Letter Mine, Letter, Mizen Peninsula, Cork County, Munster, Irelandi
| Regional Level Types | |
|---|---|
| Letter Mine | Mine |
| Letter | - not defined - |
| Mizen Peninsula | Peninsula |
| Cork County | County |
| Munster | Province |
| Ireland | Country |
| Place | Population | Distance |
|---|---|---|
| Ballydehob | 271 (2017) | 3.9km |
| Schull | 658 (2013) | 4.6km |
| Durrus | 334 (2017) | 6.7km |
| Baltimore | 347 (2015) | 13.5km |
| Bantry | 3,348 (2013) | 14.3km |
Roaringwater Mine (Roaring Water Mine; the Leighcloon Mine of 1854–56; "Roaring Water Mines" of Griffith's 1854 and 1861 lists, comprising the Leighcloon, Laheratanvally and Kilkilleen lodes) is an abandoned copper trial and small mine on the east shore of the north-eastern arm of Roaringwater Bay, in the townland of Leighcloon, civil parish of Aghadown, about 3 km south-east of Ballydehob, West Cork.[1]
Kane described it in 1844 as "a new mine" with "friable quartz and gossan, with bunches of black and grey copper ore" passing down into "rich yellow copper pyrites", and Hunt's returns record 14 tons of ore sold at Swansea in 1844, the only output of its first phase.[2] It was refloated as the Roaring Water Mining Company in 1852 and the Leighcloon Mining Company in 1854–56 under Captain Henry Thomas, then worked from November 1862 to 1871 by the Roaring Water Mining Company Ltd, a satellite of the Crookhaven company, which sold 32 tons of low-grade ore in 1865, ran a waterwheel from December 1865, and drove on Grady's lode from Gillman's shaft at the 45-fathom (270 ft, 82 m) level in 1871 before fading out; Henry Thomas died at Roaring Water on 12 April 1872.[3]
The mine is mineralogically of interest for its grey copper (tetrahedrite–tennantite) ore with promotional silver assays of 60–70 oz per ton, for the Geological Survey's records of two copper-pyrites lodes in Leighcloon and a chlorite–specular-iron quartz vein and manganese beds on the Kilkilleen shore, and as one of the West Cork mines whose 1850s gold claims Pracht lists as unconfirmed.[4] Five shafts and adits are recorded in the EPA mine-feature inventory; there is no EPA site report, no County Geological Site designation and no Sites and Monuments Record entry for the mine.[5]
Location and access
Townland of Leighcloon (Liathchluain), civil parish of Aghadown, barony of West Carbery (East Division); the townland centre is at 51° 33′ 05″ N 9° 23′ 22″ W and it is bounded by Hollyhill and Kilcoe to the north, Laheratanvally to the south and Paddock to the east.[6] Ordnance Survey 6-inch sheet Cork 140 SE (GSI field-sheet quarter 140/4); 1-inch sheet 199; GSI 1:100,000 bedrock sheet 24; GSI mineral-locality number 4257.[7]
Cole placed the trials "near and south of the former village of Roaring Water, which lay at the head of the north-eastern arm of Roaring Water Bay", the Leighcloon lode being "just above the 'C' of Church" on his Mineral Map, with "a convenient quay at the mouth of the Roaring Water River" for shipping ore; Duffy in 1932 found the old open-cast about 100 yards north-east of Roaring Water quay, a filled shaft 100 yards east of it just south of the road, and an old shaft with two small drivings about 120 yards south-east of the quay.[8] The EPA inventory records five features, including an engine shaft that is "a large open hole, not fenced"; the ground is private farmland and the workings carry no designation.[9]
Roaringwater mine features (ITM) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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[10]
Geology
The lodes lie in the Upper Devonian Old Red Sandstone on the south side of the Ballydehob Anticline, in the "copper zone that prevails through the whole of the S.W. of Ireland" near the base of Kinahan's Upper Old Red or Yellow Sandstone, where "many of the beds are cupriferous"; Kinahan noted that "immediately east of Roaringwater Bay the anticlinal curve that divides the Skibbereen Synclinal into two branches, is itself subdivided into two minor curves, which bring up two small ridges of Lower Old Red sandstone, in which there is a trace of copper", and that around Kilcoe "there are many beds in which copper ore was observed; also in two or three places on the east shore of Roaringwater Bay".[11] In the modern nomenclature the northern margin of Roaringwater Bay south of the Ballydehob Anticline carries the sandstone-dominant facies of the Castlehaven Formation; the Castle Island Anticline near Kilkilleen Quay is slightly overturned; north-east-trending cross-faults are important in the bay, with a displacement of 600 m demonstrated on the Roaringwater River Fault and sinistral movements of about 300 m on similar faults farther west.[12]
The mine's own reports record faulting: "a small cross course throws the lode south" (May 1871) and "a large cross course" 30 fathoms west of the west shaft (1875), and the Survey's preliminary plan of 1862 is said to show "discontinuous and faulted mineralization"; a promotional article of June 1864 placed the mine at the eastern end of a 20-mile line of lodes running through Kilcoe, Cappagh, Ballycummisk, Schull Bay, Leamcon and Crookhaven to Brow Head.[13]
The Mining Journal gives the miners' reading of the ground. The Leighcloon prospectus of 1854 described "alternate and almost perpendicular strata or ranges of porphyritic-slate and clay-slate [which] occupy the whole of the sett, their strike or bearing being nearly east and west. Nearly all the east and west copper lodes, of which there are not less than 20 in the sett, are almost invariably enclosed in the porphyritic slate ranges, whose strike and declination they follow exactly; in fact, the ranges themselves may be considered as mineralised strata, the copper ore being frequently intimately disseminated in the mass"; Henry Thomas in 1862 gave the bearing of "the great caunter" as north-east and south-west, and the Cork correspondent of 1864 wrote that "three cross-courses have been found in this mine, and Gillman's shaft is being sunk perpendicularly between the eastern and middle cross-courses".
Thomas's shaft reports of 1863–68 describe the country as "a beautiful channel of ground, composed of flookan and mineralised branches of brown quartz", "fine white clay-slate or killas", "light-coloured elvan, very jointy" and "micaceous clay-slate", the elvan south of Grady's lode being "fully 14 ft wide" at surface; in 1868 he found "the rock at present is vertical" in Gillman's shaft and put the failure to meet Grady's lode down to "the conformation of the ground ... assuming a more perpendicular dip". A geological article of May 1870 placed the mines on the Ballydehob anticlinal, whose axis "strikes east 25° north, with a general dip to the north-west of about 50°, and to the south-east 45°".[14]
Lodes and ore shoots
Griffith listed three "Roaring Water Mines" by townland, from north to south Leighcloon, Laheratanvally and Kilkilleen; Cole took Kane's 1844 lode to be the northern one, and noted that the Leighcloon lode is the only one recorded on the Geological Survey's manuscript 6-inch map and the only one covered by the plan deposited in the Home Office in 1863.[15]
The Geological Survey's locality card records "two copper pyrites lodes" in Leighcloon and a further lode in the adjoining townland of Kilcoe; Duffy described the worked beds as grey quartzose grits, the two drivings south-east of the quay being on "two thin beds of contorted quartzose grey grits stained with green carbonate of copper".[16] The 1862–71 company worked Grady's lode, "quartz, silver grey and yellow ore, lode 4 feet wide underlying 1 ft 9 in in 6 feet", at the 45-fathom level west of Gillman's shaft; the 1875 description gives several lodes underlying towards one another with a junction expected 10 fathoms below the 50-fathom east shaft.[17]
Roaring Water lodes and named features | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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[18]
The Mining Journal names the lodes as the company knew them. Henry Thomas reported on 2 June 1862 that in the first working "an adit was driven in the great caunter 100 fms, the bearing of which is north-east and south-west. In this drivage several promising lodes are intersected ... it is more than probable these lodes will join at or about 40 fms from surface", with "fifteen parallel lodes ... to the south" untried; Captain Paul counted "six other lodes, yellow, silver grey, and purple copper" cut by the adit and expected the north- and south-underlying lodes to join "at or about 60"; the prospectus claimed "19 well-defined lodes upon the sett".
The named lodes of 1862–71 were the Orchard lode ("east of the slide, fully 1½ ft wide" in November 1862; 3 ft in December; cut off by "a good-looking slide or caunter" in March 1863 and "heaved north by what miners call a left-hand heave"), Grady's lode (3 ft in the caunter level in February 1863; the gossan "contains a fair portion of native copper"; "no south wall ... although we have now opened fully 6 feet wide" in August 1863; 6 ft in Grady's shaft in January 1864; "fully 5 ft wide" under the 20 in December 1864; "4 ft wide, underlying 1 ft 9 in in 6 ft" at the 45 in May 1871), the "new or intermediate lode" and Thomas's lode (March–April 1863), the "new lode" about 5 or 6 fathoms south of Grady's, "full 5 feet wide, composed of spar, gossan, native copper (yellow and grey), and black ore" (June 1863), afterwards called Smith's lode, a barytes lode "about 100 fathoms south of the large [slide] on the quarry" (April 1864), and "the great south lode" cut in the 45-fathom cross-cut in January 1869, "10 feet wide, and good walls slightly dipping north, composed of spar, white iron, and carbonate of lime".
Thomas observed that "the lodes south of the shaft are dipping north, whereas the lodes north of the shaft are dipping south, consequently in depth all the lodes will be met with in the shaft", and Paul that the Orchard and new lodes underlay north and Grady's south. The special correspondent of 1875 recorded that "the true walls of the lode on which the 46 was driven west to the west shaft were never seen, but where the lode was cut into it was found to be 10 ft wide (no walls) ... The parallel lodes converge going west, and from their present direction will form a junction about 30 fms west of the western shaft. About this spot there is a large cross-course".[19]
Mineralogy
Kane's description of 1844 is the earliest: "the lode is friable quartz and gossan, with bunches of black and grey copper ore. As the workings descend, this passes into rich yellow copper pyrites, which is described as free from iron pyrites."[20] Later accounts repeat the pattern: Thomas Tonkin in 1878 gave "black oxide and grey copper ore near surface, copper pyrites in depth", and a Mining Journal note of 1880 "several large lodes discovered, containing gossan, quartz and grey copper ore"; Henry Thomas's 1871 reports on Grady's lode give "quartz, silver grey and yellow ore".[21] The miners' "grey copper" and "silver grey" ore is the fahlore (tetrahedrite–tennantite) of the West Carbery lodes; the Survey's locality cards record "two copper pyrites lodes" (chalcopyrite) in Leighcloon, a "large quartz vein with chlorite and specular iron, ? copper lode" on the coast of Kilkilleen, and "thin beds of manganese in yellow shales" on the same coast, while Duffy noted green carbonate of copper (malachite) staining the grit beds at the drivings.[22] Griffith recorded lead with the copper at Kilkilleen (1854 and 1861) and Laheratanvally (1861), and Cole repeated that Kinahan "gives lead as associated with the copper" of the three lodes.[23]
The Mining Journal's reports of 1863–71 are the fullest record of the ore. Kane's "new mine" passage is itself a paraphrase of a letter the paper printed in March 1843: "at Roaring Water, the lodes are of a very different description—large quantities of friable quartz, with a fine gossan, being found near the surface, making bunches of rich black and grey copper, but, in depth, the ore changes to a rich yellow [ore], free from sulphur". Captain Richards in 1855 described the lode by the bay as "flookan, and green and blue carbonate of copper" and its neighbour as "the very finest possible gossan, quartz, blue and green carbonate".
In 1863 Thomas reported the ore of Grady's lode as "yellow coated with black", then "purple and rich green carbonate of copper", "rich purple and yellow copper ore and malachite", gossan with "a fair portion of native copper", the new lode's "native copper (yellow and grey), and black ore", "rich grey copper ore, highly impregnated with silver", "rich purple ore mixed with brown gossan", "very rich silver-grey ore", and rock "coated with pure precipitate of copper" in the joints; in 1864 Grady's shaft gave "gossan, spar, carbonate of lime, spotted with rich purple and yellow copper ore", the setting of October 1864 spoke of "beautiful rich gossan, ruby copper, and purple ore", November of "the richest description of purple and peacock copper ore. I think I never saw more brilliant ore from any mine", and December of "solid purple and silver-grey ore, and black oxide of copper", the silver-grey ore lying on the north or footwall and the purple on the hanging-wall; the paper's summary of July 1866 was that "the ores from this mine have been of the purple varieties, found in small leaders or strings, and have thus been difficult to separate from the gangue of the lode, hence the low price obtained for the bulk of the ore; the richer parcels obtained a range of prices seldom quoted for English ores".
