Dhurode Mine (Carrigacat Mine), Mizen Peninsula, Cork County, Munster, Irelandi
| Regional Level Types | |
|---|---|
| Dhurode Mine (Carrigacat Mine) | Mine |
| Mizen Peninsula | Peninsula |
| Cork County | County |
| Munster | Province |
| Ireland | Country |
| Place | Population | Distance |
|---|---|---|
| Schull | 658 (2013) | 14.5km |
| Castletownbere | 912 (2017) | 18.4km |
| Durrus | 334 (2017) | 19.6km |
| Ballydehob | 271 (2017) | 21.0km |
| Baltimore | 347 (2015) | 27.2km |
Dhurode Mine (Dhurode Copper Mine; Carrigacat Mine; Dunmanus Bay Copper Mine of the promoters; Dnurode and Dhurede in misprints) is an abandoned copper mine on the southern shore of Dunmanus Bay, at the foot of the steep descent from the Old Red Sandstone upland, in the joint townland of Carrigacat and Milleen on the north side of the Mizen Peninsula, about 9 miles west of Schull, West Cork.[1] It worked an east–west lode of yellow copper ore (chalcopyrite) by small shafts and a cliff-foot adit, with two parallel quartz lodes striking E 20° N on either side, and Griffith recorded its gossan as auriferous.[2]
It was opened about 1843 by a small public company promoted from Coosheen, sold 229 tons of ore in 1844–46 for £629, was tested and rejected by the Mining Company of Ireland in 1850, and became the subject of one of the best-documented "bubble" companies of 1852–56, the Dhurode Copper Mining Company of John Cash, whose quarrel with its captain Charles Thomas, Walker's stamps and forged reports filled the Mining Journal; later revivals under William Tonkin (1859–68), the landlord Edward J. Butler (1862), an Atlantic Company (1881) and the Dhurode Copper Company of Goleen (1900–06) produced almost nothing.[3] The mineralogical interest is the chalcopyrite with grey and purple copper, the green and blue carbonates in the cliff grits, the well-crystallised arsenopyrite that is common in the tips, the quartz crystals of the opencut, the gold and silver assays of 1853–54 and the arsenic-rich rock geochemistry of the 1988 exploration; museum chalcopyrite from Dhurode assayed at more than 10 % copper with 0.1 and 0.7 oz of silver per ton.[4] The powder house survives as one of the good examples in West Carbery, and the sea-cliff adits west of the mine were explored by the Mining Heritage Trust of Ireland in 2005–06.[5]
Location and access
The mine is marked on the Geological Survey one-inch map and the current topographical map on the southern shore of Dunmanus Bay; Cole placed it in the joint townland of Carrigacat and Milleen, on 6-inch sheet Cork 147 NW and 1-inch sheet 199, and noted that Griffith's map shows two mines, Carrigacat and Dhurode, though "there seems, however, to be only one lode"; the Geological Survey's mine index gives the grid reference 077E 030N (Irish Grid V 77 30), and the earlier Mindat entry, from site visits, places the mine at Irish Grid V 780 306, ITM 478048 530744.[6][7]
Kinahan described it as "about two miles farther S.W., on the same coast line" from Canty's Cove; the Lackavaun lode lies to the north-east and the Balteen lodes to the south-west, Duffy noting that "some of the quartz veins in Balteen are undoubtedly continuous with those in Dhurode".[8] The site is private farmland on a remote coast; the adits found by the Mining Heritage Trust south-west of the mine are reached only by rope down the cliff or by boat.[9]
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Geology
The mine lies in the Old Red Sandstone grits and slates of the north side of the Mizen Peninsula, where Kinahan found the copper of the district "in beds, being found impregnating shales in the form of gray copper ore", and in regular lodes as yellow or purple ore, the quartz veins generally running with the strike and often with the dip of the strata; "when they run obliquely to the strike of the beds there is a chance of their making copper", the miners' "contra or conter lode".[10] At Dhurode the worked lode bears east and west, with two other quartz lodes striking E 20° N, one a little to the north-east and the other a little to the south-west of the mine; Duffy in 1932 recorded the grits at Balteen and Lackavaun as "often highly contorted in the neighbourhood of the quartz intrusions", the quartz "interfoliated with the beds of grit", with a large quartz lode striking east-south-east from a little bay in Lackavaun on which a short adit had been driven near the foot of the cliffs.[11]
A mid-nineteenth-century prospectus describes the Balteen lodes as "traceable east to Dhurode Mine, which has sold several cargoes of ore; and also to Lackavane ... and are no doubt a continuation of the run of lodes from the east of Shronagree, Derrycarhoon, and Dreenalamore", striking along the south shore of Dunmanus Bay.[12] Dana Exploration's 1988 mapping under Prospecting Licence 3230 produced a detailed geology map of the Dhurode area at 25 inches to the mile and a plan of the mine at adit level.[13]
The Mining Journal adds the miners' account of the ground. St Pierre Foley wrote in 1846 that "the rocks of the Dhurode district are of nearly the same formation as those of Crookhaven and Cosheen, and the ore vein stone is quartz, as usual", but that the Dhurode lodes "deviate from the general [course] of the mineral veins of that part of Ireland—running more to the [north] and south"; the captains' reports of 1851–56 repeatedly describe the lodes as flookan, gossan and quartz in "elvan" and light-coloured killas, the north cross-cut of 1854 being driven "in the elvan, which is impregnated with copper and mundic" and the engine shaft of 1856 sinking "through an elvan course" of "light coloured elvan, with some strong faces of copper, mixed with a great quantity of quartz, containing large cubes of white mundic"; the prospectus of 1862 called the worked lode "a valuable north-west and south-east contra lode"; and Thomas Tonkin in 1878 summarised the sett as "clay-slate, traversed by many east and west parallel bands of porphyritic slate. There were ten east and west and two caunter lodes discovered in this property. The east and west lodes incline south at nearly 1 in 3, and the caunter lodes also lead in a southern direction, but in a less degree", adding that "a horizontal bed of hydrated peroxide of iron, 1 foot wide, extends along the low lying portion of the Dhurode valley". The Atlantic company's prospectus of 1880 gave the strata as "carboniferous clay slate alternating with greenish grits, and sandstone" and claimed "12 proven east and west lodes, four great caunter lodes forming 32 junctions".[14]
Lodes and ore shoots
Kinahan's memoir names a single worked lode "that bears E. and W., and contains yellow copper ore (copper pyrites)", on which "some small shafts were sunk, but at present they are abandoned"; Cole's summary is that "the lode is said to have an east–west direction and the shafts sunk upon it appear to have been small. There is no record of lode thicknesses."[15] The 1853–54 assays distinguish an east–west lode with an auriferous gossan and a "south counter lode" of 17 % copper ore, and the Geological Survey's one-inch sheet surveyed in 1854 shows the single lode reproduced by Cowman and Reilly as Figure 28.[16] Tonkin reported in 1863 that he was sinking three new shafts; in 1988 Dana Exploration drilled four short diamond holes, DH1 (61.2 m), DH2 (64 m), DH3 (41 m) and DH4 (73.2 m), in Carrigacat townland.[17]
The Mining Journal's reports name the lodes as the miners knew them. In 1851 the lessee was sinking a new winze from the 10 to the 20 fathom level, a "second new [shaft], upon the caunter lode", and a "new shaft in the valley", and driving the shallow adit "105 fms to the east"; by April 1852 "Traill's shaft" was 10 fathoms deep and the 20 fathom level was stoping "a vein of rich coated ore" 15 feet in breadth.
Captain Charles Thomas reported in May 1853 a discovery "20 fms west of the caunter, on the east and west great champion lode", and in the following months "a new south lode ... cut in whole ground 30 fms from surface", 2 ft 5 in of solid yellow ore in July, 4 to 5 ft wide with "a solid branch of yellow ore, varying from 1 to 2 ft wide" in September, and 7 ft wide with 3 ft "nearly solid yellow ore" in the stopes in December; "a caunter running due south" was cut in October 1853 and "an east and west lode on the south caunter" in December; the north cross-cut of 1854 was driven towards "the great gossan lode" 30 fathoms north of the old lode, and in February 1855 "an east and west sparry lode, in east Dhurode ... upwards of 5 feet" wide and "intersected by the great caunter and south caunter lodes" was opened as the East Mine.
The shaft of 1855 was intended "to pass through the cross-course going down, and to cut the great caunter in the 30 fm level, and then to sink it to a 40, 50, and 60 fm level"; Tonkin's engine shaft of 1856 was sunk beside "the south caunter" through the shallow and deep adits, meeting "a large cavern filled with [green carbonates], and good copper in the stones at the sides of it" in May 1856. Butler's working of 1862 found "a second purple copper lode ... only 10 fms south of, and parallel with, the first discovery", and his prospectus described the original western mine as a shaft "to a depth of 57 fms down upon a valuable north-west and south-east contra lode"; Tonkin in 1863 had "a lode of rich purple ore in sight, at 40 fathoms deep".
Later writers agreed that the caunter was the mine: Thomas Tonkin in 1878 named "one caunter lode, known as the Bird Island lode ... having a bearing of 20° south of east and north of west; it averages 2 fms wide, and at its outcrop on the sea shore contains copper", with a lead-bearing east–west lode worked 6 or 7 fathoms near the eastern boundary; the dialogue of 1880 said that "several east and west lodes have been tried to a depth of 20 or 30 fms without yielding ore in paying quantities. One lode, however, called the great caunter, has a bearing about north-west and south-east, and intersects the whole group of lodes in the vicinity; this lode has yielded a large quantity of yellow copper ore, and ... the deeper levels are the best portion of the mine"; William Thomas in 1880 wrote that the caunter "runs inland from the cliff in a S.S.E. direction, and intersects the range of east and west lodes, elvan courses, &c.; and at the points of intersection the deposits of ore were found"; and the special correspondent of 1875 thought the two east–west lodes cut by Traill's adits "likely to be one great lode over 40 ft wide".[18]
Mineralogy
The ore was "yellow copper ore (copper pyrites)", with "strings of yellow and purple copper and grey ore" reported from the neighbouring Balteen workings; the cliff grits between Coosawaddra and the mine carry green carbonate of copper, azurite "in the grits immediately south-west of Coosawaddra", widely disseminated iron pyrites, and at the pier neck traces of galena and specular iron in a quartz vein.[19]
Griffith listed the locality as "Copper and Auriferous Gossan", and the bubble-company assays of 1853–54 reported silver and gold: a 202 lb sample of 17 % copper ore from the south counter lode and a 10.5 lb sample of gossan from the east–west lode, the latter returning 7 oz 8 dwt of silver and 6 dwt 15 grains of gold per ton.[20] Two museum chalcopyrites assayed in 1963 gave more than 10 % copper with 0.1 oz of silver per ton (University College Cork 15) and 0.7 oz (National Museum of Ireland 8).[21] Dana Exploration's 1988 rock sampling in Carrigacat returned copper to 43,100 ppm, lead to 3,372 ppm, silver to 52.5 ppm, gold to 0.298 ppm, antimony to 12,600 ppm and arsenic to 125,600 ppm in float and outcrop samples, an arsenic-antimony signature that the earlier Mindat entry explains: well-crystallised arsenopyrite is quite common in the tips, though typically completely enclosed in host rock and not free-grown, and the large opencut on the quartz mineralisation yields average quartz crystals up to 3 cm; the Geological Survey holds locality cards for quartz and chalcopyrite from "Carrigacat and Milleen".[22][23]
The Mining Journal's captains' reports of 1851–56 are the fullest record of what the ore looked like. In 1851 the caunter lode "though only 5 feet from surface" was "composed of [decomposed] flookan, rich gossan, mixed with spar and native copper, and quartz, [with] yellow ore", and the other new shaft showed "flookan, soft spar, mundic, and ribs or veins of bright yellow ore"; the reports of 1852 speak of "rich yellow and coated ore"; Charles Thomas found in August 1853 "good specimens of crystallised and malleable ore ... in the gossan", in September "a splendid gossan containing malleable and crystallised copper, and occasionally bunches of yellow ore", in November "quantities of gossan, containing a deal of malleable copper", and in December "a rich branch of [yellow] ore, coated with grey"; the north cross-cut of November 1854 yielded "stones of lead and yellow copper ore" and "yellow and black copper ore and mundic"; a correspondent at the mine in February 1855 wrote that "the whim is bringing up every day 100 kibbles of the best yellow, black, and peacock ores"; the East Mine in April 1855 gave "splendid stones of copper, also silver-lead in the quartz"; the shaft of October 1855 passed "veins of rich quality—yellow and peacock ore"; and Tonkin's engine shaft of 1856 cut "elvan, friable quartz, with green carbonates", "a large cavern filled with [green carbonates]" and "good strings of copper and green carbonates in the crevices".
