Log In
Kayrakty Pb-Zn Mine, Kayrakty (Kairakty), Shet District, Karaganda Region, Kazakhstani
| Regional Level Types | |
|---|---|
| Kayrakty Pb-Zn Mine | Mine |
| Kayrakty (Kairakty) | - not defined - |
| Shet District | District |
| Karaganda Region | Region |
| Kazakhstan | Country |
This page is currently not sponsored. Click here to sponsor this page.
Latitude & Longitude (WGS84):
48° 27' 46'' North , 73° 12' 42'' East
Latitude & Longitude (decimal):
Type:
Köppen climate type:
Nearest Settlements:
| Place | Population | Distance |
|---|---|---|
| Verkhniye Kayrakty | 1,158 (2013) | 25.1km |
| Aqadyr | 9,710 (2017) | 34.5km |
| Aksu-Ayuly | 4,721 (2017) | 47.9km |
| Zharyk | 2,940 (2017) | 51.8km |
| Aktau | 9,977 (2013) | 55.3km |
Sediment-hosted baryte-Pb-Zn and polymetal deposit worked from an open pit.
The mine is now abandoned and the pit is flooded.
The mine is now abandoned and the pit is flooded.
Select Mineral List Type
Standard Detailed Gallery Strunz Chemical ElementsDetailed Mineral List:
| ⓘ Acanthite Formula: Ag2S |
| ⓘ Actinolite Formula: ◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2 |
| ⓘ Aikinite Formula: CuPbBiS3 |
| ⓘ Anglesite Formula: PbSO4 |
| ⓘ Ankerite Formula: Ca(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2 |
| ⓘ Arsenopyrite Formula: FeAsS |
| ⓘ Azurite Formula: Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| ⓘ Barstowite Formula: Pb4Cl6(CO3) · H2O References: Kutzke, H., Klapper, Helmut, Merlino, St., Pasero, M., Perchiazzi, N., Eggert, G. (2000) The crystal structure of barstowite, Pb4Cl6(CO3) · H2O, determined on crystals from Etruscan slags and from a Late-Hellenistic shipwreck. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials, 215 (2). 110-113 doi:10.1524/zkri.2000.215.2.110 |
| ⓘ Baryte Formula: BaSO4 References: |
| ⓘ Bayldonite Formula: PbCu3(AsO4)2(OH)2 |
| ⓘ Beudantite Formula: PbFe3+3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| ⓘ Bismuthinite Formula: Bi2S3 |
| ⓘ Bornite Formula: Cu5FeS4 |
| ⓘ Boulangerite Formula: Pb5Sb4S11 |
| ⓘ Bournonite Formula: PbCuSbS3 |
| ⓘ Cerussite Formula: PbCO3 |
| ⓘ Chalcanthite Formula: CuSO4 · 5H2O |
| ⓘ Chalcocite Formula: Cu2S |
| ⓘ Chalcopyrite Formula: CuFeS2 |
| ⓘ Chrysocolla Formula: Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1 |
| ⓘ Covellite Formula: CuS |
| ⓘ Cuprite Formula: Cu2O |
| ⓘ Dolomite Formula: CaMg(CO3)2 |
| ⓘ Dyscrasite Formula: Ag3Sb |
| ⓘ Famatinite Formula: Cu3SbS4 |
| ⓘ Fluorite Formula: CaF2 |
| ⓘ Galena Formula: PbS |
| ⓘ Galenobismutite Formula: PbBi2S4 |
| ⓘ Goethite Formula: Fe3+O(OH) |
| ⓘ Greenockite Formula: CdS |
| ⓘ Gypsum Formula: CaSO4 · 2H2O |
| ⓘ Jamesonite Formula: Pb4FeSb6S14 |
| ⓘ Jordisite Formula: MoS2 |
| ⓘ Kaolinite Formula: Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| ⓘ 'K Feldspar' |
| ⓘ Malachite Formula: Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| ⓘ Marcasite Formula: FeS2 |
| ⓘ 'Melnikovite' |
| ⓘ Molybdenite Formula: MoS2 |
| ⓘ Montmorillonite Formula: (Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| ⓘ Muscovite Formula: KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| ⓘ Muscovite var. Sericite Formula: KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| ⓘ Native Bismuth Formula: Bi |