Grady's engine-shaft in 1866 produced "a very good stone of ruby, grey and yellow ore", "rich grey and yellow ore and red oxide of copper", "splendid stones of crystallised grey copper ore" in "friable quartz, and carbonate of lime", ore "highly charged with silver and antimony", and "a little native copper"; the 45-fathom cross-cuts of 1868 found "the richest description of silver-grey ore ... mixed up with beautiful quartz, gossan, and carbonate of lime", a lode of "ferruginous quartz, gossan, prian, and stones of silver-grey ore", "rich yellow copper ore, coated, with oxides of black and grey ore and green carbonates", joints "lined with malleable copper", and "patches of rich grey ore and micaceous iron"; the south lode of 1869 gave "beautiful stones of rich yellow copper ore, embedded in quartz" and the Orchard lode "a branch of bell-metal ore, coated with black and grey ore", while Grady's lode west of the caunter carried "peach, yellow, grey, purple, and horseflesh ore, and a little malleable copper" and "spar, friable peach, micaceous iron, purple and grey ore"; and at the 45 in 1870–71 the lode was "strong spar, chlorite, and carbonate of lime" with "ribs of yellow copper ore, mixed with silver-lead", "quartz, chlorite, and chert, spotted with copper ore".
Thomas Tonkin summed it up in 1878: "near the surface black oxide of copper and grey copper ore were the products of the lode, but as the workings descended these ores gave way to copper pyrites".[24] The silver and gold claims can now be dated. Dean's report of 1854 spoke of assays "varying from 1 oz to 13 oz to the ton"; Paul in August 1862 "was shown a stone by a man on the mine in which particles of gold were discernible to the eye"; Thomas in March 1863 proposed a test "for copper, manganese, silver, and gold"; in July 1863 samples "forwarded by Capt. Paul direct from these lodes" and assayed by Johnson and Son gave "27 per cent of fine copper, 75 ozs 5 dwts of silver, and 6 dwts of gold to the ton", and in August "28 per cent of pure copper, and from 60 to 70 ozs of silver per ton", the richest silver ores being "packed in casks"; in November 1863 "a stone of grey ore analysed from Grady's lode ... by Mr. James Simpson, F.S.E., ... produced 42 ozs of silver per ton"; the paper in June 1864 quoted "as much as 70 to 80 ozs to the ton", and Thomas in January 1865 thought some of the silver-grey ore "will, no doubt, yield from 70 to 80 ozs of pure silver per ton".
William Hocking's question of July 1865, after the only cargo had fetched £3 17s a ton, was "where is the gold and silver producing ore so often spoken of in the Journal?"; the company's reply was that the parcel "was the produce of orey ground, taken from the shafts and levels in sinking and driving", and that the silver ore had been sold separately by private contract.[25]
Silver and gold figures were published to sell shares and should be read as such: gold by "Berdan's process" of 3 oz 4 dwt 23 gr per ton in "gossan and elvan" and 4 oz 10 dwt 7 gr in quartz (1854), and silver of 60 oz 10 dwt per ton in 28 % grey copper ore (1863) and 69 oz 10 dwt in 27 % copper ore (1864); Henry Thomas later said only that "he is fully convinced it contains both silver and gold".
Cowman and Reilly note that the 1853–54 gold announcements of the West Carbery bubble companies coincided with each company's difficulties, and Pracht records that such gold values "remain unconfirmed by subsequent analysis".[26] No Roaringwater specimen was found in the published inventories of the Russell collection (Natural History Museum, London) or the Ulster Museum; the species list for this locality therefore rests on the documentary record above and on modern field observation.[27]
History
1843–46: the first mine. Trials were opened "as far back as 1844"; Kane, writing in 1844, called it "a new mine" that had not yet sent ore to market, and H.B. Bernard's report on the Earl of Bandon's estates described "Roaring Water Mine, which is the most easterly mine of the group, and is a very promising young mine, having recently shipped a cargo of ore to Swansea". Hunt's returns give 14 tons sold at Swansea in 1844; Cowman and Reilly quote the Mining Journal's Irish ore sales for 44 tons of "poor copper" from Roaring Water, while noting that the Mineral Statistics give only 14 tons. William Thomas of Coosheen later counted Roaring Water, with Coosheen, Ballycummisk and Cappagh, among the mines of "the same band of lodes running through the entire district".[28]
1852–56: the Roaring Water and Leighcloon companies. In late 1852 a Roaring Water Mining Company offered the public 20,000 £1 shares, William Thomas reporting the mine "just restarted" in January 1853; it re-emerged in 1854 as the Leighcloon Mining Company, with directors Arthur Dean, J. Richards, J. Hosking and H. Thomas and Henry Thomas as captain, offering shareholders "the possibility of gold". Regular reports began at the end of 1854; Mr Lane was reported to be erecting a gold crusher, presumably from Boulysallagh, in summer 1855; two tons of copper said to be ready for shipment in 1856 were alleged by a sceptic to have been borrowed from another mine, possibly the Mining Company of Ireland's Kilcoe trial, which Hosking had proposed; W.W. Martyn's last regular report appeared in March 1856 and the operation petered out that year, leaving no recorded sales.[29]
The Mining Journal record, 1843–56. The paper printed in March 1843 a letter from the county of Cork listing "five companies in this immediate neighbourhood ... Cocsheen, [Wheal] Bandon, Roaring Water, Ballydehob, Consolidated, and West Carberry", with the description of the Roaring Water lodes that Kane borrowed a year later, and "Roaring Water" stood in its share list among the Irish mines from May 1843 to April 1844. Henry Thomas afterwards dated the first working to 1842 and 1843, when "the proprietors were unable to carry out the proposed plan of operations for want of capital, and other causes"; Captain Hosking recalled in 1855 that "from the commencement of the working, an adit level was driven on a slide ... bearing being north-east and south-west, consequently it must be a caunter lode". Perkes's gold-extraction trials of 1854 listed "Roaring Water, Ireland" among the ores tested.
In October 1854 the paper's Skibbereen correspondent noted that "Roaring Water has been recommended", and its Dublin correspondent that "the 'Roaring of the Waters' is to be changed to an Irish, if not a more euphonious name—that of [Leighcloon]. It appears that Mr. Arthur Dean, Capts. Joseph Richards, Henry Thomas, and James Hosking, have visited the sett, and reported upon it ... Mr. Arthur Dean is placed as engineer ... the new company is composed of 20,000 shares, with 2s 6d paid, or a capital ... of £2500"; the offices were at Dean's, 17 Gracechurch Street, with Mr Routledge as secretary; the printed description gave a sett "about one mile long, by half-a-mile broad ... bounded on the west by Roaring Water Bay and Creek. Vessels drawing 10 feet of water can come up to the dressing-floors quay at ordinary tides ... A never-failing supply of water from the Roaring Water Brook may be brought by a short leat to a most convenient site for the draining and other machinery, and where there is a fall of 89 ft", and Dean's report thought "it would be premature to fix the site of the engine-shaft or to erect machinery at present, because there is yet much to be learned as to the position of the lodes in contact with the caunter", the lodes being "rich for gold, as 'numerous assays have already shown a produce varying from 1 oz to 13 oz to the ton'".
In July 1855 "but little has yet been done, and the large flookan, or caunter lode, is said to contain occasional bunches of ore. Mr. J. B. Lane, late of the Irish Consols Mining Company, has just arrived in the locality, and is about ... to erect a machine for the reduction of gold quartz, with which it is reported that Leighcloon abounds"; the company's advertisement of December 1855 carried Captain Richards's and Captain Hosking's reports; and a correspondent of May 1856 found that "seven lodes have been discovered, and the ore prepared for market is on the quay ready for shipment. The number of operatives at present employed in exploratory works consist, it seems, of two miners and a captain", the gold-quartz machinery having had to "borrow a supply from a neighbouring mine".[30]
1862–72: the Roaring Water Mining Company Ltd. The Crookhaven directors Dombraine, Bush and Cooper-Smith launched the Roaring Water Mining Company Ltd in November 1862 with 6,000 £3 shares (Board of Trade file BT 31/707/66C), Henry Thomas conducting both mines; no engine was bought and the fragmented lodes were followed horizontally for rich pockets. Meetings in February 1864, March 1865 and March 1866 heard of "the prettiest lode" and "beautiful" rich samples, a half-ton "chunk" of 60 % ore was reported in March 1865, and the only recorded sale, 32 tons of very low-grade ore for £91, followed in June 1865.
A waterwheel started on 27 December 1865 but failed for want of water in August 1870. Reports ceased in February 1867, resumed that autumn and continued almost weekly to June 1871, when the men were driving west on Grady's lode from Gillman's shaft at the 45-fathom level in very wet ground at £8 10s per fathom. A correspondent of 1875 recalled "five or six men digging away in foul air" and creditors paid 5s in the pound. Henry Thomas, "for many years agent at the Crookhaven and Roaring Water Mines", died at Roaring Water on 12 April 1872, aged 60; "Roaring Water" stayed in the Lists of Mines to 1874.[31]
The Mining Journal record, 1862–72. The paper reported in July 1862 that at Roaring Water "some promising copper lodes were discovered ... and several superficial openings made on the backs. A shallow [adit was driven a considerable] distance on a caunter flookan, which has intersected some [lodes] ... and the quartz, it is said, contains gold", and in August that "Mr. Thomas Cooper Smith has taken the Roaring Water Mine ... how this valuable property can have lain idle so long surprises us, as when last worked rich yellow and peacock copper ore was discovered in lodes of from 4 to 5 feet wide".
The prospectus of the Roaring Water Mining Company (Limited), printed from 15 November 1862 to January 1863, offered £18,000 in 6,000 £3 shares; the directors were Sir James Dombrain of Monkstown, Colonel Bush, Charles T. Hawkins and William Ogilvie (directors of the St Just Mines), Captain Paul late of Knockmahon and H. Churchill of Deddington, with the London and County Bank, Meyrick and Gedge as solicitors, Cooper Brothers as auditors, Thomas Cooper Smith as manager at 5 Warnford Court, and brokers in London, Dublin and Manchester; the sett was "1½ mile in length, and ¾ of a mile in breadth ... held for a term of 31 years from July last, at a royalty of 1-18th, with a clause for renewal", the vendors taking £5,000 in shares; the reports were Henry Thomas's of 2 June 1862 (the mine "in the parish of Aughadown (five miles from the flourishing town of Skibbereen) ... a deep and well-sheltered creek flows up to the entrance of the mine ... No mine can surpass Roaring Water Mine in point of situation, the dressing-floor being on the quay ... there appears to be a valuable slate quarry on the property, from which several hundred pounds worth have been sold from a depth of 10 or 12 ft"; a shaft to the 40 estimated at £1,050), Captain Paul's of 13 August ("a navigable river for vessels of 120 tons burthen up to the dressing-floors"), Captain Carthew's of 26 September (naming "Mr. Long, the proprietor of the estate"), Captain Martin Boundy's of 27 September and Captain James Hosking's. Applications closed on 15 January 1863.[32]
Thomas's weekly reports began in November 1862 with the Orchard lode "east of the slide", and through 1863 they record the clearing of the caunter adit, the driving east on the Orchard and Grady's lodes, the "intermediate" and Thomas's lodes, the slide that cut off the Orchard lode in March, the fixing of an engine-shaft site on 22 April, a public setting on 27 April, the reopening of "former workings, made some years ago under my superintendence on Grady's lode, towards the western boundary of the sett", the open cut on Grady's lode with "about 8 tons of ore broken" by 18 May, the new lode 5 or 6 fathoms south of Grady's in June, the clearing of "the old shaft on Grady's lode, which is about 5 or 6 fms deep" in July, the assays of July and August, the casking of silver ore, the new shaft on Grady's lode (9 ft by 5, 8 fathoms by 28 September, 13½ by 17 December), "from £90 to £100 worth of ore on the floors" in September, timber and castings from Cork, and the men "paid by Mr. Hungerford". Captain Paul, a director, visited in May and July, and the Cork correspondent argued in June that "the right place for a permanent shaft would be near the orchard in the valley (and not on the top of the hill) on Grady's lode".
