Home Page About Mindat The Mindat Manual History of Mindat Copyright Status Who We Are Our Science Mindat Newsletter [Free Download]Contact Us

Donate to Mindat Sponsor a Page Corporate Sponsorship Sponsored Pages

Learning Center What Is a Mineral?The Most Common Minerals on Earth Information for Educators Mindat Articles Mindat Newsletter [Free Download]The Elements The Mineral Quiz

Search Form Minerals by Properties Minerals by Chemistry Mineral Visual Explorer Advanced Locality Search Random Mineral Random Locality Search by minID Minerals by Country Alphabetical Mineral Index Alphabetical Locality Search Mineral Association Search List of Countries Localities Near Me Photo Search Search Articles Search Glossary The Rock H. Currier Digital Library More Search Options

The Mindat Manual Add a New Photo Rate Photos Locality Edit Report Coordinate Completion Report Add Glossary Item

Minerals Petrology Fossils Meteorites Geologic Time

Mining Companies Statistics Mineral Museums Clubs & Organizations Mineral Shows & Events Device Settings Time Machine

Read Discussions Identification Request

Photo Search Photo Galleries Search by Colour Photo Colour Explorer New Photos Today New Photos Yesterday Members' Photo Galleries Past Photo of the Day Gallery Photography

Libiola Mine, Sestri Levante, Genoa, Liguria, Italy i
Regional Level Types
Libiola Mine Mine
Sestri Levante Commune
Genoa Metropolitan City
Liguria Region
Italy Country

Regional Level Types
Libiola Mine	Mine
Sestri Levante	Commune
Genoa	Metropolitan City
Liguria	Region
Italy	Country

This page is currently not sponsored. Click here to sponsor this page.

Photos Maps Search Mineralogy

Standard

All Photos (180)Specimen Photos (151)Locality Photos (29)Photos by Color Gallery Photo Statistics Add Photo

Map Pages Nearest Localities

Mineral Search Similar Localities Nearest Localities Search Google

Predictive Mineralogy

Dirt road to the mine

Libiola Mine, Sestri Levante, Genoa, Liguria, Italy

Entry to the lowest level

Libiola Mine, Sestri Levante, Genoa, Liguria, Italy

Entry to the lowest level

Libiola Mine, Sestri Levante, Genoa, Liguria, Italy

Arrival at the mine site

Libiola Mine, Sestri Levante, Genoa, Liguria, Italy

Dirt road to the mine

Libiola Mine, Sestri Levante, Genoa, Liguria, Italy

Entry to the lowest level

Libiola Mine, Sestri Levante, Genoa, Liguria, Italy

Arrival at the mine site

Libiola Mine, Sestri Levante, Genoa, Liguria, Italy

Dirt road to the mine

Libiola Mine, Sestri Levante, Genoa, Liguria, Italy

Entry to the lowest level

Libiola Mine, Sestri Levante, Genoa, Liguria, Italy

Latitude & Longitude (WGS84):

44° 18' 17'' North , 9° 26' 54'' East

Latitude & Longitude (decimal):

Type:

Köppen climate type:

Csb : Warm-summer Mediterranean climate

Nearest Settlements:

Place	Population	Distance
Tassani	123 (2014)	1.0km
Montedomenico	222 (2014)	1.2km
Cardini	125 (2014)	1.3km
Bargone	321 (2014)	2.7km
Frisolino	110 (2014)	3.4km

Mindat Locality ID:

2082

Long-form identifier:

mindat:1:2:2082:7

GUID (UUID V4):

Name(s) in local language(s):

Miniera di Libiola, Sestri Levante, Genova, Liguria, Italia

Old abandoned copper mine (mined since 1864, abandoned in 1961).
Mining dates back to the early Copper Age; compare Monte Loreto.

The mining site is located on the west boundary of the Valgraveglia ophiolite complex, about 6 km northeast of Sestri Levante. Libiola was the biggest mine in the eastern Liguria district and probably the most productive in the northern Apennine, having supplied more than 1.5 Mt of ore with an average grade of 7 wt% Cu between 1864 and 1961 when it was definitively closed (Galli and Penco, 1996).

The sulfide deposit consists of a suite of massive sulfide lenses (25-35 wt% total S) stacked one on the other at the top of a huge dome of pillow basalt, underlain and partly overthrust by massive serpentinite and laminated gabbro. At the footwall of massive orebodies, the sulfide "infiltrates" among pillows and pillow-breccia fragments, giving rise to an interstitial ore (<10 wt% total S) that grades into a network of millimetric veins, filling cracks and fissures within completely chloritised basalt (stringer ore).

The sulfide assemblage is dominated by pyrite and chalcopyrite with subordinate sphalerite and pyrrhotite, in a gangue of quartz, calcite, and chlorite. The biogenic features observed in stratiform deposits are absent, although pyrite framboids have been observed in several samples. Ilmenite, rutile, and titanite occur in the chlorite gangue of the stringers (Garuti & Zaccarini, 2005; Garuti et al., 2008). Gold and silver minerals have been reported to be relatively common (Galli, 1959; Ferrario and Garuti, 1980) frequently accompanied by uraninite (Garuti and Zaccarini, 2005). A second type of very low-grade mineralisation occurs associated with shear zones in serpentinite, possibly representing syn-tectonic remobilisation of magmatic sulfides, as indicated by the occurrence of accessory pentlandite (Bertolani, 1952).

Select Mineral List Type

Standard Detailed Gallery Strunz Chemical Elements

Commodity List

This is a list of exploitable or exploited mineral commodities recorded at this locality.

ⓘ Copper

ⓘ Iron

Mineral List

ⓘ var. Cobalt-bearing Calcite

ⓘ Carbonatecyanotrichite

ⓘ var. Chalcotrichite

ⓘ 'Ferro-actinolite-Tremolite Series'

ⓘ var. Copper-bearing Melanterite

ⓘ 'Serpentine Subgroup'

71 valid minerals.

Rock Types Recorded

Select Rock List Type

Alphabetical List Tree Diagram

Detailed Mineral List:

ⓘ Acanthite

Formula: Ag₂S

References:

Garuti, G. and Zaccarini, F. (2005) Minerals of Au, Ag, and U in volcanic-rock-associated massive sulfide deposits of the Northern Apennine ophiolite, Italy. Canadian Mineralogist, 43, 935-950

Carbone, Cristina, , , Dinelli, Enrico, De Waele, Jo, , , , (2016) Characterization of minothems at Libiola (NW Italy): morphological, mineralogical, and geochemical study. International Journal of Speleology, 45 (2). 171-183 doi:10.5038/1827-806x.45.2.1944

ⓘ Allophane

Formula: (Al₂O₃)(SiO₂)_1.3-2 · 2.5-3H₂O

References:

Antofilli, Mario; Borgo, Emilio; Palenzona, Andrea (1983) I nostri minerali: Geologia e mineralogia in Liguria [Our Minerals: Geology and Mineralogy in Liguria] (1st ed.). Sagep Editrice. 288pp.

ⓘ Alunogen

Formula: Al₂(SO₄)₃ · 17H₂O

References:

ⓘ Andradite

Formula: Ca₃Fe³⁺₂(SiO₄)₃

References:

ⓘ Antlerite

Formula: Cu₃(SO₄)(OH)₄

References:

Borgo, E., Palenzona, A. (1988): I nostri minerali. Geologia e mineralogia in Liguria. Aggiornamento 1988. SAGEP Editrice, Genova, 48 pp.

ⓘ Aragonite

Formula: CaCO₃

References:

Carbone, C. , Marescotti, P., Cabella, R., Lucchetti, G. (2002): Sulfide alteration and related secondary minerals from the Libiola mine (Eastern Liguria, Italy). Poster at the 82° SIMP Congress , Arcavacata di Rende (CS) 18-20/09/2002. Abstract in Plinius 28 , 88-89.

