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Kangankunde Carbonatite Complex, Balaka, Southern Region, Malawii
Regional Level Types
Kangankunde Carbonatite ComplexComplex
BalakaDistrict
Southern RegionRegion
MalawiCountry

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PhotosMapsSearch
07609430017271982411955.jpg
Monazite Group

Kangankunde Carbonatite Complex, Balaka, Southern Region, Malawi
01900310017272056644631.jpg
Monazite Group

Kangankunde Carbonatite Complex, Balaka, Southern Region, Malawi
07609430017271982411955.jpg
Monazite Group

Kangankunde Carbonatite Complex, Balaka, Southern Region, Malawi
01900310017272056644631.jpg
Monazite Group

Kangankunde Carbonatite Complex, Balaka, Southern Region, Malawi
07609430017271982411955.jpg
Monazite Group

Kangankunde Carbonatite Complex, Balaka, Southern Region, Malawi
01900310017272056644631.jpg
Monazite Group

Kangankunde Carbonatite Complex, Balaka, Southern Region, Malawi
Latitude & Longitude (WGS84):
15° 7' 30'' South , 34° 54' 33'' East
Latitude & Longitude (decimal):
-15.12500,34.90944
GRN:
S11E24
Type:
Complex
Köppen climate type:
Cwa : Monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate
Mindat Locality ID:
26430
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:2:26430:0
GUID (UUID V4):
0


REE deposit in Late Cretaceous dolomitic carbonatite and fenite.

Carbonatite complex that is characterized by the almost total absence of associated igneous silicate rocks.It forms a low ridge that is underlain by an oval area of carbonatites of some 700 x 400 m around which is a broad collar of potassic feldspathic breccias, agglomerate and fenite.

Minerals of economic interest are monazite, strontianite, other RE minerals, barite, sphalerite, manganese oxides, apatite and fluorite of which the first 2 have the greatest potential.
There has been extensive drilling and trenching for monazite and an exploration tunnel was driven into the hill. High concentrations of monazite (45 lbs per ton) have been found in soils, of which there are several million tons, but the greatest potential is in the in situ carbonatites. For estimates of ore reserves and grades see Holt (1965).

Select Mineral List Type

Standard Detailed Gallery Strunz Chemical Elements

Commodity List

This is a list of exploitable or exploited mineral commodities recorded at this locality.


Mineral List


24 valid minerals.

Rock Types Recorded

Note: data is currently VERY limited. Please bear with us while we work towards adding this information!

Select Rock List Type

Alphabetical List Tree Diagram

Detailed Mineral List:

ⓘ Aegirine
Formula: NaFe3+Si2O6
References:
Garson, M.S. 1965. The geology of the area west of Lake Malombe, Fort Johnston District. Records, Geological Survey of Malawi, 3, 35-48.
Garson, M.S. &. Morgan, D.J. 1978. Secondary strontianite at Kangankunde carbonatite complex, Malawi. Transactions, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 87B, 70-73.
Cahen, L., & Snelling, N. J. (1966). The geochronology of equatorial Africa. North-Holland Publishing Company.
Woolley, A. R. (1969). Some aspects of fenitization with particular reference to Chilwa Island and Kangankunde, Malawi. British Museum (Natural History), Mineralogy, 2, 189-219.
Buckley, H. A., & Woolley, A. R. (1990). Carbonates of the magnesite–siderite series from four carbonatite complexes. Mineralogical Magazine, 54(376), 413-418. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.617.6641&rep=rep1&type=pdf
ZIEGLER, U. F. (1992). Preliminary results of geochemistry, Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr studies of post-Karoo carbonatite complexes in Southern Africa. Schweizerische mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen, 72(1), 141-148.
ⓘ 'Amphibole Supergroup'
Formula: AB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2
References:
Garson, M.S. 1965. The geology of the area west of Lake Malombe, Fort Johnston District. Records, Geological Survey of Malawi, 3, 35-48.
Garson, M.S. &. Morgan, D.J. 1978. Secondary strontianite at Kangankunde carbonatite complex, Malawi. Transactions, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 87B, 70-73.
Garson, M.S. 1965. The geology of the area west of Lake Malombe, Fort Johnston District. Records, Geological Survey of Malawi, 3, 35-48.
Garson, M.S. &. Morgan, D.J. 1978. Secondary strontianite at Kangankunde carbonatite complex, Malawi. Transactions, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 87B, 70-73.
Cahen, L., & Snelling, N. J. (1966). The geochronology of equatorial Africa. North-Holland Publishing Company.
Woolley, A. R. (1969). Some aspects of fenitization with particular reference to Chilwa Island and Kangankunde, Malawi. British Museum (Natural History), Mineralogy, 2, 189-219.
Buckley, H. A., & Woolley, A. R. (1990). Carbonates of the magnesite–siderite series from four carbonatite complexes. Mineralogical Magazine, 54(376), 413-418. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.617.6641&rep=rep1&type=pdf
ZIEGLER, U. F. (1992). Preliminary results of geochemistry, Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr studies of post-Karoo carbonatite complexes in Southern Africa. Schweizerische mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen, 72(1), 141-148.
ⓘ Ankerite
Formula: Ca(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2
References:
Garson, M.S. 1965. The geology of the area west of Lake Malombe, Fort Johnston District. Records, Geological Survey of Malawi, 3, 35-48.
Garson, M.S. &. Morgan, D.J. 1978. Secondary strontianite at Kangankunde carbonatite complex, Malawi. Transactions, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 87B, 70-73.
Cahen, L., & Snelling, N. J. (1966). The geochronology of equatorial Africa. North-Holland Publishing Company.
Woolley, A. R. (1969). Some aspects of fenitization with particular reference to Chilwa Island and Kangankunde, Malawi. British Museum (Natural History), Mineralogy, 2, 189-219.
Buckley, H. A., & Woolley, A. R. (1990). Carbonates of the magnesite–siderite series from four carbonatite complexes. Mineralogical Magazine, 54(376), 413-418. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.617.6641&rep=rep1&type=pdf
ZIEGLER, U. F. (1992). Preliminary results of geochemistry, Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr studies of post-Karoo carbonatite complexes in Southern Africa. Schweizerische mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen, 72(1), 141-148.
Wall, F. and Mariano, A.N. (1996) Rare earth minerals in carbonatites: a discussion centered on the Kangankunde carbonatite, Malawi. In: Rare Earth Minerals: Chemistry, Origin and Ore Deposits (A.P. Jones, F. Wall, & C.T. Williams, editors). Chapman & Hall, London, U.K. (193-225).
Berger, Vladimir I.; Singer, Donald A.; Orris, Greta J. (2009) Carbonatites of the World, Explored Deposits of Nb and REE—Database and Grade and Tonnage Models . Open-File Report 2009-1139. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr20091139
ⓘ 'Apatite'
Formula: Ca5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
References:
Garson, M.S. 1965. The geology of the area west of Lake Malombe, Fort Johnston District. Records, Geological Survey of Malawi, 3, 35-48.
Garson, M.S. &. Morgan, D.J. 1978. Secondary strontianite at Kangankunde carbonatite complex, Malawi. Transactions, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 87B, 70-73.
Garson, M.S. 1965. The geology of the area west of Lake Malombe, Fort Johnston District. Records, Geological Survey of Malawi, 3, 35-48.
Garson, M.S. &. Morgan, D.J. 1978. Secondary strontianite at Kangankunde carbonatite complex, Malawi. Transactions, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 87B, 70-73.
Cahen, L., & Snelling, N. J. (1966). The geochronology of equatorial Africa. North-Holland Publishing Company.
Woolley, A. R. (1969). Some aspects of fenitization with particular reference to Chilwa Island and Kangankunde, Malawi. British Museum (Natural History), Mineralogy, 2, 189-219.
Buckley, H. A., & Woolley, A. R. (1990). Carbonates of the magnesite–siderite series from four carbonatite complexes. Mineralogical Magazine, 54(376), 413-418. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.617.6641&rep=rep1&type=pdf
ZIEGLER, U. F. (1992). Preliminary results of geochemistry, Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr studies of post-Karoo carbonatite complexes in Southern Africa. Schweizerische mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen, 72(1), 141-148.
Wall, F. and Mariano, A.N. (1996) Rare earth minerals in carbonatites: a discussion centered on the Kangankunde carbonatite, Malawi. In: Rare Earth Minerals: Chemistry, Origin and Ore Deposits (A.P. Jones, F. Wall, & C.T. Williams, editors). Chapman & Hall, London, U.K. (193-225).
Berger, Vladimir I.; Singer, Donald A.; Orris, Greta J. (2009) Carbonatites of the World, Explored Deposits of Nb and REE—Database and Grade and Tonnage Models . Open-File Report 2009-1139. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr20091139
ⓘ Baryte
Formula: BaSO4
References:
Garson, M.S. 1965. The geology of the area west of Lake Malombe, Fort Johnston District. Records, Geological Survey of Malawi, 3, 35-48.
Garson, M.S. &. Morgan, D.J. 1978. Secondary strontianite at Kangankunde carbonatite complex, Malawi. Transactions, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 87B, 70-73.
Garson, M.S. 1965. The geology of the area west of Lake Malombe, Fort Johnston District. Records, Geological Survey of Malawi, 3, 35-48.
Garson, M.S. &. Morgan, D.J. 1978. Secondary strontianite at Kangankunde carbonatite complex, Malawi. Transactions, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 87B, 70-73.
Garson, M.S. 1965. The geology of the area west of Lake Malombe, Fort Johnston District. Records, Geological Survey of Malawi, 3, 35-48.
Garson, M.S. &. Morgan, D.J. 1978. Secondary strontianite at Kangankunde carbonatite complex, Malawi. Transactions, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 87B, 70-73.
Cahen, L., & Snelling, N. J. (1966). The geochronology of equatorial Africa. North-Holland Publishing Company.
Woolley, A. R. (1969). Some aspects of fenitization with particular reference to Chilwa Island and Kangankunde, Malawi. British Museum (Natural History), Mineralogy, 2, 189-219.
Buckley, H. A., & Woolley, A. R. (1990). Carbonates of the magnesite–siderite series from four carbonatite complexes. Mineralogical Magazine, 54(376), 413-418. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.617.6641&rep=rep1&type=pdf
ZIEGLER, U. F. (1992). Preliminary results of geochemistry, Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr studies of post-Karoo carbonatite complexes in Southern Africa. Schweizerische mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen, 72(1), 141-148.
Wall, F. and Mariano, A.N. (1996) Rare earth minerals in carbonatites: a discussion centered on the Kangankunde carbonatite, Malawi. In: Rare Earth Minerals: Chemistry, Origin and Ore Deposits (A.P. Jones, F. Wall, & C.T. Williams, editors). Chapman & Hall, London, U.K. (193-225).
Berger, Vladimir I.; Singer, Donald A.; Orris, Greta J. (2009) Carbonatites of the World, Explored Deposits of Nb and REE—Database and Grade and Tonnage Models . Open-File Report 2009-1139. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr20091139
ⓘ 'Bastnäsite'
Formula: (Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)F
References:
Garson, M.S. 1965. The geology of the area west of Lake Malombe, Fort Johnston District. Records, Geological Survey of Malawi, 3, 35-48.
Garson, M.S. &. Morgan, D.J. 1978. Secondary strontianite at Kangankunde carbonatite complex, Malawi. Transactions, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 87B, 70-73.
Cahen, L., & Snelling, N. J. (1966). The geochronology of equatorial Africa. North-Holland Publishing Company.
Woolley, A. R. (1969). Some aspects of fenitization with particular reference to Chilwa Island and Kangankunde, Malawi. British Museum (Natural History), Mineralogy, 2, 189-219.
Buckley, H. A., & Woolley, A. R. (1990). Carbonates of the magnesite–siderite series from four carbonatite complexes. Mineralogical Magazine, 54(376), 413-418. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.617.6641&rep=rep1&type=pdf
ZIEGLER, U. F. (1992). Preliminary results of geochemistry, Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr studies of post-Karoo carbonatite complexes in Southern Africa. Schweizerische mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen, 72(1), 141-148.
Wall, F. and Mariano, A.N. (1996) Rare earth minerals in carbonatites: a discussion centered on the Kangankunde carbonatite, Malawi. In: Rare Earth Minerals: Chemistry, Origin and Ore Deposits (A.P. Jones, F. Wall, & C.T. Williams, editors). Chapman & Hall, London, U.K. (193-225).
Berger, Vladimir I.; Singer, Donald A.; Orris, Greta J. (2009) Carbonatites of the World, Explored Deposits of Nb and REE—Database and Grade and Tonnage Models . Open-File Report 2009-1139. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr20091139
ⓘ 'Biotite'
Formula: K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
References:
Garson, M.S. 1965. The geology of the area west of Lake Malombe, Fort Johnston District. Records, Geological Survey of Malawi, 3, 35-48.
Garson, M.S. &. Morgan, D.J. 1978. Secondary strontianite at Kangankunde carbonatite complex, Malawi. Transactions, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 87B, 70-73.
Cahen, L., & Snelling, N. J. (1966). The geochronology of equatorial Africa. North-Holland Publishing Company.