On 9 November 1863 "the new shaft [was] set to be sunk in the field this day ... to six men, extent 10 fms, for £65", and the Skibbereen Eagle reported that "the first sod of the engine-shaft was broken by Mrs. Hill G. Long, of Springville ... christening the shaft, amidst loud applause, 'Gillman's Engine-shaft' ... Mr. Hill G. Long, the proprietor of the property, and Capt. H. Thomas, the manager, made appropriate speeches"; the shaft "was not commenced until Nov. 10 last" and was 6 fathoms deep by 17 December.[33]
In 1864 Gillman's shaft met "a strong and powerful lode ... from the north ... 2 feet wide, composed of soft spar, gossan, and rich black and yellow ore" on 1 February, Grady's shaft being then 15 fathoms deep and "about 35 fathoms west of the caunter"; the first annual meeting was held on 22 March 1864 with William Ogilvie in the chair and reports from Thomas and "Captain Eddy, late of the Pendeen Mines, but now of the Cappagh Mines"; horse-whims were built on Grady's and Gillman's shafts; Gillman's reached the 20-fathom level in the summer and a plat and cistern were cut there; George Henwood examined the mine in August ("a second careful examination fully ratified the opinions I expressed ... five years since"); the western or Bush's shaft was sunk on Grady's lode and the 20-fathom level driven west from Grady's shaft and east from Bush's "to hole the piece of ground for stopes between both shafts", the Cork correspondent seeing ore "worth £50 per ton ... most beautiful purple copper ore" in October; and by December "about 22 tons of ore" were at pile with 30 expected to ship.
The correspondent of January 1865 reported that "a water-wheel is about to be erected; a fine stream of water has been brought home to the mine ... The deepest working, I believe, is not more than 16 fms from surface, and two pares of men have recently raised about 30 tons of ore, some of it of the most beautiful description"; Captain Eddy of Cappagh inspected the mine on 10 February 1865; the second annual meeting was held on 8 March 1865 at 15 Finsbury Place South; "34 tons of ore" were weighed off on 4 April for shipment to Swansea, where they were offered on 6 June 1865; and William Hocking then wrote that "about 30 tons of ore, the produce of nearly three years, was sent to Swansea, which at the last sale realised but £3 17s per ton—or less than £90 for the whole", the company replying that the parcel was 33 tons of development ore.
T. C. Smith's report of July 1865 gave "Gillman's shaft ... sunk perpendicular to a depth of 22 fms, 9 by 5 ... the distance between this and Grady's shaft is about 35 fms. Grady's shaft is sunk on the course of the lode 22 fms 3 [ft] ... As the operations at the mine are stopped ... I saw a small pile of ore, about 7 tons to 8 tons, fit for the crusher ... There are two excellent whims ... we shall require no steam-power"; the water-wheel and machinery were "nearly complete" in October, "a beautiful and substantial piece of work" in November, and at work by 13 January 1866, Thomas reporting that "the underground operations were suspended on account of the influx of water in Gillman's and Grady's shafts, and the great expense of discharging it by manual labour ... I received directions to erect a water-wheel, with its attendant machinery for pumping water from the two shafts, and also for crushing the ore".[34]
Both shafts were then sunk as engine-shafts through 1866: Gillman's was 30 fathoms deep on 12 June 1866 and Grady's "11 fms 2 ft 8 in below the 16", the third annual meeting was held on 14 March 1866, Thomas Cooper Smith died that month and Robert William Smith became secretary, an air-machine driven by the wheel was fitted in June, and the bottom level was driven east and west of Grady's shaft from September, the west end yielding "1½ ton of good grey, purple, and yellow copper ore" from 6 ft of lode in November. A correspondent returning to the district in September 1866 found the mine "not yet above 30 fms in depth from the surface. There are two principal shafts in course of working, the water being raised by a small wheel, erected about twelve months ago. Since operations were commenced about £100 worth of copper ore has been sold", and in December the paper heard that "at the Roaring Water they have opened a good quarry, and will commence slate-making very shortly".
The reports stop after 5 February 1867 and resume on 22 October 1867, when Thomas had "received instructions to [resume] sinking Gillman's engine-shaft" from a penthouse at the 35: the shaft was 38 fathoms 4 ft deep on 19 November, 41 fathoms 3 ft 9 in on 17 December, 43 fathoms 5 ft 9 in on 14 January 1868 and 45 fathoms on 11 February, when a plat was cut and the lift brought down from the 35; the sinking below the 45 (47 fathoms 1 ft 4 in by 14 April 1868) was abandoned in favour of cross-cuts north and south at the 45, which cut "the south end of Grady's lode" with "the richest description of silver-grey ore" on 5 May, "the caunter, being north-east and south-west" on 2 June, "a lode fully 14 ft wide, composed of ferruginous quartz, gossan, prian, and stones of silver-grey ore" on 9 June, and, after the drought of July–August 1868 had stopped the wheel, "a decided caunter ... 3 ft wide" in the south cross-cut in October and "the great south lode ... 10 feet wide" in January 1869; the 45-fathom level was driven west on Grady's lode through the caunter in February 1869 and, from September 1869, "west of Gillman's shaft" towards Grady's shaft at £8 to £9 a fathom, the end being "between 27 and 28 fms west of Gillman's shaft" with "about 8 fms more to drive to come under Grady's shaft" on 5 February 1870, in a lode that was "unusually wet", with the wheel again idle for want of water in August 1870.
The last reports, of May and June 1871, describe Grady's lode at the 45 as "4 ft wide, underlying 1 ft 9 in in 6 ft", heaved by "a small cross-course" and producing "strong yellow and rich silver-grey ore", and the men "clearing and repairing the main adit level, through which the water is discharged" for want of water to turn the wheel. The paper recorded on 20 April 1872: "After a short illness, on the 12th inst., at Roaring Water, County Cork, Captain HENRY THOMAS, who was for many years agent at the Crookhaven and Roaring Water Mines, aged 60 years."[35]
After 1872. Thomas Tonkin wrote in February 1878 that operations were "suspended for want of working capital"; a Mining Journal note of 1880 stated that the late company had sunk 40 fathoms (240 ft, 73 m) and suspended for want of funds, naming the owner as Mr George Long. The plan of "Roaring Water Mine", which Cole identified as the Leighcloon working, was deposited in the Home Office as abandoned-mine plan R 10 in 1863; in April 1920 the Home Office could send the Geological Survey only "a rough tracing of the plan ... showing all the available particulars as to the locality of the mine", adding that "there is no information whatever as to the depths of the shafts sunk". Duffy inspected the site in 1932, and the EPA recorded its features in the Historic Mine Sites inventory.[36]
Later notices in the Mining Journal. The special correspondent of 1875, writing of the sett as "East Cappagh", found that "the true walls of the lode on which the 46 was driven west to the west shaft were never seen ... This mine is commanded by water-power for pumping, hauling, crushing, &c., and being situate close to Roaring Water Bay the operations may be carried out with a comparatively small monthly expenditure ... To the north part of the sett there is a slate and slab quarry, from which considerable returns have been made from the surface rock ... Whether this mine was begun by the late company with inadequate capital, or whether it lingered on for the benefit of officials, can only be known to those who are in the secret".
Thomas Tonkin in 1878 placed Roaring Water first among "five of the principal mines yet opened on ... on the same band of mineralised ground ... Roaring Water, Kilcoe, Cappagh, Ballycummisk, and Skull Bay Mines. The Roaring Water Mine is three miles east of Ballydehob, on the east shore of Roaring Water Bay ... Some years ago, however, operations were suspended, it is said for want of working capital", and Kane's account of 1844 was reprinted in the paper in 1880.
William Thomas's "Short Notices" of May 1880 are the source of the 40-fathom figure: "To the east of Kilcoe, on the same run of lodes, is Roaring Water Mine, which is situate on a sheltered creek of Roaring Water Bay, and commanded by water-power for pumping, hauling, &c. Superficial trials were made as far back as 1844, and several large lodes discovered, containing gossan, quartz, and grey and [yellow] copper ore of high percentage. A late company sunk a perpendicular shaft about 40 fms, and carried out other works; but for want of funds suspended operations when they were near reaching an important object. The owner of the property is Mr. George Long. A small amount of capital would, no doubt, do good in this mine." In 1883 Thomas counted Roaringwater as the eastern end of the southern range of lodes from Brow Head, from which "copper ores were raised and sold of the value of £150,000; but at present ... none of these mines are being worked", and the paper's Irish correspondent in 1885 still called "Kilcoe and Roaring Water ... very promising young mines".[37]
Companies and operators | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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[38]
Workings and surface remains
The 1844 working shipped from the quay at the mouth of the Roaring Water River; Duffy's open-cast and filled shaft on the grey grit bed north-east of the quay are probably its remains. The 1862–71 company had at least two shafts, Grady's and Gillman's, with a 45-fathom level driven west on Grady's lode; the 1875 description gives an east shaft of 50 fathoms and a west shaft of 30 fathoms, 36 fathoms apart, with a 46-fathom level between them. A correspondent of 1866 asked why after four years the mine was "still only at 30 fathoms (180 feet)"; the 1880 note gives the final depth as 40 fathoms. Power was the waterwheel of December 1865; no steam engine was ever bought, and the Home Office had no record of shaft depths in 1920.[39] The EPA survey recorded an open, unfenced engine shaft with subsidence, a shaft with a horizontal entry along the vein, an inclined entrance choked with brambles and rock, a third shaft and a possible adit that could not be found; Duffy's second shaft "has since been completely filled in".[40]
The Mining Journal supplies the plant and the shafts in order. The first working had "an adit ... driven in the great caunter 100 fms" and a dressing-floor and quay; the Leighcloon prospectus of 1854 planned a leat from the Roaring Water Brook to a machinery site with a fall of 89 ft, and the Cork correspondent of 1864 recorded "a wide vein of roofing slate" in the north of the sett "opened some fifty years ago, about 15 feet deep".
The company of 1862 worked at first by the caunter adit, the Orchard shaft and level, an open cut and "the old shaft on Grady's lode, which is about 5 or 6 fms deep"; in September 1863 it sank "the new shaft, on Grady's lode" (9 ft by 5 ft within timber, afterwards Grady's shaft, 13½ fathoms by December 1863, 15 by February 1864 and "22 fms 3 [ft]" on the lode by July 1865) and on 10 November 1863 began "Gillman's Engine-shaft", a perpendicular shaft "9 by 5" between the eastern and middle cross-courses, 35 fathoms from Grady's shaft, which reached the 20 in the summer of 1864, 22 fathoms in July 1865, 30 in June 1866, the 35, 45 (February 1868) and 47 fathoms 1 ft 4 in (April 1868); a third, "the lower or west shaft" on Grady's lode, was Bush's shaft of 1864.
Horse-whims were erected on Grady's shaft (at work by July 1864) and Gillman's (October 1864); the water-wheel "with its attendant machinery for pumping water from the two shafts, and also for crushing the ore", with its wheel-pit, water-course and weir, was built between May 1865 and January 1866 and was "a small wheel" in the eyes of a visitor of 1866; an "air-machine ... worked by the engine" with pipes to the bottom of Gillman's shaft was fitted in June 1866, a lift of pumps was carried from the 20 to the bottom of Gillman's in August 1866 and from the 35 to the 45 in March 1868; the levels were the caunter adit, the 16 (Grady's), the 20 (Gillman's and Bush's), the 35 and the 45, from which cross-cuts were driven north and south in 1868 and a level west towards Grady's shaft in 1869–71; and the wheel stopped whenever the streams failed, in the dry summers of 1868, 1870 and 1871. Thomas said in December 1869 that "the 45 will be 12 fathoms deeper than the bottom of Grady's shaft", which puts Grady's shaft at about 33 fathoms.[41]
Production
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[42]
Recorded sales total 46 tons (14 plus 32), or 76 tons if the 1844 Mining Journal figure is preferred; the £20,000 of ore that William Thomas attributed to "Roaring Water Mine on the east, and Coosheen on the west" belongs almost entirely to Coosheen.[43]
Mining Journal references
The Mining Journal is the primary record of the mine: Henry Thomas's reports appeared almost weekly from November 1862 to February 1867 and from October 1867 to June 1871, and the paper printed the prospectuses of 1854 and 1862, the annual meetings of 1864–66 and the correspondence of 1865. In the Internet Archive's run of the paper (collection pub_mining-journal, which lacks the 1860 volume and the years 1886–93) 368 issues between 1843 and 1885 mention Roaring Water or Leighcloon; the table below selects the substantive items, the weekly reports being represented by their milestones. Each identifier opens at archive.org/details/ followed by the identifier; the text is uncorrected OCR and figures should be checked against the page images.[44]
Mining Journal issues noticing Roaring Water Mine (Internet Archive run) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The Geological Survey's index to the Mining Journal lists 365 items on the mine between 1856 and 1872, almost all Henry Thomas's weekly "British Mines" reports.[45]
Mining Journal items on Leighcloon and Roaring Water (GSI index RS 89/1) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Environmental data
Roaringwater was not one of the sites given a report and score in the 2009 EPA and Geological Survey inventory of historic mine sites; the EPA mine-feature layer records the five features listed above under the code WCK, with an open unfenced engine shaft noted at the field visit. No waste-volume, XRF, leachate or stream-sediment figures have been published.[46]
Collecting and specimens
The documentary interest is in the grey copper ore of the lodes and the associated silver; the Survey's cards add chlorite and specular iron in a large quartz vein and thin manganese beds on the Kilkilleen shore, and Duffy noted malachite staining at the drivings. No specimen from the mine is recorded in the Russell collection of the Natural History Museum, London, or in the Ulster Museum's Irish mineral inventory. The workings are on private farmland; one shaft is an open, unfenced hole with subsidence, and the site carries no heritage designation.[47]
References
1. Cole, G.A.J. (1922) Memoir and Map of Localities of Minerals of Economic Importance and Metalliferous Mines in Ireland. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, Roaring Water entry (copy in the Geological Survey of Ireland mine-record files, GSI Goldmine record 9554308, Mine Records: Mine Reports, West Cork, p. 324); Griffith, R. (1861) List of localities in Ireland where mines and metalliferous indications have been discovered, Dublin Quarterly Journal of Science 1, p. 244, as reprinted in Jukes, J.B., Du Noyer, G.V., Willson, W.L., Wyley, A. & Kinahan, G.H. (1861) Explanations to accompany Sheets 200, 203, 204 and 205, and part of 199, of the maps of the Geological Survey of Ireland. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, p. 27.
