Laterite-type nickel deposit in a variably serpentinized ultramafic body covering an area of about 9 km².

Located near Turgutlu.

The deposit is hosted by the late Cretaceous-early Paleocene ultramafic rocks within the ophiolitic melange of the Bornova Flysch Zone (BFZ). The BFZ was obducted onto Triassic dolomites in the Late Cretaceous during the closure of the northern branch of the Neo-Tethys Ocean along the İAESZ. The deposit was developed on the variably serpentinized peridotite of the ophiolitic melange of the BFZ. Weathering of the variably serpentinized ultramafic rocks in the Çaldağ region has resulted in the formation of a deep lateritic profile. Çaldağ laterite typically exhibits similar zoning characteristics and is exposed at three different pits of the deposit: Hematite, North and South pits. These pits mainly consist of a limonite zone between underlying ultramafic protolith and overlying a hematite zone, which is overlain by Eocene lacustrine limestone in the south (South Pit) and a ferruginous silica cap (ferricrete) in the north of the deposit (North and Hematite pits), respectively. Goethite contains economical amount of Ni that varies between 0.2 and 1.2 wt% with a maximum Ni content of about 3 wt% close to the base of the limonite zone. The Çaldağ laterite is characterized as an oxide-type deposit and has a reserve of 33.3 Mt of ore at 1.14 % Ni and 0.07 % Co.

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Standard Detailed Gallery Strunz Chemical Elements

Commodity List

This is a list of exploitable or exploited mineral commodities recorded at this locality.

ⓘ Cobalt

ⓘ Nickel

Mineral List

21 valid minerals.

Rock Types Recorded

Note: data is currently VERY limited. Please bear with us while we work towards adding this information!

Select Rock List Type

Alphabetical List Tree Diagram

Detailed Mineral List:

ⓘ Asbolane

Formula: (Ni,Co)_2-xMn⁴⁺(O,OH)₄ · nH₂O

References:

Masurenko, C., and Tanaskovic, D. (2007), In: Andrew, C.J. et al. (eds.): Proc. 9th Biennial SGA Meeting, Dublin (Ireland), August 20-24, 2007.

Helvaci, C., Gündoğan, İ., Oyman, T., Sözbi̇li̇r, H., & Parlak, O. (2013) Çaldağ (Turgutlu-Manisa) lateritik Ni-Co yatağının jeolojisi, mineralojisi ve jeokimyasal özellikleri. Yerbilimleri Dergisi, 34(2), 141-168.

ⓘ Calcite

Formula: CaCO₃

References:

Masurenko, C., and Tanaskovic, D. (2007), In: Andrew, C.J. et al. (eds.): Proc. 9th Biennial SGA Meeting, Dublin (Ireland), August 20-24, 2007.

Gülyüz, Nilay, Kuşcu, İlkay, Danišík, Martin (2024) Application of (U-Th)/He hematite geochronology to the Çaldağ lateritic Ni-Co deposit, Western Anatolia: Implications for multi-stage weathering events during interglacial periods/segments. Ore Geology Reviews, 172. 106203 doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2024.106203

ⓘ 'Chlorite Group'

References:

Masurenko, C., and Tanaskovic, D. (2007), In: Andrew, C.J. et al. (eds.): Proc. 9th Biennial SGA Meeting, Dublin (Ireland), August 20-24, 2007.

ⓘ 'Chrome-Spinel (of Dana)'

References:

Thorne, Robert, Herrington, Richard, Roberts, Stephen (2009) Composition and origin of the Çaldağ oxide nickel laterite, W. Turkey. Mineralium Deposita, 44 (5) 581-595 doi:10.1007/s00126-009-0234-6

ⓘ Chromite

Formula: Fe²⁺Cr³⁺₂O₄

References:

ⓘ 'Fayalite-Forsterite Series'

References:

ⓘ 'Garnierite'

References:

Masurenko, C., and Tanaskovic, D. (2007), In: Andrew, C.J. et al. (eds.): Proc. 9th Biennial SGA Meeting, Dublin (Ireland), August 20-24, 2007.

ⓘ Goethite

Formula: Fe³⁺O(OH)

References:

Masurenko, C., and Tanaskovic, D. (2007), In: Andrew, C.J. et al. (eds.): Proc. 9th Biennial SGA Meeting, Dublin (Ireland), August 20-24, 2007.