The purple lodes of 1862–63 gave "purple copper of the richest quality, and also yellow" to a visitor of December 1863; the prospectus of 1862 gave the western mine's ores as "yellow and of grey copper ores, yielding from 10 to 35 per cent of metal". In 1880 Dhurode was listed among the producers of yellow copper ore and, "in small quantities", of erubescite, and the Atlantic company claimed "gold-bearing gossans, silver-lead, and copper".
The gold is a recurring theme in the paper: in January 1854 the captain reported a sample of gossan "tested for gold by Perkes's machine" and spoke of "the great gossan lode that yields 7½ ozs of gold to the ton"; in May 1856 the company said that "gossan and quartz, taken indiscriminately from this lode, have by assay yielded from 3 up to 7½ ozs of fine gold to the ton", the lode "being 15 feet in breadth at surface, and traceable for more than half a-mile"; Henwood in 1859 saw "heaps of gold quartz and pieces of 'gold extraction' machinery" at surface; the prospectus of 1862 claimed "gold, at an average of 3 ozs to the ton ... by an assay of 12 to 14 tons of ore-bearing stuff", which the paper corrected from Professor Low's six samples "from 3½ to 7 ozs, and an average of 5 ozs" a ton; and the tourist of 1863 was told "from 5 to 7 ozs per ton of quartz".[24]
History
The cliff showings of the north Mizen coast were probably found in the early 1840s by the Cornish miner whom William Connell's Coosheen partnership employed to survey the coast, and Dhurode is the one location where an attempt was made to raise capital by public subscription before 1845: a company seeking only £2,000 in £2 shares to develop Dhurode in 1843, seemingly the Consolidated and West Carbery Mining Company, sold £629 worth of copper (229 tons) over the next three years, Hunt's returns giving 97 tons in 1844, 102 in 1845 and 30 in 1846.[25] The working was abandoned in 1847 in the famine, its closure being later attributed to the death from famine fever of Dr Traill, the rector of Schull, who had an interest in it; a later prospectus claimed that 950 tons of raised ore had been left lying at the mine.[26] In 1850 the Mining Company of Ireland spent £800 on a comprehensive testing of the area and decided it was not worth mining; Cole records that the company "took up the mine, but abandoned it later in the year".[27]
The Mining Journal record, 1845–51. "Dhurode" entered the paper's share list in May 1845 as a concern of 1,000 shares, £2 paid, and was quoted at about £5 through 1846–51; "A Practical Miner" in November 1845 named "the Dhurode and Crookhaven Mines" as the offspring of Coosheen, and in April 1846 St Pierre Foley described "the copper mines of Dhurode, about four miles north-west of Crookhaven ... situated on Dunmanus Bay, having lofty hills and mountains on the east, south, and west, placed amphitheatrically like, and now well studded with neat slated cottages, built for the use of the miners employed in the works. This mine is placed under the management of Capt. Henry Thomas ... The ore is all of the sulphuretted description, being yellow copper pyrites, and is variable in its assay. There is a good horse whim erected for drawing, water-wheel and stamp heads, with sufficient water power for crushing, &c., the ores; and all the necessary offices, working shops, and sheds, built around the mine in a very convenient and picturesque manner ... Some cargoes of ore have been [sold]".
Henry Thomas was still writing from "Dhurode Mine, County Cork" in January 1850. A correspondent of 1849 summed the first working up as "Dhurode, 20 fms in one place below the deep adit, sold upwards of 200 tons", and the man who had managed it under Traill told the paper in 1852 "that not 1 ton of ore was ever raised from the east and west lode; that about 200 tons of ore were sold, averaging £4 per ton".
Later accounts in the paper credit the opening to "the late Dr. Traill" (1852), to "the Rev. Dr. Traill, late rector of Schull parish, and Capt. Forster, R.N.", who in 1844 drove "two adits ... inland from the face of the cliff on a large caunter lode" (1875), and to a discovery of 1845 "in the front of the cliff, on which an opening was made, and an adit driven ... on a branch of yellow copper ore ... which yielded hundreds of tons close to the surface" (1870); the company prospectus of 1852 said the mine "was opened in 1844, and subsequently worked by the late Dr. Traill, at an outlay of £5000. After his death, in 1847, the works were suspended". The Mining Company of Ireland reported in July 1850 that it had agreed a lease "at a rent of 1-20th of the produce" and arranged "the immediate unwatering of the mine for inspection", and in January 1851 that "after having been unwatered and inspected, it was considered advisable to relinquish the speculation".[28]
The mine "came into the possession of the present lessee in 1851", and from September 1851 the paper printed weekly reports of "the new workings": a winze from the 10 to the 20 fathom level, a shaft on the caunter lode, "the other new shaft" and "the new shaft in the valley", the shallow adit driven to 105 fathoms east and the 10 fathom level to 56 fathoms, and the main shaft "being sunk 10 fms, then to drive a level east and west on the caunter lode"; by February 1852 the shares "bear a premium of 250 per cent", though the paper had "no returns from Dhurode", and a visitor in May 1852 found "a few men at work; but we do not expect to see much done while the mine remains in the hands of the present parties, as it is not being worked with spirit".[29]
The Dhurode Copper Mining Company, advertised in the Mining Journal from 5 June 1852 with 20,000 £1 shares of which perhaps half were sold, was promoted by John Cash with Charles Thomas, brother of William Thomas of Coosheen, as captain; 15 tons were said to have been shipped at the end of 1852 and 40 tons of 4 % ore sold in the autumn of 1853 for £144 4s, on the strength of which two dividends totalling 4s 4d a share, over £4,000, were paid out of capital; the directors announced gold, possibly from the adjoining townland of Lackavaun, negotiated for Walker's newly devised stamps (installed for 600 free shares and said to treat 150 to 200 tons of 10 % ore a month), and in late 1854 and early 1855 published reports purporting to come from the captain that had in fact been forged.[30]
Thomas, who had opposed the stamps, aired his grievances to the visiting Cornish miner Dowrick, whose letter to the Mining Journal provoked Walker's reply and the Dublin correspondent's pun that "the Cash has accompanied Walker"; the exchange revealed bounced cheques, unpaid miners and Thomas's dismissal, and four company officials, three Tonkins and a John Harris, tried to intimidate him out of his house until a Bantry court order let him stay pending payment of £26 9s 2d.[31] Ore sales in 1855 were 24 tons worth £156; the February 1856 meeting found a credit balance of £15 against debts of £6,668, Walker's stamps having failed for want of water; of 50 tons shipped to Swansea early in 1856, 46 found no buyer; the shareholders revolted, the mine was sold and they were held liable for £3,146 of debts, over £15,000 having been spent sinking "some small shafts" for £613 of ore, "a splendid sacrifice to Mammon" in George Henwood's phrase of 1859.[32]
The Dhurode Copper Mining Company in the Mining Journal, 1852–58. The prospectus printed on 5 and 12 June 1852 offered £20,000 in 20,000 £1 shares "on the cost-book principle", with a committee of Josiah Bates of 26 Throgmorton Street, Thomas H. Bristow, Lieutenant-Colonel Cooper, Thomas Huxley and John Moorhouse, Dimsdale, Drewett, Fowlers and Barnard as bankers, Arthur Dean as mining engineer and T. Norton Brown as secretary; the sett was "438 acres, including 10 acres of surface land ... under a lease for 32 years, at 1-16th royalty", the purchase "inclusive of valuable buildings and machinery, as also a quantity of ores valued at £950", assaying "22 per cent from the yellow ore; 35 per c[ent from the grey]".
The paper's Cork correspondent "Celt-Miles" at once challenged the £950 of dressed ore as "all moonshine", a forged application in the name of a London publican produced a £50 reward and "a Dhurode stag hunt", and in November 1852 the captain, James Bennett, denied the Skibbereen correspondent's report of the mine "except that Mr. Cash is at the mine", while "An Irish Miner" of Bantry asked whether the ore at surface had not been dressed over a second time. Fourteen tons were sold at Swansea on 22 February 1853; in April "a new south lode has been cut in whole ground 30 fms from surface ... worth £30 per fm"; and Charles Thomas, who had taken the management by May 1853, reported a discovery "on the east and west great champion lode".
At the annual meeting on 13 May 1853 "a dividend of £5 per cent [was] ordered to be paid out of the proceeds of sales of ores" and a further issue of 3,000 shares at par was resolved; in September the meeting divided "the nett proceeds of the sales of 47 [tons of] ore from the mine, now at Swansea", the Swansea list of October showing Dhurode at 38 tons for £322 (the figures are OCR readings); a second dividend in November made "a total of 3s per share paid within the last six months", and the paper's Dublin correspondent, noting dividends "of 4s 4d per share", urged "a full and explicit statement of their affairs". Dhurode closed 1853 as one of Ireland's "four new mines in the Dividend List".[33] The reports of 1854 were as sanguine—"one rock was blasted out last week that measured 10 feet long and 7 feet in girth", a gossan sample "tested for gold by Perkes's machine"—but the Dublin correspondent in May 1854 quoted the shares at a discount on "12,000 shares, with £1 paid".
In July 1854 "active operations are now in progress to place the new 24-feet water-wheel on the mine, to work 18 heads of stamps ... to commence crushing the piles of large stones of copper ore which have been accumulating during the last two years, and from which it is anticipated at least 100 tons of ore will then be made"; 40 tons sold at Swansea on 5 September 1854 for £381 7s 6d; in October the Skibbereen correspondent heard that Walker's stamping mill "in the dry season, it is reported, will be driven by a powerful windmill"; "the 20 heads of stamps and new water-wheel arrived on the mine on Monday [13 November 1854], and are now being fixed by Mr. Walker and assistants", and the stamps first ran on 5 February 1855.