2. Kane, R. (1844) The Industrial Resources of Ireland. Hodges and Smith, Dublin, p. 193 (typed extract in the Geological Survey of Ireland mine-record files, GSI Goldmine record 9554308, Mine Records: Mine Reports, West Cork, p. 323); Hunt, R. (1848) Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain and of the Museum of Practical Geology, vol. II part ii (returns of copper ores sold 1804–47), as cited in Cole, G.A.J. (1922) Memoir and Map of Localities of Minerals of Economic Importance and Metalliferous Mines in Ireland. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, Roaring Water entry; Cowman, D. & Reilly, T.A. (1988) The Abandoned Mines of West Carbery: Promoters, Adventurers and Miners. Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, p. 42, Table 4.
3. Cowman, D. & Reilly, T.A. (1988) The Abandoned Mines of West Carbery: Promoters, Adventurers and Miners. Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, pp. 92, 122 and 124; Morris, J.H. & Cowman, D. (2001) An index to listings of Irish mining companies, or mining companies which operated in Ireland, in the catalogue of the Board of Trade records held in the Public Record Office, Kew, London. Journal of the Mining Heritage Trust of Ireland 1, 9–18, p. 14; Geological Survey of Ireland, manuscript abstracts of Mining Journal reports on Roaring Water Mine, 1870–1880 (GSI Goldmine record 9554308, Mine Records: Mine Reports, West Cork, pp. 323–324).
4. Cowman, D. & Reilly, T.A. (1988) The Abandoned Mines of West Carbery: Promoters, Adventurers and Miners. Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, p. 106, Table 6; Geological Survey of Ireland, mineral-locality card "Chalcopyrite – Leighcloon", Cork sheet 140/4, original 6-inch map (GSI Goldmine record 9545189, Mineral Localities); Geological Survey of Ireland, mineral-locality card "Chlorite – Kilkilleen", Cork sheet 140/4 (GSI Goldmine record 9548606, Mineral Localities); Geological Survey of Ireland, mineral-locality card "Manganese – Kilkilleen", Cork sheet 140/4 (GSI Goldmine record 9548611, Mineral Localities); Pracht, M. (2002) Geology of West Cork: a geological description to accompany the bedrock geology 1:100,000 scale map, Sheet 24, West Cork. Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, p. 54.
5. Environmental Protection Agency, Historic Mine Sites web feature service, MINES_PointFeatures layer (Irish Transverse Mercator, EPSG:2157), features WCK_49 to WCK_53 "Roaring Water"; National Monuments Service, Sites and Monuments Record open-data feature service (archaeology.ie), records for the townlands of Leighcloon, Kilkilleen and Laheratanvally.
6. townlands.ie, Leighcloon townland, Aghadown civil parish, barony of West Carbery (East Division), County Cork (accessed 2 September 2026).
7. Cole, G.A.J. (1922) Memoir and Map of Localities of Minerals of Economic Importance and Metalliferous Mines in Ireland. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, Roaring Water entry (copy in the Geological Survey of Ireland mine-record files, GSI Goldmine record 9554308, Mine Records: Mine Reports, West Cork, p. 324); Duffy, J. (1932) Report on copper deposits in south-west Ireland (Counties Cork and Kerry), 13 January 1932. Geological Survey of Ireland mine-record files (GSI Goldmine record 9554307, Mine Records: Reports, Duffy 1932), p. 43; Pracht, M. (2002) Geology of West Cork: a geological description to accompany the bedrock geology 1:100,000 scale map, Sheet 24, West Cork. Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, p. 54.
8. Cole, G.A.J. (1922) Memoir and Map of Localities of Minerals of Economic Importance and Metalliferous Mines in Ireland. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, Roaring Water entry (copy in the Geological Survey of Ireland mine-record files, GSI Goldmine record 9554308, Mine Records: Mine Reports, West Cork, p. 324); Duffy, J. (1932) Report on copper deposits in south-west Ireland (Counties Cork and Kerry), 13 January 1932. Geological Survey of Ireland mine-record files (GSI Goldmine record 9554307, Mine Records: Reports, Duffy 1932), p. 43.
9. Environmental Protection Agency, Historic Mine Sites web feature service, MINES_PointFeatures layer (Irish Transverse Mercator, EPSG:2157), features WCK_49 to WCK_53 "Roaring Water".
10. Environmental Protection Agency, Historic Mine Sites web feature service, MINES_PointFeatures layer (Irish Transverse Mercator, EPSG:2157), features WCK_49 to WCK_53 "Roaring Water" (Irish Grid values E 103426 N 34244 for WCK_49); Duffy, J. (1932) Report on copper deposits in south-west Ireland (Counties Cork and Kerry), 13 January 1932. Geological Survey of Ireland mine-record files (GSI Goldmine record 9554307, Mine Records: Reports, Duffy 1932), p. 43; National Monuments Service, Sites and Monuments Record open-data feature service (archaeology.ie), record CO140-065----; townlands.ie, Leighcloon townland (accessed 2 September 2026).
11. Kinahan, G.H. (1861) in Jukes, J.B., Du Noyer, G.V., Willson, W.L., Wyley, A. & Kinahan, G.H., Explanations to accompany Sheets 200, 203, 204 and 205, and part of 199, of the maps of the Geological Survey of Ireland. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, pp. 7, 13 and 25.
12. Pracht, M. (2002) Geology of West Cork: a geological description to accompany the bedrock geology 1:100,000 scale map, Sheet 24, West Cork. Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, pp. 13, 43 and 44, citing Reilly, T.A. & Graham, J.R. (1976) The stratigraphy of the Roaringwater Bay area of south-west County Cork. Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Ireland 2, 1–13.
13. Geological Survey of Ireland, manuscript abstracts of Mining Journal reports on Roaring Water Mine, 1870–1880 (GSI Goldmine record 9554308, Mine Records: Mine Reports, West Cork, pp. 323–324), abstracting Mining Journal 1871 p. 423 and 1875 p. 651; Cowman, D. & Reilly, T.A. (1988) The Abandoned Mines of West Carbery: Promoters, Adventurers and Miners. Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, p. 171, note 16; Anon. (1864) Mining in Ireland, No. XV. Mining Journal, 11 June 1864, p. 420 (cutting in the Geological Survey of Ireland mine-record files, GSI Goldmine record 9554308, Mine Records: Mine Reports, West Cork, p. 318).
14. The Mining Journal (London), 21 October 1854, Vol. 24 No. 1000, the Leighcloon Mines described, and Dublin correspondence on the change of name (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1854-10-21_24_1000); The Mining Journal (London), 15 November 1862, Vol. 32 No. 1421, prospectus of the Roaring Water Mining Company (Limited) with the reports of Captains Henry Thomas, Paul, Carthew, Boundy and Hosking (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1862-11-15_32_1421); The Mining Journal (London), 11 June 1864, Vol. 34 No. 1503, Mining in Ireland, from our correspondent in the county of Cork, the Roaring Water Mine and the run of lodes to Brow Head (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1864-06-11_34_1503); The Mining Journal (London), 28 November 1863, Vol. 33 No. 1475, letter of A Young Miner on the Skibbereen Eagle's account of Gillman's Engine-shaft, and Captain Thomas's report of 23 November 1863 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1863-11-28_33_1475); The Mining Journal (London), 30 January 1864, Vol. 34 No. 1484, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 26 January 1864 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1864-01-30_34_1484); The Mining Journal (London), 12 March 1864, Vol. 34 No. 1490, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 8 March 1864 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1864-03-12_34_1490); The Mining Journal (London), 7 May 1864, Vol. 34 No. 1498, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 3 May 1864 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1864-05-07_34_1498); The Mining Journal (London), 30 May 1868, Vol. 38 No. 1710, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 26 May 1868, the elvan (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1868-05-30_38_1710); The Mining Journal (London), 4 April 1868, Vol. 38 No. 1702, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 31 March 1868 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1868-04-04_38_1702); The Mining Journal (London), 8 February 1868, Vol. 38 No. 1694, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 4 February 1868 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1868-02-08_38_1694); The Mining Journal (London), 28 May 1870, Vol. 40 No. supplement, the geology of the Ballydehob and Schull district, the Ballydehob anticlinal (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1870-05-28_40_supplement).
15. Griffith, R. (1854) Catalogue of mines and mineral occurrences in Ireland, as reprinted in Morris, J.H. (2001) An 1854 catalogue of mines and mineral occurrences in Ireland. Journal of the Mining Heritage Trust of Ireland 1, 25–37, p. 30; Griffith, R. (1861) List of localities in Ireland where mines and metalliferous indications have been discovered, Dublin Quarterly Journal of Science 1, p. 244, as reprinted in Jukes, J.B., Du Noyer, G.V., Willson, W.L., Wyley, A. & Kinahan, G.H. (1861) Explanations to accompany Sheets 200, 203, 204 and 205, and part of 199, of the maps of the Geological Survey of Ireland. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, p. 27; Cole, G.A.J. (1922) Memoir and Map of Localities of Minerals of Economic Importance and Metalliferous Mines in Ireland. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, Roaring Water entry (copy in the Geological Survey of Ireland mine-record files, GSI Goldmine record 9554308, Mine Records: Mine Reports, West Cork, p. 324).
16. Geological Survey of Ireland, mineral-locality card "Chalcopyrite – Leighcloon", Cork sheet 140/4, original 6-inch map (GSI Goldmine record 9545189, Mineral Localities); Duffy, J. (1932) Report on copper deposits in south-west Ireland (Counties Cork and Kerry), 13 January 1932. Geological Survey of Ireland mine-record files (GSI Goldmine record 9554307, Mine Records: Reports, Duffy 1932), p. 43.
17. Geological Survey of Ireland, manuscript abstracts of Mining Journal reports on Roaring Water Mine, 1870–1880 (GSI Goldmine record 9554308, Mine Records: Mine Reports, West Cork, pp. 323–324), abstracting Mining Journal 1871 p. 375 and 1875 p. 651; the 1875 article names the mine "East Cappagh", which Cowman and Reilly identify as Roaring Water while the Survey's abstractor queried "Roaring Water or Ballydehob"; Cowman, D. & Reilly, T.A. (1988) The Abandoned Mines of West Carbery: Promoters, Adventurers and Miners. Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, p. 171, note 31.
18. Kane, R. (1844) The Industrial Resources of Ireland. Hodges and Smith, Dublin, p. 193 (typed extract in the Geological Survey of Ireland mine-record files, GSI Goldmine record 9554308, Mine Records: Mine Reports, West Cork, p. 323); Griffith, R. (1854) Catalogue of mines and mineral occurrences in Ireland, as reprinted in Morris, J.H. (2001) An 1854 catalogue of mines and mineral occurrences in Ireland. Journal of the Mining Heritage Trust of Ireland 1, 25–37, p. 30; Griffith, R. (1861) List of localities in Ireland where mines and metalliferous indications have been discovered, Dublin Quarterly Journal of Science 1, p. 244, as reprinted in Jukes, J.B., Du Noyer, G.V., Willson, W.L., Wyley, A. & Kinahan, G.H. (1861) Explanations to accompany Sheets 200, 203, 204 and 205, and part of 199, of the maps of the Geological Survey of Ireland. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, p. 27; Geological Survey of Ireland, mineral-locality cards "Chalcopyrite – Leighcloon" (GSI Goldmine record 9545189) and "Chlorite – Kilkilleen" (GSI Goldmine record 9548606), Mineral Localities, Cork sheet 140/4; Geological Survey of Ireland, manuscript abstracts of Mining Journal reports on Roaring Water Mine, 1870–1880 (GSI Goldmine record 9554308, Mine Records: Mine Reports, West Cork, pp. 323–324).
