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Fantale stratovolcano, East Shewa Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopiai
Regional Level Types
Fantale stratovolcanoStratovolcano
East Shewa ZoneZone
Oromia RegionRegion
EthiopiaCountry

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Latitude & Longitude (WGS84):
8° 58' 0'' North , 39° 53' 59'' East
Latitude & Longitude (decimal):
8.96667,39.90000
GRN:
N06E28
Type:
Stratovolcano
Köppen climate type:
BSh : Hot semi-arid (steppe) climate
Mindat Locality ID:
406684
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:2:406684:5
GUID (UUID V4):
0


Stratovolcano 600 m high extending over about 100 km² and composed predominantly of pantelleritic trachytes and obsidians in which tuffs are. subordinate (Gibson 1970).

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Standard Detailed Gallery Strunz Chemical Elements

Mineral List


4 valid minerals.

Rock Types Recorded


Select Rock List Type

Alphabetical List Tree Diagram

Detailed Mineral List:

ⓘ Aenigmatite
Formula: Na4[Fe2+10Ti2]O4[Si12O36]
References:
Gibson, I.L. 1975. A review of the geology, petrology and geochemistry of the volcano Fantale. Bulletin Volcanologique, 38, 791-802.
Macdonald, R. & Bailey, D.K. 1973. The chemistry of peralkaline oversaturated obsidians. United States Geological Survey, Professional Paper, 440-N-11.
Gibson, Ian Lethbridge (1970) A pantelleritic welded ash-flow tuff from the Ethiopian Rift Valley. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 28 (2) 89-111 doi:10.1007/bf00404992
Dickinson, D. R., & Gibson, I. L. (1972). Feldspar fractionation and anomalous Sr87/Sr86 ratios in a suite of peralkaline silicic rocks. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 83(1), 231-240. doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1972)83[231:FFAASR]2.0.CO
GIRSON, I. L. (1972). The chemistry and petrogenesis of a suite of pantellerites from the Ethiopian Rift. Journal of Petrology, 13(1), 31-44. doi.org/10.1093/petrology/13.1.31
Woldegabriel, Giday, Aronson, James L., Walter, Robert C. (1990) Geology, geochronology, and rift basin development in the central sector of the Main Ethiopia Rift. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 102 (4) 439-458 doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1990)102<0439:ggarbd>2.3.co;2
Webster, J. D., Taylor, R. P., & Bean, C. (1993). Pre-eruptive melt composition and constraints on degassing of a water-rich pantellerite magma, Fantale volcano, Ethiopia. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 114(1), 53-62. doi.org/10.1007/BF00307865
ⓘ Albite
Formula: Na(AlSi3O8)
References:
Gibson, I.L. 1975. A review of the geology, petrology and geochemistry of the volcano Fantale. Bulletin Volcanologique, 38, 791-802.
Macdonald, R. & Bailey, D.K. 1973. The chemistry of peralkaline oversaturated obsidians. United States Geological Survey, Professional Paper, 440-N-11.
Gibson, Ian Lethbridge (1970) A pantelleritic welded ash-flow tuff from the Ethiopian Rift Valley. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 28 (2) 89-111 doi:10.1007/bf00404992
Dickinson, D. R., & Gibson, I. L. (1972). Feldspar fractionation and anomalous Sr87/Sr86 ratios in a suite of peralkaline silicic rocks. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 83(1), 231-240. doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1972)83[231:FFAASR]2.0.CO
GIRSON, I. L. (1972). The chemistry and petrogenesis of a suite of pantellerites from the Ethiopian Rift. Journal of Petrology, 13(1), 31-44. doi.org/10.1093/petrology/13.1.31
Woldegabriel, Giday, Aronson, James L., Walter, Robert C. (1990) Geology, geochronology, and rift basin development in the central sector of the Main Ethiopia Rift. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 102 (4) 439-458 doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1990)102<0439:ggarbd>2.3.co;2
Webster, J. D., Taylor, R. P., & Bean, C. (1993). Pre-eruptive melt composition and constraints on degassing of a water-rich pantellerite magma, Fantale volcano, Ethiopia. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 114(1), 53-62. doi.org/10.1007/BF00307865
ⓘ Albite var. Anorthoclase
Formula: (Na,K)AlSi3O8
