Larderello is a frazione of the comune of Pomarance, in Tuscany in central Italy, renowned for its geothermal productivity.

The region of Larderello has experienced occasional phreatic eruptions, caused by explosive outbursts of steam trapped below the surface. The water is contained in metamorphic rocks where it is turned to steam, which is then trapped beneath a dome of impermeable shales and clay. The steam escapes through faults in the dome and forces its way out in the hot springs. It possesses a dozen explosion craters, 30–250 m in diameter. The largest is the Lago Vecchienna crater, which last erupted around 1282 and is now filled by the Boracifero Lake.

Larderello now produces 10% of the world's entire supply of geothermal electricity, amounting to 4,800 GWh per year and powering about a million Italian households. Its geology makes it uniquely conducive to geothermal power production, with hot granite rocks lying unusually close to the surface, producing steam as hot as 202 °C (ca. 396 °F).

Contrary to popular belief, Larderello is not a volcano, as no eruptions of magma have occurred there at any point in history.

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Standard Detailed Gallery Strunz Chemical Elements

Mineral List

Mineral list contains entries from the region specified including sub-localities

36 valid minerals. 6 (TL) - type locality of valid minerals.

Rock Types Recorded

Rock list contains entries from the region specified including sub-localities

Select Rock List Type

Alphabetical List Tree Diagram

Detailed Mineral List:

ⓘ Actinolite

Formula: ◻Ca₂(Mg_4.5-2.5Fe_0.5-2.5)Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂

Locality: San Pompeo well no. 2, Larderello, Pomarance, Pisa Province, Tuscany, Italy

References:

Cavarretta, Giuseppe, Puxeddu, Mariano (1990) Schorl-dravite-ferridravite tourmalines deposited by hydrothermal magmatic fluids during early evolution of the Larderello geothermal field, Italy. Economic Geology, 85 (6) 1236-1251 doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.85.6.1236

ⓘ Almandine

Formula: Fe²⁺₃Al₂(SiO₄)₃

Locality: San Pompeo well no. 2, Larderello, Pomarance, Pisa Province, Tuscany, Italy

References:

ⓘ Alunite

Formula: KAl₃(SO₄)₂(OH)₆

References:

Orlandi P., (2005). Geositi minerari e mineralogici della provincia di Pisa. In: La geologia della provincia di Pisa. Cartografia, geositi e banche dati, Provincia di Pisa, Italy, pp. 55-280.

ⓘ Ammonioborite (TL)

Formula: (NH₄)₂[B₅O₆(OH)₄]₂ · H₂O

Type Locality:

Description: Ammonioborite is found as compact, fine-grained granular masses. In part as microscopic monoclinic or triclinic crystals, platy in habit and often grouped in parallel position. Cleavage apparently lacking. Found admixed with sassolite and larderellite, in part apparently as an alteration product of the latter species.

References:

D'Achiardi G. (1932) Considerazioni e ricerche sulla larderellite, ammonioborite (?) e bechilite (?) di Larderello (Pisa). Periodico di Mineralogia - Roma: 3: 36-42.

Palache, Charles; Berman, Harry; Frondel, Clifford (1951) The System of Mineralogy (7th ed.) Vol. 2 - Halides, Nitrates, Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Tungstates, Molybdates, Etc. John Wiley and Sons.

Chukanov, N.V. (2014) Infrared spectroscopy of minerals. Extended library. Volume 1. Springer, Dordrecht Heidelberg New York London, pages 73 and 75.

Perchiazzi, Natale, Armienti, Pietro, Iaccarino, Salvatore, Lezzerini, Marco, others (2016) A contribution to the mineralogy of the Larderello geothermal field. X-ray crystallographic studies on borate minerals" bechilite" and" lagonite" and crystal structure determination of ginorite. ATTI DELLA SOCIETÀ TOSCANA DI SCIENZE NATURALI RESIDENTE IN PISA. MEMORIE. SERIE A, 123. 79-87

ⓘ 'Apatite'

Formula: Ca₅(PO₄)₃A

Locality: San Pompeo well no. 2, Larderello, Pomarance, Pisa Province, Tuscany, Italy

References:

ⓘ Arsenopyrite

Formula: FeAsS

Locality: San Pompeo well no. 2, Larderello, Pomarance, Pisa Province, Tuscany, Italy

References:

ⓘ 'Bechilite'

Formula: CaB₄O₇ · 6H₂O

References:

D'Achiardi G. (1932) Considerazioni e ricerche sulla larderellite, ammonioborite (?) e bechilite (?) di Larderello (Pisa). Periodico di Mineralogia - Roma: 3: 36-42.