ⓘ Gypsum

Formula: CaSO₄ · 2H₂O

References:

ⓘ Halloysite

Formula: Al₂(Si₂O₅)(OH)₄

References:

ⓘ Hematite

Formula: Fe₂O₃

References:

Masurenko, C., and Tanaskovic, D. (2007), In: Andrew, C.J. et al. (eds.): Proc. 9th Biennial SGA Meeting, Dublin (Ireland), August 20-24, 2007.

ⓘ 'Limonite'

References:

Masurenko, C., and Tanaskovic, D. (2007), In: Andrew, C.J. et al. (eds.): Proc. 9th Biennial SGA Meeting, Dublin (Ireland), August 20-24, 2007.

ⓘ Magnesite

Formula: MgCO₃

References:

Masurenko, C., and Tanaskovic, D. (2007), In: Andrew, C.J. et al. (eds.): Proc. 9th Biennial SGA Meeting, Dublin (Ireland), August 20-24, 2007.

ⓘ Marcasite

Formula: FeS₂

References:

ⓘ Montmorillonite

Formula: (Na,Ca)_0.33(Al,Mg)₂(Si₄O₁₀)(OH)₂ · nH₂O

References:

Masurenko, C., and Tanaskovic, D. (2007), In: Andrew, C.J. et al. (eds.): Proc. 9th Biennial SGA Meeting, Dublin (Ireland), August 20-24, 2007.

ⓘ Muscovite

Formula: KAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂

References:

Masurenko, C., and Tanaskovic, D. (2007), In: Andrew, C.J. et al. (eds.): Proc. 9th Biennial SGA Meeting, Dublin (Ireland), August 20-24, 2007.

ⓘ Muscovite var. Illite

Formula: K_0.65Al_2.0[Al_0.65Si_3.35O₁₀](OH)₂

References:

Masurenko, C., and Tanaskovic, D. (2007), In: Andrew, C.J. et al. (eds.): Proc. 9th Biennial SGA Meeting, Dublin (Ireland), August 20-24, 2007.

ⓘ Nimite

Formula: (Ni,Mg,Al)₆((Si,Al)₄O₁₀)(OH)₈

References:

ⓘ Nontronite

Formula: Na_0.3Fe₂((Si,Al)₄O₁₀)(OH)₂ · nH₂O

References:

Masurenko, C., and Tanaskovic, D. (2007), In: Andrew, C.J. et al. (eds.): Proc. 9th Biennial SGA Meeting, Dublin (Ireland), August 20-24, 2007.

ⓘ 'Olivine Group'

Formula: M₂SiO₄

References:

ⓘ Opal

Formula: SiO₂ · nH₂O

References:

ⓘ Pecoraite

Formula: Ni₃(Si₂O₅)(OH)₄

References:

ⓘ Pentlandite

Formula: (Ni_xFe_y)_Σ9S₈

References:

ⓘ Pyrite

Formula: FeS₂

References:

ⓘ Pyrite var. Bravoite

Formula: (Fe,Ni)S₂

References:

ⓘ 'Pyroxene Group'

Formula: ADSi₂O₆

References:

ⓘ Quartz

Formula: SiO₂

References:

ⓘ Quartz var. Chalcedony

Formula: SiO₂

References:

Masurenko, C., and Tanaskovic, D. (2007), In: Andrew, C.J. et al. (eds.): Proc. 9th Biennial SGA Meeting, Dublin (Ireland), August 20-24, 2007.

ⓘ Spinel

Formula: MgAl₂O₄

References:

ⓘ Takovite

Formula: Ni₆Al₂(OH)₁₆[CO₃] · 4H₂O

References:

ⓘ Talc

Formula: Mg₃Si₄O₁₀(OH)₂

References:

Masurenko, C., and Tanaskovic, D. (2007), In: Andrew, C.J. et al. (eds.): Proc. 9th Biennial SGA Meeting, Dublin (Ireland), August 20-24, 2007.