| ⓘ Native Gold Formula: Au |
| ⓘ Native Silver Formula: Ag |
| ⓘ 'Psilomelane' |
| ⓘ Pyrite Formula: FeS2 |
| ⓘ Pyrolusite Formula: Mn4+O2 |
| ⓘ Siderite Formula: FeCO3 |
| ⓘ Smithsonite Formula: ZnCO3 |
| ⓘ Sphalerite Formula: ZnS |
| ⓘ 'Tetrahedrite Group' Formula: M2(A6)M1(B4 C2)X3(D4)S1(Y12)S2(Z) |
| ⓘ Wittichenite Formula: Cu3BiS3 |
Gallery:
List of minerals arranged by Strunz 10th Edition classification
| Group 1 - Elements | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ⓘ | Native Gold | 1.AA.05 | Au |
| ⓘ | Native Silver | 1.AA.05 | Ag |
| ⓘ | Native Bismuth | 1.CA.05 | Bi |
| Group 2 - Sulphides and Sulfosalts | |||
| ⓘ | Dyscrasite | 2.AA.35 | Ag3Sb |
| ⓘ | Chalcocite | 2.BA.05 | Cu2S |
| ⓘ | Bornite | 2.BA.15 | Cu5FeS4 |
| ⓘ | Acanthite | 2.BA.35 | Ag2S |
| ⓘ | Covellite | 2.CA.05a | CuS |
| ⓘ | Sphalerite | 2.CB.05a | ZnS |
| ⓘ | Chalcopyrite | 2.CB.10a | CuFeS2 |
| ⓘ | Greenockite | 2.CB.45 | CdS |
| ⓘ | Galena | 2.CD.10 | PbS |
| ⓘ | Bismuthinite | 2.DB.05 | Bi2S3 |
| ⓘ | Jordisite | 2.EA.30 | MoS2 |
| ⓘ | Molybdenite | 2.EA.30 | MoS2 |
| ⓘ | Pyrite | 2.EB.05a | FeS2 |
| ⓘ | Marcasite | 2.EB.10a | FeS2 |
| ⓘ | Arsenopyrite | 2.EB.20 | FeAsS |
| ⓘ | Wittichenite | 2.GA.20 | Cu3BiS3 |
| ⓘ | Bournonite | 2.GA.50 | PbCuSbS3 |
| ⓘ | Aikinite | 2.HB.05a | CuPbBiS3 |
| ⓘ | Jamesonite | 2.HB.15 | Pb4FeSb6S14 |
| ⓘ | Boulangerite | 2.HC.15 | Pb5Sb4S11 |
| ⓘ | Galenobismutite | 2.JB.25e | PbBi2S4 |
| ⓘ | Famatinite | 2.KA.10 | Cu3SbS4 |
| Group 3 - Halides | |||
| ⓘ | Fluorite | 3.AB.25 | CaF2 |
| ⓘ | Barstowite | 3.DC.95 | Pb4Cl6(CO3) · H2O |
| Group 4 - Oxides and Hydroxides | |||
| ⓘ | Cuprite | 4.AA.10 | Cu2O |
| ⓘ | Pyrolusite | 4.DB.05 | Mn4+O2 |
| ⓘ | Goethite | 4.FD.10 | Fe3+O(OH) |
| Group 5 - Nitrates and Carbonates | |||
| ⓘ | Siderite | 5.AB.05 | FeCO3 |
| ⓘ | Smithsonite | 5.AB.05 | ZnCO3 |
| ⓘ | Ankerite | 5.AB.10 | Ca(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2 |
| ⓘ | Dolomite | 5.AB.10 | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| ⓘ | Cerussite | 5.AB.15 | PbCO3 |
| ⓘ | Azurite | 5.BA.05 | Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Malachite | 5.BA.10 | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| Group 7 - Sulphates, Chromates, Molybdates and Tungstates | |||
| ⓘ | Anglesite | 7.AD.35 | PbSO4 |
| ⓘ | Baryte | 7.AD.35 | BaSO4 |
| ⓘ | Chalcanthite | 7.CB.20 | CuSO4 · 5H2O |
| ⓘ | Gypsum | 7.CD.40 | CaSO4 · 2H2O |
| Group 8 - Phosphates, Arsenates and Vanadates | |||
| ⓘ | Bayldonite | 8.BH.45 | PbCu3(AsO4)2(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Beudantite | 8.BL.05 | PbFe3+3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| Group 9 - Silicates | |||
| ⓘ | Actinolite | 9.DE.10 | ◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Muscovite | 9.EC.15 | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | var. Sericite | 9.EC.15 | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Montmorillonite | 9.EC.40 | (Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| ⓘ | Kaolinite | 9.ED.05 | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| ⓘ | Chrysocolla | 9.ED.20 | Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1 |
| Unclassified | |||