References:
Gibson, I.L. 1975. A review of the geology, petrology and geochemistry of the volcano Fantale. Bulletin Volcanologique, 38, 791-802.
Macdonald, R. & Bailey, D.K. 1973. The chemistry of peralkaline oversaturated obsidians. United States Geological Survey, Professional Paper, 440-N-11.
Gibson, Ian Lethbridge (1970) A pantelleritic welded ash-flow tuff from the Ethiopian Rift Valley. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 28 (2) 89-111 doi:10.1007/bf00404992
Dickinson, D. R., & Gibson, I. L. (1972). Feldspar fractionation and anomalous Sr87/Sr86 ratios in a suite of peralkaline silicic rocks. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 83(1), 231-240. doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1972)83[231:FFAASR]2.0.CO
GIRSON, I. L. (1972). The chemistry and petrogenesis of a suite of pantellerites from the Ethiopian Rift. Journal of Petrology, 13(1), 31-44. doi.org/10.1093/petrology/13.1.31
Woldegabriel, Giday, Aronson, James L., Walter, Robert C. (1990) Geology, geochronology, and rift basin development in the central sector of the Main Ethiopia Rift. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 102 (4) 439-458 doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1990)102<0439:ggarbd>2.3.co;2
Webster, J. D., Taylor, R. P., & Bean, C. (1993). Pre-eruptive melt composition and constraints on degassing of a water-rich pantellerite magma, Fantale volcano, Ethiopia. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 114(1), 53-62. doi.org/10.1007/BF00307865
ⓘ Augite
Formula: (CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6
References:
Gibson, I.L. 1975. A review of the geology, petrology and geochemistry of the volcano Fantale. Bulletin Volcanologique, 38, 791-802.
Macdonald, R. & Bailey, D.K. 1973. The chemistry of peralkaline oversaturated obsidians. United States Geological Survey, Professional Paper, 440-N-11.
Gibson, Ian Lethbridge (1970) A pantelleritic welded ash-flow tuff from the Ethiopian Rift Valley. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 28 (2) 89-111 doi:10.1007/bf00404992
Dickinson, D. R., & Gibson, I. L. (1972). Feldspar fractionation and anomalous Sr87/Sr86 ratios in a suite of peralkaline silicic rocks. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 83(1), 231-240. doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1972)83[231:FFAASR]2.0.CO
GIRSON, I. L. (1972). The chemistry and petrogenesis of a suite of pantellerites from the Ethiopian Rift. Journal of Petrology, 13(1), 31-44. doi.org/10.1093/petrology/13.1.31
Woldegabriel, Giday, Aronson, James L., Walter, Robert C. (1990) Geology, geochronology, and rift basin development in the central sector of the Main Ethiopia Rift. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 102 (4) 439-458 doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1990)102<0439:ggarbd>2.3.co;2
Webster, J. D., Taylor, R. P., & Bean, C. (1993). Pre-eruptive melt composition and constraints on degassing of a water-rich pantellerite magma, Fantale volcano, Ethiopia. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 114(1), 53-62. doi.org/10.1007/BF00307865
ⓘ Augite var. Ferroaugite
Formula: (CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6
References:
Gibson, I.L. 1975. A review of the geology, petrology and geochemistry of the volcano Fantale. Bulletin Volcanologique, 38, 791-802.
Macdonald, R. & Bailey, D.K. 1973. The chemistry of peralkaline oversaturated obsidians. United States Geological Survey, Professional Paper, 440-N-11.
Gibson, Ian Lethbridge (1970) A pantelleritic welded ash-flow tuff from the Ethiopian Rift Valley. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 28 (2) 89-111 doi:10.1007/bf00404992
Dickinson, D. R., & Gibson, I. L. (1972). Feldspar fractionation and anomalous Sr87/Sr86 ratios in a suite of peralkaline silicic rocks. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 83(1), 231-240. doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1972)83[231:FFAASR]2.0.CO
GIRSON, I. L. (1972). The chemistry and petrogenesis of a suite of pantellerites from the Ethiopian Rift. Journal of Petrology, 13(1), 31-44. doi.org/10.1093/petrology/13.1.31