19. The Mining Journal (London), 15 November 1862, Vol. 32 No. 1421, prospectus of the Roaring Water Mining Company (Limited) with the reports of Captains Henry Thomas, Paul, Carthew, Boundy and Hosking (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1862-11-15_32_1421); The Mining Journal (London), 22 November 1862, Vol. 32 No. 1422, letter on the Cork mines and the Roaring Water prospectus, and Captain Thomas on the Orchard lode (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1862-11-22_32_1422); The Mining Journal (London), 13 December 1862, Vol. 32 No. 1425, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 9 December 1862 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1862-12-13_32_1425); The Mining Journal (London), 28 March 1863, Vol. 33 No. 1440, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 23 March 1863, the Orchard lode heaved (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1863-03-28_33_1440); The Mining Journal (London), 4 April 1863, Vol. 33 No. 1441, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 30 March 1863 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1863-04-04_33_1441); The Mining Journal (London), 21 February 1863, Vol. 33 No. 1435, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 17 February 1863, Grady's lode (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1863-02-21_33_1435); The Mining Journal (London), 14 March 1863, Vol. 33 No. 1438, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 9 March 1863, native copper in Grady's lode (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1863-03-14_33_1438); The Mining Journal (London), 15 August 1863, Vol. 33 No. 1460, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 11 August 1863 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1863-08-15_33_1460); The Mining Journal (London), 23 January 1864, Vol. 34 No. 1483, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report, the lode in Grady's shaft (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1864-01-23_34_1483); The Mining Journal (London), 24 December 1864, Vol. 34 No. 1531, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 20 December 1864 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1864-12-24_34_1531); The Mining Journal (London), 6 May 1871, Vol. 41 No. 1863, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 2 May 1871, Grady's lode 4 feet wide (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1871-05-06_41_1863); The Mining Journal (London), 7 March 1863, Vol. 33 No. 1437, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 3 March 1863 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1863-03-07_33_1437); The Mining Journal (London), 11 April 1863, Vol. 33 No. 1442, letter on the mines of the county of Cork after a visit (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1863-04-11_33_1442); The Mining Journal (London), 20 June 1863, Vol. 33 No. 1452, Captain Paul's reply, and Captain Thomas's report of 16 June 1863, the new lode (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1863-06-20_33_1452); The Mining Journal (London), 11 July 1863, Vol. 33 No. 1455, Roaring Water, Captain Paul's report of 6 July 1863 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1863-07-11_33_1455); The Mining Journal (London), 29 February 1868, Vol. 38 No. 1697, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 25 February 1868, Grady's and Smith's lodes (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1868-02-29_38_1697); The Mining Journal (London), 9 April 1864, Vol. 34 No. 1494, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 5 April 1864, a barytes lode (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1864-04-09_34_1494); The Mining Journal (London), 23 January 1869, Vol. 39 No. 1744, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 19 January 1869, the south lode 10 feet wide (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1869-01-23_39_1744); The Mining Journal (London), 28 November 1863, Vol. 33 No. 1475, letter of A Young Miner on the Skibbereen Eagle's account of Gillman's Engine-shaft, and Captain Thomas's report of 23 November 1863 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1863-11-28_33_1475); The Mining Journal (London), 23 May 1863, Vol. 33 No. 1448, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 18 May 1863, and Captain Paul's report (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1863-05-23_33_1448); The Mining Journal (London), 12 June 1875, Vol. 45 No. supplement, The Mineral Resources of the South-West of Ireland No. VIII, the East Cappagh Mine (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1875-06-12_45_supplement).
20. Kane, R. (1844) The Industrial Resources of Ireland. Hodges and Smith, Dublin, p. 193 (typed extract in the Geological Survey of Ireland mine-record files, GSI Goldmine record 9554308, Mine Records: Mine Reports, West Cork, p. 323).
21. Geological Survey of Ireland, manuscript abstracts of Mining Journal reports on Roaring Water Mine, 1870–1880 (GSI Goldmine record 9554308, Mine Records: Mine Reports, West Cork, pp. 323–324), abstracting Tonkin, T. (1878) The mineral resources of Ireland, No. II, Mining Journal, February 1878, p. 157; Mining Journal 1880, vol. 50, p. 533; and Mining Journal 1871, p. 375.
22. Geological Survey of Ireland, mineral-locality card "Chalcopyrite – Leighcloon", Cork sheet 140/4, original 6-inch map (GSI Goldmine record 9545189, Mineral Localities); Geological Survey of Ireland, mineral-locality card "Chlorite – Kilkilleen", Cork sheet 140/4, original 6-inch map (GSI Goldmine record 9548606, Mineral Localities); Geological Survey of Ireland, mineral-locality card "Manganese – Kilkilleen", Cork sheet 140/4, original 6-inch map (GSI Goldmine record 9548611, Mineral Localities); Duffy, J. (1932) Report on copper deposits in south-west Ireland (Counties Cork and Kerry), 13 January 1932. Geological Survey of Ireland mine-record files (GSI Goldmine record 9554307, Mine Records: Reports, Duffy 1932), p. 43.
23. Griffith, R. (1854) Catalogue of mines and mineral occurrences in Ireland, as reprinted in Morris, J.H. (2001) An 1854 catalogue of mines and mineral occurrences in Ireland. Journal of the Mining Heritage Trust of Ireland 1, 25–37, p. 30; Griffith, R. (1861) List of localities in Ireland where mines and metalliferous indications have been discovered, Dublin Quarterly Journal of Science 1, p. 244, as reprinted in Jukes, J.B., Du Noyer, G.V., Willson, W.L., Wyley, A. & Kinahan, G.H. (1861) Explanations to accompany Sheets 200, 203, 204 and 205, and part of 199, of the maps of the Geological Survey of Ireland. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, p. 27; Cole, G.A.J. (1922) Memoir and Map of Localities of Minerals of Economic Importance and Metalliferous Mines in Ireland. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, Roaring Water entry (copy in the Geological Survey of Ireland mine-record files, GSI Goldmine record 9554308, Mine Records: Mine Reports, West Cork, p. 324).
24. The Mining Journal (London), 18 March 1843, Vol. 13 No. 395, letter from the county of Cork on the five mining companies of the Skull district, the Roaring Water lodes described (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1843-03-18_13_395); The Mining Journal (London), 1 December 1855, Vol. 25 No. 1058, Leighcloon Mines, reports of Captain Joseph Richards and Captain James Hosking (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1855-12-01_25_1058); The Mining Journal (London), 7 March 1863, Vol. 33 No. 1437, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 3 March 1863 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1863-03-07_33_1437); The Mining Journal (London), 16 May 1863, Vol. 33 No. 1447, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 11 May 1863 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1863-05-16_33_1447); The Mining Journal (London), 23 May 1863, Vol. 33 No. 1448, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 18 May 1863, and Captain Paul's report (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1863-05-23_33_1448); The Mining Journal (London), 14 March 1863, Vol. 33 No. 1438, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 9 March 1863, native copper in Grady's lode (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1863-03-14_33_1438); The Mining Journal (London), 20 June 1863, Vol. 33 No. 1452, Captain Paul's reply, and Captain Thomas's report of 16 June 1863, the new lode (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1863-06-20_33_1452); The Mining Journal (London), 25 July 1863, Vol. 33 No. 1457, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 20 July 1863, and Mining Notabilia with the Johnson and Son assay (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1863-07-25_33_1457); The Mining Journal (London), 19 September 1863, Vol. 33 No. 1465, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 15 September 1863 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1863-09-19_33_1465); The Mining Journal (London), 24 October 1863, Vol. 33 No. 1470, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 19 October 1863 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1863-10-24_33_1470); The Mining Journal (London), 3 September 1864, Vol. 34 No. 1515, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 30 August 1864 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1864-09-03_34_1515); The Mining Journal (London), 23 January 1864, Vol. 34 No. 1483, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report, the lode in Grady's shaft (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1864-01-23_34_1483); The Mining Journal (London), 15 October 1864, Vol. 34 No. 1521, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 10 October 1864, ruby copper (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1864-10-15_34_1521); The Mining Journal (London), 12 November 1864, Vol. 34 No. 1525, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 8 November 1864 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1864-11-12_34_1525); The Mining Journal (London), 17 December 1864, Vol. 34 No. 1530, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 13 December 1864 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1864-12-17_34_1530); The Mining Journal (London), 10 December 1864, Vol. 34 No. 1529, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 6 December 1864 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1864-12-10_34_1529); The Mining Journal (London), 7 July 1866, Vol. 36 No. 1611, Mining Notabilia, the Roaring Water Mine and the character of its ores (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1866-07-07_36_1611); The Mining Journal (London), 7 April 1866, Vol. 36 No. 1598, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 3 April 1866 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1866-04-07_36_1598); The Mining Journal (London), 14 April 1866, Vol. 36 No. 1599, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 10 April 1866, red oxide of copper (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1866-04-14_36_1599); The Mining Journal (London), 28 April 1866, Vol. 36 No. 1601, Mining Notabilia, Roaring Water, crystallised grey copper ore (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1866-04-28_36_1601); The Mining Journal (London), 5 May 1866, Vol. 36 No. 1602, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 1 May 1866 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1866-05-05_36_1602); The Mining Journal (London), 12 May 1866, Vol. 36 No. 1603, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 8 May 1866, silver and antimony (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1866-05-12_36_1603); The Mining Journal (London), 11 August 1866, Vol. 36 No. 1616, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 6 August 1866 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1866-08-11_36_1616); The Mining Journal (London), 9 May 1868, Vol. 38 No. 1707, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 5 May 1868 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1868-05-09_38_1707); The Mining Journal (London), 13 June 1868, Vol. 38 No. 1712, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 9 June 1868, a lode 14 feet wide (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1868-06-13_38_1712); The Mining Journal (London), 27 June 1868, Vol. 38 No. 1714, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 23 June 1868 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1868-06-27_38_1714); The Mining Journal (London), 19 September 1868, Vol. 38 No. 1726, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 15 September 1868, malleable copper in the joints (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1868-09-19_38_1726); The Mining Journal (London), 21 November 1868, Vol. 38 No. 1735, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 17 November 1868, micaceous iron (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1868-11-21_38_1735); The Mining Journal (London), 23 January 1869, Vol. 39 No. 1744, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 19 January 1869, the south lode 10 feet wide (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1869-01-23_39_1744); The Mining Journal (London), 30 January 1869, Vol. 39 No. 1745, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 26 January 1869, bell-metal ore on the Orchard lode (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1869-01-30_39_1745); The Mining Journal (London), 3 April 1869, Vol. 39 No. 1754, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 30 March 1869, horseflesh ore (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1869-04-03_39_1754); The Mining Journal (London), 1 May 1869, Vol. 39 No. 1758, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 27 April 1869 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1869-05-01_39_1758); The Mining Journal (London), 8 October 1870, Vol. 40 No. 1833, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 1 October 1870 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1870-10-08_40_1833); The Mining Journal (London), 30 April 1870, Vol. 40 No. 1810, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 26 April 1870 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1870-04-30_40_1810); The Mining Journal (London), 21 January 1871, Vol. 41 No. 1848, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 17 January 1871, chlorite and chert (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1871-01-21_41_1848); The Mining Journal (London), 9 February 1878, Vol. 48 No. supplement, Tonkin, T., The Mineral Resources of Ireland No. II, the Roaring Water, Kilcoe, Cappagh, Ballycummisk and Skull Bay mines (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1878-02-09_48_supplement).