ⓘ 'Wad'

References:

Gallery:

List of minerals arranged by Strunz 10th Edition classification

Group 2 - Sulphides and Sulfosalts
ⓘ	Pentlandite	2.BB.15	(Ni_xFe_y)_Σ9S₈
ⓘ	Pyrite var. Bravoite	2.EB.05a	(Fe,Ni)S₂
ⓘ		2.EB.05a	FeS₂
ⓘ	Marcasite	2.EB.10a	FeS₂
Group 4 - Oxides and Hydroxides
ⓘ	Goethite	4.00.	Fe³⁺O(OH)
ⓘ	Chromite	4.BB.05	Fe²⁺Cr³⁺₂O₄
ⓘ	Spinel	4.BB.05	MgAl₂O₄
ⓘ	Hematite	4.CB.05	Fe₂O₃
ⓘ	Quartz var. Chalcedony	4.DA.05	SiO₂
ⓘ		4.DA.05	SiO₂
ⓘ	Opal	4.DA.10	SiO₂ · nH₂O
ⓘ	Asbolane	4.FL.30	(Ni,Co)_2-xMn⁴⁺(O,OH)₄ · nH₂O
Group 5 - Nitrates and Carbonates
ⓘ	Calcite	5.AB.05	CaCO₃
ⓘ	Magnesite	5.AB.05	MgCO₃
ⓘ	Takovite	5.DA.50	Ni₆Al₂(OH)₁₆[CO₃] · 4H₂O
Group 7 - Sulphates, Chromates, Molybdates and Tungstates
ⓘ	Gypsum	7.CD.40	CaSO₄ · 2H₂O
Group 9 - Silicates
ⓘ	Talc	9.EC.05	Mg₃Si₄O₁₀(OH)₂
ⓘ	Muscovite var. Illite	9.EC.15	K_0.65Al_2.0[Al_0.65Si_3.35O₁₀](OH)₂
ⓘ		9.EC.15	KAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
ⓘ	Montmorillonite	9.EC.40	(Na,Ca)_0.33(Al,Mg)₂(Si₄O₁₀)(OH)₂ · nH₂O
ⓘ	Nontronite	9.EC.40	Na_0.3Fe₂((Si,Al)₄O₁₀)(OH)₂ · nH₂O
ⓘ	Nimite	9.EC.55	(Ni,Mg,Al)₆((Si,Al)₄O₁₀)(OH)₈
ⓘ	Halloysite	9.ED.10	Al₂(Si₂O₅)(OH)₄
ⓘ	Pecoraite	9.ED.15	Ni₃(Si₂O₅)(OH)₄
Unclassified
ⓘ	'Chlorite Group'	-
ⓘ	'Limonite'	-
ⓘ	'Wad'	-
ⓘ	'Fayalite-Forsterite Series'	-
ⓘ	'Pyroxene Group'	-	ADSi₂O₆
ⓘ	'Chrome-Spinel (of Dana)'	-
ⓘ	'Garnierite'	-
ⓘ	'Olivine Group'	-	M₂SiO₄