ⓘ Azurite

Formula: Cu₃(CO₃)₂(OH)₂

References:

ⓘ Bernalite

Formula: Fe(OH)₃ · nH₂O (n = 0.0 to 0.25)

References:

Dott. Cristina Carbone-Dipteris-Genova: analysis June 2007 (paper in preparation)

Carbone, C. (2008). Crystallochemical and minerogenetic study of oxide and oxy-hydroxides related to AMD (acid mine drainage) processes in Libiola mine (Sestri Levante). Plinius No. 34

ⓘ Bieberite

Formula: Co²⁺(H₂O)₆(SO₄) · H₂O

References:

ⓘ Bonattite

Formula: CuSO₄ · 3H₂O

References:

ⓘ Bornite

Formula: Cu₅FeS₄

References:

ⓘ Botryogen

Formula: MgFe³⁺(SO₄)₂(OH) · 7H₂O

References:

Mineralogical Society of America - Handbook of Mineralogy

ⓘ Brochantite

Formula: Cu₄(SO₄)(OH)₆

References:

ⓘ Calcite

Formula: CaCO₃

References:

Garuti, G. and Zaccarini, F. (2005) Minerals of Au, Ag, and U in volcanic-rock-associated massive sulfide deposits of the Northern Apennine ophiolite, Italy. Canadian Mineralogist, 43, 935-950

Garuti, G., Bartoli, O., Scacchetti, M., and Zaccarini, F. (2008) Geological setting and structural styles of Volcanic Massive Sulfide deposits in the northern Apennines (Italy): evidence for seafloor and sub-seafloor hydrothermal activity in unconventional ophiolites of the Mesozoic Tethys. Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana, 60, 1, 121-145

ⓘ Calcite var. Cobalt-bearing Calcite

Formula: (Ca,Co)CO₃

References:

ⓘ Carbonatecyanotrichite

Formula: Cu₄Al₂(CO₃,SO₄)(OH)₁₂ · 2H₂O

References:

Palenzona A. (1991): I nostri minerali. Geologia e mineralogia in Liguria, Aggiornamento 1990. Amici Mineralogisti Fiorentini, Associazione Piemontese Mineralogia Paleontologia & Mostra Torinese Minerali, Centro Mineralogico Varesino, Gruppo Mineralogico "A. Negro" COOP Liguria, Gruppo Mineralogico Lombardo, Gruppo Mineralogico "3M" Ferrania, (Ed.), La Tipotecnica, San Vittore Olona (MI), 48 pp.

ⓘ Chalcanthite

Formula: CuSO₄ · 5H₂O

References:

ⓘ Chalcoalumite

Formula: CuAl₄(SO₄)(OH)₁₂ · 3H₂O

References:

Borgo, E., Palenzona, A. (1988): I nostri minerali. Geologia e mineralogia in Liguria. Aggiornamento 1988. SAGEP Editrice, Genova, 48 pp.

ⓘ Chalcocite

Formula: Cu₂S

References:

ⓘ Chalcopyrite

Formula: CuFeS₂

References:

Garuti, G. and Zaccarini, F. (2005) Minerals of Au, Ag, and U in volcanic-rock-associated massive sulfide deposits of the Northern Apennine ophiolite, Italy. Canadian Mineralogist, 43, 935-950

Carbone, C. (2008). Crystallochemical and minerogenetic study of oxide and oxy-hydroxides related to AMD (acid mine drainage) processes in Libiola mine (Sestri Levante). Plinius No. 34

ⓘ 'Chlorite Group'

References:

Garuti, G. and Zaccarini, F. (2005) Minerals of Au, Ag, and U in volcanic-rock-associated massive sulfide deposits of the Northern Apennine ophiolite, Italy. Canadian Mineralogist, 43, 935-950

ⓘ Chromite

Formula: Fe²⁺Cr³⁺₂O₄

References:

Palenzona, A., & Martinelli, A. (2007). Uvarovite in Liguria. Prie, 3 (2007), 16-18

ⓘ Chrysocolla

Formula: Cu_2-xAl_x(H_2-xSi₂O₅)(OH)₄ · nH₂O, x < 1

References:

ⓘ Copiapite

Formula: Fe²⁺Fe³⁺₄(SO₄)₆(OH)₂ · 20H₂O

References:

ⓘ Covellite

Formula: CuS

References:

Borgo, E., Palenzona, A. (1988): I nostri minerali. Geologia e mineralogia in Liguria. Aggiornamento 1988. SAGEP Editrice, Genova, 48 pp.

ⓘ Cronstedtite

Formula: Fe²⁺₂Fe³⁺((Si,Fe³⁺)₂O₅)(OH)₄

References:

ⓘ Cubanite

Formula: CuFe₂S₃

References:

Borgo, E., Palenzona, A. (1988): I nostri minerali. Geologia e mineralogia in Liguria. Aggiornamento 1988. SAGEP Editrice, Genova, 48 pp.

ⓘ Cuprite

Formula: Cu₂O

References:

ⓘ Cuprite var. Chalcotrichite

Formula: Cu₂O

References:

Beppe Finello collection

ⓘ Cyanotrichite

Formula: Cu₄Al₂(SO₄)(OH)₁₂ · 2H₂O

References:

ⓘ Devilline

Formula: CaCu₄(SO₄)₂(OH)₆ · 3H₂O

References:

A. Palenzona (2005): personal communication to C. Balestra

ⓘ Diopside

Formula: CaMgSi₂O₆

References:

ⓘ Epsomite

Formula: MgSO₄ · 7H₂O

References:

ⓘ Felsőbányaite

Formula: Al₄(SO₄)(OH)₁₀ · 4H₂O

References:

Dott. Cristina Carbone-Dipteris-Genova: analysis June 2007 (paper in preparation)

ⓘ Ferrihydrite

Formula: Fe³⁺₁₀O₁₄(OH)₂

References:

E. Dinelli, N. Morandi & F. Tateo (1998): Fine-grained weathering products in waste disposal from two sulphide mines in the northern Apennines, Italy. Clay Minerals 33,423-433.

Carbone, C. (2008). Crystallochemical and minerogenetic study of oxide and oxy-hydroxides related to AMD (acid mine drainage) processes in Libiola mine (Sestri Levante). Plinius No. 34

ⓘ 'Ferro-actinolite-Tremolite Series'

References:

ⓘ Goethite

Formula: Fe³⁺O(OH)

References:

Carbone, C. (2008). Crystallochemical and minerogenetic study of oxide and oxy-hydroxides related to AMD (acid mine drainage) processes in Libiola mine (Sestri Levante). Plinius No. 34

ⓘ Greenalite

Formula: (Fe²⁺,Fe³⁺)_2-3Si₂O₅(OH)₄

References:

ⓘ Gypsum

Formula: CaSO₄ · 2H₂O

References:

ⓘ Halloysite

Formula: Al₂Si₂O₅(OH)₄ · n(H₂O)

References:

Dott. Cristina Carbone-Dipteris-Genova: analysis June 2007 (paper in preparation)

ⓘ Halotrichite

Formula: Fe²⁺Al₂(SO₄)₄ · 22H₂O

References:

ⓘ Hematite

Formula: Fe₂O₃

References:

ⓘ Hydrowoodwardite

Formula: (Cu_1-xAl_x)(OH)₂[SO₄]_x/2 · nH₂O

References:

Carbone, C. (2008). Crystallochemical and minerogenetic study of oxide and oxy-hydroxides related to AMD (acid mine drainage) processes in Libiola mine (Sestri Levante). Plinius No. 34

ⓘ Ilmenite

Formula: Fe²⁺TiO₃

References:

Garuti, G., Zaccarini, F. (2005) Minerals of Au, Ag and U in volcanic-rock-associated massive sulfide deposits of the Northern Apennine ophiolite, Italy. The Canadian Mineralogist, 43 (3). 935-950 doi:10.2113/gscanmin.43.3.935

Garuti, G. and Zaccarini, F. (2005) Minerals of Au, Ag, and U in volcanic-rock-associated massive sulfide deposits of the Northern Apennine ophiolite, Italy. Canadian Mineralogist, 43, 935-950

ⓘ Jarosite

Formula: KFe³⁺₃(SO₄)₂(OH)₆

References:

Carbone, C. (2008). Crystallochemical and minerogenetic study of oxide and oxy-hydroxides related to AMD (acid mine drainage) processes in Libiola mine (Sestri Levante). Plinius No. 34

ⓘ Kaolinite

Formula: Al₂(Si₂O₅)(OH)₄

References:

Belmonte, D. (2005): personal communication to C. Balestra

ⓘ Langite

Formula: Cu₄(SO₄)(OH)₆ · 2H₂O

References:

AA.VV. (1998): Minerali liguri in pillole. Notiziario di Mineralogia del Ferrania Club, 12/1998, 13.