25. The Mining Journal (London), 28 October 1854, Vol. 24 No. 1001, Dublin correspondence on Mr Arthur Dean's report on the Leighcloon Mining Company (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1854-10-28_24_1001); The Mining Journal (London), 15 November 1862, Vol. 32 No. 1421, prospectus of the Roaring Water Mining Company (Limited) with the reports of Captains Henry Thomas, Paul, Carthew, Boundy and Hosking (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1862-11-15_32_1421); The Mining Journal (London), 14 March 1863, Vol. 33 No. 1438, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 9 March 1863, native copper in Grady's lode (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1863-03-14_33_1438); The Mining Journal (London), 25 July 1863, Vol. 33 No. 1457, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 20 July 1863, and Mining Notabilia with the Johnson and Son assay (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1863-07-25_33_1457); The Mining Journal (London), 22 August 1863, Vol. 33 No. 1461, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 17 August 1863, and Mining Notabilia on the silver ores (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1863-08-22_33_1461); The Mining Journal (London), 5 December 1863, Vol. 33 No. 1476, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 30 November 1863, Mr James Simpson's silver assay (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1863-12-05_33_1476); The Mining Journal (London), 18 June 1864, Vol. 34 No. 1504, Mining Notabilia, Roaring Water, the silver ores (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1864-06-18_34_1504); The Mining Journal (London), 14 January 1865, Vol. 35 No. 1534, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 10 January 1865 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1865-01-14_35_1534); The Mining Journal (London), 1 July 1865, Vol. 35 No. 1558, Mining in Ireland, Roaring Water Mine, letter of William Hocking (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1865-07-01_35_1558); The Mining Journal (London), 8 July 1865, Vol. 35 No. 1559, The Roaring Water Mine, reply to William Hocking, and Notices to Correspondents (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1865-07-08_35_1559).
26. Cowman, D. & Reilly, T.A. (1988) The Abandoned Mines of West Carbery: Promoters, Adventurers and Miners. Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, pp. 92, 106 (Table 6, citing Mining Journal 1854 pp. 28 and 76, 1863 p. 605 and 1864 p. 374), 109, 122 and 171 (note 20, citing Mining Journal 1863 pp. 38, 76, 448, 579 and 630); Pracht, M. (2002) Geology of West Cork: a geological description to accompany the bedrock geology 1:100,000 scale map, Sheet 24, West Cork. Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, p. 54.
27. Geological Survey of Ireland, mineral-locality cards for Leighcloon and Kilkilleen (GSI Goldmine records 9545189, 9548606 and 9548611); Kane, R. (1844) The Industrial Resources of Ireland. Hodges and Smith, Dublin, p. 193.
28. Geological Survey of Ireland, manuscript abstracts of Mining Journal reports on Roaring Water Mine, 1870–1880 (GSI Goldmine record 9554308, Mine Records: Mine Reports, West Cork, p. 323), abstracting Mining Journal 1880, vol. 50, p. 533; Kane, R. (1844) The Industrial Resources of Ireland. Hodges and Smith, Dublin, p. 193; Bernard, H.B. (1840s, undated) Report on the mines, minerals, slates etc. on the estates of the Right Hon. the Earl of Bandon. Irish Industrial Magazine 1, p. 133 (typed extract in the Geological Survey of Ireland mine-record files, GSI Goldmine record 9554308, Mine Records: Mine Reports, West Cork, p. 323); Cowman, D. & Reilly, T.A. (1988) The Abandoned Mines of West Carbery: Promoters, Adventurers and Miners. Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, pp. 41–42 and 144 (note 29, citing Mining Journal 1844 pp. 199 and 320); Thomas, W. (undated) Statement on the mines of the Schull district, typed extract in the Geological Survey of Ireland mine-record files (GSI Goldmine record 9554308, Mine Records: Mine Reports, West Cork, p. 271).
29. Cowman, D. & Reilly, T.A. (1988) The Abandoned Mines of West Carbery: Promoters, Adventurers and Miners. Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, pp. 61 (Table 5), 92 and 161–162 (notes 13–19, citing Mining Journal 1853 p. 52; 1854 pp. 28 and 708; 1855 pp. 43 and 453; 1856 pp. 150 and 289; 1857 pp. 63, 91, 99 and 156); Geological Survey of Ireland (undated) An index to references to Irish mineral resource and mining activities in the Mining Journal 1835–1920. Geological Survey of Ireland report RS 89/1 (GSI Goldmine record 9536085), pp. 76–78 (Leighcloon Mine, 1856).
30. The Mining Journal (London), 18 March 1843, Vol. 13 No. 395, letter from the county of Cork on the five mining companies of the Skull district, the Roaring Water lodes described (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1843-03-18_13_395); The Mining Journal (London), 13 May 1843, Vol. 13 No. 403, share list, Roaring Water (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1843-05-13_13_403); The Mining Journal (London), 6 April 1844, Vol. 14 No. 450, share list, Roaring Water (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1844-04-06_14_450); The Mining Journal (London), 15 November 1862, Vol. 32 No. 1421, prospectus of the Roaring Water Mining Company (Limited) with the reports of Captains Henry Thomas, Paul, Carthew, Boundy and Hosking (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1862-11-15_32_1421); The Mining Journal (London), 1 December 1855, Vol. 25 No. 1058, Leighcloon Mines, reports of Captain Joseph Richards and Captain James Hosking (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1855-12-01_25_1058); The Mining Journal (London), 18 March 1854, Vol. 24 No. 969, Perkes's gold-extraction trials, table of results including Roaring Water (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1854-03-18_24_969); The Mining Journal (London), 7 October 1854, Vol. 24 No. 998, Skibbereen correspondence, Roaring Water recommended (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1854-10-07_24_998); The Mining Journal (London), 21 October 1854, Vol. 24 No. 1000, the Leighcloon Mines described, and Dublin correspondence on the change of name (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1854-10-21_24_1000); The Mining Journal (London), 14 October 1854, Vol. 24 No. 999, Notices to Correspondents, the offices of the Leighcloon (late Roaring Water) Mining Company (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1854-10-14_24_999); The Mining Journal (London), 28 October 1854, Vol. 24 No. 1001, Dublin correspondence on Mr Arthur Dean's report on the Leighcloon Mining Company (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1854-10-28_24_1001); The Mining Journal (London), 21 July 1855, Vol. 25 No. 1039, Mining operations in Ireland, from our correspondent in Skibbereen, Leighcloon (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1855-07-21_25_1039); The Mining Journal (London), 3 May 1856, Vol. 26 No. 1080, letter on the London-managed mines of West Cork, Roaring Water or Leighcloon (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1856-05-03_26_1080).
31. Cowman, D. & Reilly, T.A. (1988) The Abandoned Mines of West Carbery: Promoters, Adventurers and Miners. Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, pp. 122, 124 and 171–172 (notes 16–32, citing Mining Journal 1862 pp. 514, 517, 782 and 785; 1864 p. 220; 1865 pp. 152, 185, 389 and 418; 1866 pp. 8, 164 and 620; 1872 p. 354; 1875 p. 651); Morris, J.H. & Cowman, D. (2001) An index to listings of Irish mining companies, or mining companies which operated in Ireland, in the catalogue of the Board of Trade records held in the Public Record Office, Kew, London. Journal of the Mining Heritage Trust of Ireland 1, 9–18, pp. 6 and 14; Geological Survey of Ireland, manuscript abstracts of Mining Journal reports on Roaring Water Mine, 1870–1880 (GSI Goldmine record 9554308, Mine Records: Mine Reports, West Cork, pp. 323–324), abstracting Mining Journal 1870 pp. 123, 339, 655, 799 and 863; 1871 pp. 5, 46, 219, 375 and 423; 1872 p. 354; Geological Survey of Ireland (undated) An index to references to Irish mineral resource and mining activities in the Mining Journal 1835–1920. Geological Survey of Ireland report RS 89/1 (GSI Goldmine record 9536085), pp. 122–176 and 212; Cole, G.A.J. (1922) Memoir and Map of Localities of Minerals of Economic Importance and Metalliferous Mines in Ireland. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, Roaring Water entry.
32. The Mining Journal (London), 12 July 1862, Vol. 32 No. 1403, Mining in Ireland, the Schull district, Roaring Water and Kilcoe (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1862-07-12_32_1403); The Mining Journal (London), 2 August 1862, Vol. 32 No. 1406, Mining Notabilia, Mr Thomas Cooper Smith takes the Roaring Water Mine (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1862-08-02_32_1406); The Mining Journal (London), 15 November 1862, Vol. 32 No. 1421, prospectus of the Roaring Water Mining Company (Limited) with the reports of Captains Henry Thomas, Paul, Carthew, Boundy and Hosking (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1862-11-15_32_1421); The Mining Journal (London), 22 November 1862, Vol. 32 No. 1422, letter on the Cork mines and the Roaring Water prospectus, and Captain Thomas on the Orchard lode (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1862-11-22_32_1422); The Mining Journal (London), 3 January 1863, Vol. 33 No. 1428, prospectus of the Roaring Water Mining Company (Limited) with the list of directors, and Captain Thomas's report of 29 December 1862 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1863-01-03_33_1428); The Mining Journal (London), 10 January 1863, Vol. 33 No. 1429, letter on the Roaring Water Mine, the Orchard level (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1863-01-10_33_1429).
33. The Mining Journal (London), 22 November 1862, Vol. 32 No. 1422, letter on the Cork mines and the Roaring Water prospectus, and Captain Thomas on the Orchard lode (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1862-11-22_32_1422); The Mining Journal (London), 21 February 1863, Vol. 33 No. 1435, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 17 February 1863, Grady's lode (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1863-02-21_33_1435); The Mining Journal (London), 28 March 1863, Vol. 33 No. 1440, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 23 March 1863, the Orchard lode heaved (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1863-03-28_33_1440); The Mining Journal (London), 25 April 1863, Vol. 33 No. 1444, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 21 April 1863 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1863-04-25_33_1444); The Mining Journal (London), 2 May 1863, Vol. 33 No. 1445, Roaring Water, the public setting of 27 April 1863, and Irish notes on the engine-shaft site (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1863-05-02_33_1445); The Mining Journal (London), 9 May 1863, Vol. 33 No. 1446, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 4 May 1863, the former workings on Grady's lode (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1863-05-09_33_1446); The Mining Journal (London), 23 May 1863, Vol. 33 No. 1448, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 18 May 1863, and Captain Paul's report (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1863-05-23_33_1448); The Mining Journal (London), 20 June 1863, Vol. 33 No. 1452, Captain Paul's reply, and Captain Thomas's report of 16 June 1863, the new lode (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1863-06-20_33_1452); The Mining Journal (London), 25 July 1863, Vol. 33 No. 1457, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 20 July 1863, and Mining Notabilia with the Johnson and Son assay (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1863-07-25_33_1457); The Mining Journal (London), 22 August 1863, Vol. 33 No. 1461, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 17 August 1863, and Mining Notabilia on the silver ores (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1863-08-22_33_1461); The Mining Journal (London), 12 September 1863, Vol. 33 No. 1464, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 8 September 1863, the new shaft on Grady's lode (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1863-09-12_33_1464); The Mining Journal (London), 3 October 1863, Vol. 33 No. 1467, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 28 September 1863 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1863-10-03_33_1467); The Mining Journal (London), 19 December 1863, Vol. 33 No. 1478, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 17 December 1863 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1863-12-19_33_1478); The Mining Journal (London), 19 September 1863, Vol. 33 No. 1465, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 15 September 1863 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1863-09-19_33_1465); The Mining Journal (London), 29 August 1863, Vol. 33 No. 1462, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 24 August 1863 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1863-08-29_33_1462); The Mining Journal (London), 15 August 1863, Vol. 33 No. 1460, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 11 August 1863 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1863-08-15_33_1460); The Mining Journal (London), 11 July 1863, Vol. 33 No. 1455, Roaring Water, Captain Paul's report of 6 July 1863 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1863-07-11_33_1455); The Mining Journal (London), 13 June 1863, Vol. 33 No. supplement, Mining in Ireland, from our correspondent in the county of Cork, on Captain Paul's report (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1863-06-13_33_supplement); The Mining Journal (London), 14 November 1863, Vol. 33 No. 1473, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 9 November 1863, the new shaft in the field (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1863-11-14_33_1473); The Mining Journal (London), 28 November 1863, Vol. 33 No. 1475, letter of A Young Miner on the Skibbereen Eagle's account of Gillman's Engine-shaft, and Captain Thomas's report of 23 November 1863 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1863-11-28_33_1475).