List of minerals for each chemical element

H	Hydrogen
H	ⓘ Asbolane	(Ni,Co)_2-xMn⁴⁺(O,OH)₄ · nH₂O
H	ⓘ Goethite	Fe³⁺O(OH)
H	ⓘ Gypsum	CaSO₄ · 2H₂O
H	ⓘ Halloysite	Al₂(Si₂O₅)(OH)₄
H	ⓘ Muscovite var. Illite	K_0.65Al_2.0[Al_0.65Si_3.35O₁₀](OH)₂
H	ⓘ Muscovite	KAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
H	ⓘ Montmorillonite	(Na,Ca)_0.33(Al,Mg)₂(Si₄O₁₀)(OH)₂ · nH₂O
H	ⓘ Nimite	(Ni,Mg,Al)₆((Si,Al)₄O₁₀)(OH)₈
H	ⓘ Nontronite	Na_0.3Fe₂((Si,Al)₄O₁₀)(OH)₂ · nH₂O
H	ⓘ Opal	SiO₂ · nH₂O
H	ⓘ Pecoraite	Ni₃(Si₂O₅)(OH)₄
H	ⓘ Takovite	Ni₆Al₂(OH)₁₆[CO₃] · 4H₂O
H	ⓘ Talc	Mg₃Si₄O₁₀(OH)₂
C	Carbon
C	ⓘ Calcite	CaCO₃
C	ⓘ Magnesite	MgCO₃
C	ⓘ Takovite	Ni₆Al₂(OH)₁₆[CO₃] · 4H₂O
O	Oxygen
O	ⓘ Asbolane	(Ni,Co)_2-xMn⁴⁺(O,OH)₄ · nH₂O
O	ⓘ Calcite	CaCO₃
O	ⓘ Quartz var. Chalcedony	SiO₂
O	ⓘ Chromite	Fe²⁺Cr₂³⁺O₄
O	ⓘ Goethite	Fe³⁺O(OH)
O	ⓘ Gypsum	CaSO₄ · 2H₂O
O	ⓘ Halloysite	Al₂(Si₂O₅)(OH)₄
O	ⓘ Hematite	Fe₂O₃
O	ⓘ Muscovite var. Illite	K_0.65Al_2.0[Al_0.65Si_3.35O₁₀](OH)₂
O	ⓘ Magnesite	MgCO₃
O	ⓘ Muscovite	KAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
O	ⓘ Montmorillonite	(Na,Ca)_0.33(Al,Mg)₂(Si₄O₁₀)(OH)₂ · nH₂O
O	ⓘ Nimite	(Ni,Mg,Al)₆((Si,Al)₄O₁₀)(OH)₈
O	ⓘ Nontronite	Na_0.3Fe₂((Si,Al)₄O₁₀)(OH)₂ · nH₂O
O	ⓘ Opal	SiO₂ · nH₂O
O	ⓘ Pecoraite	Ni₃(Si₂O₅)(OH)₄
O	ⓘ Quartz	SiO₂
O	ⓘ Spinel	MgAl₂O₄
O	ⓘ Takovite	Ni₆Al₂(OH)₁₆[CO₃] · 4H₂O
O	ⓘ Talc	Mg₃Si₄O₁₀(OH)₂
O	ⓘ Fayalite-Forsterite Series
O	ⓘ Pyroxene Group	ADSi₂O₆
O	ⓘ Olivine Group	M₂SiO₄
Na	Sodium
Na	ⓘ Montmorillonite	(Na,Ca)_0.33(Al,Mg)₂(Si₄O₁₀)(OH)₂ · nH₂O
Na	ⓘ Nontronite	Na_0.3Fe₂((Si,Al)₄O₁₀)(OH)₂ · nH₂O
Mg	Magnesium
Mg	ⓘ Magnesite	MgCO₃
Mg	ⓘ Montmorillonite	(Na,Ca)_0.33(Al,Mg)₂(Si₄O₁₀)(OH)₂ · nH₂O
Mg	ⓘ Nimite	(Ni,Mg,Al)₆((Si,Al)₄O₁₀)(OH)₈
Mg	ⓘ Spinel	MgAl₂O₄
Mg	ⓘ Talc	Mg₃Si₄O₁₀(OH)₂
Mg	ⓘ Fayalite-Forsterite Series
Al	Aluminium
Al	ⓘ Halloysite	Al₂(Si₂O₅)(OH)₄
Al	ⓘ Muscovite var. Illite	K_0.65Al_2.0[Al_0.65Si_3.35O₁₀](OH)₂
Al	ⓘ Muscovite	KAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
Al	ⓘ Montmorillonite	(Na,Ca)_0.33(Al,Mg)₂(Si₄O₁₀)(OH)₂ · nH₂O
Al	ⓘ Nimite	(Ni,Mg,Al)₆((Si,Al)₄O₁₀)(OH)₈
Al	ⓘ Nontronite	Na_0.3Fe₂((Si,Al)₄O₁₀)(OH)₂ · nH₂O
Al	ⓘ Spinel	MgAl₂O₄
Al	ⓘ Takovite	Ni₆Al₂(OH)₁₆[CO₃] · 4H₂O
Si	Silicon
Si	ⓘ Quartz var. Chalcedony	SiO₂
Si	ⓘ Halloysite	Al₂(Si₂O₅)(OH)₄
Si	ⓘ Muscovite var. Illite	K_0.65Al_2.0[Al_0.65Si_3.35O₁₀](OH)₂
Si	ⓘ Muscovite	KAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
Si	ⓘ Montmorillonite	(Na,Ca)_0.33(Al,Mg)₂(Si₄O₁₀)(OH)₂ · nH₂O
Si	ⓘ Nimite	(Ni,Mg,Al)₆((Si,Al)₄O₁₀)(OH)₈
Si	ⓘ Nontronite	Na_0.3Fe₂((Si,Al)₄O₁₀)(OH)₂ · nH₂O
Si	ⓘ Opal	SiO₂ · nH₂O
Si	ⓘ Pecoraite	Ni₃(Si₂O₅)(OH)₄
Si	ⓘ Quartz	SiO₂
Si	ⓘ Talc	Mg₃Si₄O₁₀(OH)₂
Si	ⓘ Fayalite-Forsterite Series
Si	ⓘ Pyroxene Group	ADSi₂O₆
Si	ⓘ Olivine Group	M₂SiO₄
S	Sulfur
S	ⓘ Pyrite var. Bravoite	(Fe,Ni)S₂
S	ⓘ Gypsum	CaSO₄ · 2H₂O
S	ⓘ Marcasite	FeS₂
S	ⓘ Pentlandite	(Ni_xFe_y)_Σ9S₈
S	ⓘ Pyrite	FeS₂
K	Potassium
K	ⓘ Muscovite var. Illite	K_0.65Al_2.0[Al_0.65Si_3.35O₁₀](OH)₂
K	ⓘ Muscovite	KAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
Ca	Calcium
Ca	ⓘ Calcite	CaCO₃
Ca	ⓘ Gypsum	CaSO₄ · 2H₂O
Ca	ⓘ Montmorillonite	(Na,Ca)_0.33(Al,Mg)₂(Si₄O₁₀)(OH)₂ · nH₂O
Cr	Chromium
Cr	ⓘ Chromite	Fe²⁺Cr₂³⁺O₄
Mn	Manganese
Mn	ⓘ Asbolane	(Ni,Co)_2-xMn⁴⁺(O,OH)₄ · nH₂O
Fe	Iron
Fe	ⓘ Pyrite var. Bravoite	(Fe,Ni)S₂
Fe	ⓘ Chromite	Fe²⁺Cr₂³⁺O₄
Fe	ⓘ Goethite	Fe³⁺O(OH)
Fe	ⓘ Hematite	Fe₂O₃
Fe	ⓘ Marcasite	FeS₂
Fe	ⓘ Nontronite	Na_0.3Fe₂((Si,Al)₄O₁₀)(OH)₂ · nH₂O
Fe	ⓘ Pentlandite	(Ni_xFe_y)_Σ9S₈
Fe	ⓘ Pyrite	FeS₂
Fe	ⓘ Fayalite-Forsterite Series
Co	Cobalt
Co	ⓘ Asbolane	(Ni,Co)_2-xMn⁴⁺(O,OH)₄ · nH₂O
Ni	Nickel
Ni	ⓘ Asbolane	(Ni,Co)_2-xMn⁴⁺(O,OH)₄ · nH₂O
Ni	ⓘ Pyrite var. Bravoite	(Fe,Ni)S₂
Ni	ⓘ Nimite	(Ni,Mg,Al)₆((Si,Al)₄O₁₀)(OH)₈
Ni	ⓘ Pecoraite	Ni₃(Si₂O₅)(OH)₄
Ni	ⓘ Pentlandite	(Ni_xFe_y)_Σ9S₈
Ni	ⓘ Takovite	Ni₆Al₂(OH)₁₆[CO₃] · 4H₂O

