South China Sea is a marginal sea of the western Pacific Ocean, bordered by southern China, Indochina, the Malay Peninsula, Borneo, the Philippines, and Taiwan. Since the late 20th century, parts of the sea and its islands have been subject to overlapping territorial claims by multiple surrounding states, a factor that can affect how localities and offshore features are named or attributed in the literature.

Geologically, the South China Sea is a complex extensional basin formed mainly during the Cenozoic by rifting and seafloor spreading along the Eurasian continental margin. The basin is underlain by oceanic crust in its central parts, transitioning to stretched continental crust toward the margins. Prominent features include deep basins, continental shelves, seamounts, fracture zones, and numerous reefs and atolls developed on subsiding blocks. Volcanic activity has occurred in several phases, producing seamount chains and isolated volcanic islands.

The geological setting of the South China Sea hosts several types of submarine mineralisation. Hydrothermal systems associated with spreading centres, seamounts, and volcanic arcs have produced polymetallic sulphide occurrences on the seafloor. In addition, parts of the basin host ferromanganese deposits, including manganese nodules and crusts enriched in iron, manganese, cobalt, nickel, and copper, formed by slow chemical precipitation and diagenetic processes. These offshore environments are of mineralogical interest primarily through marine geological surveys and dredged or remotely sampled material.

Select Mineral List Type

Standard Detailed Gallery Strunz Chemical Elements

Commodity List

This is a list of exploitable or exploited mineral commodities recorded from this region.

ⓘ Titanium

ⓘ Zirconium

Mineral List

Mineral list contains entries from the region specified including sub-localities

23 valid minerals.

Rock Types Recorded

Rock list contains entries from the region specified including sub-localities

Select Rock List Type

Alphabetical List Tree Diagram

ⓘ 'Aphanite'

ⓘ Basalt

ⓘ Glassy igneous rock

ⓘ 'Porphyrite'

ⓘ Trachyte

Detailed Mineral List:

ⓘ Albite

Formula: Na(AlSi₃O₈)

Locality: Station T1 HY4-2005-5 Voyage, Qiongdongnan Basin, South China Sea

References:

Xu, Tianfu, Songhua Shang, Hailong Tian, Keqi Bei, and Yuqing Cao. (2019) "Numerical Simulation on Authigenic Barite Formation in Marine Sediments" Minerals 9, no. 2: 98. https://doi.org/10.3390/min9020098

ⓘ Anatase

Formula: TiO₂

Locality: Northern continental shelf, South China Sea

References:

Zhou, Jiao; Cai, Pengjie; Niu, Yufu; He, Gaowen; Ma, Anlin; Nie, Xin; Tian, Chengjing; Guo, Lihua (2026) Deciphering Zirconium-Titanium placer mineralization on the northern Shelf/Slope of the South China Sea: A Machine learning approach to Identifying mineralogical Fingerprints and sedimentary Controls. Ore Geology Reviews, p.107526. doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2026.107526

ⓘ Anorthite

Formula: Ca(Al₂Si₂O₈)

Localities:

Zhangzhongjing intraplate seamount, Southeast sub-basin, South China Sea
Central Rift Seamounts Group, West Philippine Sea, South China Sea

ⓘ Augite

Formula: (Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆

Locality: Zhangzhongjing intraplate seamount, Southeast sub-basin, South China Sea

References:

Lu, Rong; Zheng, Hao; Yang, Lei; Xie, Anyuan; He, Xi; Peng, Cong; Li, Zhengyuan; He, Huizhong (2025) Basalts from Zhangzhongjing Seamount, South China Sea and Their Linkage to a Plume-Modified Mantle Reservoir. Minerals, 15 (12). doi:10.3390/min15121292

ⓘ Baryte

Formula: BaSO₄

Locality: Station T1 HY4-2005-5 Voyage, Qiongdongnan Basin, South China Sea

References:

