 165 and note 12; Landed Estates Court, particulars of sale of the Audley estate (1852/1855), Geological Survey of Ireland mine-record files (GSI Goldmine record 9554308, Mine Records: Mine Reports, West Cork), p. 136.
56. The Mining Journal (London), 15 May 1852, Vol. 22 No. 873, Mining in Ireland No. III, the Audley Mines (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1852-05-15_22_873); The Mining Journal (London), 19 April 1862, Vol. 32 No. 1391, Mining Notabilia, the Great Cappagh Copper Mine about to be re-worked (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1862-04-19_32_1391); The Mining Journal (London), 26 April 1862, Vol. 32 No. 1392, advertisements of Hocking and Son for pitwork and a pitman for the Great Cappagh Mines (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1862-04-26_32_1392); The Mining Journal (London), 7 November 1863, Vol. 33 No. supplement, Mining in Ireland, the Cappagh Mine, extracts from Captain W. Eddy's paper to the Skibbereen Literary and Scientific Society, 27 October 1863 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1863-11-07_33_supplement); The Mining Journal (London), 16 April 1864, Vol. 34 No. 1495, advertisement of spare materials for sale at the Cappagh Mine, 11 April 1864 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1864-04-16_34_1495); The Mining Journal (London), 22 January 1870, Vol. 40 No. 1796, prospectus of the Cappagh Mining Company (Limited) with the reports of Captains Eddy, Henry Thomas and others (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1870-01-22_40_1796); The Mining Journal (London), 14 October 1871, Vol. 41 No. supplement, Mining in Ireland, Our visit to the Cappagh Mines, from the West Cork Eagle (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1871-10-14_41_supplement); The Mining Journal (London), 5 June 1875, Vol. 45 No. 2076, The Mineral Resources of the South-West of Ireland No. VII, Ballydehob district, the Cappagh Mine (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1875-06-05_45_2076); The Mining Journal (London), 1 May 1880, Vol. 50 No. supplement, Thomas, W., Short Notices on Irish Mines, Ballycummisk and Cappagh (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1880-05-01_50_supplement); The Mining Journal (London), 22 August 1863, Vol. 33 No. 1461, Mining in Ireland, the Schull district mines (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1863-08-22_33_1461); The Mining Journal (London), 21 January 1871, Vol. 41 No. 1848, Mining Notabilia, Ireland, Cappagh Mine, discovery of purple ore under the 94 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1871-01-21_41_1848).
57. Cundick, R. (2002) Harvey's of Hayle: sales to Irish mines 1823–1884. Journal of the Mining Heritage Trust of Ireland, 2, 15–20 (Irish extracts from the Harvey and Co. account books, pp. 17–20)..
58. Reilly, T.A. & Cowman, D. (1998) Cappagh Mine: an endangered heritage site. Mizen Journal 6, 163–173, pp. 163–170; Geological Survey Ireland (2023) The Geological Heritage of Cork: an audit of County Geological Sites in County Cork. Geological Survey Ireland, Dublin, pp. 20 and 48.
59. Mining Company of Ireland half-yearly report, December 1826, printed in Pike v. Vigers (Court of Chancery, Ireland, 1838), reported in Drury, W.B. & Walsh, F.W. (1842) Reports of cases argued and determined in the High Court of Chancery in Ireland during the time of Lord Chancellor Plunket, Dublin; copy in the Geological Survey of Ireland mine-record files (GSI Goldmine record 9554308, Mine Records: Mine Reports, West Cork), p. 86; Cowman, D. & Reilly, T.A. (1988) The Abandoned Mines of West Carbery: Promoters, Adventurers and Miners. Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, Fig. 13.
60. Cowman, D. & Reilly, T.A. (1988) The Abandoned Mines of West Carbery: Promoters, Adventurers and Miners. Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, Tables 2, 3 and 7 and pp. 27, 116–118; Cole, G.A.J. (1922) Memoir and Map of Localities of Minerals of Economic Importance and Metalliferous Mines in Ireland. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin; Daly, H.J. (1917) Report on the Skull copper mines, Co. Cork, for the Ministry of Munitions, 9 June 1917. Geological Survey of Ireland mine-record files (GSI Goldmine record 9554297, Mine Records: Reports, Skull); Eggleston, P. (2011) The Cappagh mine share certificate vignette. Journal of the Mining Heritage Trust of Ireland 11, 38–41, p. 40; Purdy, R., evidence for the Mining Company of Ireland in Pike v. Vigers (Court of Chancery, Ireland, 1838), reported in Drury, W.B. & Walsh, F.W. (1842) Reports of cases argued and determined in the High Court of Chancery in Ireland during the time of Lord Chancellor Plunket, Dublin; copy in the Geological Survey of Ireland mine-record files (GSI Goldmine record 9554308, Mine Records: Mine Reports, West Cork), p. 106.