ⓘ 'Biotite'

Formula: K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂

Locality: San Pompeo well no. 2, Larderello, Pomarance, Pisa Province, Tuscany, Italy

References:

ⓘ Biringuccite (TL)

Formula: Na₂B₅O₈(OH) · H₂O

Type Locality:

References:

Cipriani, C. (1961) A proposito del nome del borato naturale 2Na2O·5B2O3·4H2O di Lardarello. Atti della Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei. Rendiconti della Classe di Scienze Fisiche, Matematiche e Naturali: 31: 141-142.

Cipriani, C., Vannuccini, P. (1961) Hoeferite e nasinite: due nuovi borati fra i prodotti di Larderello. Parte I. Atti della Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei. Rendiconti della Classe di Scienze Fisiche, Matematiche e Naturali: 30: 74-83.

Fleischer, Michael (1963) New Mineral Names. American Mineralogist, 48 (5-6) 708-712

(1983) Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Abhandlungen: 148: 163.

ⓘ Borax

Formula: Na₂(B₄O₅)(OH)₄ · 8H₂O

References:

Nannoni, R., Sammartino, F. (1977) Guida ai minerali dei Monti Livornesi. Calderinni, Bologna.

ⓘ Cobaltite

Formula: CoAsS

References:

Cavarretta, Giuseppe, Gianelli, Giovanni, Puxeddu, Mariano (1982) Formation of authigenic minerals and their use as indicators of the physicochemical parameters of the fluid in the Larderello-Travale geothermal field. Economic Geology, 77 (5) 1071-1084 doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.77.5.1071

ⓘ Corundum

Formula: Al₂O₃

Locality: San Pompeo well no. 2, Larderello, Pomarance, Pisa Province, Tuscany, Italy

References:

ⓘ Datolite

Formula: CaB(SiO₄)(OH)

Locality: San Pompeo well no. 2, Larderello, Pomarance, Pisa Province, Tuscany, Italy

References:

ⓘ Epidote

Formula: (CaCa)(AlAlFe³⁺)O[Si₂O₇][SiO₄](OH)

Localities:

Larderello, Pomarance, Pisa Province, Tuscany, Italy
San Pompeo well no. 2, Larderello, Pomarance, Pisa Province, Tuscany, Italy

ⓘ Epsomite

Formula: MgSO₄ · 7H₂O

References:

Orlandi P., (2005). Geositi minerari e mineralogici della provincia di Pisa. In: La geologia della provincia di Pisa. Cartografia, geositi e banche dati, Provincia di Pisa, Italy, pp. 55-280.

ⓘ 'Garnet Group'

Formula: X₃Z₂(SiO₄)₃

References:

Bird, Dennis K., Schiffman, Peter, Elders, Wilfred A., Williams, Alan E., McDowell, S. Douglas (1984) Calc-silicate mineralization in active geothermal systems. Economic Geology, 79 (4) 671-695 doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.79.4.671

ⓘ Graphite

Formula: C

Locality: San Pompeo well no. 2, Larderello, Pomarance, Pisa Province, Tuscany, Italy

References:

ⓘ Gypsum

Formula: CaSO₄ · 2H₂O

References:

ⓘ Ilmenite

Formula: Fe²⁺TiO₃

Locality: San Pompeo well no. 2, Larderello, Pomarance, Pisa Province, Tuscany, Italy

References:

ⓘ Kernite

Formula: Na₂[B₄O₆(OH)₂] · 3H₂O

Description: Colourless acicular crystals in association with ulexite, orpiment, and realgar.

References:

Chukanov, N.V. (2014) Infrared spectroscopy of minerals. Extended library. Volume 1. Springer, Dordrecht Heidelberg New York London, page 76.

ⓘ 'K Feldspar'

Locality: San Pompeo well no. 2, Larderello, Pomarance, Pisa Province, Tuscany, Italy

References:

ⓘ 'Lagonite'

References:

ⓘ Larderellite (TL)

Formula: (NH₄)B₅O₇(OH)₂ · H₂O

Type Locality:

References:

D'Achiardi, G. (1930) Nuovi dati e ricerche sulla larderellite. Periodico di Mineralogia - Roma: 1: 208-213.

Millosevich, F. (1930) Larderellite e paternoite. Periodico di Mineralogia - Roma: 1: 214-215.