ⓘ Lepidocrocite

Formula: Fe³⁺O(OH)

References:

Carbone, C. (2008). Crystallochemical and minerogenetic study of oxide and oxy-hydroxides related to AMD (acid mine drainage) processes in Libiola mine (Sestri Levante). Plinius No. 34

ⓘ Magnetite

Formula: Fe²⁺Fe³⁺₂O₄

References:

ⓘ Malachite

Formula: Cu₂(CO₃)(OH)₂

References:

ⓘ Marcasite

Formula: FeS₂

References:

Borgo, E., Palenzona, A. (1988): I nostri minerali. Geologia e mineralogia in Liguria. Aggiornamento 1988. SAGEP Editrice, Genova, 48 pp.

ⓘ Melanterite

Formula: Fe²⁺(H₂O)₆(SO₄) · H₂O

References:

ⓘ Melanterite var. Copper-bearing Melanterite

Formula: (Fe,Cu)SO₄ · 7H₂O

References:

ⓘ Montmorillonite

Formula: (Na,Ca)_0.33(Al,Mg)₂(Si₄O₁₀)(OH)₂ · nH₂O

References:

ⓘ Native Copper

Formula: Cu

References:

Carbone, C. (2008). Crystallochemical and minerogenetic study of oxide and oxy-hydroxides related to AMD (acid mine drainage) processes in Libiola mine (Sestri Levante). Plinius No. 34

ⓘ Native Gold

Formula: Au

References:

Garuti, G. and Zaccarini, F. (2005) Minerals of Au, Ag, and U in volcanic-rock-associated massive sulfide deposits of the Northern Apennine ophiolite, Italy. Canadian Mineralogist, 43, 935-950

Di Lisi, S., Morino, A., and Muzio, C. (2020) Oro sui chiodi. Un classico della mineralogia ligure dalla miniera di Libiola (GE). Rivista Mineralogica Italiana, 44, 3 (3-2020), 186-189.

ⓘ Native Gold var. Electrum

Formula: (Au,Ag)

References:

ⓘ Native Silver

Formula: Ag

References:

ⓘ Nontronite

Formula: Na_0.3Fe₂((Si,Al)₄O₁₀)(OH)₂ · nH₂O

References:

ⓘ 'Ochre'

References:

ⓘ Pentlandite

Formula: (Ni_xFe_y)_Σ9S₈

References:

Bertolani, M. (1952) I giacimenti cupriferi nelle ofioliti di Sestri Levante (Liguria). Periodico di Mineralogia, 21, 2-3, 149-170.

ⓘ Pickeringite

Formula: MgAl₂(SO₄)₄ · 22H₂O

References:

ⓘ Pyrite

Formula: FeS₂

References:

Garuti, G. and Zaccarini, F. (2005) Minerals of Au, Ag, and U in volcanic-rock-associated massive sulfide deposits of the Northern Apennine ophiolite, Italy. Canadian Mineralogist, 43, 935-950

Carbone, C. (2008). Crystallochemical and minerogenetic study of oxide and oxy-hydroxides related to AMD (acid mine drainage) processes in Libiola mine (Sestri Levante). Plinius No. 34

ⓘ Pyrolusite

Formula: Mn⁴⁺O₂

References:

ⓘ Pyrophyllite

Formula: Al₂Si₄O₁₀(OH)₂

References:

ⓘ Pyrrhotite

Formula: Fe_1-xS

References:

Borgo, E., Palenzona, A. (1988): I nostri minerali. Geologia e mineralogia in Liguria. Aggiornamento 1988. SAGEP Editrice, Genova, 48 pp.

Garuti, G. and Zaccarini, F. (2005) Minerals of Au, Ag, and U in volcanic-rock-associated massive sulfide deposits of the Northern Apennine ophiolite, Italy. Canadian Mineralogist, 43, 935-950

ⓘ Quartz

Formula: SiO₂

References:

Garuti, G. and Zaccarini, F. (2005) Minerals of Au, Ag, and U in volcanic-rock-associated massive sulfide deposits of the Northern Apennine ophiolite, Italy. Canadian Mineralogist, 43, 935-950

Carbone, C. (2008). Crystallochemical and minerogenetic study of oxide and oxy-hydroxides related to AMD (acid mine drainage) processes in Libiola mine (Sestri Levante). Plinius No. 34

ⓘ Rutile

Formula: TiO₂

References:

Garuti, G. and Zaccarini, F. (2005) Minerals of Au, Ag, and U in volcanic-rock-associated massive sulfide deposits of the Northern Apennine ophiolite, Italy. Canadian Mineralogist, 43, 935-950

ⓘ Schwertmannite

Formula: Fe³⁺₁₆(OH,SO₄)_12-13O₁₆ · 10-12H₂O

References:

Carbone, C. (2005): Seminar on “Minerali di neo-formazione nei processi di acid-rock drainage”. Genova, Italy, 17/01/2005.

Carbone, C. (2008). Crystallochemical and minerogenetic study of oxide and oxy-hydroxides related to AMD (acid mine drainage) processes in Libiola mine (Sestri Levante). Plinius No. 34

ⓘ 'Serpentine Subgroup'

Formula: D₃[Si₂O₅](OH)₄

References:

ⓘ Siderotil

Formula: FeSO₄ · 5H₂O

References:

ⓘ Smithsonite

Formula: ZnCO₃

References:

Bracco, R. (2005): personal communication.

ⓘ Sphalerite

Formula: ZnS

References:

Garuti, G. and Zaccarini, F. (2005) Minerals of Au, Ag, and U in volcanic-rock-associated massive sulfide deposits of the Northern Apennine ophiolite, Italy. Canadian Mineralogist, 43, 935-950

ⓘ Spherocobaltite

Formula: CoCO₃

References:

Palache, Charles; Berman, Harry; Frondel, Clifford (1951) The System of Mineralogy (7th ed.) Vol. 2 - Halides, Nitrates, Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Tungstates, Molybdates, Etc. John Wiley and Sons.p.176

ⓘ Tenorite

Formula: CuO

References:

ⓘ Titanite

Formula: CaTiO(SiO₄)

References:

Garuti, G. and Zaccarini, F. (2005) Minerals of Au, Ag, and U in volcanic-rock-associated massive sulfide deposits of the Northern Apennine ophiolite, Italy. Canadian Mineralogist, 43, 935-950

ⓘ Uraninite

Formula: UO₂

References:

Garuti, G. and Zaccarini, F. (2005) Minerals of Au, Ag, and U in volcanic-rock-associated massive sulfide deposits of the Northern Apennine ophiolite, Italy. Canadian Mineralogist, 43, 935-950

ⓘ Uvarovite

Formula: Ca₃Cr³⁺₂(SiO₄)₃

References:

Palenzona, A., & Martinelli, A. (2007). Uvarovite in Liguria. Prie, 3 (2007), 16-18

ⓘ Valleriite

Formula: (Fe²⁺,Cu)₄(Mg,Al)₃S₄(OH,O)₆

References:

(n.d.) Collezionare minerali. Hobby & Work.

Gallery:

Cu₃(SO₄)(OH)₄ⓘ Antlerite

Antlerite, etc.