61. Reilly, T.A. & Cowman, D. (1998) Cappagh Mine: an endangered heritage site. Mizen Journal 6, 163–173, p. 163.
62. Internet Archive, The Mining Journal (London), collection pub_mining-journal, per-issue scans and OCR text, identifiers sim_mining-journal_YYYY-MM-DD_volume_issue (archive.org, consulted September 2026).
63. Earlier description of this locality on Mindat (field observations, pre-2026).
64. Geological Survey Ireland (2023) The Geological Heritage of Cork: an audit of County Geological Sites in County Cork. Geological Survey Ireland, Dublin, p. 20.
65. Collins, H.F. (1917) Report on the Skull copper mines, Co. Cork, 31 August 1917. Geological Survey of Ireland mine-record files (GSI Goldmine record 9554297, Mine Records: Reports, Skull), p. 26.
66. Natural History Museum, London, register of the Sir Arthur Russell mineral collection (BM 1964R series), Irish entries as listed by the Department of Mineralogy, entries BM 1964R,00626 and 1964R,08648.
67. Cowman, D. & Reilly, T.A. (1988) The Abandoned Mines of West Carbery: Promoters, Adventurers and Miners. Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, Table 6.
Select Mineral List Type
Standard Detailed Gallery Strunz Chemical ElementsDetailed Mineral List:
| ⓘ Azurite Formula: Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| ⓘ Bornite Formula: Cu5FeS4 References: |
| ⓘ Brochantite Formula: Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 References: |
| ⓘ Chalcopyrite Formula: CuFeS2 References: |
| ⓘ Langite Formula: Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 · 2H2O References: |
| ⓘ Malachite Formula: Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| ⓘ Pseudomalachite Formula: Cu5(PO4)2(OH)4 References: |
| ⓘ 'Tetrahedrite Subgroup' Formula: Cu6(Cu4C2+2)Sb4S12S References: |
Gallery:
List of minerals arranged by Strunz 10th Edition classification
| Group 2 - Sulphides and Sulfosalts | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ⓘ | Bornite | 2.BA.15 | Cu5FeS4 |
| ⓘ | Chalcopyrite | 2.CB.10a | CuFeS2 |
| ⓘ | 'Tetrahedrite Subgroup' | 2.GB.05 | Cu6(Cu4C2+2)Sb4S12S |
| Group 5 - Nitrates and Carbonates | |||
| ⓘ | Azurite | 5.BA.05 | Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Malachite | 5.BA.10 | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| Group 7 - Sulphates, Chromates, Molybdates and Tungstates | |||
| ⓘ | Brochantite | 7.BB.25 | Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 |
| ⓘ | Langite | 7.DD.10 | Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 · 2H2O |
| Group 8 - Phosphates, Arsenates and Vanadates | |||
| ⓘ | Pseudomalachite | 8.BD.05 | Cu5(PO4)2(OH)4 |
List of minerals for each chemical element
| H | Hydrogen | |
|---|---|---|
| H | ⓘ Azurite | Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Brochantite | Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 |
| H | ⓘ Langite | Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 · 2H2O |
| H | ⓘ Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Pseudomalachite | Cu5(PO4)2(OH)4 |
| C | Carbon | |
| C | ⓘ Azurite | Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| C | ⓘ Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| O | Oxygen | |
| O | ⓘ Azurite | Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Brochantite | Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 |
| O | ⓘ Langite | Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 · 2H2O |
| O | ⓘ Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Pseudomalachite | Cu5(PO4)2(OH)4 |
| P | Phosphorus | |
| P | ⓘ Pseudomalachite | Cu5(PO4)2(OH)4 |
| S | Sulfur | |
| S | ⓘ Bornite | Cu5FeS4 |
| S | ⓘ Brochantite | Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 |
| S | ⓘ Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
| S | ⓘ Langite | Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 · 2H2O |
| S | ⓘ Tetrahedrite Subgroup | Cu6(Cu4C22+)Sb4S12S |
| Fe | Iron | |
| Fe | ⓘ Bornite | Cu5FeS4 |
| Fe | ⓘ Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
| Cu | Copper | |
| Cu | ⓘ Azurite | Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| Cu | ⓘ Bornite | Cu5FeS4 |
| Cu | ⓘ Brochantite | Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 |
| Cu | ⓘ Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
| Cu | ⓘ Langite | Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 · 2H2O |
| Cu | ⓘ Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| Cu | ⓘ Pseudomalachite | Cu5(PO4)2(OH)4 |
| Cu | ⓘ Tetrahedrite Subgroup | Cu6(Cu4C22+)Sb4S12S |
| Sb | Antimony | |
| Sb | ⓘ Tetrahedrite Subgroup | Cu6(Cu4C22+)Sb4S12S |
Other Regions, Features and Areas containing this locality
- Rheno-Hercynian BeltOrogenic Belt
Cappagh Mine, Audley Mines, Ballydehob, Mizen Peninsula, Cork County, Munster, Ireland