D'Achiardi G. (1932) Considerazioni e ricerche sulla larderellite, ammonioborite (?) e bechilite (?) di Larderello (Pisa). Periodico di Mineralogia - Roma: 3: 36-42.

Chukanov, N.V. (2014) Infrared spectroscopy of minerals. Extended library. Volume 1. Springer, Dordrecht Heidelberg New York London, page 46 and 67.

ⓘ Molysite

Formula: FeCl₃

References:

https://e-rocks.com/item/sky862112/molysiteIdentification: Visual Identification

(2005) Molysite. Handbook of Mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America

ⓘ Nasinite (TL)

Formula: Na₂[B₅O₈(OH)] · 2H₂O

Type Locality:

References:

Cipriani, C. (1959) Un nuovo borato a Lardello (abs.) Rendiconti della Società Mineralogica Italiana: 15: 344.

Cipriani, C., Vannuccini, P. (1961) Hoeferite e nasinite: due nuovi borati fra i prodotti di Larderello. Parte II. Atti della Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei. Rendiconti della Classe di Scienze Fisiche, Matematiche e Naturali: 30: 235-245.

Cipriani, C. (1961) A proposito del nome del borato naturale 2Na2O*5B2O3*4H2O do Lardarello. Atti accad. nazl. Lincei, Rend. classe sci. fis., mat. e nat.: 31: 141-142.

Fleischer, Michael (1963) New Mineral Names. American Mineralogist, 48 (5-6) 708-712

ⓘ Native Sulphur

Formula: S₈

References:

D'Achiardi, A. (1872-73) Mineralogia della Toscana. Tipografia Nistri, Pisa, 2 volumes, 678 pages.

ⓘ Orpiment

Formula: As₂S₃

References:

Anthony, John Williams, Bideaux, Richard A., Bladh, Kenneth W., Nichols, Monte C. (2003) Handbook of Mineralogy Vol. 5 - Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates. Mineral Data Publishing, Tucson, Arizona.

Chukanov, N.V. (2014) Infrared spectroscopy of minerals. Extended library. Volume 1. Springer, Dordrecht Heidelberg New York London, page 76.

ⓘ 'Plagioclase'

Formula: (Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈

Locality: San Pompeo well no. 2, Larderello, Pomarance, Pisa Province, Tuscany, Italy

References:

ⓘ Prehnite

Formula: Ca₂Al₂Si₃O₁₀(OH)₂

References:

ⓘ Pyrrhotite

Formula: Fe_1-xS

Locality: San Pompeo well no. 2, Larderello, Pomarance, Pisa Province, Tuscany, Italy

References:

ⓘ Quartz

Formula: SiO₂

References:

Anthony, John Williams, Bideaux, Richard A., Bladh, Kenneth W., Nichols, Monte C. (2003) Handbook of Mineralogy Vol. 5 - Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates. Mineral Data Publishing, Tucson, Arizona.

ⓘ Realgar

Formula: As₄S₄

References:

Chukanov, N.V. (2014) Infrared spectroscopy of minerals. Extended library. Volume 1. Springer, Dordrecht Heidelberg New York London, page 76.

ⓘ Santite (TL)

Formula: K[B₅O₆(OH)₄] · 2H₂O

Type Locality:

References:

Merlino, Stefano, Sartori, Franco (1970) Santite, a new mineral phase from Larderello, Tuscany. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 27 (2) 159-165 doi:10.1007/bf00371981

ⓘ Sassolite

Formula: H₃BO₃

References:

Merlino, Stefano, Sartori, Franco (1970) Santite, a new mineral phase from Larderello, Tuscany. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 27 (2) 159-165 doi:10.1007/bf00371981

ⓘ Sborgite (TL)

Formula: Na[B₅O₆(OH)₄] · 3H₂O

Type Locality:

References:

Cipriani, C. (1957) Un nuovo minerale fra i prodotti boriferi di Larderello. Atti della Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei. Rendiconti della Classe di Scienze Fisiche, Matematiche e Naturali: 22: 519-525.

Fleischer, M. (1958) New Mineral Names. American Mineralogist, 43 (3-4). 378-387

ⓘ Thénardite

Formula: Na₂SO₄

References:

Anthony, John Williams, Bideaux, Richard A., Bladh, Kenneth W., Nichols, Monte C. (2003) Handbook of Mineralogy Vol. 5 - Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates. Mineral Data Publishing, Tucson, Arizona.