Within a month they were "idle, in consequence of the 'belt' being broken in pieces, and a part of the stamps broken down", the Cornish mechanic J. Dowrick of Irish Consols writing that four Cornish heads at £60 "will accomplish more work than Walker's stamps with 20 heads", which "have not been erected for a sum under £600"; the Dublin correspondent reported that Walker had contracted with Cash, the purser, to supply the machinery "wholly or in part, by shares in the company", engaging "to return from 140 to 200 tons of ore per month, worth £10 per ton", and that "it is all Walker at Dhurode". Charles Thomas, "the late captain", had been "discharged" by March 1855; in September the steam-engine and additional stamps were landed at Crookhaven; and a visitor that summer found that "the gold stamping apparatus, when applied to the reduction of copper ore, is so far a dead failure ... The stopes on the stulls (vide reports in Mining Journal) are said to be exhausted ... The mine has been sunk some 30 fms below the deep adit, and reported upon by competent authorities ... and from all I can learn none of the inspectors held out any encouragement that the mine would ever pay the expense of working".
The Bantry Sessions case followed in September 1855: Thomas swore that Cash and Walker "required him to write reports to dictation, and upon his refusing to do so his services were no longer required", £26 9s 2d being due to him, and William Tonkin senior and junior, Edward Tonkin and John Harris were convicted of riot and forcible possession of his house; Cash replied that the true cause of Thomas's dismissal "was his insulting language, in his letter to the chairman and committee", and Thomas answered that "about July, 1854, Mr. Walker, of the City-road, contracted to erect a wheel and stamps for 600 shares, and undertook the m[anagement] of the mine".[34]
William Tonkin signed the reports from January 1856, when "the new engine-shaft is down 9 fms, and sinking through an elvan course"; at the meeting of 19 February 1856, Josiah Bates in the chair, the accounts showed "a balance in favour of mine, £15 8s 1d", Lord Kinsale was re-elected chairman and Henry Kirton and Henry Barnes became directors; the committee issued 1,000 unallotted shares at 12s 6d in March "in aid of the working costs", and 30 tons sold at Swansea on 25 March 1856 for £143 7s 6d; in May the remaining shares were offered "to erect works, under a new patent, for the reduction of the ores and extraction of the sulphur; also for operations upon the auriferous quartz and gossans, of which there is an almost inexhaustible supply in the sett"; the list of Cork mining capital that month put "Dhurode, £14,000".
The engine shaft reached the deep adit in September 1856, and on 23 October 1856 a general meeting was called "to appoint a special committee to carry out the arrangement with the Dhurode shareholders, for the disbursement of the debts and liabilities of the company ... or otherwise to determine upon the course to be adopted for their liquidation".
In September 1857 "the South-West of Ireland Mining Company (Limited) ... having purchased the Dhurode Mine", holders of Dhurode certificates were invited to exchange five £1 shares for one £2 10s share half paid; the old company was wound up in the Court of Chancery, J. Davis being appointed official manager in January 1858, a call of ten shillings a share made in June, and the creditors paid in August 1858; the Master of the Rolls' list of 1861 shows the contributories of the Dhurode Copper Mining Company paid £3,146.[35]
The contentions were not resolved until the autumn of 1858; meanwhile the South West of Ireland Mining Company of early 1857 offered 2,000 shares at £2 10s and a smelter, and William Tonkin, Thomas's successor as captain, produced £73 of copper (14 tons) early in 1859 on an allowance of £50 a month; an anonymous £20,000 company followed at the end of 1859, and in the summer of 1862 the landlord, Edward J. Butler of Sandymount, Dublin, who said he was being "persecuted by gold prospectors", set up the Dhurode Copper and Lead Mining Company with 240 shares at £500 each and worked the mine himself with Tonkin, who reported three new shafts and "hundreds of tons" of ore dressed in 1863 against sales of no more than 17 tons; the working may have continued to 1868.[36]
A London company, the Atlantic Copper Mining Company Ltd registered in September 1880, ran trials in 1881–83, an anonymous company tested the ground in 1889, prospecting-licence applications were made for Dhurode in the early 1890s, and a Dhurode Copper Company of Goleen existed from 1900 to 1906 under Captain Worseldine (replaced by H. Portway in 1901), with 48 employed in 1899 and three surface workers by 1901, an output of a single ton of ore, and a local ballad recalling electric light, a hydraulic wheel, stone crushers and water wheels; the company was also said to have worked at Lackavaun and at "Dunmanus West".[37] The earlier Mindat entry summarises the record as a Victorian copper mine of the 1840s with 229 tons in 1844–46, a possible revival in 1860–65 and a second in 1900–06, neither with recorded output.[38] Duffy mapped the mine and its neighbours in 1932, and Dana Exploration plc explored Carrigacat and Balteen under Prospecting Licence 3230 in 1988 with geological mapping, soil, stream-sediment and rock geochemistry and four diamond holes.[39]
The Mining Journal record, 1859–85. George Henwood, touring the district in the summer of 1859, found at Dhurode "a splendid sacrifice to Mammon. All want the mine to work itself and enrich them. True, they have made a large expenditure, and equally true they have made large returns, but they have been carried out in such driblets as to lead to no results but chagrin ... The poor captain here is worse than a 'toad under a harrow'; he has a good mine under his feet; he knows it, but is not allowed to work it. He is limited to £50 a month, out of which he has to pay £30 for shammeling the water to keep the mine dry, the rest goes for keeping men sufficient to retain the sett. At the surface may be seen heaps of gold quartz and pieces of 'gold extraction' machinery. Query, are not the real gold extractors elsewhere?"; "Captain Wm. Tonkin, of the Dhurode Mine" was reporting on Crookhaven for its new company that autumn, and in November the Dublin correspondent heard that Dhurode "is about being revived, and brought out under a new management, with a capital of £20,000 ... a considerable amount of money has been expended on this mine (upwards of £10,000)".
The purple-ore discoveries of 1862 were noticed in May ("a second purple copper lode has been [cut] only 10 fms south of, and parallel with, the first discovery") and September ("the [purple] ore is now being raised from the east and west drivings in the [40], as well as in the shaft, the sinking of which has been resumed at that depth"), and Butler's prospectus of the Dhurode Copper and Lead Mining Company (Limited), printed three times in September and October 1862, proposed a nominal capital of £120,000 in 240 shares of £500, two purchasers paying "£20,000 in hand to the proprietor" for 40 shares, 120 shares going to the proprietor and 80 providing £40,000 of working capital, under a lease dated 14 February 1861 "of 31 years at a royalty since reduced by fine to one-twentieth"; the mines were "in fair work, producing chiefly copper, and some lead, of rich qualities", the original western mine had "a shaft ... opened to a depth of 57 fms down upon a valuable north-west and south-east contra lode ... 500 to 600 tons of these ores have been extracted and sold", the plant was "a water-wheel, 24 ft diameter, and 4 ft breast, attached to the stamps, together with dressing-floors complete ... a smith's forge, a carpenter's shop, and a good residence for the agent", and the proprietor declared himself "in no hurry whatever to transfer these mines to other hands in part, being fully prepared to sink down to the junction of the two purple lodes".
The paper called it "a prospectus ... marked by a novel and somewhat startling character" but could "discover no contradiction in the same", and later accounts from Dhurode through 1862–63 were "most favourable".[40] The quarrel of the autumn of 1863 between Tonkin and "An Old Miner" of Ballydehob is the best account of the private working. The Old Miner wrote that "Dhurode Mine ... during the past five years has produced nothing, and unless the plan of working is altered it will produce nothing for the next five years to come"; Tonkin replied on 26 October 1863 that "Dhurode is worked by a private gentleman, who has not called for his remarks ... we have some hundreds of pounds worth of ore dressed, and more in course of preparation, with a lode of rich purple ore in sight, at 40 fathoms deep, to work away on", and explained that "under a former agent's management at Dhurode—the pumps were taken up, timber taken out, and about 30 fathoms of the bottom of the mine filled in ... This is the reason that we have not been able to ship much ore at Dhurode of late, having to sink three new shafts, considering it more safe than clearing up old shafts that were run together"; the Old Miner retorted that Tonkin "has been 'civil engineering' in that mine the past seven years, and he has not during that period raised a single cargo of ore ... has never seen the bottom of Dhurode Mine (sunk 30 and 40 fms below the sea level) ... The new perpendicular shaft, near the forge, was a grand piece of 'civil engineering'".
A tourist in December 1863 nevertheless saw at Dhurode "purple copper of the richest quality, and also yellow" and thought "it will become a second Berehaven"; 17 tons were sold at Swansea on 5 April 1864 for £62 1s gross, "not more ... than about £45" net; in January 1865 the paper reported Dhurode "decidedly improving as greater depth is attained"; and Tonkin was still advertising from "the Dhurode Mines, near Goleen" in 1866 and 1867, when a correspondent writing from Dhurode on 9 July 1867 found "mining in our district ... very dull at present ... owing to the stagnation in trade of late, and the Fenian folly".
The end is dated by later notices: the caunter's "lower levels presented a very favourable appearance when the mine ceased working in 1868" (1882), the inability to pump "brought about a collapse about eight years ago" (Thomas Tonkin, 1878), and a writer of August 1870 found "the deepest and most productive [part of the] mine ... allowed to fill up with water, hand-pumps being [the only] means of forking the water", the mine having been sunk "to a depth of 56 fathoms from [surface], where the richest part of the mine yet discovered had been met with", with "an engine-shaft ... [sunk to a] depth of 45 fms".[41] The special correspondent of 1875 recorded Dhurode's neighbours and its opening; Thomas Tonkin in 1878 set Dhurode "down as of the greatest importance" among the Crookhaven mines, with "ten east and west and two caunter lodes", the copper workings "chiefly confined to the western portion of the property", and claimed "thousands of tons of copper ore", which "Veritas" of Glandore corrected: "I think the total quantity sold in Swansea was 250 or 300 tons, but this fact can be easily ascertained, as no ore from that mine was sold elsewhere. The extent of Dhurode sett is close upon 200 acres"; William Thomas in 1880 gave the owner as "Mr. B. L. Fleming, J.P." In September 1880 the Atlantic Copper Mining Company (Limited) was registered with a capital of £50,000 in £1 shares "to purchase, upon the terms of an agreement made between D. Lambert of the one part and J. L. Lowick, as trustee for the company, of an under-lease ... of 137 acres of land, part of the mines of copper, lead, and other metallic ores, situate at Dhurode, West Carbery, county Cork, together with all plant, machinery, fixtures", W. Worseldine, patent agent, being among its subscribers; the purchase price was £12,000, £2,000 in cash and the rest in shares, and the abridged prospectus of October 1880, with Condy, H. Shirley, Worseldine "(H.M.C.S. Admiralty)" and L. Holt as directors and D. Lambert as engineer, described "the extensively proven copper mines, lodes of gold quartz, purple and yellow copper ore, and silver-lead ores situated at Dhurode, in the valley of Carrigcaith ... The mines are opened to 50 fathoms in depth, are working ... and contain 12 proven east and west lodes, four great caunter lodes forming 32 junctions rich in gold-bearing gossans, silver-lead, and copper".