| ⓘ | 'Psilomelane' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Melnikovite' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'K Feldspar' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Tetrahedrite Group' | - | M2(A6)M1(B4 C2)X3(D4)S1(Y12)S2(Z) |
List of minerals for each chemical element
| H | Hydrogen | |
|---|---|---|
| H | ⓘ Actinolite | ◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Azurite | Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Barstowite | Pb4Cl6(CO3) · H2O |
| H | ⓘ Bayldonite | PbCu3(AsO4)2(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Beudantite | PbFe33+(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| H | ⓘ Chalcanthite | CuSO4 · 5H2O |
| H | ⓘ Chrysocolla | Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1 |
| H | ⓘ Goethite | Fe3+O(OH) |
| H | ⓘ Gypsum | CaSO4 · 2H2O |
| H | ⓘ Kaolinite | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| H | ⓘ Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Montmorillonite | (Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| H | ⓘ Muscovite var. Sericite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| C | Carbon | |
| C | ⓘ Ankerite | Ca(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2 |
| C | ⓘ Azurite | Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| C | ⓘ Barstowite | Pb4Cl6(CO3) · H2O |
| C | ⓘ Cerussite | PbCO3 |
| C | ⓘ Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| C | ⓘ Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| C | ⓘ Siderite | FeCO3 |
| C | ⓘ Smithsonite | ZnCO3 |
| O | Oxygen | |
| O | ⓘ Actinolite | ◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Anglesite | PbSO4 |
| O | ⓘ Ankerite | Ca(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2 |
| O | ⓘ Azurite | Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Barstowite | Pb4Cl6(CO3) · H2O |
| O | ⓘ Baryte | BaSO4 |
| O | ⓘ Bayldonite | PbCu3(AsO4)2(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Beudantite | PbFe33+(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| O | ⓘ Cerussite | PbCO3 |
| O | ⓘ Chalcanthite | CuSO4 · 5H2O |
| O | ⓘ Chrysocolla | Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1 |
| O | ⓘ Cuprite | Cu2O |
| O | ⓘ Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| O | ⓘ Goethite | Fe3+O(OH) |
| O | ⓘ Gypsum | CaSO4 · 2H2O |
| O | ⓘ Kaolinite | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| O | ⓘ Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Montmorillonite | (Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| O | ⓘ Pyrolusite | Mn4+O2 |
| O | ⓘ Siderite | FeCO3 |
| O | ⓘ Smithsonite | ZnCO3 |
| O | ⓘ Muscovite var. Sericite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| F | Fluorine | |
| F | ⓘ Fluorite | CaF2 |
| Na | Sodium | |
| Na | ⓘ Montmorillonite | (Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| Mg | Magnesium | |
| Mg | ⓘ Actinolite | ◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2 |
| Mg | ⓘ Ankerite | Ca(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2 |
| Mg | ⓘ Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| Mg | ⓘ Montmorillonite | (Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| Al | Aluminium | |
| Al | ⓘ Chrysocolla | Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1 |