ⓘ Tincalconite

Formula: Na₂(B₄O₇) · 5H₂O

References:

Quagliarella Asciano F., Vurro F. (1973) - Tincalconite di Larderello - Per. Min. Roma, 42, 3, pp. 583-589

ⓘ Titanite

Formula: CaTiO(SiO₄)

Localities:

Larderello, Pomarance, Pisa Province, Tuscany, Italy
San Pompeo well no. 2, Larderello, Pomarance, Pisa Province, Tuscany, Italy

ⓘ 'Tourmaline'

Formula: AD₃G₆(T₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃X₃Z

Locality: San Pompeo well no. 2, Larderello, Pomarance, Pisa Province, Tuscany, Italy

References:

ⓘ Tremolite

Formula: ◻Ca₂Mg₅(Si₈O₂₂)(OH)₂

Locality: San Pompeo well no. 2, Larderello, Pomarance, Pisa Province, Tuscany, Italy

References:

ⓘ Tschermigite

Formula: (NH₄)Al(SO₄)₂ · 12H₂O

References:

Coradossi, N. (1973). Nuovi ritrovamenti di composti di ammonio in zone geotermiche. Rendiconti della Società Italiana di Mineralogia e Petrologia, 29, 129.

ⓘ Ulexite

Formula: NaCa[B₅O₆(OH)₆] · 5H₂O

Description: Colourless crystals in association with kernite, orpiment, and realgar.

References:

Chukanov, N.V. (2014) Infrared spectroscopy of minerals. Extended library. Volume 1. Springer, Dordrecht Heidelberg New York London, page 76.

ⓘ Wairakite

Formula: Ca(Al₂Si₄O₁₂) · 2H₂O

References:

ⓘ Wollastonite

Formula: Ca₃(Si₃O₉)

References:

Gallery:

Na₂B₅O₈(OH) · H₂Oⓘ Biringuccite (TL)