A writer of 1883 still thought Dhurode "a Berehaven in miniature, and only different by yielding copper ores of higher produce, nearly double percentage to those got at the Allihies or Berehaven Mines", and the paper's Irish correspondent in July 1885 passed "near Dhurode Mine, which some time since, I am informed, was about to be resumed; but, owing to the exceedingly low price of copper and prejudice against Ireland and Irish mines, sufficient capital it appears could not be raised to carry out the scheme".[42]
Operators and companies at Dhurode | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Workings and surface remains
The nineteenth-century workings were "some small shafts" on the lode, three more sunk by Tonkin in 1863, and Duffy in 1932 recorded the neighbouring Balteen shafts (at least three, one almost filled, the others water-filled to sea level) with an old driving from the cliff-top, a short adit on the Lackavaun cross-lode near the foot of the cliffs, and at Dhurode itself a filled trial shaft near the cliff edge on the western side of the neck south-west of the pier.[43]
In October 1854 the Mining Journal's West Cork correspondent reported that "at Dhurode, I understand they are erecting one of Walker's stamping mills, which in the dry season, it is reported, will be driven by a powerful windmill".[44] Six concrete-capped shafts are visible around the site, with a scattering of spoil heaps mainly on the cliff top; the adit at the bottom of the cliff is blocked with rubbish, and there is a large opencut on the quartz mineralisation.[45] The powder house is a good surviving example, cited by Cowman and Reilly with Crookhaven's.[46]
In 2005–06 Paddy O'Sullivan located two adits in the cliffs south-west of Dhurode about twenty metres above sea level, the "Short adit" of 118 ft ending in a blank wall and the "Priest's adit" of 278 ft ending in a U-turn, which he suggested might be the Dhurode Copper Company's "Dunmanus West" trials of about 1900.[47] Dana Exploration's 1988 plan of the mine at adit level and its drill-hole location map are the only modern surveys.[48]
The Mining Journal fills in the plant and the shafts. In 1846 there was "a good horse whim erected for drawing, water-wheel and stamp heads, with sufficient water power for crushing"; the reports of 1851–55 name a shallow adit (105 fathoms east by November 1851) and a deep adit, the 10 and 20 fathom levels, "the main shaft", "Traill's shaft", "the whim-shaft", "the new shaft in the valley" (the "Valley Mine" of 1855), "the big stull, above the shallow adit", a winze under the deep adit west of the cross-course, the East Mine shaft of 1855, and "a new shaft to the deep adit at about 150 fms from the [entrance]"; Walker's "new 24-feet water-wheel", first to work 18 and then 20 heads of stamps, arrived on 13 November 1854, with reservoirs and embankments built to feed it, and "the steam-engine and additional stamps" were landed at Crookhaven on 14 September 1855; the "new engine-shaft" begun late in 1855 was 9 fathoms deep in January 1856, was holed to the shallow adit by a cross-cut in June and was 9 feet below the deep adit in September 1856; the prospectus of 1862 listed "a water-wheel, 24 ft diameter, and 4 ft breast, attached to the stamps, together with dressing-floors complete, and superabundance of water supply, a smith's forge, a carpenter's shop, and a good residence for the agent"; Tonkin sank "three new shafts" in 1863, one of them "the new perpendicular shaft, near the forge"; and the depths quoted are "some 30 fms below the deep adit" (1855), "sunk 30 and 40 fms below the sea level" (1863), 57 fathoms in the western mine (1862), 56 fathoms with an engine shaft of 45 fathoms (1870), and "opened to 50 fathoms" (1880). Henwood in 1859 saw "heaps of gold quartz and pieces of 'gold extraction' machinery" at surface.[49]
Production
Ore sold from Dhurode by year | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Recorded sales therefore total about 360 tons, four-fifths of them from the first working of 1844–46; the 1852–56 company's £613 of ore against more than £15,000 spent is the measure of the bubble.[50]
Mining Journal references
The Mining Journal is the primary record of Dhurode: its share list carried the mine from 1845, its captains' reports ran almost weekly from September 1851 to September 1856, and its correspondence columns hold the quarrels of 1852–55 and 1863. In the Internet Archive's run of the paper (collection pub_mining-journal, which lacks the 1860 volume and the years 1886–93) 291 issues between 1845 and 1885 mention Dhurode, 199 of them beyond the share list; the substantive items are tabled below. Each identifier opens at archive.org/details/ followed by the identifier; the text is uncorrected OCR and figures should be checked against the page images.[51]
Mining Journal issues noticing Dhurode Mine (Internet Archive run) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The Geological Survey's index to the Mining Journal lists more than forty items on Dhurode, from the first notices of the 1840s through the dense correspondence, meetings and management disputes of 1853–56 (including "correspondence on house break at Dhurode Mine" and "correspondence on Dhurode Mine and its management"), the advertisement and annual meeting of the Dhurode Mining Company, later "Mining in Ireland" correspondence, and the company registrations of the 1900s.[52]
Collecting and specimens
The site is private and remote; the copper minerals to be seen are the green carbonate stains in the contorted grits along the cliffs between Coosawaddra and Lackavaun, with azurite south-west of Coosawaddra and small quantities of copper carbonate in the beds nearest the sea, as recorded by Duffy in 1932.[53] In the tips and the opencut the collectable species are arsenopyrite, well crystallised but enclosed in the host rock, and quartz crystals up to 3 cm; the shafts are capped with concrete.[54] Museum material is limited to the two chalcopyrites assayed in 1963 at University College Cork and the National Museum of Ireland; no Dhurode specimen appears in the Russell collection register at the Natural History Museum, London.[55]
References
1. Cole, G.A.J. (1922) Memoir and Map of Localities of Minerals of Economic Importance and Metalliferous Mines in Ireland. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, Dhurode (Carrigacat) entry (typed extract in the Geological Survey of Ireland mine-record files, GSI Goldmine record 9554308, Mine Reports, p. 215); Geological Survey of Ireland (n.d.) Extract from Memoir 200 etc., Dhurode (GSI Goldmine record 9554192, Mine Records: Dhurode, p. 1).
2. Kinahan, G.H. (1861) in Jukes, J.B., Du Noyer, G.V., Willson, W.L., Wyley, A. & Kinahan, G.H., Explanations to accompany Sheets 200, 203, 204 and 205, and part of 199, of the maps of the Geological Survey of Ireland. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, p. 21; Griffith, R. (1861) List of localities in Ireland where mines and metalliferous indications have been discovered, as reprinted in the same memoir, p. 27 ("Carrigacat (Dhurode), Copper and Auriferous Gossan").
3. Cowman, D. & Reilly, T.A. (1988) The Abandoned Mines of West Carbery: Promoters, Adventurers and Miners. Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, pp. 41–42, 85–88 and 128, Tables 4 and 5; Cole, G.A.J. (1922) Memoir and Map of Localities of Minerals of Economic Importance and Metalliferous Mines in Ireland. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin (typed extract in the Geological Survey of Ireland mine-record files, GSI Goldmine record 9554308, Mine Reports, p. 215).
4. Cowman, D. & Reilly, T.A. (1988) The Abandoned Mines of West Carbery: Promoters, Adventurers and Miners. Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, Table 6, pp. 106–107; Duffy, J. (1932) Report on copper deposits in south-west Ireland (Counties Cork and Kerry), 13 January 1932. Geological Survey of Ireland mine-record files (GSI Goldmine record 9554307, Mine Records: Reports), pp. 8 and 27; Dana Exploration plc (1988) Rock geochemistry results, Dhurode area, Prospecting Licence 3230. Geological Survey of Ireland open-file item (GSI Goldmine record 10207796).
5. Cowman, D. & Reilly, T.A. (1988) The Abandoned Mines of West Carbery: Promoters, Adventurers and Miners. Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, p. 3; O'Sullivan, P. (2006) The Mines of Sheep's Head and Mizen Head Peninsulas, County Cork. Journal of the Mining Heritage Trust of Ireland 6, 23–36, p. 29 and Fig. 25.
6. Earlier description of this locality on Mindat (field observations, pre-2026).
7. Cole, G.A.J. (1922) Memoir and Map of Localities of Minerals of Economic Importance and Metalliferous Mines in Ireland. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin (typed extract in the Geological Survey of Ireland mine-record files, GSI Goldmine record 9554308, Mine Reports, p. 215); Geological Survey of Ireland mine index, West Cork (GSI Goldmine record 9554308, Mine Reports, p. 1).
8. Kinahan, G.H. (1861) in Jukes, J.B., Du Noyer, G.V., Willson, W.L., Wyley, A. & Kinahan, G.H., Explanations to accompany Sheets 200, 203, 204 and 205, and part of 199, of the maps of the Geological Survey of Ireland. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, p. 21; Duffy, J. (1932) Report on copper deposits in south-west Ireland (Counties Cork and Kerry), 13 January 1932. Geological Survey of Ireland mine-record files (GSI Goldmine record 9554307, Mine Records: Reports), p. 8.
9. O'Sullivan, P. (2006) The Mines of Sheep's Head and Mizen Head Peninsulas, County Cork. Journal of the Mining Heritage Trust of Ireland 6, 23–36, p. 29.
10. Kinahan, G.H. (1861) in Jukes, J.B., Du Noyer, G.V., Willson, W.L., Wyley, A. & Kinahan, G.H., Explanations to accompany Sheets 200, 203, 204 and 205, and part of 199, of the maps of the Geological Survey of Ireland. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, pp. 20–21.
11. Kinahan, G.H. (1861) in Jukes, J.B., Du Noyer, G.V., Willson, W.L., Wyley, A. & Kinahan, G.H., Explanations to accompany Sheets 200, 203, 204 and 205, and part of 199, of the maps of the Geological Survey of Ireland. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, p. 21; Duffy, J. (1932) Report on copper deposits in south-west Ireland (Counties Cork and Kerry), 13 January 1932. Geological Survey of Ireland mine-record files (GSI Goldmine record 9554307, Mine Records: Reports), pp. 8 and 41.
12. Report on the Balteen and Lackavane setts, mid-1850s, printed in the Geological Survey of Ireland mine-record files (GSI Goldmine record 9554308, Mine Reports, pp. 38 and 283).
13. Dana Exploration plc (1988) Detailed geology map, PL 3230, Dhurode area (Fig. 4) and Plan of Dhurode Mine at adit level (Fig. 5). Geological Survey of Ireland open-file items (GSI Goldmine records 10207881 and 10207888).
14. The Mining Journal (London), 11 April 1846, Vol. 16 No. 555, Mining in Ireland, the mines of the Crookhaven district, Dhurode described (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1846-04-11_16_555); The Mining Journal (London), 14 January 1854, Vol. 24 No. 960, Dhurode Copper (Ireland), report with the gold test (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1854-01-14_24_960); The Mining Journal (London), 31 May 1856, Vol. 26 No. 1084, Dhurode, William Tonkin's report of 26 May 1856, and a letter on the gossans (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1856-05-31_26_1084); The Mining Journal (London), 27 September 1862, Vol. 32 No. 1414, prospectus of the Dhurode Copper and Lead Mining Company (Limited) (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1862-09-27_32_1414); The Mining Journal (London), 23 February 1878, Vol. 48 No. supplement, Tonkin, T., The Mineral Resources of Ireland No. III, the Crookhaven district (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1878-02-23_48_supplement); The Mining Journal (London), 16 October 1880, Vol. 50 No. 2356, the Atlantic Copper Mining Company's purchase at Dhurode (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1880-10-16_50_2356); The Mining Journal (London), 23 October 1880, Vol. 50 No. 2357, abridged prospectus of the Atlantic Copper Mining Company (Limited) (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1880-10-23_50_2357).
15. Kinahan, G.H. (1861) in Jukes, J.B., Du Noyer, G.V., Willson, W.L., Wyley, A. & Kinahan, G.H., Explanations to accompany Sheets 200, 203, 204 and 205, and part of 199, of the maps of the Geological Survey of Ireland. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, p. 21; Geological Survey of Ireland (n.d.) Extract from Memoir 200 etc., Dhurode (GSI Goldmine record 9554192, p. 1).