| Al | ⓘ Kaolinite | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| Al | ⓘ Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| Al | ⓘ Montmorillonite | (Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| Al | ⓘ Muscovite var. Sericite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| Si | Silicon | |
| Si | ⓘ Actinolite | ◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2 |
| Si | ⓘ Chrysocolla | Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1 |
| Si | ⓘ Kaolinite | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| Si | ⓘ Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| Si | ⓘ Montmorillonite | (Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| Si | ⓘ Muscovite var. Sericite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| S | Sulfur | |
| S | ⓘ Acanthite | Ag2S |
| S | ⓘ Aikinite | CuPbBiS3 |
| S | ⓘ Anglesite | PbSO4 |
| S | ⓘ Arsenopyrite | FeAsS |
| S | ⓘ Baryte | BaSO4 |
| S | ⓘ Beudantite | PbFe33+(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| S | ⓘ Bismuthinite | Bi2S3 |
| S | ⓘ Bornite | Cu5FeS4 |
| S | ⓘ Boulangerite | Pb5Sb4S11 |
| S | ⓘ Bournonite | PbCuSbS3 |
| S | ⓘ Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
| S | ⓘ Chalcanthite | CuSO4 · 5H2O |
| S | ⓘ Chalcocite | Cu2S |
| S | ⓘ Covellite | CuS |
| S | ⓘ Famatinite | Cu3SbS4 |
| S | ⓘ Galena | PbS |
| S | ⓘ Galenobismutite | PbBi2S4 |
| S | ⓘ Greenockite | CdS |
| S | ⓘ Gypsum | CaSO4 · 2H2O |
| S | ⓘ Jamesonite | Pb4FeSb6S14 |
| S | ⓘ Jordisite | MoS2 |
| S | ⓘ Marcasite | FeS2 |
| S | ⓘ Molybdenite | MoS2 |
| S | ⓘ Pyrite | FeS2 |
| S | ⓘ Sphalerite | ZnS |
| S | ⓘ Wittichenite | Cu3BiS3 |
| S | ⓘ Tetrahedrite Group | M2(A6)M1(B4 C2)X3(D4)S1(Y12)S2(Z) |
| Cl | Chlorine | |
| Cl | ⓘ Barstowite | Pb4Cl6(CO3) · H2O |
| K | Potassium | |
| K | ⓘ Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| K | ⓘ Muscovite var. Sericite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| Ca | Calcium | |
| Ca | ⓘ Actinolite | ◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2 |
| Ca | ⓘ Ankerite | Ca(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2 |
| Ca | ⓘ Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| Ca | ⓘ Fluorite | CaF2 |
| Ca | ⓘ Gypsum | CaSO4 · 2H2O |
| Ca | ⓘ Montmorillonite | (Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| Mn | Manganese | |
| Mn | ⓘ Pyrolusite | Mn4+O2 |
| Fe | Iron | |
| Fe | ⓘ Actinolite | ◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2 |
| Fe | ⓘ Ankerite | Ca(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2 |
| Fe | ⓘ Arsenopyrite | FeAsS |
| Fe | ⓘ Beudantite | PbFe33+(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| Fe | ⓘ Bornite | Cu5FeS4 |
| Fe | ⓘ Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
| Fe | ⓘ Goethite | Fe3+O(OH) |
| Fe | ⓘ Jamesonite | Pb4FeSb6S14 |
| Fe | ⓘ Marcasite | FeS2 |
| Fe | ⓘ Pyrite | FeS2 |
| Fe | ⓘ Siderite | FeCO3 |
| Cu | Copper | |
| Cu | ⓘ Aikinite | CuPbBiS3 |
| Cu | ⓘ Azurite | Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| Cu | ⓘ Bayldonite | PbCu3(AsO4)2(OH)2 |
| Cu | ⓘ Bornite | Cu5FeS4 |
| Cu | ⓘ Bournonite | PbCuSbS3 |
| Cu | ⓘ Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