Biringuccite

Larderello, Pomarance, Pisa Province, Tuscany, Italy

Biringuccite

Larderello, Pomarance, Pisa Province, Tuscany, Italy

Biringuccite

Larderello, Pomarance, Pisa Province, Tuscany, Italy

As₄S₄ⓘ Realgar

Realgar

Larderello, Pomarance, Pisa Province, Tuscany, Italy

Realgar

Larderello, Pomarance, Pisa Province, Tuscany, Italy

Realgar

Larderello, Pomarance, Pisa Province, Tuscany, Italy

H₃BO₃ⓘ Sassolite

Sassolite

Larderello, Pomarance, Pisa Province, Tuscany, Italy

Sassolite

Larderello, Pomarance, Pisa Province, Tuscany, Italy

Sassolite

Larderello, Pomarance, Pisa Province, Tuscany, Italy

List of minerals arranged by Strunz 10th Edition classification

Group 1 - Elements
ⓘ	Graphite	1.CB.05a	C
ⓘ	Native Sulphur	1.CC.05	S₈
Group 2 - Sulphides and Sulfosalts
ⓘ	Pyrrhotite	2.CC.10	Fe_1-xS
ⓘ	Arsenopyrite	2.EB.20	FeAsS
ⓘ	Cobaltite	2.EB.25	CoAsS
ⓘ	Realgar	2.FA.15a	As₄S₄
ⓘ	Orpiment	2.FA.30	As₂S₃
Group 3 - Halides
ⓘ	Molysite	3.AC.10	FeCl₃
Group 4 - Oxides and Hydroxides
ⓘ	Corundum	4.CB.05	Al₂O₃
ⓘ	Ilmenite	4.CB.05	Fe²⁺TiO₃
ⓘ	Quartz	4.DA.05	SiO₂
Group 6 - Borates
ⓘ	Sassolite	6.AA.05	H₃BO₃
ⓘ	Borax	6.DA.10	Na₂(B₄O₅)(OH)₄ · 8H₂O
ⓘ	Tincalconite	6.DA.15	Na₂(B₄O₇) · 5H₂O
ⓘ	Kernite	6.DB.05	Na₂[B₄O₆(OH)₂] · 3H₂O
ⓘ	Sborgite (TL)	6.EA.05	Na[B₅O₆(OH)₄] · 3H₂O
ⓘ	Santite (TL)	6.EA.10	K[B₅O₆(OH)₄] · 2H₂O
ⓘ	Ammonioborite (TL)	6.EA.15	(NH₄)₂[B₅O₆(OH)₄]₂ · H₂O
ⓘ	Ulexite	6.EA.25	NaCa[B₅O₆(OH)₆] · 5H₂O
ⓘ	Larderellite (TL)	6.EB.05	(NH₄)B₅O₇(OH)₂ · H₂O
ⓘ	Biringuccite (TL)	6.EC.05	Na₂B₅O₈(OH) · H₂O
ⓘ	Nasinite (TL)	6.EC.05	Na₂[B₅O₈(OH)] · 2H₂O
Group 7 - Sulphates, Chromates, Molybdates and Tungstates
ⓘ	Thénardite	7.AD.25	Na₂SO₄
ⓘ	Alunite	7.BC.10	KAl₃(SO₄)₂(OH)₆
ⓘ	Epsomite	7.CB.40	MgSO₄ · 7H₂O
ⓘ	Tschermigite	7.CC.20	(NH₄)Al(SO₄)₂ · 12H₂O
ⓘ	Gypsum	7.CD.40	CaSO₄ · 2H₂O
Group 9 - Silicates
ⓘ	Almandine	9.AD.25	Fe²⁺₃Al₂(SiO₄)₃
ⓘ	Titanite	9.AG.15	CaTiO(SiO₄)
ⓘ	Datolite	9.AJ.20	CaB(SiO₄)(OH)
ⓘ	Epidote	9.BG.05a	(CaCa)(AlAlFe³⁺)O[Si₂O₇][SiO₄](OH)
ⓘ	Actinolite	9.DE.10	◻Ca₂(Mg_4.5-2.5Fe_0.5-2.5)Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂
ⓘ	Tremolite	9.DE.10	◻Ca₂Mg₅(Si₈O₂₂)(OH)₂
ⓘ	Wollastonite	9.DG.05	Ca₃(Si₃O₉)
ⓘ	Prehnite	9.DP.20	Ca₂Al₂Si₃O₁₀(OH)₂
ⓘ	Wairakite	9.GB.05	Ca(Al₂Si₄O₁₂) · 2H₂O
Unclassified
ⓘ	'Bechilite'	-	CaB₄O₇ · 6H₂O
ⓘ	'Biotite'	-	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
ⓘ	'Tourmaline'	-	AD₃G₆(T₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃X₃Z
ⓘ	'Plagioclase'	-	(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈
ⓘ	'K Feldspar'	-
ⓘ	'Garnet Group'	-	X₃Z₂(SiO₄)₃
ⓘ	'Apatite'	-	Ca₅(PO₄)₃A
ⓘ	'Lagonite'	-