Woldegabriel, Giday, Aronson, James L., Walter, Robert C. (1990) Geology, geochronology, and rift basin development in the central sector of the Main Ethiopia Rift. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 102 (4) 439-458 doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1990)102<0439:ggarbd>2.3.co;2
Webster, J. D., Taylor, R. P., & Bean, C. (1993). Pre-eruptive melt composition and constraints on degassing of a water-rich pantellerite magma, Fantale volcano, Ethiopia. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 114(1), 53-62. doi.org/10.1007/BF00307865
ⓘ Augite var. Ferrohedenbergite
Formula: (Ca,Mg,Fe)(Fe,Mg)Si2O6
References:
Gibson, I.L. 1975. A review of the geology, petrology and geochemistry of the volcano Fantale. Bulletin Volcanologique, 38, 791-802.
Macdonald, R. & Bailey, D.K. 1973. The chemistry of peralkaline oversaturated obsidians. United States Geological Survey, Professional Paper, 440-N-11.
Gibson, Ian Lethbridge (1970) A pantelleritic welded ash-flow tuff from the Ethiopian Rift Valley. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 28 (2) 89-111 doi:10.1007/bf00404992
Dickinson, D. R., & Gibson, I. L. (1972). Feldspar fractionation and anomalous Sr87/Sr86 ratios in a suite of peralkaline silicic rocks. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 83(1), 231-240. doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1972)83[231:FFAASR]2.0.CO
GIRSON, I. L. (1972). The chemistry and petrogenesis of a suite of pantellerites from the Ethiopian Rift. Journal of Petrology, 13(1), 31-44. doi.org/10.1093/petrology/13.1.31
Woldegabriel, Giday, Aronson, James L., Walter, Robert C. (1990) Geology, geochronology, and rift basin development in the central sector of the Main Ethiopia Rift. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 102 (4) 439-458 doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1990)102<0439:ggarbd>2.3.co;2
Webster, J. D., Taylor, R. P., & Bean, C. (1993). Pre-eruptive melt composition and constraints on degassing of a water-rich pantellerite magma, Fantale volcano, Ethiopia. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 114(1), 53-62. doi.org/10.1007/BF00307865
ⓘ Fayalite
Formula: Fe2+2(SiO4)
References:
Gibson, I.L. 1975. A review of the geology, petrology and geochemistry of the volcano Fantale. Bulletin Volcanologique, 38, 791-802.
Macdonald, R. & Bailey, D.K. 1973. The chemistry of peralkaline oversaturated obsidians. United States Geological Survey, Professional Paper, 440-N-11.
Gibson, Ian Lethbridge (1970) A pantelleritic welded ash-flow tuff from the Ethiopian Rift Valley. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 28 (2) 89-111 doi:10.1007/bf00404992
Dickinson, D. R., & Gibson, I. L. (1972). Feldspar fractionation and anomalous Sr87/Sr86 ratios in a suite of peralkaline silicic rocks. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 83(1), 231-240. doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1972)83[231:FFAASR]2.0.CO
GIRSON, I. L. (1972). The chemistry and petrogenesis of a suite of pantellerites from the Ethiopian Rift. Journal of Petrology, 13(1), 31-44. doi.org/10.1093/petrology/13.1.31
Woldegabriel, Giday, Aronson, James L., Walter, Robert C. (1990) Geology, geochronology, and rift basin development in the central sector of the Main Ethiopia Rift. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 102 (4) 439-458 doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1990)102<0439:ggarbd>2.3.co;2
Webster, J. D., Taylor, R. P., & Bean, C. (1993). Pre-eruptive melt composition and constraints on degassing of a water-rich pantellerite magma, Fantale volcano, Ethiopia. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 114(1), 53-62. doi.org/10.1007/BF00307865
ⓘ 'Fayalite-Forsterite Series'
References:
Gibson, I.L. 1975. A review of the geology, petrology and geochemistry of the volcano Fantale. Bulletin Volcanologique, 38, 791-802.
Macdonald, R. & Bailey, D.K. 1973. The chemistry of peralkaline oversaturated obsidians. United States Geological Survey, Professional Paper, 440-N-11.
Gibson, Ian Lethbridge (1970) A pantelleritic welded ash-flow tuff from the Ethiopian Rift Valley. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 28 (2) 89-111 doi:10.1007/bf00404992