Other Databases

Wikipedia:	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87alda%C4%9F_mine
Wikidata ID:	Q8077449

Other Regions, Features and Areas containing this locality

Anatolia PlateTectonic Plate

AsiaContinent

Eurasian Plate

Anatolide-Tauride MountainsAccretionary Complex

Turkey

⭔Aegean RegionRegion

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References

Helvacı, C., Oyman, T., Gündoğan, I., Sözbilir, H., Parlak, O., Kadir, S., Güven, N. (2017): Mineralogy and genesis of the Ni–Co lateritic regolith deposit of the Çaldağ area (Manisa, western Anatolia), Turkey. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 55, 252–271.

Masurenko, C., Tanaskovic, D. (2007) Fossil nickel laterites in the ophiolite belts of the Alpine-Himalayan system - case studies of the Balkan region. In Andrew, C.J. et al. (eds.) Proc. 9th Biennial SGA Meeting, Dublin (Ireland), August 20-24, 2007.

[1]Gülyüz, Nilay, Kuşcu, İlkay, Danišík, Martin (2024) Application of (U-Th)/He hematite geochronology to the Çaldağ lateritic Ni-Co deposit, Western Anatolia: Implications for multi-stage weathering events during interglacial periods/segments. Ore Geology Reviews, 172. 106203 doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2024.106203

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Çaldağ Mine, Turgutlu District, Manisa Province, TurkeyiRegional Level TypesÇaldağ MineMine Turgutlu DistrictDistrict Manisa ProvinceProvince TurkeyCountry function showexplain() { $("#locexplain").toggle(); if (typeof movemap === "function") movemap(); }

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Detailed Mineral List:

Gallery:

List of minerals arranged by Strunz 10th Edition classification

List of minerals for each chemical element

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References

Çaldağ Mine, Turgutlu District, Manisa Province, Turkey i
Regional Level Types
Çaldağ Mine Mine
Turgutlu District District
Manisa Province Province
Turkey Country