Woolley, A. R. (1969). Some aspects of fenitization with particular reference to Chilwa Island and Kangankunde, Malawi. British Museum (Natural History), Mineralogy, 2, 189-219.
Buckley, H. A., & Woolley, A. R. (1990). Carbonates of the magnesite–siderite series from four carbonatite complexes. Mineralogical Magazine, 54(376), 413-418. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.617.6641&rep=rep1&type=pdf
ZIEGLER, U. F. (1992). Preliminary results of geochemistry, Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr studies of post-Karoo carbonatite complexes in Southern Africa. Schweizerische mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen, 72(1), 141-148.
Berger, Vladimir I.; Singer, Donald A.; Orris, Greta J. (2009) Carbonatites of the World, Explored Deposits of Nb and REE—Database and Grade and Tonnage Models . Open-File Report 2009-1139. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr20091139
ⓘ Boulangerite
Formula: Pb5Sb4S11
ⓘ Calcite
Formula: CaCO3
ⓘ Cancrinite
Formula: (Na,Ca,◻)8(Al6Si6O24)(CO3,SO4)2 · 2H2O
References:
Garson, M.S. 1965. The geology of the area west of Lake Malombe, Fort Johnston District. Records, Geological Survey of Malawi, 3, 35-48.
Garson, M.S. &. Morgan, D.J. 1978. Secondary strontianite at Kangankunde carbonatite complex, Malawi. Transactions, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 87B, 70-73.
Cahen, L., & Snelling, N. J. (1966). The geochronology of equatorial Africa. North-Holland Publishing Company.
Woolley, A. R. (1969). Some aspects of fenitization with particular reference to Chilwa Island and Kangankunde, Malawi. British Museum (Natural History), Mineralogy, 2, 189-219.
Buckley, H. A., & Woolley, A. R. (1990). Carbonates of the magnesite–siderite series from four carbonatite complexes. Mineralogical Magazine, 54(376), 413-418. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.617.6641&rep=rep1&type=pdf
ZIEGLER, U. F. (1992). Preliminary results of geochemistry, Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr studies of post-Karoo carbonatite complexes in Southern Africa. Schweizerische mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen, 72(1), 141-148.
ⓘ 'Columbite-(Fe)-Columbite-(Mn) Series'
ⓘ Daqingshanite-(Ce)
Formula: (Sr,Ca,Ba)3(Ce,La)(CO3)3-x(PO4)(OH,F)2x
ⓘ Dolomite
Formula: CaMg(CO3)2
ⓘ 'Fayalite-Forsterite Series'
References:
Garson, M.S. 1965. The geology of the area west of Lake Malombe, Fort Johnston District. Records, Geological Survey of Malawi, 3, 35-48.
Garson, M.S. &. Morgan, D.J. 1978. Secondary strontianite at Kangankunde carbonatite complex, Malawi. Transactions, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 87B, 70-73.
Cahen, L., & Snelling, N. J. (1966). The geochronology of equatorial Africa. North-Holland Publishing Company.
Woolley, A. R. (1969). Some aspects of fenitization with particular reference to Chilwa Island and Kangankunde, Malawi. British Museum (Natural History), Mineralogy, 2, 189-219.
Buckley, H. A., & Woolley, A. R. (1990). Carbonates of the magnesite–siderite series from four carbonatite complexes. Mineralogical Magazine, 54(376), 413-418. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.617.6641&rep=rep1&type=pdf
ZIEGLER, U. F. (1992). Preliminary results of geochemistry, Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr studies of post-Karoo carbonatite complexes in Southern Africa. Schweizerische mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen, 72(1), 141-148.
Berger, Vladimir I.; Singer, Donald A.; Orris, Greta J. (2009) Carbonatites of the World, Explored Deposits of Nb and REE—Database and Grade and Tonnage Models . Open-File Report 2009-1139. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr20091139
ⓘ 'Feldspar Group'
References:
Garson, M.S. 1965. The geology of the area west of Lake Malombe, Fort Johnston District. Records, Geological Survey of Malawi, 3, 35-48.
Garson, M.S. &. Morgan, D.J. 1978. Secondary strontianite at Kangankunde carbonatite complex, Malawi. Transactions, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 87B, 70-73.
Garson, M.S. 1965. The geology of the area west of Lake Malombe, Fort Johnston District. Records, Geological Survey of Malawi, 3, 35-48.
Garson, M.S. &. Morgan, D.J. 1978. Secondary strontianite at Kangankunde carbonatite complex, Malawi. Transactions, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 87B, 70-73.
Cahen, L., & Snelling, N. J. (1966). The geochronology of equatorial Africa. North-Holland Publishing Company.
Woolley, A. R. (1969). Some aspects of fenitization with particular reference to Chilwa Island and Kangankunde, Malawi. British Museum (Natural History), Mineralogy, 2, 189-219.
Buckley, H. A., & Woolley, A. R. (1990). Carbonates of the magnesite–siderite series from four carbonatite complexes. Mineralogical Magazine, 54(376), 413-418. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.617.6641&rep=rep1&type=pdf
ZIEGLER, U. F. (1992). Preliminary results of geochemistry, Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr studies of post-Karoo carbonatite complexes in Southern Africa. Schweizerische mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen, 72(1), 141-148.
Berger, Vladimir I.; Singer, Donald A.; Orris, Greta J. (2009) Carbonatites of the World, Explored Deposits of Nb and REE—Database and Grade and Tonnage Models . Open-File Report 2009-1139. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr20091139
ⓘ 'Florencite'
References:
Garson, M.S. 1965. The geology of the area west of Lake Malombe, Fort Johnston District. Records, Geological Survey of Malawi, 3, 35-48.
Garson, M.S. &. Morgan, D.J. 1978. Secondary strontianite at Kangankunde carbonatite complex, Malawi. Transactions, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 87B, 70-73.
Cahen, L., & Snelling, N. J. (1966). The geochronology of equatorial Africa. North-Holland Publishing Company.
Woolley, A. R. (1969). Some aspects of fenitization with particular reference to Chilwa Island and Kangankunde, Malawi. British Museum (Natural History), Mineralogy, 2, 189-219.
Buckley, H. A., & Woolley, A. R. (1990). Carbonates of the magnesite–siderite series from four carbonatite complexes. Mineralogical Magazine, 54(376), 413-418. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.617.6641&rep=rep1&type=pdf
ZIEGLER, U. F. (1992). Preliminary results of geochemistry, Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr studies of post-Karoo carbonatite complexes in Southern Africa. Schweizerische mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen, 72(1), 141-148.
Wall, F. and Mariano, A.N. (1996) Rare earth minerals in carbonatites: a discussion centered on the Kangankunde carbonatite, Malawi. In: Rare Earth Minerals: Chemistry, Origin and Ore Deposits (A.P. Jones, F. Wall, & C.T. Williams, editors). Chapman & Hall, London, U.K. (193-225).
Berger, Vladimir I.; Singer, Donald A.; Orris, Greta J. (2009) Carbonatites of the World, Explored Deposits of Nb and REE—Database and Grade and Tonnage Models . Open-File Report 2009-1139. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr20091139
ⓘ Fluorapatite
Formula: Ca5(PO4)3F
ⓘ Fluorite
Formula: CaF2
References:
Garson, M.S. 1965. The geology of the area west of Lake Malombe, Fort Johnston District. Records, Geological Survey of Malawi, 3, 35-48.
Garson, M.S. &. Morgan, D.J. 1978. Secondary strontianite at Kangankunde carbonatite complex, Malawi. Transactions, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 87B, 70-73.
Cahen, L., & Snelling, N. J. (1966). The geochronology of equatorial Africa. North-Holland Publishing Company.
Woolley, A. R. (1969). Some aspects of fenitization with particular reference to Chilwa Island and Kangankunde, Malawi. British Museum (Natural History), Mineralogy, 2, 189-219.
Buckley, H. A., & Woolley, A. R. (1990). Carbonates of the magnesite–siderite series from four carbonatite complexes. Mineralogical Magazine, 54(376), 413-418. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.617.6641&rep=rep1&type=pdf
ZIEGLER, U. F. (1992). Preliminary results of geochemistry, Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr studies of post-Karoo carbonatite complexes in Southern Africa. Schweizerische mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen, 72(1), 141-148.
Wall, F. and Mariano, A.N. (1996) Rare earth minerals in carbonatites: a discussion centered on the Kangankunde carbonatite, Malawi. In: Rare Earth Minerals: Chemistry, Origin and Ore Deposits (A.P. Jones, F. Wall, & C.T. Williams, editors). Chapman & Hall, London, U.K. (193-225).
Orris, Greta J., Grauch, Richard I. (2002) Rare Earth Element Mines, Deposits, and Occurrences. Open-File Report 2002-189. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr02189
ⓘ Goyazite
Formula: SrAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6
ⓘ 'K Feldspar'
References:
Garson, M.S. 1965. The geology of the area west of Lake Malombe, Fort Johnston District. Records, Geological Survey of Malawi, 3, 35-48.
Garson, M.S. &. Morgan, D.J. 1978. Secondary strontianite at Kangankunde carbonatite complex, Malawi. Transactions, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 87B, 70-73.
Cahen, L., & Snelling, N. J. (1966). The geochronology of equatorial Africa. North-Holland Publishing Company.
Woolley, A. R. (1969). Some aspects of fenitization with particular reference to Chilwa Island and Kangankunde, Malawi. British Museum (Natural History), Mineralogy, 2, 189-219.
Buckley, H. A., & Woolley, A. R. (1990). Carbonates of the magnesite–siderite series from four carbonatite complexes. Mineralogical Magazine, 54(376), 413-418. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.617.6641&rep=rep1&type=pdf
ZIEGLER, U. F. (1992). Preliminary results of geochemistry, Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr studies of post-Karoo carbonatite complexes in Southern Africa. Schweizerische mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen, 72(1), 141-148.
ⓘ 'Limonite'
ⓘ Magnetite
Formula: Fe2+Fe3+2O4
References:
Garson, M.S. 1965. The geology of the area west of Lake Malombe, Fort Johnston District. Records, Geological Survey of Malawi, 3, 35-48.
Garson, M.S. &. Morgan, D.J. 1978. Secondary strontianite at Kangankunde carbonatite complex, Malawi. Transactions, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 87B, 70-73.
Cahen, L., & Snelling, N. J. (1966). The geochronology of equatorial Africa. North-Holland Publishing Company.
Woolley, A. R. (1969). Some aspects of fenitization with particular reference to Chilwa Island and Kangankunde, Malawi. British Museum (Natural History), Mineralogy, 2, 189-219.
Buckley, H. A., & Woolley, A. R. (1990). Carbonates of the magnesite–siderite series from four carbonatite complexes. Mineralogical Magazine, 54(376), 413-418. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.617.6641&rep=rep1&type=pdf
ZIEGLER, U. F. (1992). Preliminary results of geochemistry, Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr studies of post-Karoo carbonatite complexes in Southern Africa. Schweizerische mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen, 72(1), 141-148.