Libiola Mine, Sestri Levante, Genoa, Liguria, Italy

Antlerite, etc.

Libiola Mine, Sestri Levante, Genoa, Liguria, Italy

Antlerite, etc.

Libiola Mine, Sestri Levante, Genoa, Liguria, Italy

Antlerite, etc.

Libiola Mine, Sestri Levante, Genoa, Liguria, Italy

Antlerite, etc.

Libiola Mine, Sestri Levante, Genoa, Liguria, Italy

Antlerite, etc.

Libiola Mine, Sestri Levante, Genoa, Liguria, Italy

Cu₃(CO₃)₂(OH)₂ⓘ Azurite

Azurite, etc.

Libiola Mine, Sestri Levante, Genoa, Liguria, Italy

Azurite, etc.

Libiola Mine, Sestri Levante, Genoa, Liguria, Italy

Azurite, etc.

Libiola Mine, Sestri Levante, Genoa, Liguria, Italy

Ca₃Cr³⁺₂(SiO₄)₃ⓘ Uvarovite

Uvarovite, etc.

Libiola Mine, Sestri Levante, Genoa, Liguria, Italy

Uvarovite, etc.

Libiola Mine, Sestri Levante, Genoa, Liguria, Italy

Uvarovite, etc.

Libiola Mine, Sestri Levante, Genoa, Liguria, Italy

List of minerals arranged by Strunz 10th Edition classification

Group 1 - Elements
ⓘ	Native Copper	1.AA.05	Cu
ⓘ	Native Gold var. Electrum	1.AA.05	(Au,Ag)
ⓘ		1.AA.05	Au
ⓘ	Native Silver	1.AA.05	Ag
Group 2 - Sulphides and Sulfosalts
ⓘ	Chalcocite	2.BA.05	Cu₂S
ⓘ	Bornite	2.BA.15	Cu₅FeS₄
ⓘ	Acanthite	2.BA.35	Ag₂S
ⓘ	Pentlandite	2.BB.15	(Ni_xFe_y)_Σ9S₈
ⓘ	Covellite	2.CA.05a	CuS
ⓘ	Sphalerite	2.CB.05a	ZnS
ⓘ	Chalcopyrite	2.CB.10a	CuFeS₂
ⓘ	Cubanite	2.CB.55a	CuFe₂S₃
ⓘ	Pyrrhotite	2.CC.10	Fe_1-xS
ⓘ	Pyrite	2.EB.05a	FeS₂
ⓘ	Marcasite	2.EB.10a	FeS₂
ⓘ	Valleriite	2.FD.30	(Fe²⁺,Cu)₄(Mg,Al)₃S₄(OH,O)₆
Group 4 - Oxides and Hydroxides
ⓘ	Cuprite var. Chalcotrichite	4.AA.10	Cu₂O
ⓘ		4.AA.10	Cu₂O
ⓘ	Tenorite	4.AB.10	CuO
ⓘ	Chromite	4.BB.05	Fe²⁺Cr³⁺₂O₄
ⓘ	Magnetite	4.BB.05	Fe²⁺Fe³⁺₂O₄
ⓘ	Hematite	4.CB.05	Fe₂O₃
ⓘ	Ilmenite	4.CB.05	Fe²⁺TiO₃
ⓘ	Quartz	4.DA.05	SiO₂
ⓘ	Pyrolusite	4.DB.05	Mn⁴⁺O₂
ⓘ	Rutile	4.DB.05	TiO₂
ⓘ	Uraninite	4.DL.05	UO₂
ⓘ	Bernalite	4.FC.05	Fe(OH)₃ · nH₂O (n = 0.0 to 0.25)
ⓘ	Goethite	4.FD.10	Fe³⁺O(OH)
ⓘ	Lepidocrocite	4.FE.15	Fe³⁺O(OH)
ⓘ	Ferrihydrite	4.FE.35	Fe³⁺₁₀O₁₄(OH)₂
Group 5 - Nitrates and Carbonates
ⓘ	Calcite	5.AB.05	CaCO₃
ⓘ	var. Cobalt-bearing Calcite	5.AB.05	(Ca,Co)CO₃
ⓘ	Smithsonite	5.AB.05	ZnCO₃
ⓘ	Spherocobaltite	5.AB.05	CoCO₃
ⓘ	Aragonite	5.AB.15	CaCO₃
ⓘ	Azurite	5.BA.05	Cu₃(CO₃)₂(OH)₂
ⓘ	Malachite	5.BA.10	Cu₂(CO₃)(OH)₂
Group 7 - Sulphates, Chromates, Molybdates and Tungstates
ⓘ	Antlerite	7.BB.15	Cu₃(SO₄)(OH)₄
ⓘ	Brochantite	7.BB.25	Cu₄(SO₄)(OH)₆
ⓘ	Jarosite	7.BC.10	KFe³⁺₃(SO₄)₂(OH)₆
ⓘ	Bonattite	7.CB.10	CuSO₄ · 3H₂O
ⓘ	Chalcanthite	7.CB.20	CuSO₄ · 5H₂O
ⓘ	Siderotil	7.CB.20	FeSO₄ · 5H₂O
ⓘ	Bieberite	7.CB.35	Co²⁺(H₂O)₆(SO₄) · H₂O
ⓘ	Melanterite	7.CB.35	Fe²⁺(H₂O)₆(SO₄) · H₂O
ⓘ	var. Copper-bearing Melanterite	7.CB.35	(Fe,Cu)SO₄ · 7H₂O
ⓘ	Epsomite	7.CB.40	MgSO₄ · 7H₂O
ⓘ	Alunogen	7.CB.45	Al₂(SO₄)₃ · 17H₂O
ⓘ	Halotrichite	7.CB.85	Fe²⁺Al₂(SO₄)₄ · 22H₂O
ⓘ	Pickeringite	7.CB.85	MgAl₂(SO₄)₄ · 22H₂O
ⓘ	Gypsum	7.CD.40	CaSO₄ · 2H₂O
ⓘ	Copiapite	7.DB.35	Fe²⁺Fe³⁺₄(SO₄)₆(OH)₂ · 20H₂O
ⓘ	Botryogen	7.DC.25	MgFe³⁺(SO₄)₂(OH) · 7H₂O
ⓘ	Felsőbányaite	7.DD.05	Al₄(SO₄)(OH)₁₀ · 4H₂O
ⓘ	Langite	7.DD.10	Cu₄(SO₄)(OH)₆ · 2H₂O
ⓘ	Devilline	7.DD.30	CaCu₄(SO₄)₂(OH)₆ · 3H₂O
ⓘ	Hydrowoodwardite	7.DD.35	(Cu_1-xAl_x)(OH)₂[SO₄]_x/2 · nH₂O
ⓘ	Chalcoalumite	7.DD.75	CuAl₄(SO₄)(OH)₁₂ · 3H₂O
ⓘ	Carbonatecyanotrichite	7.DE.10	Cu₄Al₂(CO₃,SO₄)(OH)₁₂ · 2H₂O
ⓘ	Cyanotrichite	7.DE.10	Cu₄Al₂(SO₄)(OH)₁₂ · 2H₂O
ⓘ	Schwertmannite	7.DE.15	Fe³⁺₁₆(OH,SO₄)_12-13O₁₆ · 10-12H₂O
Group 9 - Silicates
ⓘ	Andradite	9.AD.25	Ca₃Fe³⁺₂(SiO₄)₃
ⓘ	Uvarovite	9.AD.25	Ca₃Cr³⁺₂(SiO₄)₃
ⓘ	Titanite	9.AG.15	CaTiO(SiO₄)
ⓘ	Diopside	9.DA.15	CaMgSi₂O₆
ⓘ	Pyrophyllite	9.EC.10	Al₂Si₄O₁₀(OH)₂
ⓘ	Montmorillonite	9.EC.40	(Na,Ca)_0.33(Al,Mg)₂(Si₄O₁₀)(OH)₂ · nH₂O
ⓘ	Nontronite	9.EC.40	Na_0.3Fe₂((Si,Al)₄O₁₀)(OH)₂ · nH₂O
ⓘ	Kaolinite	9.ED.05	Al₂(Si₂O₅)(OH)₄
ⓘ	Halloysite	9.ED.10	Al₂Si₂O₅(OH)₄ · n(H₂O)
ⓘ	Cronstedtite	9.ED.15	Fe²⁺₂Fe³⁺((Si,Fe³⁺)₂O₅)(OH)₄
ⓘ	Greenalite	9.ED.15	(Fe²⁺,Fe³⁺)_2-3Si₂O₅(OH)₄
ⓘ	Allophane	9.ED.20	(Al₂O₃)(SiO₂)_1.3-2 · 2.5-3H₂O
ⓘ	Chrysocolla	9.ED.20	Cu_2-xAl_x(H_2-xSi₂O₅)(OH)₄ · nH₂O, x < 1
Unclassified
ⓘ	'Chlorite Group'	-
ⓘ	'Ferro-actinolite-Tremolite Series'	-
ⓘ	'Serpentine Subgroup'	-	D₃[Si₂O₅](OH)₄
ⓘ	'Ochre'	-