ⓘ Brookite

Formula: TiO₂

Locality: Northern continental shelf, South China Sea

References:

ⓘ Calcite

Formula: CaCO₃

Localities:

Station T1 HY4-2005-5 Voyage, Qiongdongnan Basin, South China Sea
Zhangzhongjing intraplate seamount, Southeast sub-basin, South China Sea

ⓘ 'Chlorite Group'

Localities:

Station T1 HY4-2005-5 Voyage, Qiongdongnan Basin, South China Sea
Central Rift Seamounts Group, West Philippine Sea, South China Sea

ⓘ 'Chrome-Spinel (of Dana)'

Locality: Zhangzhongjing intraplate seamount, Southeast sub-basin, South China Sea

References:

ⓘ 'Clay minerals'

Locality: Zhangzhongjing intraplate seamount, Southeast sub-basin, South China Sea

References:

ⓘ 'Clinopyroxene Subgroup'

Locality: Zhangzhongjing intraplate seamount, Southeast sub-basin, South China Sea

References:

ⓘ Epidote

Formula: (CaCa)(AlAlFe³⁺)O[Si₂O₇][SiO₄](OH)

Locality: Northern continental shelf, South China Sea

References:

ⓘ 'Feldspar Group'

Locality: Zhangzhongjing intraplate seamount, Southeast sub-basin, South China Sea

References:

ⓘ Gypsum

Formula: CaSO₄ · 2H₂O

Locality: Nansha Trough, South China Sea

References:

Zhou, Y.

Di, P.

Li, N.

Chen, F.

Su, X.

Zhang, J. (2020) Unique Authigenic Mineral Assemblages and Planktonic Foraminifera Reveal Dynamic Cold Seepage in the Southern South China Sea. Minerals 10, 275.

ⓘ Hematite

Formula: Fe₂O₃

Locality: Northern continental shelf, South China Sea

References:

ⓘ Ilmenite

Formula: Fe²⁺TiO₃

Localities:

Northern continental shelf, South China Sea
Zhangzhongjing intraplate seamount, Southeast sub-basin, South China Sea

ⓘ Kaolinite

Formula: Al₂(Si₂O₅)(OH)₄

Localities:

Station T1 HY4-2005-5 Voyage, Qiongdongnan Basin, South China Sea
Central Rift Seamounts Group, West Philippine Sea, South China Sea

ⓘ 'K Feldspar'

Locality: Nansha Trough, South China Sea

References:

Zhou, Y.

Di, P.

Li, N.

Chen, F.

Su, X.

Zhang, J. (2020) Unique Authigenic Mineral Assemblages and Planktonic Foraminifera Reveal Dynamic Cold Seepage in the Southern South China Sea. Minerals 10, 275.

ⓘ 'Leucoxene'

Locality: Northern continental shelf, South China Sea

References:

ⓘ Mackinawite

Formula: FeS

Locality: Good Weather Ridge, South China Sea

References:

Huang K, Chen C, Horng C, Wong Y, Huang A, Jiang W (2014) Formation of micrometer-sized stoichiometric mackinawite in cold-seep sediments offshore south western Taiwan. 21 st meeting of the International Mineralogical Association. p 132

ⓘ Magnetite

Formula: Fe²⁺Fe³⁺₂O₄

Locality: Northern continental shelf, South China Sea

References:

ⓘ 'Microlite Group'

Formula: A_2-mTa₂X_6-wZ_1-n

Locality: Zhangzhongjing intraplate seamount, Southeast sub-basin, South China Sea

References:

ⓘ 'Monazite Group'

Formula: REE(PO₄)

Locality: Northern continental shelf, South China Sea

References:

ⓘ Muscovite

Formula: KAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂

Locality: Station T1 HY4-2005-5 Voyage, Qiongdongnan Basin, South China Sea

References:

ⓘ Muscovite var. Illite

Formula: K_0.65Al_2.0[Al_0.65Si_3.35O₁₀](OH)₂

Locality: Station T1 HY4-2005-5 Voyage, Qiongdongnan Basin, South China Sea

References:

ⓘ 'Myrmekite'

Locality: Zhangzhongjing intraplate seamount, Southeast sub-basin, South China Sea

References:

ⓘ Native Aluminium

Formula: Al

Locality: Core ROV-G, South China Sea

References:

Chen, Zhong, Huang, Chi-Yue, Zhao, Meixun, Yan, Wen, Chien, Chih-Wei, Chen, Muhong, Yang, Huaping, Machiyama, Hideaki, Lin, Saulwood (2011) Characteristics and possible origin of native aluminum in cold seep sediments from the northeastern South China Sea. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 40 (1) 363-370 doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2010.06.006

ⓘ 'Olivine Group'

Formula: M₂SiO₄

Locality: Zhangzhongjing intraplate seamount, Southeast sub-basin, South China Sea

References:

ⓘ 'Plagioclase'

Formula: (Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈

Localities:

Central Rift Seamounts Group, West Philippine Sea, South China Sea
Zhangzhongjing intraplate seamount, Southeast sub-basin, South China Sea
Nansha Trough, South China Sea

ⓘ Pyrite

Formula: FeS₂

Localities:

Core ROV-G, South China Sea
Nansha Trough, South China Sea

ⓘ Pyrrhotite

Formula: Fe_1-xS

Locality: Good Weather Ridge, South China Sea

References:

ⓘ Quartz

Formula: SiO₂

Localities:

Station T1 HY4-2005-5 Voyage, Qiongdongnan Basin, South China Sea
Northern continental shelf, South China Sea
Central Rift Seamounts Group, West Philippine Sea, South China Sea
Core ROV-G, South China Sea
Nansha Trough, South China Sea

ⓘ Rutile

Formula: TiO₂

Locality: Northern continental shelf, South China Sea

References:

ⓘ Todorokite

Formula: (Na,Ca,K,Ba,Sr)_1-x(Mn,Mg,Al)₆O₁₂ · 3-4H₂O

Locality: Central Rift Seamounts Group, West Philippine Sea, South China Sea

References:

Zhou, J., Cai, P., Yang, C., Liu, S., Luo, W., & Nie, X. (2022). Geochemical characteristics and genesis of ferromanganese nodules and crusts from the Central Rift Seamounts Group of the West Philippine Sea. Ore Geology Reviews, 145, 104923.

ⓘ 'Unnamed (Monoclinic Polymorph of Calcium Carbonate)'

Formula: CaCO₃

References:

Shen, Z., Ye, Y., Lü, G., Zhou, H., Ding, W. (2000) Discovery of a possible natural CaCO3 (II) mineral. Scientia Geol. Sinica: 35: 107–110 (in Chinese, with English abs.)

Jambor, J.L. and Roberts, A.C. (2001) New mineral names. American Mineralogist: 86: 197-200.

ⓘ Vernadite

Formula: (Mn⁴⁺,Fe³⁺,Ca,Na)(O,OH)₂ · nH₂O

Locality: Central Rift Seamounts Group, West Philippine Sea, South China Sea

References:

ⓘ Zircon

Formula: Zr(SiO₄)

Locality: Northern continental shelf, South China Sea

References:

Gallery:

List of minerals arranged by Strunz 10th Edition classification

Group 1 - Elements
ⓘ	Native Aluminium	1.AA.05	Al
Group 2 - Sulphides and Sulfosalts
ⓘ	Pyrrhotite	2.CC.10	Fe_1-xS
ⓘ	Mackinawite	2.CC.25	FeS
ⓘ	Pyrite	2.EB.05a	FeS₂
Group 4 - Oxides and Hydroxides
ⓘ	'Microlite Group'	4.00.	A_2-mTa₂X_6-wZ_1-n
ⓘ	Magnetite	4.BB.05	Fe²⁺Fe³⁺₂O₄
ⓘ	Hematite	4.CB.05	Fe₂O₃
ⓘ	Ilmenite	4.CB.05	Fe²⁺TiO₃
ⓘ	Quartz	4.DA.05	SiO₂
ⓘ	Rutile	4.DB.05	TiO₂
ⓘ	Anatase	4.DD.05	TiO₂
ⓘ	Brookite	4.DD.10	TiO₂
ⓘ	Todorokite	4.DK.10	(Na,Ca,K,Ba,Sr)_1-x(Mn,Mg,Al)₆O₁₂ · 3-4H₂O
ⓘ	Vernadite	4.FE.40	(Mn⁴⁺,Fe³⁺,Ca,Na)(O,OH)₂ · nH₂O
Group 5 - Nitrates and Carbonates
ⓘ	Calcite	5.AB.05	CaCO₃
Group 7 - Sulphates, Chromates, Molybdates and Tungstates
ⓘ	Baryte	7.AD.35	BaSO₄
ⓘ	Gypsum	7.CD.40	CaSO₄ · 2H₂O
Group 9 - Silicates
ⓘ	Zircon	9.AD.30	Zr(SiO₄)
ⓘ	Epidote	9.BG.05a	(CaCa)(AlAlFe³⁺)O[Si₂O₇][SiO₄](OH)
ⓘ	Augite	9.DA.15	(Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆
ⓘ	Muscovite var. Illite	9.EC.15	K_0.65Al_2.0[Al_0.65Si_3.35O₁₀](OH)₂
ⓘ		9.EC.15	KAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
ⓘ	Kaolinite	9.ED.05	Al₂(Si₂O₅)(OH)₄
ⓘ	Albite	9.FA.35	Na(AlSi₃O₈)
ⓘ	Anorthite	9.FA.35	Ca(Al₂Si₂O₈)
Unclassified
ⓘ	'Chlorite Group'	-
ⓘ	'Clay minerals'	-
ⓘ	'Feldspar Group'	-
ⓘ	'Monazite Group'	-	REE(PO₄)
ⓘ	'Leucoxene'	-
ⓘ	'Clinopyroxene Subgroup'	-
ⓘ	'Plagioclase'	-	(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈
ⓘ	'K Feldspar'	-
ⓘ	'Chrome-Spinel (of Dana)'	-
ⓘ	'Olivine Group'	-	M₂SiO₄
ⓘ	'Unnamed (Monoclinic Polymorph of Calcium Carbonate)'	-	CaCO₃
ⓘ	'Myrmekite'	-