16. Cowman, D. & Reilly, T.A. (1988) The Abandoned Mines of West Carbery: Promoters, Adventurers and Miners. Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, Table 6, p. 106, and Fig. 28, p. 83.
17. Cowman, D. & Reilly, T.A. (1988) The Abandoned Mines of West Carbery: Promoters, Adventurers and Miners. Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, p. 128; Dana Exploration plc (1988) Diamond drill hole logs DH1–DH4, Dhurode, PL 3230. Geological Survey of Ireland open-file items (GSI Goldmine records 10203543, 10203550, 10203555, 10203561, 10207896, 10207902, 10207907, 10207742).
18. The Mining Journal (London), 6 September 1851, Vol. 21 No. 837, Dhurode, report on the new workings (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1851-09-06_21_837); The Mining Journal (London), 1 November 1851, Vol. 21 No. 845, Dhurode, report on the adits and shafts (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1851-11-01_21_845); The Mining Journal (London), 17 April 1852, Vol. 22 No. 869, Dhurode Mines, report (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1852-04-17_22_869); The Mining Journal (London), 14 May 1853, Vol. 23 No. 925, Dhurode, Captain Charles Thomas's first report, and the annual meeting (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1853-05-14_23_925); The Mining Journal (London), 16 April 1853, Vol. 23 No. 921, Dhurode, discovery of a new south lode (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1853-04-16_23_921); The Mining Journal (London), 2 July 1853, Vol. 23 No. 932, Dhurode, report on the new lode (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1853-07-02_23_932); The Mining Journal (London), 17 September 1853, Vol. 23 No. 943, Dhurode, report, and the meeting dividing the proceeds of 47 tons (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1853-09-17_23_943); The Mining Journal (London), 5 November 1853, Vol. 23 No. 950, Dhurode Mine, report on the plat and the caunter (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1853-11-05_23_950); The Mining Journal (London), 3 December 1853, Vol. 23 No. 954, Dhurode Copper Mine, report (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1853-12-03_23_954); The Mining Journal (London), 28 January 1854, Vol. 24 No. 962, Dhurode Copper (Ireland), report on the great gossan lode (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1854-01-28_24_962); The Mining Journal (London), 10 February 1855, Vol. 25 No. 1016, Dhurode, report of 6 February 1855, and letter on stamps building (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1855-02-10_25_1016); The Mining Journal (London), 27 October 1855, Vol. 25 No. 1053, Dhurode, report on the new shaft and the Valley Mine (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1855-10-27_25_1053); The Mining Journal (London), 31 May 1856, Vol. 26 No. 1084, Dhurode, William Tonkin's report of 26 May 1856, and a letter on the gossans (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1856-05-31_26_1084); The Mining Journal (London), 24 May 1862, Vol. 32 No. 1396, Irish Mine Share Market, a second purple lode at Dhurode (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1862-05-24_32_1396); The Mining Journal (London), 27 September 1862, Vol. 32 No. 1414, prospectus of the Dhurode Copper and Lead Mining Company (Limited) (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1862-09-27_32_1414); The Mining Journal (London), 31 October 1863, Vol. 33 No. 1471, Mining in Ireland, the Dhurode Mine, letter of William Tonkin, agent, 26 October 1863 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1863-10-31_33_1471); The Mining Journal (London), 23 February 1878, Vol. 48 No. supplement, Tonkin, T., The Mineral Resources of Ireland No. III, the Crookhaven district (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1878-02-23_48_supplement); The Mining Journal (London), 13 March 1880, Vol. 50 No. supplement, Mining in the South-West of Ireland, a dialogue on the copper ores and the Dhurode lodes (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1880-03-13_50_supplement); The Mining Journal (London), 15 May 1880, Vol. 50 No. supplement, Thomas, W., Short Notices on Irish Mines, Dunmanus Bay (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1880-05-15_50_supplement); The Mining Journal (London), 26 June 1875, Vol. 45 No. supplement, The Mineral Resources of the South-West of Ireland No. X, Balteen and Dhurode (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1875-06-26_45_supplement).
19. Kinahan, G.H. (1861) in Jukes, J.B., Du Noyer, G.V., Willson, W.L., Wyley, A. & Kinahan, G.H., Explanations to accompany Sheets 200, 203, 204 and 205, and part of 199, of the maps of the Geological Survey of Ireland. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, p. 21; Duffy, J. (1932) Report on copper deposits in south-west Ireland (Counties Cork and Kerry), 13 January 1932. Geological Survey of Ireland mine-record files (GSI Goldmine record 9554307, Mine Records: Reports), pp. 8 and 27.
20. Griffith, R. (1861) List of localities in Ireland where mines and metalliferous indications have been discovered, as reprinted in Jukes, J.B., Du Noyer, G.V., Willson, W.L., Wyley, A. & Kinahan, G.H. (1861) Explanations to accompany Sheets 200, 203, 204 and 205, and part of 199, of the maps of the Geological Survey of Ireland. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, p. 27; Cowman, D. & Reilly, T.A. (1988) The Abandoned Mines of West Carbery: Promoters, Adventurers and Miners. Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, Table 6, p. 106, citing Mining Journal 1853 p. 837 and 1854 pp. 21–22 and 1878 p. 212.
21. Cowman, D. & Reilly, T.A. (1988) The Abandoned Mines of West Carbery: Promoters, Adventurers and Miners. Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, Table 6, p. 107.
22. Dana Exploration plc (1988) Rock geochemistry results, Dhurode area, PL 3230, Table 1 (GSI Goldmine record 10207796); Geological Survey of Ireland mineral-locality cards, Quartz and Chalcopyrite, Carrigacat and Milleen (GSI Goldmine records 9548666, 9548804 and 9549493).
23. Earlier description of this locality on Mindat (field observations, pre-2026).
24. The Mining Journal (London), 6 September 1851, Vol. 21 No. 837, Dhurode, report on the new workings (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1851-09-06_21_837); The Mining Journal (London), 13 September 1851, Vol. 21 No. 838, Dhurode, report on the new shaft (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1851-09-13_21_838); The Mining Journal (London), 17 April 1852, Vol. 22 No. 869, Dhurode Mines, report (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1852-04-17_22_869); The Mining Journal (London), 6 August 1853, Vol. 23 No. 937, Dhurode Mine, Captain Charles Thomas's report of 1 August 1853 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1853-08-06_23_937); The Mining Journal (London), 17 September 1853, Vol. 23 No. 943, Dhurode, report, and the meeting dividing the proceeds of 47 tons (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1853-09-17_23_943); The Mining Journal (London), 5 November 1853, Vol. 23 No. 950, Dhurode Mine, report on the plat and the caunter (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1853-11-05_23_950); The Mining Journal (London), 3 December 1853, Vol. 23 No. 954, Dhurode Copper Mine, report (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1853-12-03_23_954); The Mining Journal (London), 11 November 1854, Vol. 24 No. 1003, Dhurode, report on the north cross-cut and south caunter (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1854-11-11_24_1003); The Mining Journal (London), 9 December 1854, Vol. 24 No. 1007, Dhurode, report on the north cross-cut (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1854-12-09_24_1007); The Mining Journal (London), 3 February 1855, Vol. 25 No. 1015, Dhurode Mine, Walker's stamps, letter of W. W., and enquiry on the stamps (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1855-02-03_25_1015); The Mining Journal (London), 28 April 1855, Vol. 25 No. 1027, Dhurode, report on the East Mine (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1855-04-28_25_1027); The Mining Journal (London), 27 October 1855, Vol. 25 No. 1053, Dhurode, report on the new shaft and the Valley Mine (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1855-10-27_25_1053); The Mining Journal (London), 26 April 1856, Vol. 26 No. 1079, Dhurode, William Tonkin's report of 21 April 1856 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1856-04-26_26_1079); The Mining Journal (London), 31 May 1856, Vol. 26 No. 1084, Dhurode, William Tonkin's report of 26 May 1856, and a letter on the gossans (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1856-05-31_26_1084); The Mining Journal (London), 5 July 1856, Vol. 26 No. 1089, Dhurode, William Tonkin's report of 30 June 1856 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1856-07-05_26_1089); The Mining Journal (London), 26 December 1863, Vol. 33 No. 1479, A Tourist, the mines of the Mizen peninsula (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1863-12-26_33_1479); The Mining Journal (London), 27 September 1862, Vol. 32 No. 1414, prospectus of the Dhurode Copper and Lead Mining Company (Limited) (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1862-09-27_32_1414); The Mining Journal (London), 13 March 1880, Vol. 50 No. supplement, Mining in the South-West of Ireland, a dialogue on the copper ores and the Dhurode lodes (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1880-03-13_50_supplement); The Mining Journal (London), 23 October 1880, Vol. 50 No. 2357, abridged prospectus of the Atlantic Copper Mining Company (Limited) (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1880-10-23_50_2357); The Mining Journal (London), 14 January 1854, Vol. 24 No. 960, Dhurode Copper (Ireland), report with the gold test (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1854-01-14_24_960); The Mining Journal (London), 28 January 1854, Vol. 24 No. 962, Dhurode Copper (Ireland), report on the great gossan lode (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1854-01-28_24_962); The Mining Journal (London), 17 May 1856, Vol. 26 No. 1082, the Dhurode Mining Company's share issue, the sulphur patent and the auriferous gossans (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1856-05-17_26_1082); The Mining Journal (London), 10 September 1859, Vol. 29 No. 1255, Henwood, G., Mining in Ireland, the Crookhaven and Dhurode mines visited (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1859-09-10_29_1255); The Mining Journal (London), 11 October 1862, Vol. 32 No. 1416, the Dhurode prospectus and Professor Low's gold assays (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1862-10-11_32_1416).
25. Cowman, D. & Reilly, T.A. (1988) The Abandoned Mines of West Carbery: Promoters, Adventurers and Miners. Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, pp. 40–42 and Table 4; Cole, G.A.J. (1922) Memoir and Map of Localities of Minerals of Economic Importance and Metalliferous Mines in Ireland. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin (typed extract in the Geological Survey of Ireland mine-record files, GSI Goldmine record 9554308, Mine Reports, p. 215).
26. Cowman, D. & Reilly, T.A. (1988) The Abandoned Mines of West Carbery: Promoters, Adventurers and Miners. Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, pp. 52 and 85.
27. Cowman, D. & Reilly, T.A. (1988) The Abandoned Mines of West Carbery: Promoters, Adventurers and Miners. Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, p. 85; Cole, G.A.J. (1922) Memoir and Map of Localities of Minerals of Economic Importance and Metalliferous Mines in Ireland. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin (typed extract in the Geological Survey of Ireland mine-record files, GSI Goldmine record 9554308, Mine Reports, p. 215).