List of minerals for each chemical element

H	Hydrogen
H	ⓘ Actinolite	◻Ca₂(Mg_4.5-2.5Fe_0.5-2.5)Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂
H	ⓘ Alunite	KAl₃(SO₄)₂(OH)₆
H	ⓘ Ammonioborite	(NH₄)₂[B₅O₆(OH)₄]₂ · H₂O
H	ⓘ Bechilite	CaB₄O₇ · 6H₂O
H	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
H	ⓘ Biringuccite	Na₂B₅O₈(OH) · H₂O
H	ⓘ Borax	Na₂(B₄O₅)(OH)₄ · 8H₂O
H	ⓘ Datolite	CaB(SiO₄)(OH)
H	ⓘ Epidote	(CaCa)(AlAlFe³⁺)O[Si₂O₇][SiO₄](OH)
H	ⓘ Epsomite	MgSO₄ · 7H₂O
H	ⓘ Gypsum	CaSO₄ · 2H₂O
H	ⓘ Kernite	Na₂[B₄O₆(OH)₂] · 3H₂O
H	ⓘ Larderellite	(NH₄)B₅O₇(OH)₂ · H₂O
H	ⓘ Nasinite	Na₂[B₅O₈(OH)] · 2H₂O
H	ⓘ Prehnite	Ca₂Al₂Si₃O₁₀(OH)₂
H	ⓘ Santite	K[B₅O₆(OH)₄] · 2H₂O
H	ⓘ Sassolite	H₃BO₃
H	ⓘ Sborgite	Na[B₅O₆(OH)₄] · 3H₂O
H	ⓘ Tincalconite	Na₂(B₄O₇) · 5H₂O
H	ⓘ Tremolite	◻Ca₂Mg₅(Si₈O₂₂)(OH)₂
H	ⓘ Tschermigite	(NH₄)Al(SO₄)₂ · 12H₂O
H	ⓘ Ulexite	NaCa[B₅O₆(OH)₆] · 5H₂O
H	ⓘ Wairakite	Ca(Al₂Si₄O₁₂) · 2H₂O
B	Boron
B	ⓘ Ammonioborite	(NH₄)₂[B₅O₆(OH)₄]₂ · H₂O
B	ⓘ Bechilite	CaB₄O₇ · 6H₂O
B	ⓘ Biringuccite	Na₂B₅O₈(OH) · H₂O
B	ⓘ Borax	Na₂(B₄O₅)(OH)₄ · 8H₂O
B	ⓘ Datolite	CaB(SiO₄)(OH)
B	ⓘ Kernite	Na₂[B₄O₆(OH)₂] · 3H₂O
B	ⓘ Larderellite	(NH₄)B₅O₇(OH)₂ · H₂O
B	ⓘ Nasinite	Na₂[B₅O₈(OH)] · 2H₂O
B	ⓘ Santite	K[B₅O₆(OH)₄] · 2H₂O
B	ⓘ Sassolite	H₃BO₃
B	ⓘ Sborgite	Na[B₅O₆(OH)₄] · 3H₂O
B	ⓘ Tincalconite	Na₂(B₄O₇) · 5H₂O
B	ⓘ Tourmaline	AD₃G₆(T₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃X₃Z
B	ⓘ Ulexite	NaCa[B₅O₆(OH)₆] · 5H₂O
C	Carbon
C	ⓘ Graphite	C
N	Nitrogen
N	ⓘ Ammonioborite	(NH₄)₂[B₅O₆(OH)₄]₂ · H₂O
N	ⓘ Larderellite	(NH₄)B₅O₇(OH)₂ · H₂O
N	ⓘ Tschermigite	(NH₄)Al(SO₄)₂ · 12H₂O
O	Oxygen
O	ⓘ Actinolite	◻Ca₂(Mg_4.5-2.5Fe_0.5-2.5)Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂
O	ⓘ Alunite	KAl₃(SO₄)₂(OH)₆
O	ⓘ Ammonioborite	(NH₄)₂[B₅O₆(OH)₄]₂ · H₂O
O	ⓘ Almandine	Fe₃²⁺Al₂(SiO₄)₃
O	ⓘ Bechilite	CaB₄O₇ · 6H₂O
O	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
O	ⓘ Biringuccite	Na₂B₅O₈(OH) · H₂O
O	ⓘ Borax	Na₂(B₄O₅)(OH)₄ · 8H₂O
O	ⓘ Corundum	Al₂O₃
O	ⓘ Datolite	CaB(SiO₄)(OH)
O	ⓘ Epidote	(CaCa)(AlAlFe³⁺)O[Si₂O₇][SiO₄](OH)
O	ⓘ Epsomite	MgSO₄ · 7H₂O
O	ⓘ Gypsum	CaSO₄ · 2H₂O
O	ⓘ Ilmenite	Fe²⁺TiO₃
O	ⓘ Kernite	Na₂[B₄O₆(OH)₂] · 3H₂O
O	ⓘ Larderellite	(NH₄)B₅O₇(OH)₂ · H₂O
O	ⓘ Nasinite	Na₂[B₅O₈(OH)] · 2H₂O
O	ⓘ Prehnite	Ca₂Al₂Si₃O₁₀(OH)₂
O	ⓘ Quartz	SiO₂
O	ⓘ Santite	K[B₅O₆(OH)₄] · 2H₂O
O	ⓘ Sassolite	H₃BO₃
O	ⓘ Sborgite	Na[B₅O₆(OH)₄] · 3H₂O
O	ⓘ Thénardite	Na₂SO₄
O	ⓘ Tincalconite	Na₂(B₄O₇) · 5H₂O
O	ⓘ Titanite	CaTiO(SiO₄)
O	ⓘ Tourmaline	AD₃G₆(T₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃X₃Z
O	ⓘ Tremolite	◻Ca₂Mg₅(Si₈O₂₂)(OH)₂
O	ⓘ Tschermigite	(NH₄)Al(SO₄)₂ · 12H₂O
O	ⓘ Ulexite	NaCa[B₅O₆(OH)₆] · 5H₂O
O	ⓘ Wairakite	Ca(Al₂Si₄O₁₂) · 2H₂O
O	ⓘ Wollastonite	Ca₃(Si₃O₉)
O	ⓘ Plagioclase	(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈
O	ⓘ Garnet Group	X₃Z₂(SiO₄)₃
O	ⓘ Apatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃A
F	Fluorine
F	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
Na	Sodium
Na	ⓘ Biringuccite	Na₂B₅O₈(OH) · H₂O
Na	ⓘ Borax	Na₂(B₄O₅)(OH)₄ · 8H₂O
Na	ⓘ Kernite	Na₂[B₄O₆(OH)₂] · 3H₂O
Na	ⓘ Nasinite	Na₂[B₅O₈(OH)] · 2H₂O