Berger, Vladimir I.; Singer, Donald A.; Orris, Greta J. (2009) Carbonatites of the World, Explored Deposits of Nb and REE—Database and Grade and Tonnage Models . Open-File Report 2009-1139. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr20091139
ⓘ 'Manganese Oxides'
ⓘ 'Melilite Group'
Formula: Ca2M(XSiO7)
References:
Garson, M.S. 1965. The geology of the area west of Lake Malombe, Fort Johnston District. Records, Geological Survey of Malawi, 3, 35-48.
Garson, M.S. &. Morgan, D.J. 1978. Secondary strontianite at Kangankunde carbonatite complex, Malawi. Transactions, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 87B, 70-73.
Cahen, L., & Snelling, N. J. (1966). The geochronology of equatorial Africa. North-Holland Publishing Company.
Woolley, A. R. (1969). Some aspects of fenitization with particular reference to Chilwa Island and Kangankunde, Malawi. British Museum (Natural History), Mineralogy, 2, 189-219.
Buckley, H. A., & Woolley, A. R. (1990). Carbonates of the magnesite–siderite series from four carbonatite complexes. Mineralogical Magazine, 54(376), 413-418. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.617.6641&rep=rep1&type=pdf
ZIEGLER, U. F. (1992). Preliminary results of geochemistry, Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr studies of post-Karoo carbonatite complexes in Southern Africa. Schweizerische mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen, 72(1), 141-148.
Berger, Vladimir I.; Singer, Donald A.; Orris, Greta J. (2009) Carbonatites of the World, Explored Deposits of Nb and REE—Database and Grade and Tonnage Models . Open-File Report 2009-1139. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr20091139
ⓘ Monazite-(Ce)
Formula: Ce(PO4)
ⓘ 'Monazite Group'
Formula: REE(PO4)
References:
H.G. Dill, A review of mineral resources in Malawi: With special reference to aluminium variation in mineral deposits, Journal of African Earth Sciences, Volume 47, Issue 3, March 2007, Pages 153-173, ISSN 1464-343X, 10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2006.12.006.
Garson, M.S. 1965. The geology of the area west of Lake Malombe, Fort Johnston District. Records, Geological Survey of Malawi, 3, 35-48.
Garson, M.S. &. Morgan, D.J. 1978. Secondary strontianite at Kangankunde carbonatite complex, Malawi. Transactions, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 87B, 70-73.
Garson, M.S. 1965. The geology of the area west of Lake Malombe, Fort Johnston District. Records, Geological Survey of Malawi, 3, 35-48.
Garson, M.S. &. Morgan, D.J. 1978. Secondary strontianite at Kangankunde carbonatite complex, Malawi. Transactions, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 87B, 70-73.
Cahen, L., & Snelling, N. J. (1966). The geochronology of equatorial Africa. North-Holland Publishing Company.
Woolley, A. R. (1969). Some aspects of fenitization with particular reference to Chilwa Island and Kangankunde, Malawi. British Museum (Natural History), Mineralogy, 2, 189-219.
Buckley, H. A., & Woolley, A. R. (1990). Carbonates of the magnesite–siderite series from four carbonatite complexes. Mineralogical Magazine, 54(376), 413-418. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.617.6641&rep=rep1&type=pdf
ZIEGLER, U. F. (1992). Preliminary results of geochemistry, Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr studies of post-Karoo carbonatite complexes in Southern Africa. Schweizerische mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen, 72(1), 141-148.
Berger, Vladimir I.; Singer, Donald A.; Orris, Greta J. (2009) Carbonatites of the World, Explored Deposits of Nb and REE—Database and Grade and Tonnage Models . Open-File Report 2009-1139. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr20091139
ⓘ Monticellite
Formula: CaMg(SiO4)
References:
Garson, M.S. 1965. The geology of the area west of Lake Malombe, Fort Johnston District. Records, Geological Survey of Malawi, 3, 35-48.
Garson, M.S. &. Morgan, D.J. 1978. Secondary strontianite at Kangankunde carbonatite complex, Malawi. Transactions, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 87B, 70-73.
Cahen, L., & Snelling, N. J. (1966). The geochronology of equatorial Africa. North-Holland Publishing Company.
Woolley, A. R. (1969). Some aspects of fenitization with particular reference to Chilwa Island and Kangankunde, Malawi. British Museum (Natural History), Mineralogy, 2, 189-219.
Buckley, H. A., & Woolley, A. R. (1990). Carbonates of the magnesite–siderite series from four carbonatite complexes. Mineralogical Magazine, 54(376), 413-418. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.617.6641&rep=rep1&type=pdf
ZIEGLER, U. F. (1992). Preliminary results of geochemistry, Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr studies of post-Karoo carbonatite complexes in Southern Africa. Schweizerische mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen, 72(1), 141-148.
Berger, Vladimir I.; Singer, Donald A.; Orris, Greta J. (2009) Carbonatites of the World, Explored Deposits of Nb and REE—Database and Grade and Tonnage Models . Open-File Report 2009-1139. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr20091139
ⓘ Nepheline
Formula: Na3K(Al4Si4O16)
References:
Garson, M.S. 1965. The geology of the area west of Lake Malombe, Fort Johnston District. Records, Geological Survey of Malawi, 3, 35-48.
Garson, M.S. &. Morgan, D.J. 1978. Secondary strontianite at Kangankunde carbonatite complex, Malawi. Transactions, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 87B, 70-73.
Cahen, L., & Snelling, N. J. (1966). The geochronology of equatorial Africa. North-Holland Publishing Company.
Woolley, A. R. (1969). Some aspects of fenitization with particular reference to Chilwa Island and Kangankunde, Malawi. British Museum (Natural History), Mineralogy, 2, 189-219.
Buckley, H. A., & Woolley, A. R. (1990). Carbonates of the magnesite–siderite series from four carbonatite complexes. Mineralogical Magazine, 54(376), 413-418. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.617.6641&rep=rep1&type=pdf
ZIEGLER, U. F. (1992). Preliminary results of geochemistry, Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr studies of post-Karoo carbonatite complexes in Southern Africa. Schweizerische mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen, 72(1), 141-148.
Berger, Vladimir I.; Singer, Donald A.; Orris, Greta J. (2009) Carbonatites of the World, Explored Deposits of Nb and REE—Database and Grade and Tonnage Models . Open-File Report 2009-1139. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr20091139
ⓘ 'Parisite'
Formula: Ca(Ce/La/Nd/REE)2(CO3)3F2
References:
Garson, M.S. 1965. The geology of the area west of Lake Malombe, Fort Johnston District. Records, Geological Survey of Malawi, 3, 35-48.
Garson, M.S. &. Morgan, D.J. 1978. Secondary strontianite at Kangankunde carbonatite complex, Malawi. Transactions, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 87B, 70-73.
Cahen, L., & Snelling, N. J. (1966). The geochronology of equatorial Africa. North-Holland Publishing Company.
Woolley, A. R. (1969). Some aspects of fenitization with particular reference to Chilwa Island and Kangankunde, Malawi. British Museum (Natural History), Mineralogy, 2, 189-219.
Buckley, H. A., & Woolley, A. R. (1990). Carbonates of the magnesite–siderite series from four carbonatite complexes. Mineralogical Magazine, 54(376), 413-418. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.617.6641&rep=rep1&type=pdf
ZIEGLER, U. F. (1992). Preliminary results of geochemistry, Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr studies of post-Karoo carbonatite complexes in Southern Africa. Schweizerische mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen, 72(1), 141-148.
ⓘ Perovskite
Formula: CaTiO3
References:
Garson, M.S. 1965. The geology of the area west of Lake Malombe, Fort Johnston District. Records, Geological Survey of Malawi, 3, 35-48.
Garson, M.S. &. Morgan, D.J. 1978. Secondary strontianite at Kangankunde carbonatite complex, Malawi. Transactions, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 87B, 70-73.
Cahen, L., & Snelling, N. J. (1966). The geochronology of equatorial Africa. North-Holland Publishing Company.
Woolley, A. R. (1969). Some aspects of fenitization with particular reference to Chilwa Island and Kangankunde, Malawi. British Museum (Natural History), Mineralogy, 2, 189-219.
Buckley, H. A., & Woolley, A. R. (1990). Carbonates of the magnesite–siderite series from four carbonatite complexes. Mineralogical Magazine, 54(376), 413-418. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.617.6641&rep=rep1&type=pdf
ZIEGLER, U. F. (1992). Preliminary results of geochemistry, Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr studies of post-Karoo carbonatite complexes in Southern Africa. Schweizerische mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen, 72(1), 141-148.
Berger, Vladimir I.; Singer, Donald A.; Orris, Greta J. (2009) Carbonatites of the World, Explored Deposits of Nb and REE—Database and Grade and Tonnage Models . Open-File Report 2009-1139. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr20091139
ⓘ Phlogopite
Formula: KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
References:
Garson, M.S. 1965. The geology of the area west of Lake Malombe, Fort Johnston District. Records, Geological Survey of Malawi, 3, 35-48.
Garson, M.S. &. Morgan, D.J. 1978. Secondary strontianite at Kangankunde carbonatite complex, Malawi. Transactions, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 87B, 70-73.
Garson, M.S. 1965. The geology of the area west of Lake Malombe, Fort Johnston District. Records, Geological Survey of Malawi, 3, 35-48.
Garson, M.S. &. Morgan, D.J. 1978. Secondary strontianite at Kangankunde carbonatite complex, Malawi. Transactions, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 87B, 70-73.
Cahen, L., & Snelling, N. J. (1966). The geochronology of equatorial Africa. North-Holland Publishing Company.
Woolley, A. R. (1969). Some aspects of fenitization with particular reference to Chilwa Island and Kangankunde, Malawi. British Museum (Natural History), Mineralogy, 2, 189-219.
Buckley, H. A., & Woolley, A. R. (1990). Carbonates of the magnesite–siderite series from four carbonatite complexes. Mineralogical Magazine, 54(376), 413-418. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.617.6641&rep=rep1&type=pdf
ZIEGLER, U. F. (1992). Preliminary results of geochemistry, Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr studies of post-Karoo carbonatite complexes in Southern Africa. Schweizerische mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen, 72(1), 141-148.
Berger, Vladimir I.; Singer, Donald A.; Orris, Greta J. (2009) Carbonatites of the World, Explored Deposits of Nb and REE—Database and Grade and Tonnage Models . Open-File Report 2009-1139. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr20091139
ⓘ 'Pyrochlore Group'
Formula: A2Nb2(O,OH)6Z
References:
Garson, M.S. 1965. The geology of the area west of Lake Malombe, Fort Johnston District. Records, Geological Survey of Malawi, 3, 35-48.
Garson, M.S. &. Morgan, D.J. 1978. Secondary strontianite at Kangankunde carbonatite complex, Malawi. Transactions, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 87B, 70-73.
Cahen, L., & Snelling, N. J. (1966). The geochronology of equatorial Africa. North-Holland Publishing Company.
Woolley, A. R. (1969). Some aspects of fenitization with particular reference to Chilwa Island and Kangankunde, Malawi. British Museum (Natural History), Mineralogy, 2, 189-219.
Buckley, H. A., & Woolley, A. R. (1990). Carbonates of the magnesite–siderite series from four carbonatite complexes. Mineralogical Magazine, 54(376), 413-418. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.617.6641&rep=rep1&type=pdf
ZIEGLER, U. F. (1992). Preliminary results of geochemistry, Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr studies of post-Karoo carbonatite complexes in Southern Africa. Schweizerische mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen, 72(1), 141-148.
Orris, Greta J., Grauch, Richard I. (2002) Rare Earth Element Mines, Deposits, and Occurrences. Open-File Report 2002-189. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr02189
ⓘ 'Pyroxene Group'
Formula: ADSi2O6
References:
Garson, M.S. 1965. The geology of the area west of Lake Malombe, Fort Johnston District. Records, Geological Survey of Malawi, 3, 35-48.
Garson, M.S. &. Morgan, D.J. 1978. Secondary strontianite at Kangankunde carbonatite complex, Malawi. Transactions, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 87B, 70-73.
Cahen, L., & Snelling, N. J. (1966). The geochronology of equatorial Africa. North-Holland Publishing Company.
Woolley, A. R. (1969). Some aspects of fenitization with particular reference to Chilwa Island and Kangankunde, Malawi. British Museum (Natural History), Mineralogy, 2, 189-219.
Buckley, H. A., & Woolley, A. R. (1990). Carbonates of the magnesite–siderite series from four carbonatite complexes. Mineralogical Magazine, 54(376), 413-418. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.617.6641&rep=rep1&type=pdf
ZIEGLER, U. F. (1992). Preliminary results of geochemistry, Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr studies of post-Karoo carbonatite complexes in Southern Africa. Schweizerische mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen, 72(1), 141-148.
ⓘ Quartz
Formula: SiO2
References:
Garson, M.S. 1965. The geology of the area west of Lake Malombe, Fort Johnston District. Records, Geological Survey of Malawi, 3, 35-48.
Garson, M.S. &. Morgan, D.J. 1978. Secondary strontianite at Kangankunde carbonatite complex, Malawi. Transactions, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 87B, 70-73.
Garson, M.S. 1965. The geology of the area west of Lake Malombe, Fort Johnston District. Records, Geological Survey of Malawi, 3, 35-48.
Garson, M.S. &. Morgan, D.J. 1978. Secondary strontianite at Kangankunde carbonatite complex, Malawi. Transactions, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 87B, 70-73.
Cahen, L., & Snelling, N. J. (1966). The geochronology of equatorial Africa. North-Holland Publishing Company.
Woolley, A. R. (1969). Some aspects of fenitization with particular reference to Chilwa Island and Kangankunde, Malawi. British Museum (Natural History), Mineralogy, 2, 189-219.
Buckley, H. A., & Woolley, A. R. (1990). Carbonates of the magnesite–siderite series from four carbonatite complexes. Mineralogical Magazine, 54(376), 413-418. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.617.6641&rep=rep1&type=pdf
ZIEGLER, U. F. (1992). Preliminary results of geochemistry, Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr studies of post-Karoo carbonatite complexes in Southern Africa. Schweizerische mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen, 72(1), 141-148.
Wall, F. and Mariano, A.N. (1996) Rare earth minerals in carbonatites: a discussion centered on the Kangankunde carbonatite, Malawi. In: Rare Earth Minerals: Chemistry, Origin and Ore Deposits (A.P. Jones, F. Wall, & C.T. Williams, editors). Chapman & Hall, London, U.K. (193-225).
Orris, Greta J., Grauch, Richard I. (2002) Rare Earth Element Mines, Deposits, and Occurrences. Open-File Report 2002-189. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr02189
ⓘ 'Rhombohedral Carbonate'
Formula: (Ca/Mg/Fe/Mn etc)CO3
References:
Garson, M.S. 1965. The geology of the area west of Lake Malombe, Fort Johnston District. Records, Geological Survey of Malawi, 3, 35-48.
Garson, M.S. &. Morgan, D.J. 1978. Secondary strontianite at Kangankunde carbonatite complex, Malawi. Transactions, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 87B, 70-73.
Cahen, L., & Snelling, N. J. (1966). The geochronology of equatorial Africa. North-Holland Publishing Company.
Woolley, A. R. (1969). Some aspects of fenitization with particular reference to Chilwa Island and Kangankunde, Malawi. British Museum (Natural History), Mineralogy, 2, 189-219.
Buckley, H. A., & Woolley, A. R. (1990). Carbonates of the magnesite–siderite series from four carbonatite complexes. Mineralogical Magazine, 54(376), 413-418. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.617.6641&rep=rep1&type=pdf
ZIEGLER, U. F. (1992). Preliminary results of geochemistry, Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr studies of post-Karoo carbonatite complexes in Southern Africa. Schweizerische mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen, 72(1), 141-148.
ⓘ Rutile
Formula: TiO2
ⓘ Rutile var. Niobium-bearing Rutile
Formula: (Ti,Nb)O2
ⓘ Siderite
Formula: FeCO3
References:
Garson, M.S. 1965. The geology of the area west of Lake Malombe, Fort Johnston District. Records, Geological Survey of Malawi, 3, 35-48.
Garson, M.S. &. Morgan, D.J. 1978. Secondary strontianite at Kangankunde carbonatite complex, Malawi. Transactions, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 87B, 70-73.
Cahen, L., & Snelling, N. J. (1966). The geochronology of equatorial Africa. North-Holland Publishing Company.
Woolley, A. R. (1969). Some aspects of fenitization with particular reference to Chilwa Island and Kangankunde, Malawi. British Museum (Natural History), Mineralogy, 2, 189-219.
Buckley, H. A., & Woolley, A. R. (1990). Carbonates of the magnesite–siderite series from four carbonatite complexes. Mineralogical Magazine, 54(376), 413-418. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.617.6641&rep=rep1&type=pdf
ZIEGLER, U. F. (1992). Preliminary results of geochemistry, Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr studies of post-Karoo carbonatite complexes in Southern Africa. Schweizerische mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen, 72(1), 141-148.
Wall, F. and Mariano, A.N. (1996) Rare earth minerals in carbonatites: a discussion centered on the Kangankunde carbonatite, Malawi. In: Rare Earth Minerals: Chemistry, Origin and Ore Deposits (A.P. Jones, F. Wall, & C.T. Williams, editors). Chapman & Hall, London, U.K. (193-225).
Berger, Vladimir I.; Singer, Donald A.; Orris, Greta J. (2009) Carbonatites of the World, Explored Deposits of Nb and REE—Database and Grade and Tonnage Models . Open-File Report 2009-1139. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr20091139
ⓘ Sphalerite
Formula: ZnS
References:
Garson, M.S. 1965. The geology of the area west of Lake Malombe, Fort Johnston District. Records, Geological Survey of Malawi, 3, 35-48.
Garson, M.S. &. Morgan, D.J. 1978. Secondary strontianite at Kangankunde carbonatite complex, Malawi. Transactions, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 87B, 70-73.
Cahen, L., & Snelling, N. J. (1966). The geochronology of equatorial Africa. North-Holland Publishing Company.
Woolley, A. R. (1969). Some aspects of fenitization with particular reference to Chilwa Island and Kangankunde, Malawi. British Museum (Natural History), Mineralogy, 2, 189-219.
Buckley, H. A., & Woolley, A. R. (1990). Carbonates of the magnesite–siderite series from four carbonatite complexes. Mineralogical Magazine, 54(376), 413-418. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.617.6641&rep=rep1&type=pdf
ZIEGLER, U. F. (1992). Preliminary results of geochemistry, Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr studies of post-Karoo carbonatite complexes in Southern Africa. Schweizerische mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen, 72(1), 141-148.
Berger, Vladimir I.; Singer, Donald A.; Orris, Greta J. (2009) Carbonatites of the World, Explored Deposits of Nb and REE—Database and Grade and Tonnage Models . Open-File Report 2009-1139. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr20091139
ⓘ Staurolite
Formula: Fe2+2Al9Si4O23(OH)
ⓘ Strontianite
Formula: SrCO3
References:
H.G. Dill, A review of mineral resources in Malawi: With special reference to aluminium variation in mineral deposits, Journal of African Earth Sciences, Volume 47, Issue 3, March 2007, Pages 153-173, ISSN 1464-343X, 10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2006.12.006.
Garson, M.S. 1965. The geology of the area west of Lake Malombe, Fort Johnston District. Records, Geological Survey of Malawi, 3, 35-48.
Garson, M.S. &. Morgan, D.J. 1978. Secondary strontianite at Kangankunde carbonatite complex, Malawi. Transactions, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 87B, 70-73.
Garson, M.S. 1965. The geology of the area west of Lake Malombe, Fort Johnston District. Records, Geological Survey of Malawi, 3, 35-48.
Garson, M.S. &. Morgan, D.J. 1978. Secondary strontianite at Kangankunde carbonatite complex, Malawi. Transactions, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 87B, 70-73.
Cahen, L., & Snelling, N. J. (1966). The geochronology of equatorial Africa. North-Holland Publishing Company.
Woolley, A. R. (1969). Some aspects of fenitization with particular reference to Chilwa Island and Kangankunde, Malawi. British Museum (Natural History), Mineralogy, 2, 189-219.
Buckley, H. A., & Woolley, A. R. (1990). Carbonates of the magnesite–siderite series from four carbonatite complexes. Mineralogical Magazine, 54(376), 413-418. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.617.6641&rep=rep1&type=pdf
ZIEGLER, U. F. (1992). Preliminary results of geochemistry, Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr studies of post-Karoo carbonatite complexes in Southern Africa. Schweizerische mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen, 72(1), 141-148.
Wall, F. and Mariano, A.N. (1996) Rare earth minerals in carbonatites: a discussion centered on the Kangankunde carbonatite, Malawi. In: Rare Earth Minerals: Chemistry, Origin and Ore Deposits (A.P. Jones, F. Wall, & C.T. Williams, editors). Chapman & Hall, London, U.K. (193-225).
Berger, Vladimir I.; Singer, Donald A.; Orris, Greta J. (2009) Carbonatites of the World, Explored Deposits of Nb and REE—Database and Grade and Tonnage Models . Open-File Report 2009-1139. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr20091139
ⓘ Xenotime-(Y)
Formula: Y(PO4)