28. The Mining Journal (London), 31 May 1845, Vol. 15 No. 510, share list, Dhurode (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1845-05-31_15_510); The Mining Journal (London), 8 November 1845, Vol. 15 No. 533, A Practical Miner on the Coosheen Mine and its offspring (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1845-11-08_15_533); The Mining Journal (London), 11 April 1846, Vol. 16 No. 555, Mining in Ireland, the mines of the Crookhaven district, Dhurode described (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1846-04-11_16_555); The Mining Journal (London), 19 January 1850, Vol. 20 No. 752, letter of Henry Thomas dated Dhurode Mine, 14 January 1850 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1850-01-19_20_752); The Mining Journal (London), 7 July 1849, Vol. 19 No. 724, letter on the mines of West Carbery with their depths and sales (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1849-07-07_19_724); The Mining Journal (London), 3 July 1852, Vol. 22 No. 880, Dhurode Mine, letter on the former working under Dr Traill (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1852-07-03_22_880); The Mining Journal (London), 22 May 1852, Vol. 22 No. 874, Mining in Ireland, a tour of the Mizen and Dunmanus Bay mines (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1852-05-22_22_874); The Mining Journal (London), 26 June 1875, Vol. 45 No. supplement, The Mineral Resources of the South-West of Ireland No. X, Balteen and Dhurode (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1875-06-26_45_supplement); The Mining Journal (London), 20 August 1870, Vol. 40 No. supplement, Mining in Ireland, the Dhurode Mine, from Cork, 9 August 1870 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1870-08-20_40_supplement); The Mining Journal (London), 5 June 1852, Vol. 22 No. 876, prospectus of the Dhurode Copper Mining Company (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1852-06-05_22_876); The Mining Journal (London), 13 July 1850, Vol. 20 No. 777, Mining Company of Ireland, half-yearly report, Dhurode Copper Mine (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1850-07-13_20_777); The Mining Journal (London), 25 January 1851, Vol. 21 No. 805, Notices to Correspondents, the Dhurode Copper Mine relinquished by the Mining Company of Ireland (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1851-01-25_21_805).
29. The Mining Journal (London), 5 June 1852, Vol. 22 No. 876, prospectus of the Dhurode Copper Mining Company (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1852-06-05_22_876); The Mining Journal (London), 6 September 1851, Vol. 21 No. 837, Dhurode, report on the new workings (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1851-09-06_21_837); The Mining Journal (London), 13 September 1851, Vol. 21 No. 838, Dhurode, report on the new shaft (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1851-09-13_21_838); The Mining Journal (London), 1 November 1851, Vol. 21 No. 845, Dhurode, report on the adits and shafts (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1851-11-01_21_845); The Mining Journal (London), 28 February 1852, Vol. 22 No. 862, leader on the Irish copper returns, Dhurode shares at a premium (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1852-02-28_22_862); The Mining Journal (London), 22 May 1852, Vol. 22 No. 874, Mining in Ireland, a tour of the Mizen and Dunmanus Bay mines (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1852-05-22_22_874).
30. Cowman, D. & Reilly, T.A. (1988) The Abandoned Mines of West Carbery: Promoters, Adventurers and Miners. Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, pp. 85–86 and Table 5.
31. Cowman, D. & Reilly, T.A. (1988) The Abandoned Mines of West Carbery: Promoters, Adventurers and Miners. Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, p. 86.
32. Cowman, D. & Reilly, T.A. (1988) The Abandoned Mines of West Carbery: Promoters, Adventurers and Miners. Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, pp. 86–88 and 84.
33. The Mining Journal (London), 5 June 1852, Vol. 22 No. 876, prospectus of the Dhurode Copper Mining Company (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1852-06-05_22_876); The Mining Journal (London), 12 June 1852, Vol. 22 No. 877, prospectus of the Dhurode Copper Mining Company, second printing, with the lease terms (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1852-06-12_22_877); The Mining Journal (London), 26 June 1852, Vol. 22 No. 879, letters of Celt-Miles on the Dhurode prospectus, and the forged share application (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1852-06-26_22_879); The Mining Journal (London), 10 July 1852, Vol. 22 No. 881, Mines, prospectuses, reports and puffs No. III, the Dhurode stag hunt (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1852-07-10_22_881); The Mining Journal (London), 13 November 1852, Vol. 22 No. 899, Mining in Ireland, the Dhurode Mine, letter of James Bennett, captain, 6 November 1852 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1852-11-13_22_899); The Mining Journal (London), 27 November 1852, Vol. 22 No. 901, Mining in Ireland, the Dhurode Mine, letter of An Irish Miner, Bantry (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1852-11-27_22_901); The Mining Journal (London), 5 March 1853, Vol. 23 No. 915, Swansea ticketing of 22 February 1853, Dhurode 14 tons (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1853-03-05_23_915); The Mining Journal (London), 16 April 1853, Vol. 23 No. 921, Dhurode, discovery of a new south lode (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1853-04-16_23_921); The Mining Journal (London), 14 May 1853, Vol. 23 No. 925, Dhurode, Captain Charles Thomas's first report, and the annual meeting (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1853-05-14_23_925); The Mining Journal (London), 17 September 1853, Vol. 23 No. 943, Dhurode, report, and the meeting dividing the proceeds of 47 tons (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1853-09-17_23_943); The Mining Journal (London), 8 October 1853, Vol. 23 No. 946, Swansea sales list, Dhurode (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1853-10-08_23_946); The Mining Journal (London), 12 November 1853, Vol. 23 No. 951, the Dhurode Copper Mine's second dividend (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1853-11-12_23_951); The Mining Journal (London), 17 December 1853, Vol. 23 No. 956, Dublin correspondence on the London-managed Cork mines, Dhurode (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1853-12-17_23_956); The Mining Journal (London), 31 December 1853, Vol. 23 No. 958, review of the year, Ireland (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1853-12-31_23_958).
34. The Mining Journal (London), 14 January 1854, Vol. 24 No. 960, Dhurode Copper (Ireland), report with the gold test (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1854-01-14_24_960); The Mining Journal (London), 27 May 1854, Vol. 24 No. 979, Dublin correspondence, the market value of the Cork mining companies (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1854-05-27_24_979); The Mining Journal (London), 22 July 1854, Vol. 24 No. 987, Dhurode, report on the new water-wheel and stamps (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1854-07-22_24_987); The Mining Journal (London), 9 September 1854, Vol. 24 No. 994, Dhurode report of 1 September 1854 and the Swansea sale of 5 September 1854 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1854-09-09_24_994); The Mining Journal (London), 7 October 1854, Vol. 24 No. 998, Skibbereen correspondence, Walker's stamping mill at Dhurode (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1854-10-07_24_998); The Mining Journal (London), 18 November 1854, Vol. 24 No. 1004, Dhurode, report of 15 November 1854 on the arrival of the stamps and wheel (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1854-11-18_24_1004); The Mining Journal (London), 10 February 1855, Vol. 25 No. 1016, Dhurode, report of 6 February 1855, and letter on stamps building (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1855-02-10_25_1016); The Mining Journal (London), 3 March 1855, Vol. 25 No. 1019, Stamps building, Dhurode Mine, letter of J. Dowrick, and the mine report (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1855-03-03_25_1019); The Mining Journal (London), 27 January 1855, Vol. 25 No. 1014, Dublin correspondence, the Dhurode Mine and Walker's contract (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1855-01-27_25_1014); The Mining Journal (London), 10 March 1855, Vol. 25 No. 1020, letter of W. W. from Dhurode Mine, 6 March 1855, and the mine report (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1855-03-10_25_1020); The Mining Journal (London), 15 September 1855, Vol. 25 No. 1047, Dhurode, report on the arrival of the steam-engine (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1855-09-15_25_1047); The Mining Journal (London), 21 July 1855, Vol. 25 No. 1039, Mining in the South of Ireland, the Coosheen, Brow Head and Dhurode mines (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1855-07-21_25_1039); The Mining Journal (London), 22 September 1855, Vol. 25 No. 1048, from our correspondent in Skibbereen, the house-breaking case at Dhurode Mine (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1855-09-22_25_1048); The Mining Journal (London), 29 September 1855, Vol. 25 No. 1049, Dhurode Mine, letter of J. Cash, purser, 27 September 1855 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1855-09-29_25_1049); The Mining Journal (London), 13 October 1855, Vol. 25 No. 1051, Dhurode Mine and its management, letter of Captain Charles Thomas (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1855-10-13_25_1051).
35. The Mining Journal (London), 2 February 1856, Vol. 26 No. 1067, Dhurode, William Tonkin's report of 22 January 1856 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1856-02-02_26_1067); The Mining Journal (London), 23 February 1856, Vol. 26 No. 1070, Dhurode Mine meeting, accounts and election of directors (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1856-02-23_26_1070); The Mining Journal (London), 8 March 1856, Vol. 26 No. 1072, Dhurode Mine committee, issue of 1000 shares at 12s 6d (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1856-03-08_26_1072); The Mining Journal (London), 22 March 1856, Vol. 26 No. 1074, Swansea ticketing of 25 March 1856, Dhurode 30 tons (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1856-03-22_26_1074); The Mining Journal (London), 29 March 1856, Vol. 26 No. 1075, Swansea ticketing of 25 March 1856, Dhurode £143 7s 6d (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1856-03-29_26_1075); The Mining Journal (London), 17 May 1856, Vol. 26 No. 1082, the Dhurode Mining Company's share issue, the sulphur patent and the auriferous gossans (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1856-05-17_26_1082); The Mining Journal (London), 3 May 1856, Vol. 26 No. 1080, letter on the London-managed mines of West Cork and their capital (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1856-05-03_26_1080); The Mining Journal (London), 20 September 1856, Vol. 26 No. 1100, Dhurode, William Tonkin's report of 15 September 1856 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1856-09-20_26_1100); The Mining Journal (London), 18 October 1856, Vol. 26 No. 1104, notice of the Dhurode general meeting of 23 October 1856 on the debts and liquidation (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1856-10-18_26_1104); The Mining Journal (London), 19 September 1857, Vol. 27 No. 1152, notice of the South-West of Ireland Mining Company (Limited) on the exchange of Dhurode shares (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1857-09-19_27_1152); The Mining Journal (London), 30 January 1858, Vol. 28 No. 1171, appointment of the official manager of the Dhurode Copper Mining Company (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1858-01-30_28_1171); The Mining Journal (London), 10 July 1858, Vol. 28 No. 1194, In Chancery, call of ten shillings on the contributories of the Dhurode Copper Mining Company (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1858-07-10_28_1194); The Mining Journal (London), 14 August 1858, Vol. 28 No. 1199, In Chancery, notice to the creditors of the Dhurode Copper Mining Company (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1858-08-14_28_1199); The Mining Journal (London), 27 April 1861, Vol. 31 No. 1340, contributions paid in the winding-up of mining companies at the Master of the Rolls' chambers (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1861-04-27_31_1340).
36. Cowman, D. & Reilly, T.A. (1988) The Abandoned Mines of West Carbery: Promoters, Adventurers and Miners. Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, p. 128 and pp. 105–106; Cole, G.A.J. (1922) Memoir and Map of Localities of Minerals of Economic Importance and Metalliferous Mines in Ireland. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin (typed extract in the Geological Survey of Ireland mine-record files, GSI Goldmine record 9554308, Mine Reports, p. 215) ("something may have been done between 1860 and 1865").
37. Cowman, D. & Reilly, T.A. (1988) The Abandoned Mines of West Carbery: Promoters, Adventurers and Miners. Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, pp. 106 and 128; Cole, G.A.J. (1922) Memoir and Map of Localities of Minerals of Economic Importance and Metalliferous Mines in Ireland. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin (typed extract in the Geological Survey of Ireland mine-record files, GSI Goldmine record 9554308, Mine Reports, p. 215); O'Sullivan, P. (2006) The Mines of Sheep's Head and Mizen Head Peninsulas, County Cork. Journal of the Mining Heritage Trust of Ireland 6, 23–36, p. 29, citing McCarthy, P. & Hawkes, R. (1999) Northside of the Mizen, Cork, pp. 188–190 and the Mineral Statistics.