List of minerals for each chemical element

H	Hydrogen
H	ⓘ Allophane	(Al₂O₃)(SiO₂)_1.3-2 · 2.5-3H₂O
H	ⓘ Alunogen	Al₂(SO₄)₃ · 17H₂O
H	ⓘ Antlerite	Cu₃(SO₄)(OH)₄
H	ⓘ Azurite	Cu₃(CO₃)₂(OH)₂
H	ⓘ Bernalite	Fe(OH)₃ · nH₂O (n = 0.0 to 0.25)
H	ⓘ Bieberite	Co²⁺(H₂O)₆(SO₄) · H₂O
H	ⓘ Bonattite	CuSO₄ · 3H₂O
H	ⓘ Botryogen	MgFe³⁺(SO₄)₂(OH) · 7H₂O
H	ⓘ Brochantite	Cu₄(SO₄)(OH)₆
H	ⓘ Carbonatecyanotrichite	Cu₄Al₂(CO₃,SO₄)(OH)₁₂ · 2H₂O
H	ⓘ Chalcanthite	CuSO₄ · 5H₂O
H	ⓘ Chalcoalumite	CuAl₄(SO₄)(OH)₁₂ · 3H₂O
H	ⓘ Chrysocolla	Cu_2-xAl_x(H_2-xSi₂O₅)(OH)₄ · nH₂O, x < 1
H	ⓘ Copiapite	Fe²⁺Fe₄³⁺(SO₄)₆(OH)₂ · 20H₂O
H	ⓘ Cronstedtite	Fe₂²⁺Fe³⁺((Si,Fe³⁺)₂O₅)(OH)₄
H	ⓘ Cyanotrichite	Cu₄Al₂(SO₄)(OH)₁₂ · 2H₂O
H	ⓘ Devilline	CaCu₄(SO₄)₂(OH)₆ · 3H₂O
H	ⓘ Epsomite	MgSO₄ · 7H₂O
H	ⓘ Felsőbányaite	Al₄(SO₄)(OH)₁₀ · 4H₂O
H	ⓘ Ferrihydrite	Fe₁₀³⁺O₁₄(OH)₂
H	ⓘ Goethite	Fe³⁺O(OH)
H	ⓘ Greenalite	(Fe²⁺,Fe³⁺)_2-3Si₂O₅(OH)₄
H	ⓘ Gypsum	CaSO₄ · 2H₂O
H	ⓘ Halloysite	Al₂Si₂O₅(OH)₄ · n(H₂O)
H	ⓘ Halotrichite	Fe²⁺Al₂(SO₄)₄ · 22H₂O
H	ⓘ Jarosite	KFe₃³⁺(SO₄)₂(OH)₆
H	ⓘ Kaolinite	Al₂(Si₂O₅)(OH)₄
H	ⓘ Langite	Cu₄(SO₄)(OH)₆ · 2H₂O
H	ⓘ Lepidocrocite	Fe³⁺O(OH)
H	ⓘ Malachite	Cu₂(CO₃)(OH)₂
H	ⓘ Melanterite	Fe²⁺(H₂O)₆(SO₄) · H₂O
H	ⓘ Montmorillonite	(Na,Ca)_0.33(Al,Mg)₂(Si₄O₁₀)(OH)₂ · nH₂O
H	ⓘ Nontronite	Na_0.3Fe₂((Si,Al)₄O₁₀)(OH)₂ · nH₂O
H	ⓘ Pickeringite	MgAl₂(SO₄)₄ · 22H₂O
H	ⓘ Pyrophyllite	Al₂Si₄O₁₀(OH)₂
H	ⓘ Siderotil	FeSO₄ · 5H₂O
H	ⓘ Valleriite	(Fe²⁺,Cu)₄(Mg,Al)₃S₄(OH,O)₆
H	ⓘ Hydrowoodwardite	(Cu_1-xAl_x)(OH)₂[SO₄]_x/2 · nH₂O
H	ⓘ Schwertmannite	Fe₁₆³⁺(OH,SO₄)_12-13O₁₆ · 10-12H₂O
H	ⓘ Ferro-actinolite-Tremolite Series
H	ⓘ Serpentine Subgroup	D₃[Si₂O₅](OH)₄
H	ⓘ Melanterite var. Copper-bearing Melanterite	(Fe,Cu)SO₄ · 7H₂O
C	Carbon
C	ⓘ Aragonite	CaCO₃
C	ⓘ Azurite	Cu₃(CO₃)₂(OH)₂
C	ⓘ Calcite	CaCO₃
C	ⓘ Carbonatecyanotrichite	Cu₄Al₂(CO₃,SO₄)(OH)₁₂ · 2H₂O
C	ⓘ Calcite var. Cobalt-bearing Calcite	(Ca,Co)CO₃
C	ⓘ Malachite	Cu₂(CO₃)(OH)₂
C	ⓘ Smithsonite	ZnCO₃
C	ⓘ Spherocobaltite	CoCO₃
O	Oxygen
O	ⓘ Allophane	(Al₂O₃)(SiO₂)_1.3-2 · 2.5-3H₂O
O	ⓘ Alunogen	Al₂(SO₄)₃ · 17H₂O
O	ⓘ Andradite	Ca₃Fe₂³⁺(SiO₄)₃
O	ⓘ Antlerite	Cu₃(SO₄)(OH)₄
O	ⓘ Aragonite	CaCO₃
O	ⓘ Azurite	Cu₃(CO₃)₂(OH)₂
O	ⓘ Bernalite	Fe(OH)₃ · nH₂O (n = 0.0 to 0.25)
O	ⓘ Bieberite	Co²⁺(H₂O)₆(SO₄) · H₂O
O	ⓘ Bonattite	CuSO₄ · 3H₂O
O	ⓘ Botryogen	MgFe³⁺(SO₄)₂(OH) · 7H₂O
O	ⓘ Brochantite	Cu₄(SO₄)(OH)₆
O	ⓘ Calcite	CaCO₃
O	ⓘ Carbonatecyanotrichite	Cu₄Al₂(CO₃,SO₄)(OH)₁₂ · 2H₂O
O	ⓘ Chalcanthite	CuSO₄ · 5H₂O
O	ⓘ Chalcoalumite	CuAl₄(SO₄)(OH)₁₂ · 3H₂O
O	ⓘ Cuprite var. Chalcotrichite	Cu₂O
O	ⓘ Chromite	Fe²⁺Cr₂³⁺O₄
O	ⓘ Chrysocolla	Cu_2-xAl_x(H_2-xSi₂O₅)(OH)₄ · nH₂O, x < 1
O	ⓘ Calcite var. Cobalt-bearing Calcite	(Ca,Co)CO₃
O	ⓘ Copiapite	Fe²⁺Fe₄³⁺(SO₄)₆(OH)₂ · 20H₂O
O	ⓘ Cronstedtite	Fe₂²⁺Fe³⁺((Si,Fe³⁺)₂O₅)(OH)₄
O	ⓘ Cuprite	Cu₂O
O	ⓘ Cyanotrichite	Cu₄Al₂(SO₄)(OH)₁₂ · 2H₂O
O	ⓘ Devilline	CaCu₄(SO₄)₂(OH)₆ · 3H₂O
O	ⓘ Diopside	CaMgSi₂O₆
O	ⓘ Epsomite	MgSO₄ · 7H₂O
O	ⓘ Felsőbányaite	Al₄(SO₄)(OH)₁₀ · 4H₂O
O	ⓘ Ferrihydrite	Fe₁₀³⁺O₁₄(OH)₂
O	ⓘ Goethite	Fe³⁺O(OH)
O	ⓘ Greenalite	(Fe²⁺,Fe³⁺)_2-3Si₂O₅(OH)₄
O	ⓘ Gypsum	CaSO₄ · 2H₂O
O	ⓘ Halloysite	Al₂Si₂O₅(OH)₄ · n(H₂O)
O	ⓘ Halotrichite	Fe²⁺Al₂(SO₄)₄ · 22H₂O
O	ⓘ Hematite	Fe₂O₃
O	ⓘ Ilmenite	Fe²⁺TiO₃
O	ⓘ Jarosite	KFe₃³⁺(SO₄)₂(OH)₆
O	ⓘ Kaolinite	Al₂(Si₂O₅)(OH)₄
O	ⓘ Langite	Cu₄(SO₄)(OH)₆ · 2H₂O
O	ⓘ Lepidocrocite	Fe³⁺O(OH)
O	ⓘ Magnetite	Fe²⁺Fe₂³⁺O₄