List of minerals arranged by Strunz 10th Edition classification

Group 2 - Sulphides and Sulfosalts
ⓘSphalerite2.CB.05aZnS
ⓘBoulangerite2.HC.15Pb5Sb4S11
Group 3 - Halides
ⓘFluorite3.AB.25CaF2
Group 4 - Oxides and Hydroxides
ⓘ'Pyrochlore Group'4.00.A2Nb2(O,OH)6Z
ⓘMagnetite4.BB.05Fe2+Fe3+2O4
ⓘPerovskite4.CC.30CaTiO3
ⓘQuartz4.DA.05SiO2
ⓘRutile4.DB.05TiO2
ⓘvar. Niobium-bearing Rutile4.DB.05(Ti,Nb)O2
Group 5 - Nitrates and Carbonates
ⓘCalcite5.AB.05CaCO3
ⓘSiderite5.AB.05FeCO3
ⓘAnkerite5.AB.10Ca(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2
ⓘDolomite5.AB.10CaMg(CO3)2
ⓘStrontianite5.AB.15SrCO3
ⓘDaqingshanite-(Ce)5.BF.15(Sr,Ca,Ba)3(Ce,La)(CO3)3-x(PO4)(OH,F)2x
Group 7 - Sulphates, Chromates, Molybdates and Tungstates
ⓘBaryte7.AD.35BaSO4
Group 8 - Phosphates, Arsenates and Vanadates
ⓘXenotime-(Y)8.AD.35Y(PO4)
ⓘMonazite-(Ce)8.AD.50Ce(PO4)
ⓘGoyazite8.BL.10SrAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6
ⓘFluorapatite8.BN.05Ca5(PO4)3F
Group 9 - Silicates
ⓘMonticellite9.AC.10CaMg(SiO4)
ⓘStaurolite9.AF.30Fe2+2Al9Si4O23(OH)
ⓘAegirine9.DA.25NaFe3+Si2O6
ⓘPhlogopite9.EC.20KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
ⓘNepheline9.FA.05Na3K(Al4Si4O16)
ⓘCancrinite9.FB.05(Na,Ca,◻)8(Al6Si6O24)(CO3,SO4)2 · 2H2O
Unclassified
ⓘ'Amphibole Supergroup'-AB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2
ⓘ'Bastnäsite'-(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)F
ⓘ'Biotite'-K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
ⓘ'Feldspar Group'-
ⓘ'Limonite'-
ⓘ'Monazite Group'-REE(PO4)
ⓘ'Parisite'-Ca(Ce/La/Nd/REE)2(CO3)3F2
ⓘ'Fayalite-Forsterite Series'-
ⓘ'Columbite-(Fe)-Columbite-(Mn) Series'-
ⓘ'K Feldspar'-
ⓘ'Pyroxene Group'-ADSi2O6
ⓘ'Florencite'-
ⓘ'Manganese Oxides'-
ⓘ'Apatite'-Ca5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
ⓘ'Melilite Group'-Ca2M(XSiO7)
ⓘ'Rhombohedral Carbonate'-(Ca/Mg/Fe/Mn etc)CO3