Dickinson, D. R., & Gibson, I. L. (1972). Feldspar fractionation and anomalous Sr87/Sr86 ratios in a suite of peralkaline silicic rocks. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 83(1), 231-240. doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1972)83[231:FFAASR]2.0.CO
GIRSON, I. L. (1972). The chemistry and petrogenesis of a suite of pantellerites from the Ethiopian Rift. Journal of Petrology, 13(1), 31-44. doi.org/10.1093/petrology/13.1.31
Woldegabriel, Giday, Aronson, James L., Walter, Robert C. (1990) Geology, geochronology, and rift basin development in the central sector of the Main Ethiopia Rift. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 102 (4) 439-458 doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1990)102<0439:ggarbd>2.3.co;2
Webster, J. D., Taylor, R. P., & Bean, C. (1993). Pre-eruptive melt composition and constraints on degassing of a water-rich pantellerite magma, Fantale volcano, Ethiopia. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 114(1), 53-62. doi.org/10.1007/BF00307865
ⓘ 'Feldspar Group'
References:
Gibson, I.L. 1975. A review of the geology, petrology and geochemistry of the volcano Fantale. Bulletin Volcanologique, 38, 791-802.
Macdonald, R. & Bailey, D.K. 1973. The chemistry of peralkaline oversaturated obsidians. United States Geological Survey, Professional Paper, 440-N-11.
Gibson, Ian Lethbridge (1970) A pantelleritic welded ash-flow tuff from the Ethiopian Rift Valley. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 28 (2) 89-111 doi:10.1007/bf00404992
Dickinson, D. R., & Gibson, I. L. (1972). Feldspar fractionation and anomalous Sr87/Sr86 ratios in a suite of peralkaline silicic rocks. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 83(1), 231-240. doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1972)83[231:FFAASR]2.0.CO
GIRSON, I. L. (1972). The chemistry and petrogenesis of a suite of pantellerites from the Ethiopian Rift. Journal of Petrology, 13(1), 31-44. doi.org/10.1093/petrology/13.1.31
Woldegabriel, Giday, Aronson, James L., Walter, Robert C. (1990) Geology, geochronology, and rift basin development in the central sector of the Main Ethiopia Rift. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 102 (4) 439-458 doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1990)102<0439:ggarbd>2.3.co;2
Webster, J. D., Taylor, R. P., & Bean, C. (1993). Pre-eruptive melt composition and constraints on degassing of a water-rich pantellerite magma, Fantale volcano, Ethiopia. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 114(1), 53-62. doi.org/10.1007/BF00307865
ⓘ 'Plagioclase'
Formula: (Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8
References:
Gibson, I.L. 1975. A review of the geology, petrology and geochemistry of the volcano Fantale. Bulletin Volcanologique, 38, 791-802.
Macdonald, R. & Bailey, D.K. 1973. The chemistry of peralkaline oversaturated obsidians. United States Geological Survey, Professional Paper, 440-N-11.
Gibson, Ian Lethbridge (1970) A pantelleritic welded ash-flow tuff from the Ethiopian Rift Valley. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 28 (2) 89-111 doi:10.1007/bf00404992
Dickinson, D. R., & Gibson, I. L. (1972). Feldspar fractionation and anomalous Sr87/Sr86 ratios in a suite of peralkaline silicic rocks. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 83(1), 231-240. doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1972)83[231:FFAASR]2.0.CO
GIRSON, I. L. (1972). The chemistry and petrogenesis of a suite of pantellerites from the Ethiopian Rift. Journal of Petrology, 13(1), 31-44. doi.org/10.1093/petrology/13.1.31
Woldegabriel, Giday, Aronson, James L., Walter, Robert C. (1990) Geology, geochronology, and rift basin development in the central sector of the Main Ethiopia Rift. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 102 (4) 439-458 doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1990)102<0439:ggarbd>2.3.co;2
Webster, J. D., Taylor, R. P., & Bean, C. (1993). Pre-eruptive melt composition and constraints on degassing of a water-rich pantellerite magma, Fantale volcano, Ethiopia. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 114(1), 53-62. doi.org/10.1007/BF00307865