34. The Mining Journal (London), 6 February 1864, Vol. 34 No. 1485, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 1 February 1864, a lode in Gillman's shaft (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1864-02-06_34_1485); The Mining Journal (London), 26 March 1864, Vol. 34 No. 1492, Roaring Water Copper Mining Company, first annual meeting, and Captain Thomas's report of 22 March 1864 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1864-03-26_34_1492); The Mining Journal (London), 20 February 1864, Vol. 34 No. 1487, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's reports of 16 and 17 February 1864 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1864-02-20_34_1487); The Mining Journal (London), 28 May 1864, Vol. 34 No. 1501, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 24 May 1864 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1864-05-28_34_1501); The Mining Journal (London), 16 July 1864, Vol. 34 No. 1508, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 12 July 1864 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1864-07-16_34_1508); The Mining Journal (London), 8 October 1864, Vol. 34 No. 1520, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 4 October 1864, Bush's shaft (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1864-10-08_34_1520); The Mining Journal (London), 3 September 1864, Vol. 34 No. 1515, Roaring Water Mines, report of an examination by George Henwood, M.E., August 1864, and Captain Thomas's report of 30 August 1864 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1864-09-03_34_1515); The Mining Journal (London), 1 October 1864, Vol. 34 No. 1519, Mining in Ireland, from our correspondent in the county of Cork, a visit to Roaring Water (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1864-10-01_34_1519); The Mining Journal (London), 17 December 1864, Vol. 34 No. 1530, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 13 December 1864 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1864-12-17_34_1530); The Mining Journal (London), 31 December 1864, Vol. 34 No. 1532, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 27 December 1864 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1864-12-31_34_1532); The Mining Journal (London), 28 January 1865, Vol. 35 No. 1536, Mining in Ireland, from our correspondent in the county of Cork, the water-wheel at Roaring Water (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1865-01-28_35_1536); The Mining Journal (London), 18 February 1865, Vol. 35 No. 1539, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 14 February 1865, Captain Eddy's inspection (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1865-02-18_35_1539); The Mining Journal (London), 11 March 1865, Vol. 35 No. 1542, Roaring Water Mining Company, second annual meeting (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1865-03-11_35_1542); The Mining Journal (London), 8 April 1865, Vol. 35 No. 1546, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 4 April 1865, 34 tons weighed off (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1865-04-08_35_1546); The Mining Journal (London), 27 May 1865, Vol. 35 No. 1553, Swansea ticketings, ores for sale on 6 June 1865 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1865-05-27_35_1553); The Mining Journal (London), 1 July 1865, Vol. 35 No. 1558, Mining in Ireland, Roaring Water Mine, letter of William Hocking (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1865-07-01_35_1558); The Mining Journal (London), 8 July 1865, Vol. 35 No. 1559, The Roaring Water Mine, reply to William Hocking, and Notices to Correspondents (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1865-07-08_35_1559); The Mining Journal (London), 29 July 1865, Vol. 35 No. 1562, Roaring Water Mine, report of Mr T. C. Smith after his visit, with a note on Cappagh (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1865-07-29_35_1562); The Mining Journal (London), 28 October 1865, Vol. 35 No. 1575, Mining Notabilia, Irish Mines, Roaring Water (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1865-10-28_35_1575); The Mining Journal (London), 25 November 1865, Vol. 35 No. 1579, Mining Notabilia, Mining in Ireland, Roaring Water Machinery (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1865-11-25_35_1579); The Mining Journal (London), 13 January 1866, Vol. 36 No. 1586, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 6 January 1866 on the water-wheel and machinery (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1866-01-13_36_1586); The Mining Journal (London), 20 January 1866, Vol. 36 No. 1587, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 15 January 1866, the setting of the engine-shafts (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1866-01-20_36_1587).
35. The Mining Journal (London), 16 June 1866, Vol. 36 No. 1608, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 12 June 1866, Gillman's shaft 30 fathoms (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1866-06-16_36_1608); The Mining Journal (London), 17 March 1866, Vol. 36 No. 1595, Roaring Water Mining Company (Limited), third annual meeting, and Captain Thomas's report of 13 March 1866 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1866-03-17_36_1595); The Mining Journal (London), 24 March 1866, Vol. 36 No. 1596, notice of the decease of Mr Thomas Cooper Smith and the appointment of Mr Robert William Smith as secretary (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1866-03-24_36_1596); The Mining Journal (London), 23 June 1866, Vol. 36 No. 1609, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 19 June 1866, the air-machine (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1866-06-23_36_1609); The Mining Journal (London), 15 September 1866, Vol. 36 No. 1621, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 11 September 1866 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1866-09-15_36_1621); The Mining Journal (London), 24 November 1866, Vol. 36 No. 1631, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report, the bottom level west of Grady's shaft (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1866-11-24_36_1631); The Mining Journal (London), 29 September 1866, Vol. 36 No. 1623, Mining in Ireland, letter on the present state of mining in the south-west of the county of Cork (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1866-09-29_36_1623); The Mining Journal (London), 15 December 1866, Vol. 36 No. 1634, The mineral resources of Ireland, iron and slates, the Roaring Water quarry (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1866-12-15_36_1634); The Mining Journal (London), 9 February 1867, Vol. 37 No. 1642, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 5 February 1867 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1867-02-09_37_1642); The Mining Journal (London), 26 October 1867, Vol. 37 No. 1679, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 22 October 1867, the resumed sinking of Gillman's engine-shaft (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1867-10-26_37_1679); The Mining Journal (London), 23 November 1867, Vol. 37 No. 1683, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 19 November 1867 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1867-11-23_37_1683); The Mining Journal (London), 21 December 1867, Vol. 37 No. 1687, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 17 December 1867 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1867-12-21_37_1687); The Mining Journal (London), 18 January 1868, Vol. 38 No. 1691, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 14 January 1868 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1868-01-18_38_1691); The Mining Journal (London), 15 February 1868, Vol. 38 No. 1695, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 11 February 1868, the 45 fathom level (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1868-02-15_38_1695); The Mining Journal (London), 18 April 1868, Vol. 38 No. 1704, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 14 April 1868 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1868-04-18_38_1704); The Mining Journal (London), 25 April 1868, Vol. 38 No. 1705, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 20 April 1868, cross-cuts at the 45 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1868-04-25_38_1705); The Mining Journal (London), 9 May 1868, Vol. 38 No. 1707, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 5 May 1868 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1868-05-09_38_1707); The Mining Journal (London), 6 June 1868, Vol. 38 No. 1711, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 2 June 1868, the caunter (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1868-06-06_38_1711); The Mining Journal (London), 13 June 1868, Vol. 38 No. 1712, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 9 June 1868, a lode 14 feet wide (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1868-06-13_38_1712); The Mining Journal (London), 11 July 1868, Vol. 38 No. 1716, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 7 July 1868, the drought (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1868-07-11_38_1716); The Mining Journal (London), 22 August 1868, Vol. 38 No. 1722, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 18 August 1868 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1868-08-22_38_1722); The Mining Journal (London), 10 October 1868, Vol. 38 No. 1729, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 5 October 1868, a caunter in the south cross-cut (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1868-10-10_38_1729); The Mining Journal (London), 23 January 1869, Vol. 39 No. 1744, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 19 January 1869, the south lode 10 feet wide (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1869-01-23_39_1744); The Mining Journal (London), 13 February 1869, Vol. 39 No. 1747, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 9 February 1869, the caunter cut (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1869-02-13_39_1747); The Mining Journal (London), 18 September 1869, Vol. 39 No. 1778, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 15 September 1869, the 45 set to drive west of Gillman's shaft (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1869-09-18_39_1778); The Mining Journal (London), 12 February 1870, Vol. 40 No. 1799, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 5 February 1870 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1870-02-12_40_1799); The Mining Journal (London), 15 October 1870, Vol. 40 No. 1834, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 11 October 1870 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1870-10-15_40_1834); The Mining Journal (London), 20 August 1870, Vol. 40 No. 1826, Roaring Water, report of 15 August 1870, the wheel stopped for want of water (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1870-08-20_40_1826); The Mining Journal (London), 6 May 1871, Vol. 41 No. 1863, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 2 May 1871, Grady's lode 4 feet wide (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1871-05-06_41_1863); The Mining Journal (London), 20 May 1871, Vol. 41 No. 1865, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 16 May 1871, a small cross-course (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1871-05-20_41_1865); The Mining Journal (London), 17 June 1871, Vol. 41 No. 1869, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 13 June 1871, the last report (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1871-06-17_41_1869); The Mining Journal (London), 20 April 1872, Vol. 42 No. 1913, Died, Captain Henry Thomas, at Roaring Water, 12 April 1872 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1872-04-20_42_1913).
36. Geological Survey of Ireland, manuscript abstracts of Mining Journal reports on Roaring Water Mine, 1870–1880 (GSI Goldmine record 9554308, Mine Records: Mine Reports, West Cork, p. 323), abstracting Mining Journal February 1878 p. 157 and 1880 vol. 50 p. 533 (the owner's name is not legible with certainty in the abstract); Cole, G.A.J. (1922) Memoir and Map of Localities of Minerals of Economic Importance and Metalliferous Mines in Ireland. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, Roaring Water entry; Ware, W.W. (1920) Letter of the Mining Statistics Branch, Home Office, to G.A.J. Cole, 27 April 1920, enclosing a tracing of the plan of Roaring Water Mine. Geological Survey of Ireland mine-record files (GSI Goldmine record 9554289, Mine Records: Roaring Water Mine Plans); Duffy, J. (1932) Report on copper deposits in south-west Ireland (Counties Cork and Kerry), 13 January 1932. Geological Survey of Ireland mine-record files (GSI Goldmine record 9554307, Mine Records: Reports, Duffy 1932), p. 43; Environmental Protection Agency, Historic Mine Sites web feature service, MINES_PointFeatures layer, features WCK_49 to WCK_53.
37. The Mining Journal (London), 12 June 1875, Vol. 45 No. supplement, The Mineral Resources of the South-West of Ireland No. VIII, the East Cappagh Mine (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1875-06-12_45_supplement); The Mining Journal (London), 9 February 1878, Vol. 48 No. supplement, Tonkin, T., The Mineral Resources of Ireland No. II, the Roaring Water, Kilcoe, Cappagh, Ballycummisk and Skull Bay mines (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1878-02-09_48_supplement); The Mining Journal (London), 28 February 1880, Vol. 50 No. supplement, the mines of the south-west of Cork, Kane's account of the Audley and Roaring Water mines reprinted (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1880-02-28_50_supplement); The Mining Journal (London), 8 May 1880, Vol. 50 No. supplement, Thomas, W., Short Notices on Irish Mines, Kilcoe and Roaring Water (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1880-05-08_50_supplement); The Mining Journal (London), 21 July 1883, Vol. 53 No. 2500, Captain W. Thomas on the four copper zones of West Cork (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1883-07-21_53_2500); The Mining Journal (London), 4 July 1885, Vol. 55 No. 2602, Irish Mines, our Irish correspondent on West Cork (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1885-07-04_55_2602).
38. Cowman, D. & Reilly, T.A. (1988) The Abandoned Mines of West Carbery: Promoters, Adventurers and Miners. Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, pp. 41–42, 61, 92, 122 and 124; Morris, J.H. & Cowman, D. (2001) An index to listings of Irish mining companies, or mining companies which operated in Ireland, in the catalogue of the Board of Trade records held in the Public Record Office, Kew, London. Journal of the Mining Heritage Trust of Ireland 1, 9–18, p. 14; Geological Survey of Ireland, manuscript abstracts of Mining Journal reports on Roaring Water Mine, 1870–1880 (GSI Goldmine record 9554308, Mine Records: Mine Reports, West Cork, pp. 323–324); Geological Survey of Ireland (undated) An index to references to Irish mineral resource and mining activities in the Mining Journal 1835–1920. Geological Survey of Ireland report RS 89/1 (GSI Goldmine record 9536085), p. 212; Cole, G.A.J. (1922) Memoir and Map of Localities of Minerals of Economic Importance and Metalliferous Mines in Ireland. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, Roaring Water entry.
39. Cole, G.A.J. (1922) Memoir and Map of Localities of Minerals of Economic Importance and Metalliferous Mines in Ireland. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, Roaring Water entry (copy in the Geological Survey of Ireland mine-record files, GSI Goldmine record 9554308, Mine Records: Mine Reports, West Cork, p. 324); Duffy, J. (1932) Report on copper deposits in south-west Ireland (Counties Cork and Kerry), 13 January 1932. Geological Survey of Ireland mine-record files (GSI Goldmine record 9554307, Mine Records: Reports, Duffy 1932), p. 43; Geological Survey of Ireland, manuscript abstracts of Mining Journal reports on Roaring Water Mine, 1870–1880 (GSI Goldmine record 9554308, Mine Records: Mine Reports, West Cork, pp. 323–324); Cowman, D. & Reilly, T.A. (1988) The Abandoned Mines of West Carbery: Promoters, Adventurers and Miners. Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, pp. 122 and 171–172 (notes 27–30, citing Mining Journal 1865 pp. 700 and 761, 1866 pp. 8 and 620); Ware, W.W. (1920) Letter of the Mining Statistics Branch, Home Office, to G.A.J. Cole, 27 April 1920 (GSI Goldmine record 9554289, Mine Records: Roaring Water Mine Plans).
40. Environmental Protection Agency, Historic Mine Sites web feature service, MINES_PointFeatures layer (Irish Transverse Mercator, EPSG:2157), features WCK_49 to WCK_53 "Roaring Water"; Duffy, J. (1932) Report on copper deposits in south-west Ireland (Counties Cork and Kerry), 13 January 1932. Geological Survey of Ireland mine-record files (GSI Goldmine record 9554307, Mine Records: Reports, Duffy 1932), p. 43.