38. Earlier description of this locality on Mindat (field observations, pre-2026).
39. Duffy, J. (1932) Report on copper deposits in south-west Ireland (Counties Cork and Kerry), 13 January 1932. Geological Survey of Ireland mine-record files (GSI Goldmine record 9554307, Mine Records: Reports), pp. 8, 27 and 41; Dana Exploration plc (1988) PL 3230 Dhurode area: geology maps (Figs 2 and 4), rock sample and drill-hole location map (Fig. 2), soil and stream-sediment results (Cu, As), soil geochemistry Dhurode West (Fig. 6), rock geochemistry (Table 1) and drill logs DH1–DH4. Geological Survey of Ireland open-file items (GSI Goldmine records 10207942, 10207881, 10207866, 10207873, 10207976, 10207796, 10203543–10203561).
40. The Mining Journal (London), 10 September 1859, Vol. 29 No. 1255, Henwood, G., Mining in Ireland, the Crookhaven and Dhurode mines visited (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1859-09-10_29_1255); The Mining Journal (London), 1 October 1859, Vol. 29 No. 1258, Crookhaven Mines, report of Captain William Tonkin of the Dhurode Mine (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1859-10-01_29_1258); The Mining Journal (London), 26 November 1859, Vol. 29 No. 1266, Irish Mine Share Market, the Dhurode mine about to be revived (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1859-11-26_29_1266); The Mining Journal (London), 24 May 1862, Vol. 32 No. 1396, Irish Mine Share Market, a second purple lode at Dhurode (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1862-05-24_32_1396); The Mining Journal (London), 20 September 1862, Vol. 32 No. 1413, Irish Mine Share Market, purple ore raised at Dhurode (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1862-09-20_32_1413); The Mining Journal (London), 27 September 1862, Vol. 32 No. 1414, prospectus of the Dhurode Copper and Lead Mining Company (Limited) (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1862-09-27_32_1414); The Mining Journal (London), 4 October 1862, Vol. 32 No. 1415, Irish Mine Share Market on the Dhurode prospectus, and the prospectus reprinted (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1862-10-04_32_1415); The Mining Journal (London), 11 October 1862, Vol. 32 No. 1416, the Dhurode prospectus and Professor Low's gold assays (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1862-10-11_32_1416); The Mining Journal (London), 20 December 1862, Vol. 32 No. 1426, Irish Mine Share Market, favourable accounts from Dhurode (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1862-12-20_32_1426).
41. The Mining Journal (London), 10 October 1863, Vol. 33 No. 1468, letter of An Old Miner, Ballydehob, on the Cork mines and Dhurode (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1863-10-10_33_1468); The Mining Journal (London), 31 October 1863, Vol. 33 No. 1471, Mining in Ireland, the Dhurode Mine, letter of William Tonkin, agent, 26 October 1863 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1863-10-31_33_1471); The Mining Journal (London), 5 December 1863, Vol. 33 No. 1476, An Old Miner on Schull Bay and Dhurode (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1863-12-05_33_1476); The Mining Journal (London), 26 December 1863, Vol. 33 No. 1479, A Tourist, the mines of the Mizen peninsula (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1863-12-26_33_1479); The Mining Journal (London), 16 April 1864, Vol. 34 No. 1495, Mining in Ireland, the Dhurode sale at Swansea of 5 April 1864 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1864-04-16_34_1495); The Mining Journal (London), 23 April 1864, Vol. 34 No. 1496, Notices to Correspondents, An Old Miner on the Dhurode sale (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1864-04-23_34_1496); The Mining Journal (London), 28 January 1865, Vol. 35 No. 1536, Irish Mine Share Market, Cappagh, Ballycummisk and Dhurode in depth (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1865-01-28_35_1536); The Mining Journal (London), 14 April 1866, Vol. 36 No. 1599, advertisement of Captain William Tonkin, Dhurode Mines, near Goleen (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1866-04-14_36_1599); The Mining Journal (London), 5 January 1867, Vol. 37 No. 1637, advertisement of Captain William Tonkin, Dhurode Mine, on the Ballyrisode estate (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1867-01-05_37_1637); The Mining Journal (London), 13 July 1867, Vol. 37 No. 1664, Mineral wealth of Ireland, a correspondent writing from Dhurode, 9 July 1867 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1867-07-13_37_1664); The Mining Journal (London), 4 November 1882, Vol. 52 No. 2463, the mineral belt of Dunmanus Bay and the Dhurode caunter lode (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1882-11-04_52_2463); The Mining Journal (London), 23 February 1878, Vol. 48 No. supplement, Tonkin, T., The Mineral Resources of Ireland No. III, the Crookhaven district (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1878-02-23_48_supplement); The Mining Journal (London), 20 August 1870, Vol. 40 No. supplement, Mining in Ireland, the Dhurode Mine, from Cork, 9 August 1870 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1870-08-20_40_supplement).
42. The Mining Journal (London), 26 June 1875, Vol. 45 No. supplement, The Mineral Resources of the South-West of Ireland No. X, Balteen and Dhurode (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1875-06-26_45_supplement); The Mining Journal (London), 3 July 1875, Vol. 45 No. 2080, The Mineral Resources of the South-West of Ireland No. XI, Goleen district, Lackavane (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1875-07-03_45_2080); The Mining Journal (London), 23 February 1878, Vol. 48 No. supplement, Tonkin, T., The Mineral Resources of Ireland No. III, the Crookhaven district (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1878-02-23_48_supplement); The Mining Journal (London), 2 March 1878, Vol. 48 No. supplement, Mining in Ireland, letter of Veritas, Glandore, on Dhurode's output (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1878-03-02_48_supplement); The Mining Journal (London), 15 May 1880, Vol. 50 No. supplement, Thomas, W., Short Notices on Irish Mines, Dunmanus Bay (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1880-05-15_50_supplement); The Mining Journal (London), 18 September 1880, Vol. 50 No. 2352, New companies, the Atlantic Copper Mining Company (Limited) (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1880-09-18_50_2352); The Mining Journal (London), 16 October 1880, Vol. 50 No. 2356, the Atlantic Copper Mining Company's purchase at Dhurode (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1880-10-16_50_2356); The Mining Journal (London), 23 October 1880, Vol. 50 No. 2357, abridged prospectus of the Atlantic Copper Mining Company (Limited) (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1880-10-23_50_2357); The Mining Journal (London), 3 March 1883, Vol. 53 No. supplement, Copper mining in Ireland, letter on the Cork mines (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1883-03-03_53_supplement); The Mining Journal (London), 4 July 1885, Vol. 55 No. 2602, Irish Mines, our Irish correspondent on West Cork, Dhurode (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1885-07-04_55_2602).
43. Kinahan, G.H. (1861) in Jukes, J.B., Du Noyer, G.V., Willson, W.L., Wyley, A. & Kinahan, G.H., Explanations to accompany Sheets 200, 203, 204 and 205, and part of 199, of the maps of the Geological Survey of Ireland. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, p. 21; Cowman, D. & Reilly, T.A. (1988) The Abandoned Mines of West Carbery: Promoters, Adventurers and Miners. Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, p. 128; Duffy, J. (1932) Report on copper deposits in south-west Ireland (Counties Cork and Kerry), 13 January 1932. Geological Survey of Ireland mine-record files (GSI Goldmine record 9554307, Mine Records: Reports), pp. 8, 27 and 41.
44. The Mining Journal (London), 7 October 1854, Vol. 24 No. 998, West Cork correspondent's report on the Schull district mines (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1854-10-07_24_998).
45. Earlier description of this locality on Mindat (field observations, pre-2026).
46. Cowman, D. & Reilly, T.A. (1988) The Abandoned Mines of West Carbery: Promoters, Adventurers and Miners. Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, p. 3.
47. O'Sullivan, P. (2006) The Mines of Sheep's Head and Mizen Head Peninsulas, County Cork. Journal of the Mining Heritage Trust of Ireland 6, 23–36, p. 29 and Fig. 25.
48. Dana Exploration plc (1988) Plan of Dhurode Mine at adit level (Fig. 5) and rock sample and diamond drill hole location map (Fig. 2). Geological Survey of Ireland open-file items (GSI Goldmine records 10207888 and 10207866).
49. The Mining Journal (London), 11 April 1846, Vol. 16 No. 555, Mining in Ireland, the mines of the Crookhaven district, Dhurode described (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1846-04-11_16_555); The Mining Journal (London), 1 November 1851, Vol. 21 No. 845, Dhurode, report on the adits and shafts (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1851-11-01_21_845); The Mining Journal (London), 17 April 1852, Vol. 22 No. 869, Dhurode Mines, report (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1852-04-17_22_869); The Mining Journal (London), 14 May 1853, Vol. 23 No. 925, Dhurode, Captain Charles Thomas's first report, and the annual meeting (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1853-05-14_23_925); The Mining Journal (London), 10 March 1855, Vol. 25 No. 1020, letter of W. W. from Dhurode Mine, 6 March 1855, and the mine report (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1855-03-10_25_1020); The Mining Journal (London), 27 October 1855, Vol. 25 No. 1053, Dhurode, report on the new shaft and the Valley Mine (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1855-10-27_25_1053); The Mining Journal (London), 7 July 1855, Vol. 25 No. 1037, Dhurode, report on the deep adit and the new shaft (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1855-07-07_25_1037); The Mining Journal (London), 22 July 1854, Vol. 24 No. 987, Dhurode, report on the new water-wheel and stamps (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1854-07-22_24_987); The Mining Journal (London), 18 November 1854, Vol. 24 No. 1004, Dhurode, report of 15 November 1854 on the arrival of the stamps and wheel (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1854-11-18_24_1004); The Mining Journal (London), 12 May 1855, Vol. 25 No. 1029, Dhurode, report on the reservoirs (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1855-05-12_25_1029); The Mining Journal (London), 15 September 1855, Vol. 25 No. 1047, Dhurode, report on the arrival of the steam-engine (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1855-09-15_25_1047); The Mining Journal (London), 2 February 1856, Vol. 26 No. 1067, Dhurode, William Tonkin's report of 22 January 1856 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1856-02-02_26_1067); The Mining Journal (London), 14 June 1856, Vol. 26 No. 1086, Dhurode, William Tonkin's report of 10 June 1856 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1856-06-14_26_1086); The Mining Journal (London), 20 September 1856, Vol. 26 No. 1100, Dhurode, William Tonkin's report of 15 September 1856 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1856-09-20_26_1100); The Mining Journal (London), 27 September 1862, Vol. 32 No. 1414, prospectus of the Dhurode Copper and Lead Mining Company (Limited) (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1862-09-27_32_1414); The Mining Journal (London), 31 October 1863, Vol. 33 No. 1471, Mining in Ireland, the Dhurode Mine, letter of William Tonkin, agent, 26 October 1863 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1863-10-31_33_1471); The Mining Journal (London), 5 December 1863, Vol. 33 No. 1476, An Old Miner on Schull Bay and Dhurode (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1863-12-05_33_1476); The Mining Journal (London), 21 July 1855, Vol. 25 No. 1039, Mining in the South of Ireland, the Coosheen, Brow Head and Dhurode mines (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1855-07-21_25_1039); The Mining Journal (London), 20 August 1870, Vol. 40 No. supplement, Mining in Ireland, the Dhurode Mine, from Cork, 9 August 1870 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1870-08-20_40_supplement); The Mining Journal (London), 23 October 1880, Vol. 50 No. 2357, abridged prospectus of the Atlantic Copper Mining Company (Limited) (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1880-10-23_50_2357); The Mining Journal (London), 10 September 1859, Vol. 29 No. 1255, Henwood, G., Mining in Ireland, the Crookhaven and Dhurode mines visited (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1859-09-10_29_1255).