Na	ⓘ Sborgite	Na[B₅O₆(OH)₄] · 3H₂O
Na	ⓘ Thénardite	Na₂SO₄
Na	ⓘ Tincalconite	Na₂(B₄O₇) · 5H₂O
Na	ⓘ Ulexite	NaCa[B₅O₆(OH)₆] · 5H₂O
Na	ⓘ Plagioclase	(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈
Mg	Magnesium
Mg	ⓘ Actinolite	◻Ca₂(Mg_4.5-2.5Fe_0.5-2.5)Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂
Mg	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
Mg	ⓘ Epsomite	MgSO₄ · 7H₂O
Mg	ⓘ Tremolite	◻Ca₂Mg₅(Si₈O₂₂)(OH)₂
Al	Aluminium
Al	ⓘ Alunite	KAl₃(SO₄)₂(OH)₆
Al	ⓘ Almandine	Fe₃²⁺Al₂(SiO₄)₃
Al	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
Al	ⓘ Corundum	Al₂O₃
Al	ⓘ Epidote	(CaCa)(AlAlFe³⁺)O[Si₂O₇][SiO₄](OH)
Al	ⓘ Prehnite	Ca₂Al₂Si₃O₁₀(OH)₂
Al	ⓘ Tschermigite	(NH₄)Al(SO₄)₂ · 12H₂O
Al	ⓘ Wairakite	Ca(Al₂Si₄O₁₂) · 2H₂O
Al	ⓘ Plagioclase	(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈
Si	Silicon
Si	ⓘ Actinolite	◻Ca₂(Mg_4.5-2.5Fe_0.5-2.5)Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂
Si	ⓘ Almandine	Fe₃²⁺Al₂(SiO₄)₃
Si	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
Si	ⓘ Datolite	CaB(SiO₄)(OH)
Si	ⓘ Epidote	(CaCa)(AlAlFe³⁺)O[Si₂O₇][SiO₄](OH)
Si	ⓘ Prehnite	Ca₂Al₂Si₃O₁₀(OH)₂
Si	ⓘ Quartz	SiO₂
Si	ⓘ Titanite	CaTiO(SiO₄)
Si	ⓘ Tremolite	◻Ca₂Mg₅(Si₈O₂₂)(OH)₂
Si	ⓘ Wairakite	Ca(Al₂Si₄O₁₂) · 2H₂O
Si	ⓘ Wollastonite	Ca₃(Si₃O₉)
Si	ⓘ Plagioclase	(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈
Si	ⓘ Garnet Group	X₃Z₂(SiO₄)₃
P	Phosphorus
P	ⓘ Apatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃A
S	Sulfur
S	ⓘ Alunite	KAl₃(SO₄)₂(OH)₆
S	ⓘ Arsenopyrite	FeAsS
S	ⓘ Cobaltite	CoAsS
S	ⓘ Epsomite	MgSO₄ · 7H₂O
S	ⓘ Gypsum	CaSO₄ · 2H₂O
S	ⓘ Orpiment	As₂S₃
S	ⓘ Pyrrhotite	Fe_1-xS
S	ⓘ Realgar	As₄S₄
S	ⓘ Native Sulphur	S₈
S	ⓘ Thénardite	Na₂SO₄
S	ⓘ Tschermigite	(NH₄)Al(SO₄)₂ · 12H₂O
Cl	Chlorine
Cl	ⓘ Molysite	FeCl₃
K	Potassium
K	ⓘ Alunite	KAl₃(SO₄)₂(OH)₆
K	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
K	ⓘ Santite	K[B₅O₆(OH)₄] · 2H₂O
Ca	Calcium
Ca	ⓘ Actinolite	◻Ca₂(Mg_4.5-2.5Fe_0.5-2.5)Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂
Ca	ⓘ Bechilite	CaB₄O₇ · 6H₂O
Ca	ⓘ Datolite	CaB(SiO₄)(OH)
Ca	ⓘ Epidote	(CaCa)(AlAlFe³⁺)O[Si₂O₇][SiO₄](OH)
Ca	ⓘ Gypsum	CaSO₄ · 2H₂O
Ca	ⓘ Prehnite	Ca₂Al₂Si₃O₁₀(OH)₂
Ca	ⓘ Titanite	CaTiO(SiO₄)
Ca	ⓘ Tremolite	◻Ca₂Mg₅(Si₈O₂₂)(OH)₂
Ca	ⓘ Ulexite	NaCa[B₅O₆(OH)₆] · 5H₂O
Ca	ⓘ Wairakite	Ca(Al₂Si₄O₁₂) · 2H₂O
Ca	ⓘ Wollastonite	Ca₃(Si₃O₉)
Ca	ⓘ Plagioclase	(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈
Ca	ⓘ Apatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃A
Ti	Titanium
Ti	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
Ti	ⓘ Ilmenite	Fe²⁺TiO₃
Ti	ⓘ Titanite	CaTiO(SiO₄)
Fe	Iron
Fe	ⓘ Actinolite	◻Ca₂(Mg_4.5-2.5Fe_0.5-2.5)Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂
Fe	ⓘ Arsenopyrite	FeAsS
Fe	ⓘ Almandine	Fe₃²⁺Al₂(SiO₄)₃
Fe	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
Fe	ⓘ Epidote	(CaCa)(AlAlFe³⁺)O[Si₂O₇][SiO₄](OH)
Fe	ⓘ Ilmenite	Fe²⁺TiO₃
Fe	ⓘ Molysite	FeCl₃
Fe	ⓘ Pyrrhotite	Fe_1-xS
Co	Cobalt
Co	ⓘ Cobaltite	CoAsS
As	Arsenic
As	ⓘ Arsenopyrite	FeAsS
As	ⓘ Cobaltite	CoAsS
As	ⓘ Orpiment	As₂S₃
As	ⓘ Realgar	As₄S₄