List of minerals for each chemical element

H	Hydrogen
H	ⓘ Epidote	(CaCa)(AlAlFe³⁺)O[Si₂O₇][SiO₄](OH)
H	ⓘ Gypsum	CaSO₄ · 2H₂O
H	ⓘ Muscovite var. Illite	K_0.65Al_2.0[Al_0.65Si_3.35O₁₀](OH)₂
H	ⓘ Kaolinite	Al₂(Si₂O₅)(OH)₄
H	ⓘ Muscovite	KAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
H	ⓘ Todorokite	(Na,Ca,K,Ba,Sr)_1-x(Mn,Mg,Al)₆O₁₂ · 3-4H₂O
H	ⓘ Vernadite	(Mn⁴⁺,Fe³⁺,Ca,Na)(O,OH)₂ · nH₂O
C	Carbon
C	ⓘ Calcite	CaCO₃
C	ⓘ Unnamed (Monoclinic Polymorph of Calcium Carbonate)	CaCO₃
O	Oxygen
O	ⓘ Albite	Na(AlSi₃O₈)
O	ⓘ Anatase	TiO₂
O	ⓘ Anorthite	Ca(Al₂Si₂O₈)
O	ⓘ Augite	(Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆
O	ⓘ Baryte	BaSO₄
O	ⓘ Brookite	TiO₂
O	ⓘ Calcite	CaCO₃
O	ⓘ Epidote	(CaCa)(AlAlFe³⁺)O[Si₂O₇][SiO₄](OH)
O	ⓘ Gypsum	CaSO₄ · 2H₂O
O	ⓘ Hematite	Fe₂O₃
O	ⓘ Muscovite var. Illite	K_0.65Al_2.0[Al_0.65Si_3.35O₁₀](OH)₂
O	ⓘ Ilmenite	Fe²⁺TiO₃
O	ⓘ Kaolinite	Al₂(Si₂O₅)(OH)₄
O	ⓘ Magnetite	Fe²⁺Fe₂³⁺O₄
O	ⓘ Monazite Group	REE(PO₄)
O	ⓘ Muscovite	KAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
O	ⓘ Quartz	SiO₂
O	ⓘ Rutile	TiO₂
O	ⓘ Todorokite	(Na,Ca,K,Ba,Sr)_1-x(Mn,Mg,Al)₆O₁₂ · 3-4H₂O
O	ⓘ Vernadite	(Mn⁴⁺,Fe³⁺,Ca,Na)(O,OH)₂ · nH₂O
O	ⓘ Zircon	Zr(SiO₄)
O	ⓘ Plagioclase	(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈
O	ⓘ Olivine Group	M₂SiO₄
O	ⓘ Unnamed (Monoclinic Polymorph of Calcium Carbonate)	CaCO₃
Na	Sodium
Na	ⓘ Albite	Na(AlSi₃O₈)
Na	ⓘ Todorokite	(Na,Ca,K,Ba,Sr)_1-x(Mn,Mg,Al)₆O₁₂ · 3-4H₂O
Na	ⓘ Vernadite	(Mn⁴⁺,Fe³⁺,Ca,Na)(O,OH)₂ · nH₂O
Na	ⓘ Plagioclase	(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈
Mg	Magnesium
Mg	ⓘ Augite	(Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆
Mg	ⓘ Todorokite	(Na,Ca,K,Ba,Sr)_1-x(Mn,Mg,Al)₆O₁₂ · 3-4H₂O
Al	Aluminium
Al	ⓘ Albite	Na(AlSi₃O₈)
Al	ⓘ Native Aluminium	Al
Al	ⓘ Anorthite	Ca(Al₂Si₂O₈)
Al	ⓘ Epidote	(CaCa)(AlAlFe³⁺)O[Si₂O₇][SiO₄](OH)
Al	ⓘ Muscovite var. Illite	K_0.65Al_2.0[Al_0.65Si_3.35O₁₀](OH)₂
Al	ⓘ Kaolinite	Al₂(Si₂O₅)(OH)₄
Al	ⓘ Muscovite	KAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
Al	ⓘ Todorokite	(Na,Ca,K,Ba,Sr)_1-x(Mn,Mg,Al)₆O₁₂ · 3-4H₂O
Al	ⓘ Plagioclase	(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈
Si	Silicon
Si	ⓘ Albite	Na(AlSi₃O₈)
Si	ⓘ Anorthite	Ca(Al₂Si₂O₈)
Si	ⓘ Augite	(Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆
Si	ⓘ Epidote	(CaCa)(AlAlFe³⁺)O[Si₂O₇][SiO₄](OH)
Si	ⓘ Muscovite var. Illite	K_0.65Al_2.0[Al_0.65Si_3.35O₁₀](OH)₂
Si	ⓘ Kaolinite	Al₂(Si₂O₅)(OH)₄