O	ⓘ Malachite	Cu₂(CO₃)(OH)₂
O	ⓘ Melanterite	Fe²⁺(H₂O)₆(SO₄) · H₂O
O	ⓘ Montmorillonite	(Na,Ca)_0.33(Al,Mg)₂(Si₄O₁₀)(OH)₂ · nH₂O
O	ⓘ Nontronite	Na_0.3Fe₂((Si,Al)₄O₁₀)(OH)₂ · nH₂O
O	ⓘ Pickeringite	MgAl₂(SO₄)₄ · 22H₂O
O	ⓘ Pyrolusite	Mn⁴⁺O₂
O	ⓘ Pyrophyllite	Al₂Si₄O₁₀(OH)₂
O	ⓘ Quartz	SiO₂
O	ⓘ Rutile	TiO₂
O	ⓘ Siderotil	FeSO₄ · 5H₂O
O	ⓘ Smithsonite	ZnCO₃
O	ⓘ Spherocobaltite	CoCO₃
O	ⓘ Tenorite	CuO
O	ⓘ Titanite	CaTiO(SiO₄)
O	ⓘ Uraninite	UO₂
O	ⓘ Uvarovite	Ca₃Cr₂³⁺(SiO₄)₃
O	ⓘ Valleriite	(Fe²⁺,Cu)₄(Mg,Al)₃S₄(OH,O)₆
O	ⓘ Hydrowoodwardite	(Cu_1-xAl_x)(OH)₂[SO₄]_x/2 · nH₂O
O	ⓘ Schwertmannite	Fe₁₆³⁺(OH,SO₄)_12-13O₁₆ · 10-12H₂O
O	ⓘ Ferro-actinolite-Tremolite Series
O	ⓘ Serpentine Subgroup	D₃[Si₂O₅](OH)₄
O	ⓘ Melanterite var. Copper-bearing Melanterite	(Fe,Cu)SO₄ · 7H₂O
Na	Sodium
Na	ⓘ Montmorillonite	(Na,Ca)_0.33(Al,Mg)₂(Si₄O₁₀)(OH)₂ · nH₂O
Na	ⓘ Nontronite	Na_0.3Fe₂((Si,Al)₄O₁₀)(OH)₂ · nH₂O
Mg	Magnesium
Mg	ⓘ Botryogen	MgFe³⁺(SO₄)₂(OH) · 7H₂O
Mg	ⓘ Diopside	CaMgSi₂O₆
Mg	ⓘ Epsomite	MgSO₄ · 7H₂O
Mg	ⓘ Montmorillonite	(Na,Ca)_0.33(Al,Mg)₂(Si₄O₁₀)(OH)₂ · nH₂O
Mg	ⓘ Pickeringite	MgAl₂(SO₄)₄ · 22H₂O
Mg	ⓘ Valleriite	(Fe²⁺,Cu)₄(Mg,Al)₃S₄(OH,O)₆
Mg	ⓘ Ferro-actinolite-Tremolite Series
Al	Aluminium
Al	ⓘ Allophane	(Al₂O₃)(SiO₂)_1.3-2 · 2.5-3H₂O
Al	ⓘ Alunogen	Al₂(SO₄)₃ · 17H₂O
Al	ⓘ Carbonatecyanotrichite	Cu₄Al₂(CO₃,SO₄)(OH)₁₂ · 2H₂O
Al	ⓘ Chalcoalumite	CuAl₄(SO₄)(OH)₁₂ · 3H₂O
Al	ⓘ Chrysocolla	Cu_2-xAl_x(H_2-xSi₂O₅)(OH)₄ · nH₂O, x < 1
Al	ⓘ Cyanotrichite	Cu₄Al₂(SO₄)(OH)₁₂ · 2H₂O
Al	ⓘ Felsőbányaite	Al₄(SO₄)(OH)₁₀ · 4H₂O
Al	ⓘ Halloysite	Al₂Si₂O₅(OH)₄ · n(H₂O)
Al	ⓘ Halotrichite	Fe²⁺Al₂(SO₄)₄ · 22H₂O
Al	ⓘ Kaolinite	Al₂(Si₂O₅)(OH)₄
Al	ⓘ Montmorillonite	(Na,Ca)_0.33(Al,Mg)₂(Si₄O₁₀)(OH)₂ · nH₂O
Al	ⓘ Nontronite	Na_0.3Fe₂((Si,Al)₄O₁₀)(OH)₂ · nH₂O
Al	ⓘ Pickeringite	MgAl₂(SO₄)₄ · 22H₂O
Al	ⓘ Pyrophyllite	Al₂Si₄O₁₀(OH)₂
Al	ⓘ Valleriite	(Fe²⁺,Cu)₄(Mg,Al)₃S₄(OH,O)₆
Al	ⓘ Hydrowoodwardite	(Cu_1-xAl_x)(OH)₂[SO₄]_x/2 · nH₂O
Si	Silicon
Si	ⓘ Allophane	(Al₂O₃)(SiO₂)_1.3-2 · 2.5-3H₂O
Si	ⓘ Andradite	Ca₃Fe₂³⁺(SiO₄)₃
Si	ⓘ Chrysocolla	Cu_2-xAl_x(H_2-xSi₂O₅)(OH)₄ · nH₂O, x < 1
Si	ⓘ Cronstedtite	Fe₂²⁺Fe³⁺((Si,Fe³⁺)₂O₅)(OH)₄
Si	ⓘ Diopside	CaMgSi₂O₆
Si	ⓘ Greenalite	(Fe²⁺,Fe³⁺)_2-3Si₂O₅(OH)₄
Si	ⓘ Halloysite	Al₂Si₂O₅(OH)₄ · n(H₂O)
Si	ⓘ Kaolinite	Al₂(Si₂O₅)(OH)₄
Si	ⓘ Montmorillonite	(Na,Ca)_0.33(Al,Mg)₂(Si₄O₁₀)(OH)₂ · nH₂O
Si	ⓘ Nontronite	Na_0.3Fe₂((Si,Al)₄O₁₀)(OH)₂ · nH₂O
Si	ⓘ Pyrophyllite	Al₂Si₄O₁₀(OH)₂
Si	ⓘ Quartz	SiO₂
Si	ⓘ Titanite	CaTiO(SiO₄)
Si	ⓘ Uvarovite	Ca₃Cr₂³⁺(SiO₄)₃
Si	ⓘ Ferro-actinolite-Tremolite Series
Si	ⓘ Serpentine Subgroup	D₃[Si₂O₅](OH)₄
S	Sulfur
S	ⓘ Acanthite	Ag₂S
S	ⓘ Alunogen	Al₂(SO₄)₃ · 17H₂O
S	ⓘ Antlerite	Cu₃(SO₄)(OH)₄
S	ⓘ Bieberite	Co²⁺(H₂O)₆(SO₄) · H₂O
S	ⓘ Bonattite	CuSO₄ · 3H₂O
S	ⓘ Bornite	Cu₅FeS₄
S	ⓘ Botryogen	MgFe³⁺(SO₄)₂(OH) · 7H₂O
S	ⓘ Brochantite	Cu₄(SO₄)(OH)₆
S	ⓘ Carbonatecyanotrichite	Cu₄Al₂(CO₃,SO₄)(OH)₁₂ · 2H₂O
S	ⓘ Chalcopyrite	CuFeS₂
S	ⓘ Chalcanthite	CuSO₄ · 5H₂O
S	ⓘ Chalcoalumite	CuAl₄(SO₄)(OH)₁₂ · 3H₂O
S	ⓘ Chalcocite	Cu₂S
S	ⓘ Copiapite	Fe²⁺Fe₄³⁺(SO₄)₆(OH)₂ · 20H₂O
S	ⓘ Covellite	CuS
S	ⓘ Cubanite	CuFe₂S₃
S	ⓘ Cyanotrichite	Cu₄Al₂(SO₄)(OH)₁₂ · 2H₂O
S	ⓘ Devilline	CaCu₄(SO₄)₂(OH)₆ · 3H₂O
S	ⓘ Epsomite	MgSO₄ · 7H₂O
S	ⓘ Felsőbányaite	Al₄(SO₄)(OH)₁₀ · 4H₂O
S	ⓘ Gypsum	CaSO₄ · 2H₂O
S	ⓘ Halotrichite	Fe²⁺Al₂(SO₄)₄ · 22H₂O
S	ⓘ Jarosite	KFe₃³⁺(SO₄)₂(OH)₆
S	ⓘ Langite	Cu₄(SO₄)(OH)₆ · 2H₂O