Fossils

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Other Databases

Wikipedia:	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larderello
Wikidata ID:	Q1805895

Localities in this Region

Italy

Tuscany
- Pisa Province
  - Pomarance
    - Larderello
      - San Pompeo well no. 2
      - ⭔Sant'Edoardo

Other Regions, Features and Areas that Intersect

Eurasian PlateTectonic Plate

Campanian ArcVolcanic Arc

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References

Santilano, A. (2016) Deep geothermal exploration by means of electromagnetic methods: New insights from the Larderello geothermal field (Italy). Doctoral dissertation, Politecnico di Torino, 264 pages.

Pennisi, M., Orlandi, P. (2012) Chemical and mineralogic characteristics of borogypsum produced by acid dissolution of colemanite at Larderello (Italy). Atti della Società toscana di Scienze naturali, Memorie, Serie A, 117-119: 37-40, 2 figures, 1 table; doi: 10.2424/ASTSN.M.2012.26

D'Achiardi, A. (1872-73) Mineralogia della Toscana. Tipografia Nistri, Pisa, 2 volumes, 678 pages.

Merlino, Stefano, Sartori, Franco (1970) Santite, a new mineral phase from Larderello, Tuscany. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 27 (2) 159-165 doi:10.1007/bf00371981

Coradossi, N. (1973). Nuovi ritrovamenti di composti di ammonio in zone geotermiche. Rendiconti della Società Italiana di Mineralogia e Petrologia, 29, 129.

Orlandi P., (2005). Geositi minerari e mineralogici della provincia di Pisa. In: La geologia della provincia di Pisa. Cartografia, geositi e banche dati, Provincia di Pisa, Italy, pp. 55-280.

en.wikipedia.org (2005) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larderello

Chukanov, N.V. (2014) Infrared spectroscopy of minerals. Extended library. Volume 1. Springer, Dordrecht Heidelberg New York London, pages 46, 67, 73, 75, and 76.

Liotta, Domenico, Bellani, Stefano, Brogi, Andrea, Manzella, Adele, Ruggieri, Giovanni, Zucchi, Martina (2025) The progress of geothermal knowledge at Larderello, Italy. Italian Journal of Geosciences, 144 (2). doi:10.3301/ijg.2025.05

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Larderello, Pomarance, Pisa Province, Tuscany, Italy i
Regional Level Types
Larderello Geothermal Field
Pomarance Commune
Pisa Province Province
Tuscany Region
Italy Country