41. The Mining Journal (London), 15 November 1862, Vol. 32 No. 1421, prospectus of the Roaring Water Mining Company (Limited) with the reports of Captains Henry Thomas, Paul, Carthew, Boundy and Hosking (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1862-11-15_32_1421); The Mining Journal (London), 21 October 1854, Vol. 24 No. 1000, the Leighcloon Mines described, and Dublin correspondence on the change of name (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1854-10-21_24_1000); The Mining Journal (London), 11 June 1864, Vol. 34 No. 1503, Mining in Ireland, from our correspondent in the county of Cork, the Roaring Water Mine and the run of lodes to Brow Head (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1864-06-11_34_1503); The Mining Journal (London), 25 July 1863, Vol. 33 No. 1457, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 20 July 1863, and Mining Notabilia with the Johnson and Son assay (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1863-07-25_33_1457); The Mining Journal (London), 12 September 1863, Vol. 33 No. 1464, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 8 September 1863, the new shaft on Grady's lode (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1863-09-12_33_1464); The Mining Journal (London), 19 December 1863, Vol. 33 No. 1478, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 17 December 1863 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1863-12-19_33_1478); The Mining Journal (London), 6 February 1864, Vol. 34 No. 1485, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 1 February 1864, a lode in Gillman's shaft (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1864-02-06_34_1485); The Mining Journal (London), 29 July 1865, Vol. 35 No. 1562, Roaring Water Mine, report of Mr T. C. Smith after his visit, with a note on Cappagh (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1865-07-29_35_1562); The Mining Journal (London), 28 November 1863, Vol. 33 No. 1475, letter of A Young Miner on the Skibbereen Eagle's account of Gillman's Engine-shaft, and Captain Thomas's report of 23 November 1863 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1863-11-28_33_1475); The Mining Journal (London), 16 July 1864, Vol. 34 No. 1508, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 12 July 1864 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1864-07-16_34_1508); The Mining Journal (London), 16 June 1866, Vol. 36 No. 1608, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 12 June 1866, Gillman's shaft 30 fathoms (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1866-06-16_36_1608); The Mining Journal (London), 23 November 1867, Vol. 37 No. 1683, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 19 November 1867 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1867-11-23_37_1683); The Mining Journal (London), 15 February 1868, Vol. 38 No. 1695, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 11 February 1868, the 45 fathom level (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1868-02-15_38_1695); The Mining Journal (London), 18 April 1868, Vol. 38 No. 1704, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 14 April 1868 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1868-04-18_38_1704); The Mining Journal (London), 8 October 1864, Vol. 34 No. 1520, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 4 October 1864, Bush's shaft (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1864-10-08_34_1520); The Mining Journal (London), 2 July 1864, Vol. 34 No. 1506, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 28 June 1864, the whim at work (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1864-07-02_34_1506); The Mining Journal (London), 1 October 1864, Vol. 34 No. 1519, Mining in Ireland, from our correspondent in the county of Cork, a visit to Roaring Water (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1864-10-01_34_1519); The Mining Journal (London), 13 January 1866, Vol. 36 No. 1586, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 6 January 1866 on the water-wheel and machinery (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1866-01-13_36_1586); The Mining Journal (London), 6 May 1865, Vol. 35 No. 1550, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 2 May 1865, the wheel-pit and weir (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1865-05-06_35_1550); The Mining Journal (London), 29 September 1866, Vol. 36 No. 1623, Mining in Ireland, letter on the present state of mining in the south-west of the county of Cork (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1866-09-29_36_1623); The Mining Journal (London), 23 June 1866, Vol. 36 No. 1609, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 19 June 1866, the air-machine (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1866-06-23_36_1609); The Mining Journal (London), 25 August 1866, Vol. 36 No. 1618, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 21 August 1866 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1866-08-25_36_1618); The Mining Journal (London), 7 March 1868, Vol. 38 No. 1698, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 3 March 1868 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1868-03-07_38_1698); The Mining Journal (London), 25 April 1868, Vol. 38 No. 1705, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 20 April 1868, cross-cuts at the 45 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1868-04-25_38_1705); The Mining Journal (London), 18 September 1869, Vol. 39 No. 1778, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 15 September 1869, the 45 set to drive west of Gillman's shaft (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1869-09-18_39_1778); The Mining Journal (London), 11 July 1868, Vol. 38 No. 1716, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 7 July 1868, the drought (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1868-07-11_38_1716); The Mining Journal (London), 20 August 1870, Vol. 40 No. 1826, Roaring Water, report of 15 August 1870, the wheel stopped for want of water (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1870-08-20_40_1826); The Mining Journal (London), 17 June 1871, Vol. 41 No. 1869, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 13 June 1871, the last report (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1871-06-17_41_1869); The Mining Journal (London), 4 December 1869, Vol. 39 No. 1789, Roaring Water, Captain Thomas's report of 4 December 1869 (Internet Archive item sim_mining-journal_1869-12-04_39_1789).
42. Cole, G.A.J. (1922) Memoir and Map of Localities of Minerals of Economic Importance and Metalliferous Mines in Ireland. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, Roaring Water entry (copy in the Geological Survey of Ireland mine-record files, GSI Goldmine record 9554308, Mine Records: Mine Reports, West Cork, p. 324); Cowman, D. & Reilly, T.A. (1988) The Abandoned Mines of West Carbery: Promoters, Adventurers and Miners. Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, pp. 41–42 (Table 4), 92, 122, 144 (note 29) and 172 (note 26).
43. Morris, J.H. & Cowman, D. (2001) An index to listings of Irish mining companies, or mining companies which operated in Ireland, in the catalogue of the Board of Trade records held in the Public Record Office, Kew, London. Journal of the Mining Heritage Trust of Ireland 1, 9–18, p. 14; Thomas, W. (undated) Statement on the mines of the Schull district, typed extract in the Geological Survey of Ireland mine-record files (GSI Goldmine record 9554308, Mine Records: Mine Reports, West Cork, p. 271); Cowman, D. & Reilly, T.A. (1988) The Abandoned Mines of West Carbery: Promoters, Adventurers and Miners. Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, pp. 40 and 42.
44. Internet Archive, The Mining Journal (London), collection pub_mining-journal, per-issue scans and OCR text, identifiers sim_mining-journal_YYYY-MM-DD_volume_issue (archive.org, consulted September 2026).
45. Geological Survey of Ireland (undated) An index to references to Irish mineral resource and mining activities in the Mining Journal 1835–1920. Geological Survey of Ireland report RS 89/1 (GSI Goldmine record 9536085), pp. 76–78, 122–176, 212 and 221.
46. Environmental Protection Agency, Historic Mine Sites web feature service, MINES_PointFeatures layer (Irish Transverse Mercator, EPSG:2157), features WCK_49 to WCK_53 "Roaring Water"; EPA/GSI (2009) Historic Mine Sites – Inventory and Risk Classification, Vol. 1 and site reports. Environmental Protection Agency and Geological Survey of Ireland, Wexford and Dublin (no Roaringwater site report).
47. Geological Survey of Ireland, mineral-locality cards "Chalcopyrite – Leighcloon" (GSI Goldmine record 9545189), "Chlorite – Kilkilleen" (GSI Goldmine record 9548606) and "Manganese – Kilkilleen" (GSI Goldmine record 9548611), Mineral Localities, Cork sheet 140/4; Duffy, J. (1932) Report on copper deposits in south-west Ireland (Counties Cork and Kerry), 13 January 1932. Geological Survey of Ireland mine-record files (GSI Goldmine record 9554307, Mine Records: Reports, Duffy 1932), p. 43; Environmental Protection Agency, Historic Mine Sites web feature service, MINES_PointFeatures layer, feature WCK_49.
Select Mineral List Type
Standard Detailed Gallery Strunz Chemical ElementsDetailed Mineral List:
| ⓘ Albite Formula: Na(AlSi3O8) References: |
| ⓘ Baryte Formula: BaSO4 References: |
| ⓘ Bornite Formula: Cu5FeS4 References: |
| ⓘ Brochantite Formula: Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 References: |
| ⓘ Calcite Formula: CaCO3 References: |
| ⓘ Chalcopyrite Formula: CuFeS2 References: |
| ⓘ 'Chlorite Group' References: |
| ⓘ Chrysocolla Formula: Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1 References: |
| ⓘ Hematite Formula: Fe2O3 References: |
| ⓘ Langite Formula: Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 · 2H2O References: |
| ⓘ Malachite Formula: Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 References: |
| ⓘ Quartz Formula: SiO2 References: |
| ⓘ 'Tetrahedrite Subgroup' Formula: Cu6(Cu4C2+2)Sb4S12S References: |
List of minerals arranged by Strunz 10th Edition classification
| Group 2 - Sulphides and Sulfosalts | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ⓘ | Bornite | 2.BA.15 | Cu5FeS4 |
| ⓘ | Chalcopyrite | 2.CB.10a | CuFeS2 |
| ⓘ | 'Tetrahedrite Subgroup' | 2.GB.05 | Cu6(Cu4C2+2)Sb4S12S |
| Group 4 - Oxides and Hydroxides | |||
| ⓘ | Quartz | 4.00.05 | SiO2 |
| ⓘ | Hematite | 4.CB.05 | Fe2O3 |
| Group 5 - Nitrates and Carbonates | |||
| ⓘ | Calcite | 5.AB.05 | CaCO3 |
| ⓘ | Malachite | 5.BA.10 | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| Group 7 - Sulphates, Chromates, Molybdates and Tungstates | |||
| ⓘ | Baryte | 7.AD.35 | BaSO4 |
| ⓘ | Brochantite | 7.BB.25 | Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 |
| ⓘ | Langite | 7.DD.10 | Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 · 2H2O |
| Group 9 - Silicates | |||
| ⓘ | Chrysocolla | 9.ED.20 | Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1 |
| ⓘ | Albite | 9.FA.35 | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| Unclassified | |||
| ⓘ | 'Chlorite Group' | - | |
List of minerals for each chemical element
| H | Hydrogen | |
|---|---|---|
| H | ⓘ Brochantite | Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 |
| H | ⓘ Chrysocolla | Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1 |
| H | ⓘ Langite | Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 · 2H2O |
| H | ⓘ Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| C | Carbon | |
| C | ⓘ Calcite | CaCO3 |
| C | ⓘ Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| O | Oxygen | |
| O | ⓘ Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| O | ⓘ Baryte | BaSO4 |
| O | ⓘ Brochantite | Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 |
| O | ⓘ Calcite | CaCO3 |
| O | ⓘ Chrysocolla | Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1 |
| O | ⓘ Hematite | Fe2O3 |
| O | ⓘ Langite | Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 · 2H2O |
| O | ⓘ Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Quartz | SiO2 |
| Na | Sodium | |
| Na | ⓘ Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| Al | Aluminium | |
| Al | ⓘ Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| Al | ⓘ Chrysocolla | Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1 |
| Si | Silicon | |
| Si | ⓘ Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| Si | ⓘ Chrysocolla | Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1 |
| Si | ⓘ Quartz | SiO2 |
| S | Sulfur | |
| S | ⓘ Baryte | BaSO4 |
| S | ⓘ Bornite | Cu5FeS4 |
| S | ⓘ Brochantite | Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 |
| S | ⓘ Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
| S | ⓘ Langite | Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 · 2H2O |
| S | ⓘ Tetrahedrite Subgroup | Cu6(Cu4C22+)Sb4S12S |
| Ca | Calcium | |
| Ca | ⓘ Calcite | CaCO3 |
| Fe | Iron | |
| Fe | ⓘ Bornite | Cu5FeS4 |
| Fe | ⓘ Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
| Fe | ⓘ Hematite | Fe2O3 |
| Cu | Copper | |
| Cu | ⓘ Bornite | Cu5FeS4 |
| Cu | ⓘ Brochantite | Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 |
| Cu | ⓘ Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
| Cu | ⓘ Chrysocolla | Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1 |
| Cu | ⓘ Langite | Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 · 2H2O |
| Cu | ⓘ Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| Cu | ⓘ Tetrahedrite Subgroup | Cu6(Cu4C22+)Sb4S12S |
| Sb | Antimony | |
| Sb | ⓘ Tetrahedrite Subgroup | Cu6(Cu4C22+)Sb4S12S |
| Ba | Barium | |
| Ba | ⓘ Baryte | BaSO4 |
Other Regions, Features and Areas containing this locality
- Rheno-Hercynian BeltOrogenic Belt
Letter Mine, Letter, Mizen Peninsula, Cork County, Munster, Ireland