Si	ⓘ Muscovite	KAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
Si	ⓘ Quartz	SiO₂
Si	ⓘ Zircon	Zr(SiO₄)
Si	ⓘ Plagioclase	(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈
Si	ⓘ Olivine Group	M₂SiO₄
P	Phosphorus
P	ⓘ Monazite Group	REE(PO₄)
S	Sulfur
S	ⓘ Baryte	BaSO₄
S	ⓘ Gypsum	CaSO₄ · 2H₂O
S	ⓘ Mackinawite	FeS
S	ⓘ Pyrite	FeS₂
S	ⓘ Pyrrhotite	Fe_1-xS
K	Potassium
K	ⓘ Muscovite var. Illite	K_0.65Al_2.0[Al_0.65Si_3.35O₁₀](OH)₂
K	ⓘ Muscovite	KAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
K	ⓘ Todorokite	(Na,Ca,K,Ba,Sr)_1-x(Mn,Mg,Al)₆O₁₂ · 3-4H₂O
Ca	Calcium
Ca	ⓘ Anorthite	Ca(Al₂Si₂O₈)
Ca	ⓘ Augite	(Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆
Ca	ⓘ Calcite	CaCO₃
Ca	ⓘ Epidote	(CaCa)(AlAlFe³⁺)O[Si₂O₇][SiO₄](OH)
Ca	ⓘ Gypsum	CaSO₄ · 2H₂O
Ca	ⓘ Todorokite	(Na,Ca,K,Ba,Sr)_1-x(Mn,Mg,Al)₆O₁₂ · 3-4H₂O
Ca	ⓘ Vernadite	(Mn⁴⁺,Fe³⁺,Ca,Na)(O,OH)₂ · nH₂O
Ca	ⓘ Plagioclase	(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈
Ca	ⓘ Unnamed (Monoclinic Polymorph of Calcium Carbonate)	CaCO₃
Ti	Titanium
Ti	ⓘ Anatase	TiO₂
Ti	ⓘ Brookite	TiO₂
Ti	ⓘ Ilmenite	Fe²⁺TiO₃
Ti	ⓘ Rutile	TiO₂
Mn	Manganese
Mn	ⓘ Todorokite	(Na,Ca,K,Ba,Sr)_1-x(Mn,Mg,Al)₆O₁₂ · 3-4H₂O
Mn	ⓘ Vernadite	(Mn⁴⁺,Fe³⁺,Ca,Na)(O,OH)₂ · nH₂O
Fe	Iron
Fe	ⓘ Augite	(Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆
Fe	ⓘ Epidote	(CaCa)(AlAlFe³⁺)O[Si₂O₇][SiO₄](OH)
Fe	ⓘ Hematite	Fe₂O₃
Fe	ⓘ Ilmenite	Fe²⁺TiO₃
Fe	ⓘ Mackinawite	FeS
Fe	ⓘ Magnetite	Fe²⁺Fe₂³⁺O₄
Fe	ⓘ Pyrite	FeS₂
Fe	ⓘ Pyrrhotite	Fe_1-xS
Fe	ⓘ Vernadite	(Mn⁴⁺,Fe³⁺,Ca,Na)(O,OH)₂ · nH₂O
Sr	Strontium
Sr	ⓘ Todorokite	(Na,Ca,K,Ba,Sr)_1-x(Mn,Mg,Al)₆O₁₂ · 3-4H₂O
Zr	Zirconium
Zr	ⓘ Zircon	Zr(SiO₄)
Ba	Barium
Ba	ⓘ Baryte	BaSO₄
Ba	ⓘ Todorokite	(Na,Ca,K,Ba,Sr)_1-x(Mn,Mg,Al)₆O₁₂ · 3-4H₂O
Ta	Tantalum
Ta	ⓘ Microlite Group	A_2-mTa₂X_6-wZ_1-n

Other Databases

Wikipedia:	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Sea
Wikidata ID:	Q37660

Localities in this Region

South China Sea

Qiongdongnan Basin
- Station T1 HY4-2005-5 Voyage
Southeast sub-basin
- Zhangzhongjing intraplate seamount
West Philippine Sea
- Central Rift Seamounts Group

Other Regions, Features and Areas containing this locality

Eurasian Plate

South China Sea RiftOceanic Back-arc Basin

Sunda PlateTectonic Plate

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List of minerals arranged by Strunz 10th Edition classification

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