50. Cowman, D. & Reilly, T.A. (1988) The Abandoned Mines of West Carbery: Promoters, Adventurers and Miners. Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, pp. 88 and 128 and Table 4.
51. Internet Archive, The Mining Journal (London), collection pub_mining-journal, per-issue scans and OCR text, identifiers sim_mining-journal_YYYY-MM-DD_volume_issue (archive.org, consulted September 2026).
52. Geological Survey of Ireland (n.d.) An index to references to Irish mineral resource and mining activities in the Mining Journal 1835–1920. Geological Survey of Ireland report RS 89/1 (GSI Goldmine record 9536085), pp. 17–78, 98, 118, 120, 130, 152 and 208 of the printed index; Cowman, D. & Reilly, T.A. (1988) The Abandoned Mines of West Carbery: Promoters, Adventurers and Miners. Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, endnotes to sections 13 and 21, citing among others Mining Journal 1857 p. 205, 1858 p. 540, 1859 pp. 248, 630 and 824, 1862 pp. 462, 662 and 681, 1863 pp. 538, 720, 772, 811, 822 and 870.
53. Duffy, J. (1932) Report on copper deposits in south-west Ireland (Counties Cork and Kerry), 13 January 1932. Geological Survey of Ireland mine-record files (GSI Goldmine record 9554307, Mine Records: Reports), pp. 8 and 27.
54. Earlier description of this locality on Mindat (field observations, pre-2026).
55. Cowman, D. & Reilly, T.A. (1988) The Abandoned Mines of West Carbery: Promoters, Adventurers and Miners. Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, Table 6, p. 107; Natural History Museum, London, register of the Sir Arthur Russell mineral collection (BM 1964R series), Irish entries as listed by the Department of Mineralogy (no Dhurode or Carrigacat entry).
Select Mineral List Type
Standard Detailed Gallery Strunz Chemical ElementsDetailed Mineral List:
| ⓘ Albite Formula: Na(AlSi3O8) Description: Small (< 3 mm) cream crystals with quartz. Identified by XRD. References: |
| ⓘ Arsenopyrite Formula: FeAsS |
| ⓘ Azurite Formula: Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 References: |
| ⓘ Baryte Formula: BaSO4 |
| ⓘ Bornite Formula: Cu5FeS4 |
| ⓘ Bournonite Formula: PbCuSbS3 |
| ⓘ Calcite Formula: CaCO3 |
| ⓘ Chalcopyrite Formula: CuFeS2 References: |
| ⓘ 'Chlorite Group' |
| ⓘ Connellite Formula: Cu19(SO4)(OH)32Cl4 · 3H2O References: |
| ⓘ Digenite Formula: Cu9S5 |
| ⓘ Djurleite Formula: Cu31S16 |
| ⓘ Dolomite Formula: CaMg(CO3)2 References: |
| ⓘ Galena Formula: PbS |
| ⓘ Hematite Formula: Fe2O3 |
| ⓘ Hessite Formula: Ag2Te |
| ⓘ 'Limonite' References: |
| ⓘ Malachite Formula: Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| ⓘ Meneghinite Formula: Pb13CuSb7S24 |
| ⓘ Native Antimony Formula: Sb |
| ⓘ Native Silver Formula: Ag |
| ⓘ Pyrite Formula: FeS2 |
| ⓘ Quartz Formula: SiO2 |
| ⓘ Scorodite Formula: Fe3+AsO4 · 2H2O References: |
| ⓘ Siderite Formula: FeCO3 |
| ⓘ Sphalerite Formula: ZnS |
| ⓘ 'Tetrahedrite Subgroup' Formula: Cu6(Cu4C2+2)Sb4S12S References: |
| ⓘ Wittichenite Formula: Cu3BiS3 |
Gallery:
List of minerals arranged by Strunz 10th Edition classification
| Group 1 - Elements | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ⓘ | Native Silver | 1.AA.05 | Ag |
| ⓘ | Native Antimony | 1.CA.05 | Sb |
| Group 2 - Sulphides and Sulfosalts | |||
| ⓘ | Djurleite | 2.BA.05 | Cu31S16 |
| ⓘ | Digenite | 2.BA.10 | Cu9S5 |
| ⓘ | Bornite | 2.BA.15 | Cu5FeS4 |
| ⓘ | Hessite | 2.BA.60 | Ag2Te |
| ⓘ | Sphalerite | 2.CB.05a | ZnS |
| ⓘ | Chalcopyrite | 2.CB.10a | CuFeS2 |
| ⓘ | Galena | 2.CD.10 | PbS |
| ⓘ | Pyrite | 2.EB.05a | FeS2 |
| ⓘ | Arsenopyrite | 2.EB.20 | FeAsS |
| ⓘ | Wittichenite | 2.GA.20 | Cu3BiS3 |
| ⓘ | Bournonite | 2.GA.50 | PbCuSbS3 |
| ⓘ | 'Tetrahedrite Subgroup' | 2.GB.05 | Cu6(Cu4C2+2)Sb4S12S |
| ⓘ | Meneghinite | 2.HB.05b | Pb13CuSb7S24 |
| Group 3 - Halides | |||
| ⓘ | Connellite | 3.DA.25 | Cu19(SO4)(OH)32Cl4 · 3H2O |
| Group 4 - Oxides and Hydroxides | |||
| ⓘ | Quartz | 4.00.05 | SiO2 |
| ⓘ | Hematite | 4.CB.05 | Fe2O3 |
| Group 5 - Nitrates and Carbonates | |||
| ⓘ | Calcite | 5.AB.05 | CaCO3 |
| ⓘ | Siderite | 5.AB.05 | FeCO3 |
| ⓘ | Dolomite | 5.AB.10 | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| ⓘ | Azurite | 5.BA.05 | Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Malachite | 5.BA.10 | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| Group 7 - Sulphates, Chromates, Molybdates and Tungstates | |||
| ⓘ | Baryte | 7.AD.35 | BaSO4 |
| Group 8 - Phosphates, Arsenates and Vanadates | |||
| ⓘ | Scorodite | 8.CD.10 | Fe3+AsO4 · 2H2O |
| Group 9 - Silicates | |||
| ⓘ | Albite | 9.FA.35 | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| Unclassified | |||
| ⓘ | 'Chlorite Group' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Limonite' | - | |
List of minerals for each chemical element
| H | Hydrogen | |
|---|---|---|
| H | ⓘ Azurite | Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Connellite | Cu19(SO4)(OH)32Cl4 · 3H2O |
| H | ⓘ Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Scorodite | Fe3+AsO4 · 2H2O |
| C | Carbon | |
| C | ⓘ Azurite | Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| C | ⓘ Calcite | CaCO3 |
| C | ⓘ Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| C | ⓘ Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| C | ⓘ Siderite | FeCO3 |
| O | Oxygen | |
| O | ⓘ Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| O | ⓘ Azurite | Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Baryte | BaSO4 |
| O | ⓘ Calcite | CaCO3 |
| O | ⓘ Connellite | Cu19(SO4)(OH)32Cl4 · 3H2O |
| O | ⓘ Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| O | ⓘ Hematite | Fe2O3 |
| O | ⓘ Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Quartz | SiO2 |
| O | ⓘ Scorodite | Fe3+AsO4 · 2H2O |
| O | ⓘ Siderite | FeCO3 |
| Na | Sodium | |
| Na | ⓘ Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| Mg | Magnesium | |
| Mg | ⓘ Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| Al | Aluminium | |
| Al | ⓘ Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| Si | Silicon | |
| Si | ⓘ Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| Si | ⓘ Quartz | SiO2 |
| S | Sulfur | |
| S | ⓘ Arsenopyrite | FeAsS |
| S | ⓘ Baryte | BaSO4 |
| S | ⓘ Bornite | Cu5FeS4 |
| S | ⓘ Bournonite | PbCuSbS3 |
| S | ⓘ Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
| S | ⓘ Connellite | Cu19(SO4)(OH)32Cl4 · 3H2O |
| S | ⓘ Digenite | Cu9S5 |
| S | ⓘ Djurleite | Cu31S16 |
| S | ⓘ Galena | PbS |
| S | ⓘ Meneghinite | Pb13CuSb7S24 |
| S | ⓘ Pyrite | FeS2 |
| S | ⓘ Sphalerite | ZnS |
| S | ⓘ Tetrahedrite Subgroup | Cu6(Cu4C22+)Sb4S12S |
| S | ⓘ Wittichenite | Cu3BiS3 |
| Cl | Chlorine | |
| Cl | ⓘ Connellite | Cu19(SO4)(OH)32Cl4 · 3H2O |
| Ca | Calcium | |
| Ca | ⓘ Calcite | CaCO3 |
| Ca | ⓘ Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| Fe | Iron | |
| Fe | ⓘ Arsenopyrite | FeAsS |
| Fe | ⓘ Bornite | Cu5FeS4 |
| Fe | ⓘ Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
| Fe | ⓘ Hematite | Fe2O3 |
| Fe | ⓘ Pyrite | FeS2 |
| Fe | ⓘ Scorodite | Fe3+AsO4 · 2H2O |
| Fe | ⓘ Siderite | FeCO3 |
| Cu | Copper | |
| Cu | ⓘ Azurite | Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| Cu | ⓘ Bornite | Cu5FeS4 |
| Cu | ⓘ Bournonite | PbCuSbS3 |
| Cu | ⓘ Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
| Cu | ⓘ Connellite | Cu19(SO4)(OH)32Cl4 · 3H2O |
| Cu | ⓘ Digenite | Cu9S5 |
| Cu | ⓘ Djurleite | Cu31S16 |
| Cu | ⓘ Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| Cu | ⓘ Meneghinite | Pb13CuSb7S24 |
| Cu | ⓘ Tetrahedrite Subgroup | Cu6(Cu4C22+)Sb4S12S |
| Cu | ⓘ Wittichenite | Cu3BiS3 |
| Zn | Zinc | |
| Zn | ⓘ Sphalerite | ZnS |
| As | Arsenic | |
| As | ⓘ Arsenopyrite | FeAsS |
| As | ⓘ Scorodite | Fe3+AsO4 · 2H2O |
| Ag | Silver | |
| Ag | ⓘ Hessite | Ag2Te |
| Ag | ⓘ Native Silver | Ag |
| Sb | Antimony | |
| Sb | ⓘ Native Antimony | Sb |
| Sb | ⓘ Bournonite | PbCuSbS3 |
| Sb | ⓘ Meneghinite | Pb13CuSb7S24 |
| Sb | ⓘ Tetrahedrite Subgroup | Cu6(Cu4C22+)Sb4S12S |
| Te | Tellurium | |
| Te | ⓘ Hessite | Ag2Te |
| Ba | Barium | |
| Ba | ⓘ Baryte | BaSO4 |
| Pb | Lead | |
| Pb | ⓘ Bournonite | PbCuSbS3 |
| Pb | ⓘ Galena | PbS |
| Pb | ⓘ Meneghinite | Pb13CuSb7S24 |
| Bi | Bismuth | |
| Bi | ⓘ Wittichenite | Cu3BiS3 |
Other Regions, Features and Areas containing this locality
- Rheno-Hercynian BeltOrogenic Belt
Dhurode Mine, Mizen Peninsula, Cork County, Munster, Ireland