S	ⓘ Marcasite	FeS₂
S	ⓘ Melanterite	Fe²⁺(H₂O)₆(SO₄) · H₂O
S	ⓘ Pentlandite	(Ni_xFe_y)_Σ9S₈
S	ⓘ Pickeringite	MgAl₂(SO₄)₄ · 22H₂O
S	ⓘ Pyrite	FeS₂
S	ⓘ Pyrrhotite	Fe_1-xS
S	ⓘ Siderotil	FeSO₄ · 5H₂O
S	ⓘ Sphalerite	ZnS
S	ⓘ Valleriite	(Fe²⁺,Cu)₄(Mg,Al)₃S₄(OH,O)₆
S	ⓘ Hydrowoodwardite	(Cu_1-xAl_x)(OH)₂[SO₄]_x/2 · nH₂O
S	ⓘ Schwertmannite	Fe₁₆³⁺(OH,SO₄)_12-13O₁₆ · 10-12H₂O
S	ⓘ Melanterite var. Copper-bearing Melanterite	(Fe,Cu)SO₄ · 7H₂O
K	Potassium
K	ⓘ Jarosite	KFe₃³⁺(SO₄)₂(OH)₆
Ca	Calcium
Ca	ⓘ Andradite	Ca₃Fe₂³⁺(SiO₄)₃
Ca	ⓘ Aragonite	CaCO₃
Ca	ⓘ Calcite	CaCO₃
Ca	ⓘ Calcite var. Cobalt-bearing Calcite	(Ca,Co)CO₃
Ca	ⓘ Devilline	CaCu₄(SO₄)₂(OH)₆ · 3H₂O
Ca	ⓘ Diopside	CaMgSi₂O₆
Ca	ⓘ Gypsum	CaSO₄ · 2H₂O
Ca	ⓘ Montmorillonite	(Na,Ca)_0.33(Al,Mg)₂(Si₄O₁₀)(OH)₂ · nH₂O
Ca	ⓘ Titanite	CaTiO(SiO₄)
Ca	ⓘ Uvarovite	Ca₃Cr₂³⁺(SiO₄)₃
Ca	ⓘ Ferro-actinolite-Tremolite Series
Ti	Titanium
Ti	ⓘ Ilmenite	Fe²⁺TiO₃
Ti	ⓘ Rutile	TiO₂
Ti	ⓘ Titanite	CaTiO(SiO₄)
Cr	Chromium
Cr	ⓘ Chromite	Fe²⁺Cr₂³⁺O₄
Cr	ⓘ Uvarovite	Ca₃Cr₂³⁺(SiO₄)₃
Mn	Manganese
Mn	ⓘ Pyrolusite	Mn⁴⁺O₂
Fe	Iron
Fe	ⓘ Andradite	Ca₃Fe₂³⁺(SiO₄)₃
Fe	ⓘ Bernalite	Fe(OH)₃ · nH₂O (n = 0.0 to 0.25)
Fe	ⓘ Bornite	Cu₅FeS₄
Fe	ⓘ Botryogen	MgFe³⁺(SO₄)₂(OH) · 7H₂O
Fe	ⓘ Chalcopyrite	CuFeS₂
Fe	ⓘ Chromite	Fe²⁺Cr₂³⁺O₄
Fe	ⓘ Copiapite	Fe²⁺Fe₄³⁺(SO₄)₆(OH)₂ · 20H₂O
Fe	ⓘ Cronstedtite	Fe₂²⁺Fe³⁺((Si,Fe³⁺)₂O₅)(OH)₄
Fe	ⓘ Cubanite	CuFe₂S₃
Fe	ⓘ Ferrihydrite	Fe₁₀³⁺O₁₄(OH)₂
Fe	ⓘ Goethite	Fe³⁺O(OH)
Fe	ⓘ Greenalite	(Fe²⁺,Fe³⁺)_2-3Si₂O₅(OH)₄
Fe	ⓘ Halotrichite	Fe²⁺Al₂(SO₄)₄ · 22H₂O
Fe	ⓘ Hematite	Fe₂O₃
Fe	ⓘ Ilmenite	Fe²⁺TiO₃
Fe	ⓘ Jarosite	KFe₃³⁺(SO₄)₂(OH)₆
Fe	ⓘ Lepidocrocite	Fe³⁺O(OH)
Fe	ⓘ Magnetite	Fe²⁺Fe₂³⁺O₄
Fe	ⓘ Marcasite	FeS₂
Fe	ⓘ Melanterite	Fe²⁺(H₂O)₆(SO₄) · H₂O
Fe	ⓘ Nontronite	Na_0.3Fe₂((Si,Al)₄O₁₀)(OH)₂ · nH₂O
Fe	ⓘ Pentlandite	(Ni_xFe_y)_Σ9S₈
Fe	ⓘ Pyrite	FeS₂
Fe	ⓘ Pyrrhotite	Fe_1-xS
Fe	ⓘ Siderotil	FeSO₄ · 5H₂O
Fe	ⓘ Valleriite	(Fe²⁺,Cu)₄(Mg,Al)₃S₄(OH,O)₆
Fe	ⓘ Schwertmannite	Fe₁₆³⁺(OH,SO₄)_12-13O₁₆ · 10-12H₂O
Fe	ⓘ Ferro-actinolite-Tremolite Series
Fe	ⓘ Melanterite var. Copper-bearing Melanterite	(Fe,Cu)SO₄ · 7H₂O
Co	Cobalt
Co	ⓘ Bieberite	Co²⁺(H₂O)₆(SO₄) · H₂O
Co	ⓘ Calcite var. Cobalt-bearing Calcite	(Ca,Co)CO₃
Co	ⓘ Spherocobaltite	CoCO₃
Ni	Nickel
Ni	ⓘ Pentlandite	(Ni_xFe_y)_Σ9S₈
Cu	Copper
Cu	ⓘ Antlerite	Cu₃(SO₄)(OH)₄
Cu	ⓘ Azurite	Cu₃(CO₃)₂(OH)₂
Cu	ⓘ Bonattite	CuSO₄ · 3H₂O
Cu	ⓘ Bornite	Cu₅FeS₄
Cu	ⓘ Brochantite	Cu₄(SO₄)(OH)₆
Cu	ⓘ Carbonatecyanotrichite	Cu₄Al₂(CO₃,SO₄)(OH)₁₂ · 2H₂O
Cu	ⓘ Chalcopyrite	CuFeS₂
Cu	ⓘ Chalcanthite	CuSO₄ · 5H₂O
Cu	ⓘ Chalcoalumite	CuAl₄(SO₄)(OH)₁₂ · 3H₂O
Cu	ⓘ Chalcocite	Cu₂S
Cu	ⓘ Cuprite var. Chalcotrichite	Cu₂O
Cu	ⓘ Chrysocolla	Cu_2-xAl_x(H_2-xSi₂O₅)(OH)₄ · nH₂O, x < 1
Cu	ⓘ Covellite	CuS
Cu	ⓘ Cubanite	CuFe₂S₃
Cu	ⓘ Cuprite	Cu₂O
Cu	ⓘ Cyanotrichite	Cu₄Al₂(SO₄)(OH)₁₂ · 2H₂O
Cu	ⓘ Native Copper	Cu
Cu	ⓘ Devilline	CaCu₄(SO₄)₂(OH)₆ · 3H₂O
Cu	ⓘ Langite	Cu₄(SO₄)(OH)₆ · 2H₂O
Cu	ⓘ Malachite	Cu₂(CO₃)(OH)₂
Cu	ⓘ Tenorite	CuO
Cu	ⓘ Valleriite	(Fe²⁺,Cu)₄(Mg,Al)₃S₄(OH,O)₆
Cu	ⓘ Hydrowoodwardite	(Cu_1-xAl_x)(OH)₂[SO₄]_x/2 · nH₂O
Cu	ⓘ Melanterite var. Copper-bearing Melanterite	(Fe,Cu)SO₄ · 7H₂O
Zn	Zinc
Zn	ⓘ Smithsonite	ZnCO₃
Zn	ⓘ Sphalerite	ZnS
Ag	Silver
Ag	ⓘ Acanthite	Ag₂S
Ag	ⓘ Native Gold var. Electrum	(Au,Ag)
Ag	ⓘ Native Silver	Ag
Au	Gold
Au	ⓘ Native Gold var. Electrum	(Au,Ag)
Au	ⓘ Native Gold	Au
U	Uranium
U	ⓘ Uraninite	UO₂