Gallery:

List of minerals arranged by Strunz 10th Edition classification

Group 9 - Silicates
ⓘFayalite9.AC.05Fe2+2(SiO4)
ⓘAugite9.DA.15(CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6
ⓘvar. Ferroaugite9.DA.15(CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6
ⓘvar. Ferrohedenbergite9.DA.15(Ca,Mg,Fe)(Fe,Mg)Si2O6
ⓘAenigmatite9.DH.40Na4[Fe2+10Ti2]O4[Si12O36]
ⓘAlbite9.FA.35Na(AlSi3O8)
ⓘvar. Anorthoclase9.FA.35(Na,K)AlSi3O8
Unclassified
ⓘ'Feldspar Group'-
ⓘ'Fayalite-Forsterite Series'-
ⓘ'Plagioclase'-(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8

List of minerals for each chemical element

OOxygen
Oⓘ AenigmatiteNa4[Fe102+Ti2]O4[Si12O36]
Oⓘ AlbiteNa(AlSi3O8)
Oⓘ Albite var. Anorthoclase(Na,K)AlSi3O8
Oⓘ Augite(CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6
Oⓘ FayaliteFe22+(SiO4)
Oⓘ Fayalite-Forsterite Series
Oⓘ Plagioclase(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8
Oⓘ Augite var. Ferroaugite(CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6
Oⓘ Augite var. Ferrohedenbergite(Ca,Mg,Fe)(Fe,Mg)Si2O6
NaSodium
Naⓘ AenigmatiteNa4[Fe102+Ti2]O4[Si12O36]
Naⓘ AlbiteNa(AlSi3O8)
Naⓘ Albite var. Anorthoclase(Na,K)AlSi3O8
Naⓘ Plagioclase(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8
MgMagnesium
Mgⓘ Augite(CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6
Mgⓘ Fayalite-Forsterite Series
Mgⓘ Augite var. Ferroaugite(CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6
Mgⓘ Augite var. Ferrohedenbergite(Ca,Mg,Fe)(Fe,Mg)Si2O6
AlAluminium
Alⓘ AlbiteNa(AlSi3O8)
Alⓘ Albite var. Anorthoclase(Na,K)AlSi3O8
Alⓘ Plagioclase(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8
SiSilicon
Siⓘ AenigmatiteNa4[Fe102+Ti2]O4[Si12O36]
Siⓘ AlbiteNa(AlSi3O8)
Siⓘ Albite var. Anorthoclase(Na,K)AlSi3O8
Siⓘ Augite(CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6
Siⓘ FayaliteFe22+(SiO4)
Siⓘ Fayalite-Forsterite Series
Siⓘ Plagioclase(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8
Siⓘ Augite var. Ferroaugite(CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6
Siⓘ Augite var. Ferrohedenbergite(Ca,Mg,Fe)(Fe,Mg)Si2O6
KPotassium
Kⓘ Albite var. Anorthoclase(Na,K)AlSi3O8
CaCalcium
Caⓘ Augite(CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6
Caⓘ Plagioclase(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8
Caⓘ Augite var. Ferroaugite(CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6
Caⓘ Augite var. Ferrohedenbergite(Ca,Mg,Fe)(Fe,Mg)Si2O6
TiTitanium
Tiⓘ AenigmatiteNa4[Fe102+Ti2]O4[Si12O36]
FeIron
Feⓘ AenigmatiteNa4[Fe102+Ti2]O4[Si12O36]
Feⓘ Augite(CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6
Feⓘ FayaliteFe22+(SiO4)
Feⓘ Fayalite-Forsterite Series
Feⓘ Augite var. Ferroaugite(CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6
Feⓘ Augite var. Ferrohedenbergite(Ca,Mg,Fe)(Fe,Mg)Si2O6

Other Regions, Features and Areas containing this locality

AfricaContinent
African Plate
Somali PlateTectonic Plate

This page contains all mineral locality references listed on mindat.org. This does not claim to be a complete list. If you know of more minerals from this site, please register so you can add to our database. This locality information is for reference purposes only. You should never attempt to visit any sites listed in mindat.org without first ensuring that you have the permission of the land and/or mineral rights holders for access and that you are aware of all safety precautions necessary.

References

Gibson, I.L. 1975. A review of the geology, petrology and geochemistry of the volcano Fantale. Bulletin Volcanologique, 38, 791-802.
Macdonald, R. & Bailey, D.K. 1973. The chemistry of peralkaline oversaturated obsidians. United States Geological Survey, Professional Paper, 440-N-11.
Gibson, Ian Lethbridge (1970) A pantelleritic welded ash-flow tuff from the Ethiopian Rift Valley. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 28 (2) 89-111 doi:10.1007/bf00404992
Dickinson, D. R., & Gibson, I. L. (1972). Feldspar fractionation and anomalous Sr87/Sr86 ratios in a suite of peralkaline silicic rocks. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 83(1), 231-240. doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1972)83[231:FFAASR]2.0.CO;2
GIRSON, I. L. (1972). The chemistry and petrogenesis of a suite of pantellerites from the Ethiopian Rift. Journal of Petrology, 13(1), 31-44. doi.org/10.1093/petrology/13.1.31
Webster, J. D., Taylor, R. P., & Bean, C. (1993). Pre-eruptive melt composition and constraints on degassing of a water-rich pantellerite magma, Fantale volcano, Ethiopia. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 114(1), 53-62. doi.org/10.1007/BF00307865
Woolley, A. R. (2001) Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World, Part 3: Africa - Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World. The Geological Society of London.p.80
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