| Cu | ⓘ Chalcanthite | CuSO4 · 5H2O |
| Cu | ⓘ Chalcocite | Cu2S |
| Cu | ⓘ Chrysocolla | Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1 |
| Cu | ⓘ Covellite | CuS |
| Cu | ⓘ Cuprite | Cu2O |
| Cu | ⓘ Famatinite | Cu3SbS4 |
| Cu | ⓘ Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| Cu | ⓘ Wittichenite | Cu3BiS3 |
| Zn | Zinc | |
| Zn | ⓘ Smithsonite | ZnCO3 |
| Zn | ⓘ Sphalerite | ZnS |
| As | Arsenic | |
| As | ⓘ Arsenopyrite | FeAsS |
| As | ⓘ Bayldonite | PbCu3(AsO4)2(OH)2 |
| As | ⓘ Beudantite | PbFe33+(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| Mo | Molybdenum | |
| Mo | ⓘ Jordisite | MoS2 |
| Mo | ⓘ Molybdenite | MoS2 |
| Ag | Silver | |
| Ag | ⓘ Acanthite | Ag2S |
| Ag | ⓘ Dyscrasite | Ag3Sb |
| Ag | ⓘ Native Silver | Ag |
| Cd | Cadmium | |
| Cd | ⓘ Greenockite | CdS |
| Sb | Antimony | |
| Sb | ⓘ Boulangerite | Pb5Sb4S11 |
| Sb | ⓘ Bournonite | PbCuSbS3 |
| Sb | ⓘ Dyscrasite | Ag3Sb |
| Sb | ⓘ Famatinite | Cu3SbS4 |
| Sb | ⓘ Jamesonite | Pb4FeSb6S14 |
| Ba | Barium | |
| Ba | ⓘ Baryte | BaSO4 |
| Au | Gold | |
| Au | ⓘ Native Gold | Au |
| Pb | Lead | |
| Pb | ⓘ Aikinite | CuPbBiS3 |
| Pb | ⓘ Anglesite | PbSO4 |
| Pb | ⓘ Barstowite | Pb4Cl6(CO3) · H2O |
| Pb | ⓘ Bayldonite | PbCu3(AsO4)2(OH)2 |
| Pb | ⓘ Beudantite | PbFe33+(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| Pb | ⓘ Boulangerite | Pb5Sb4S11 |
| Pb | ⓘ Bournonite | PbCuSbS3 |
| Pb | ⓘ Cerussite | PbCO3 |
| Pb | ⓘ Galena | PbS |
| Pb | ⓘ Galenobismutite | PbBi2S4 |
| Pb | ⓘ Jamesonite | Pb4FeSb6S14 |
| Bi | Bismuth | |
| Bi | ⓘ Aikinite | CuPbBiS3 |
| Bi | ⓘ Native Bismuth | Bi |
| Bi | ⓘ Bismuthinite | Bi2S3 |
| Bi | ⓘ Galenobismutite | PbBi2S4 |
| Bi | ⓘ Wittichenite | Cu3BiS3 |
Other Regions, Features and Areas containing this locality
AsiaContinent
Eurasian PlateTectonic Plate
- Central Kazakhstan Folded RegionOrogenic Belt
- Mohe BasinBasin
- Zhaman-Sarysu Fold BeltOrogenic Belt
Soviet Union (1922-1991)Country
This page contains all mineral locality references listed on mindat.org. This does not claim to be a complete list. If you know of more minerals from this site, please register so you can add to our database. This locality information is for reference purposes only. You should never attempt to
visit any sites listed in mindat.org without first ensuring that you have the permission of the land and/or mineral rights holders
for access and that you are aware of all safety precautions necessary.
References
Stanley, C. J., Jones, G. C., Hart, A. D., Keller, P., Lloyd, D. (1991) Barstowite, 3PbCl2.PbCO3.H2O, a new mineral from Bounds Cliff, St Endellion, Cornwall. Mineralogical Magazine, 55 (378) 121-125 doi:10.1180/minmag.1991.055.378.10
Kutzke, Hartmut, Barbier, Bruno, Becker, Petra, Eggert, Gerhard (1997) Barstowite as a corrosion product on a lead object from the Mahdia shipwreck. Studies in Conservation, 42 (3). 176-180 doi:10.1179/sic.1997.42.3.176
Kutzke, H., Klapper, Helmut, Merlino, St., Pasero, M., Perchiazzi, N., Eggert, G. (2000) The crystal structure of barstowite, Pb4Cl6(CO3) · H2O, determined on crystals from Etruscan slags and from a Late-Hellenistic shipwreck. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials, 215 (2). 110-113 doi:10.1524/zkri.2000.215.2.110