Other Databases

Wikipedia:	https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libiola
Wikidata ID:	Q18457979

Other Regions, Features and Areas containing this locality

Eurasian PlateTectonic Plate

Apennine Mountains (Apennines; Apennine Orogen)Accretionary Complex

EuropeContinent

This page contains all mineral locality references listed on mindat.org. This does not claim to be a complete list. If you know of more minerals from this site, please register so you can add to our database. This locality information is for reference purposes only. You should never attempt to visit any sites listed in mindat.org without first ensuring that you have the permission of the land and/or mineral rights holders for access and that you are aware of all safety precautions necessary.

References

Bertolani, M. (1952) I giacimenti cupriferi nelle ofioliti di Sestri Levante (Liguria). Periodico di Mineralogia, 21, 2-3, 149-170.

Galli, M. (1959) Sulla presenza di Argento nativo nella miniera di Libiola. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 71, 119-129.

Galli, M. and Penco, A.M. (1966) Le miniere di rame e di manganese della Liguria orientale. Atti dell'Accademia Ligure di Scienze e Lettere, serie V, 53, 215-247.

Ferrario, A. and Garuti, G. (1980) Copper deposits in the basal breccias and volcano-sedimentary sequences of the Eastern Ligurian ophiolites (Italy). Mineralium Deposita, 15, 291-303.

Dinelli, E., Morandi, N., and Tateo, F. (1998) Fine-grained weathering products in waste disposal from two sulphide mines in the northern Apennines, Italy. Clay Minerals, 33, 423-433.

Garuti, G. and Zaccarini, F. (2005) Minerals of Au, Ag, and U in volcanic-rock-associated massive sulfide deposits of the Northern Apennine ophiolite, Italy. Canadian Mineralogist, 43, 935-950

Maggi, R. and Pearce, M. (2005): Mid fourth-millennium copper mining in Liguria north-west Italy: The earliest known copper mines in western Europe. Antiquity 79, 66-77. [http://beniculturali.altaviadeimontiliguri.it/beniAVML/resources/cms/documents/MaggiPearceAntiquityML.pdf]

Carbone, C. (2008) Crystallochemical and minerogenetic study of oxide and oxy-hydroxides related to AMD (acid mine drainage) processes in Libiola mine (Sestri Levante). Plinius, 34.

Marescotti, Pietro, Gerardo Brancucci, Giulia Sasso, Monica Solimano, Valentina Marin, Christian Muzio, and Paola Salmona. (2018) "Geoheritage Values and Environmental Issues of Derelict Mines: Examples from the Sulfide Mines of Gromolo and Petronio Valleys (Eastern Liguria, Italy)" Minerals 8, no. 6: 229. https://doi.org/10.3390/min8060229

Di Lisi, S., Morino, A., and Muzio, C. (2020) Oro sui chiodi. Un classico della mineralogia ligure dalla miniera di Libiola (GE). Rivista Mineralogica Italiana, 44, 3 (3-2020), 186-189.

Quick NavTop Commodities Mineral List Rock Types Other Databases Other Regions References

Mindat.org® is an outreach project of the Hudson Institute of Mineralogy, a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization. Mindat® and mindat.org® are registered trademarks of the Hudson Institute of Mineralogy.
Copyright © mindat.org and the Hudson Institute of Mineralogy 1993-2026, except where stated. Most political location boundaries are © OpenStreetMap contributors. Mindat.org relies on the contributions of thousands of members and supporters. Founded in 2000 by Jolyon Ralph and Ida Chau.
Content on this site may not be used to train, fine-tune, or otherwise develop artificial intelligence or machine learning models without prior written permission - see our Terms & Conditions.
To cite: Ralph, J., Von Bargen, D., Martynov, P., Zhang, J., Que, X., Prabhu, A., Morrison, S. M., Li, W., Chen, W., & Ma, X. (2025). Mindat.org: The open access mineralogy database to accelerate data-intensive geoscience research. American Mineralogist, 110(6), 833–844. doi:10.2138/am-2024-9486.
Privacy Policy - Terms & Conditions - Contact Us / DMCA issues - Report a bug/vulnerability Current server date and time: October 21, 2026 22:10:11 Page updated: September 20, 2026 07:50:44

Go to top of page

Libiola Mine, Sestri Levante, Genoa, Liguria, ItalyiRegional Level TypesLibiola MineMine Sestri LevanteCommune GenoaMetropolitan City LiguriaRegion ItalyCountry function showexplain() { $("#locexplain").toggle(); if (typeof movemap === "function") movemap(); }

Select Mineral List Type

Commodity List

Mineral List

Rock Types Recorded

Select Rock List Type

Detailed Mineral List:

Gallery:

List of minerals arranged by Strunz 10th Edition classification

List of minerals for each chemical element

Other Databases

Other Regions, Features and Areas containing this locality

References

Libiola Mine, Sestri Levante, Genoa, Liguria, Italy i
Regional Level Types
Libiola Mine Mine
Sestri Levante Commune
Genoa Metropolitan City
Liguria Region
Italy Country