List of minerals for each chemical element

HHydrogen
Hⓘ Amphibole SupergroupAB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2
Hⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Hⓘ Cancrinite(Na,Ca,◻)8(Al6Si6O24)(CO3,SO4)2 · 2H2O
Hⓘ Daqingshanite-(Ce)(Sr,Ca,Ba)3(Ce,La)(CO3)3-x(PO4)(OH,F)2x
Hⓘ GoyaziteSrAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6
Hⓘ PhlogopiteKMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Hⓘ Pyrochlore GroupA2Nb2(O,OH)6Z
Hⓘ StauroliteFe22+Al9Si4O23(OH)
Hⓘ ApatiteCa5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
CCarbon
Cⓘ AnkeriteCa(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2
Cⓘ Bastnäsite(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)F
Cⓘ CalciteCaCO3
Cⓘ Cancrinite(Na,Ca,◻)8(Al6Si6O24)(CO3,SO4)2 · 2H2O
Cⓘ Daqingshanite-(Ce)(Sr,Ca,Ba)3(Ce,La)(CO3)3-x(PO4)(OH,F)2x
Cⓘ DolomiteCaMg(CO3)2
Cⓘ SideriteFeCO3
Cⓘ StrontianiteSrCO3
Cⓘ ParisiteCa(Ce/La/Nd/REE)2(CO3)3F2
Cⓘ Rhombohedral Carbonate(Ca/Mg/Fe/Mn etc)CO3
OOxygen
Oⓘ AegirineNaFe3+Si2O6
Oⓘ Amphibole SupergroupAB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2
Oⓘ AnkeriteCa(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2
Oⓘ BaryteBaSO4
Oⓘ Bastnäsite(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)F
Oⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Oⓘ CalciteCaCO3
Oⓘ Cancrinite(Na,Ca,◻)8(Al6Si6O24)(CO3,SO4)2 · 2H2O
Oⓘ Daqingshanite-(Ce)(Sr,Ca,Ba)3(Ce,La)(CO3)3-x(PO4)(OH,F)2x
Oⓘ DolomiteCaMg(CO3)2
Oⓘ FluorapatiteCa5(PO4)3F
Oⓘ GoyaziteSrAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6
Oⓘ MagnetiteFe2+Fe23+O4
Oⓘ Monazite GroupREE(PO4)
Oⓘ Monazite-(Ce)Ce(PO4)
Oⓘ MonticelliteCaMg(SiO4)
Oⓘ NephelineNa3K(Al4Si4O16)
Oⓘ PerovskiteCaTiO3
Oⓘ PhlogopiteKMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Oⓘ Pyrochlore GroupA2Nb2(O,OH)6Z
Oⓘ QuartzSiO2
Oⓘ RutileTiO2
Oⓘ SideriteFeCO3
Oⓘ StauroliteFe22+Al9Si4O23(OH)
Oⓘ StrontianiteSrCO3
Oⓘ Xenotime-(Y)Y(PO4)
Oⓘ ParisiteCa(Ce/La/Nd/REE)2(CO3)3F2
Oⓘ Fayalite-Forsterite Series
Oⓘ Columbite-(Fe)-Columbite-(Mn) Series
Oⓘ Pyroxene GroupADSi2O6
Oⓘ Rutile var. Niobium-bearing Rutile(Ti,Nb)O2
Oⓘ ApatiteCa5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
Oⓘ Melilite GroupCa2M(XSiO7)
Oⓘ Rhombohedral Carbonate(Ca/Mg/Fe/Mn etc)CO3
FFluorine
Fⓘ Amphibole SupergroupAB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2
Fⓘ Bastnäsite(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)F
Fⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Fⓘ Daqingshanite-(Ce)(Sr,Ca,Ba)3(Ce,La)(CO3)3-x(PO4)(OH,F)2x
Fⓘ FluorapatiteCa5(PO4)3F
Fⓘ FluoriteCaF2
Fⓘ ParisiteCa(Ce/La/Nd/REE)2(CO3)3F2
Fⓘ ApatiteCa5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
NaSodium
Naⓘ AegirineNaFe3+Si2O6
Naⓘ Cancrinite(Na,Ca,◻)8(Al6Si6O24)(CO3,SO4)2 · 2H2O
Naⓘ NephelineNa3K(Al4Si4O16)
MgMagnesium
Mgⓘ AnkeriteCa(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2
Mgⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Mgⓘ DolomiteCaMg(CO3)2
Mgⓘ MonticelliteCaMg(SiO4)
Mgⓘ PhlogopiteKMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Mgⓘ Fayalite-Forsterite Series
Mgⓘ Rhombohedral Carbonate(Ca/Mg/Fe/Mn etc)CO3
AlAluminium
Alⓘ Amphibole SupergroupAB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2
Alⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Alⓘ Cancrinite(Na,Ca,◻)8(Al6Si6O24)(CO3,SO4)2 · 2H2O
Alⓘ GoyaziteSrAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6
Alⓘ NephelineNa3K(Al4Si4O16)
Alⓘ PhlogopiteKMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Alⓘ StauroliteFe22+Al9Si4O23(OH)
SiSilicon
Siⓘ AegirineNaFe3+Si2O6
Siⓘ Amphibole SupergroupAB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2
Siⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Siⓘ Cancrinite(Na,Ca,◻)8(Al6Si6O24)(CO3,SO4)2 · 2H2O
Siⓘ MonticelliteCaMg(SiO4)
Siⓘ NephelineNa3K(Al4Si4O16)
Siⓘ PhlogopiteKMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Siⓘ QuartzSiO2
Siⓘ StauroliteFe22+Al9Si4O23(OH)
Siⓘ Fayalite-Forsterite Series
Siⓘ Pyroxene GroupADSi2O6
Siⓘ Melilite GroupCa2M(XSiO7)
PPhosphorus
Pⓘ Daqingshanite-(Ce)(Sr,Ca,Ba)3(Ce,La)(CO3)3-x(PO4)(OH,F)2x
Pⓘ FluorapatiteCa5(PO4)3F
Pⓘ GoyaziteSrAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6
Pⓘ Monazite GroupREE(PO4)
Pⓘ Monazite-(Ce)Ce(PO4)
Pⓘ Xenotime-(Y)Y(PO4)
Pⓘ ApatiteCa5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
SSulfur
Sⓘ BaryteBaSO4
Sⓘ BoulangeritePb5Sb4S11
Sⓘ Cancrinite(Na,Ca,◻)8(Al6Si6O24)(CO3,SO4)2 · 2H2O
Sⓘ SphaleriteZnS
ClChlorine
Clⓘ Amphibole SupergroupAB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2
Clⓘ ApatiteCa5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
KPotassium
Kⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Kⓘ NephelineNa3K(Al4Si4O16)
Kⓘ PhlogopiteKMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
CaCalcium
Caⓘ AnkeriteCa(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2
Caⓘ CalciteCaCO3
Caⓘ Cancrinite(Na,Ca,◻)8(Al6Si6O24)(CO3,SO4)2 · 2H2O
Caⓘ Daqingshanite-(Ce)(Sr,Ca,Ba)3(Ce,La)(CO3)3-x(PO4)(OH,F)2x
Caⓘ DolomiteCaMg(CO3)2
Caⓘ FluorapatiteCa5(PO4)3F
Caⓘ FluoriteCaF2
Caⓘ MonticelliteCaMg(SiO4)
Caⓘ PerovskiteCaTiO3
Caⓘ ParisiteCa(Ce/La/Nd/REE)2(CO3)3F2
Caⓘ ApatiteCa5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
Caⓘ Melilite GroupCa2M(XSiO7)
Caⓘ Rhombohedral Carbonate(Ca/Mg/Fe/Mn etc)CO3
TiTitanium
Tiⓘ Amphibole SupergroupAB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2
Tiⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Tiⓘ PerovskiteCaTiO3
Tiⓘ RutileTiO2
Tiⓘ Rutile var. Niobium-bearing Rutile(Ti,Nb)O2
MnManganese
Mnⓘ Columbite-(Fe)-Columbite-(Mn) Series
Mnⓘ Rhombohedral Carbonate(Ca/Mg/Fe/Mn etc)CO3
FeIron
Feⓘ AegirineNaFe3+Si2O6
Feⓘ AnkeriteCa(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2
Feⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Feⓘ MagnetiteFe2+Fe23+O4
Feⓘ SideriteFeCO3
Feⓘ StauroliteFe22+Al9Si4O23(OH)
Feⓘ Fayalite-Forsterite Series
Feⓘ Columbite-(Fe)-Columbite-(Mn) Series
Feⓘ Rhombohedral Carbonate(Ca/Mg/Fe/Mn etc)CO3
ZnZinc
Znⓘ SphaleriteZnS
SrStrontium
Srⓘ Daqingshanite-(Ce)(Sr,Ca,Ba)3(Ce,La)(CO3)3-x(PO4)(OH,F)2x
Srⓘ GoyaziteSrAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6
Srⓘ StrontianiteSrCO3
YYttrium
Yⓘ Bastnäsite(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)F
Yⓘ Xenotime-(Y)Y(PO4)
NbNiobium
Nbⓘ Pyrochlore GroupA2Nb2(O,OH)6Z
Nbⓘ Columbite-(Fe)-Columbite-(Mn) Series
Nbⓘ Rutile var. Niobium-bearing Rutile(Ti,Nb)O2
SbAntimony
Sbⓘ BoulangeritePb5Sb4S11
BaBarium
Baⓘ BaryteBaSO4
Baⓘ Daqingshanite-(Ce)(Sr,Ca,Ba)3(Ce,La)(CO3)3-x(PO4)(OH,F)2x
LaLanthanum
Laⓘ Daqingshanite-(Ce)(Sr,Ca,Ba)3(Ce,La)(CO3)3-x(PO4)(OH,F)2x
Laⓘ ParisiteCa(Ce/La/Nd/REE)2(CO3)3F2
CeCerium
Ceⓘ Bastnäsite(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)F
Ceⓘ Daqingshanite-(Ce)(Sr,Ca,Ba)3(Ce,La)(CO3)3-x(PO4)(OH,F)2x
Ceⓘ Monazite-(Ce)Ce(PO4)
Ceⓘ ParisiteCa(Ce/La/Nd/REE)2(CO3)3F2
NdNeodymium
Ndⓘ Bastnäsite(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)F
Ndⓘ ParisiteCa(Ce/La/Nd/REE)2(CO3)3F2
PbLead
Pbⓘ BoulangeritePb5Sb4S11

Geochronology

Mineralization age: Early/Lower Cretaceous : 129 Ma to 117 Ma

Important note: This table is based only on rock and mineral ages recorded on mindat.org for this locality and is not necessarily a complete representation of the geochronology, but does give an indication of possible mineralization events relevant to this locality. As more age information is added this table may expand in the future. A break in the table simply indicates a lack of data entered here, not necessarily a break in the geologic sequence. Grey background entries are from different, related, localities.

Geologic TimeRocks, Minerals and Events
Phanerozoic
 Mesozoic
  Cretaceous
   Early/Lower Cretaceous
ⓘ Phlogopite (youngest age)117 Ma
ⓘ Phlogopite (oldest age)129 Ma

Other Regions, Features and Areas containing this locality

AfricaContinent
African Plate
Somali PlateTectonic Plate

This page contains all mineral locality references listed on mindat.org. This does not claim to be a complete list. If you know of more minerals from this site, please register so you can add to our database. This locality information is for reference purposes only. You should never attempt to visit any sites listed in mindat.org without first ensuring that you have the permission of the land and/or mineral rights holders for access and that you are aware of all safety precautions necessary.

References

Garson, M.S. 1965. The geology of the area west of Lake Malombe, Fort Johnston District. Records, Geological Survey of Malawi, 3, 35-48.
Garson, M.S. &. Morgan, D.J. 1978. Secondary strontianite at Kangankunde carbonatite complex, Malawi. Transactions, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 87B, 70-73.
openlibrary.org (n.d.) http://openlibrary.org/books/OL13772463M/Kangankunde_Hill_rare_earth_prospect
D. N. Holt (1965): The Kangankunde Hill rare earth prospect. Government Printer, Zomba, Malawi, xx pp.
Cahen, L., & Snelling, N. J. (1966). The geochronology of equatorial Africa. North-Holland Publishing Company.
Woolley, A. R. (1969). Some aspects of fenitization with particular reference to Chilwa Island and Kangankunde, Malawi. British Museum (Natural History), Mineralogy, 2, 189-219.
Woolley, A.R. (1987) Lithosphere metasomatism and the petrogenesis of the Chilwa Province of alkaline igneous rocks and carbonatites, Malawi. Journal of African Earth Sciences: 6: 891-898.
Buckley, H. A., & Woolley, A. R. (1990). Carbonates of the magnesite–siderite series from four carbonatite complexes. Mineralogical Magazine, 54(376), 413-418. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.617.6641&rep=rep1&type=pdf
ZIEGLER, U. F. (1992). Preliminary results of geochemistry, Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr studies of post-Karoo carbonatite complexes in Southern Africa. Schweizerische mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen, 72(1), 141-148.
Eby, G.N., Roden-Tice, M., Krueger, H.L., Ewing, W., Faxon, E.H., Woolley, A.R. (1995) Geochronology and cooling history of the northern part of the Chilwa Alkaline Province, Malawi. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 20 (3) 275-288 doi:10.1016/0899-5362(95)00054-w
Wall, F. and Mariano, A.N. (1996) Rare earth minerals in carbonatites: a discussion centered on the Kangankunde carbonatite, Malawi. In: Rare Earth Minerals: Chemistry, Origin and Ore Deposits (A.P. Jones, F. Wall, & C.T. Williams, editors). Chapman & Hall, London, U.K. (193-225).
Woolley, A. R. (2001) Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World, Part 3: Africa - Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World. The Geological Society of London.p.164
Orris, Greta J., Grauch, Richard I. (2002) Rare Earth Element Mines, Deposits, and Occurrences. Open-File Report 2002-189. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr02189
Berger, Vladimir I.; Singer, Donald A.; Orris, Greta J. (2009) Carbonatites of the World, Explored Deposits of Nb and REE—Database and Grade and Tonnage Models . Open-File Report 2009-1139. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr20091139
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