Woolley, A. R., & Jones, G. C. (1987). The petrochemistry of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30(1), 335-355. doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.16

Woolley, Alan R., Platt, R. Garth (1988) The Peralkaline Nepheline Syenites of the Junguni Intrusion, Chilwa Province, Malawi. Mineralogical Magazine, 52 (367) 425-433 doi:10.1180/minmag.1988.052.367.01

Eby, G.N., Roden-Tice, M., Kreuger, H.L., Ewing, W., Faxon, E.H., and Woolley, A.R. (1995): Geochronology and cooling history of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi. Journal Afr. Earth Sci. 20, 275-288. doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(95)00054-W

Woolley, A. R. (2001) Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World, Part 3: Africa - Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World. The Geological Society of London.

ⓘ 'Amphibole Supergroup'

Formula: AB₂C₅((Si,Al,Ti)₈O₂₂)(OH,F,Cl,O)₂

Localities:

Kangankunde Carbonatite Complex, Balaka, Southern Region, Malawi
Junguni Hill, Machinga, Southern Region, Malawi

ⓘ Anapaite

Formula: Ca₂Fe²⁺(PO₄)₂ · 4H₂O

Locality: Lake Malawi, Malawi/Mozambique/Tanzania

References:

www.uoguelph.ca (2004) http://www.uoguelph.ca/~geology/rocks_for_crops/35malawi.PDF

ⓘ Anatase

Formula: TiO₂

Locality: Utale Occurrence, Balaka, Southern Region, Malawi

References:

Garson, M.S. 1965. The geology of the area west of Lake Malombe, Fort Johnston District. Records, Geological Survey of Malawi, 3, 35-48.

ⓘ Ankerite

Formula: Ca(Fe²⁺,Mg)(CO₃)₂

Localities:

Kangankunde Carbonatite Complex, Balaka, Southern Region, Malawi
Utale Occurrence, Balaka, Southern Region, Malawi

ⓘ 'Apatite'

Formula: Ca₅(PO₄)₃(Cl/F/OH)

Localities:

Kangankunde Carbonatite Complex, Balaka, Southern Region, Malawi
Lake Malawi, Malawi/Mozambique/Tanzania
Utale Occurrence, Balaka, Southern Region, Malawi
Kanono Dike, Balaka, Southern Region, Malawi

ⓘ Arfvedsonite

Formula: [Na][Na₂][Fe²⁺₄Fe³⁺]Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂

Locality: Junguni Hill, Machinga, Southern Region, Malawi

References:

Bloomfield, K. (1965). The geology of the Zomba area. Geological Survey Dept. Bulletin, (16).

Woolley, A. R. (2001) Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World, Part 3: Africa - Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World. The Geological Society of London.

Orris, Greta J., Grauch, Richard I. (2002) Rare Earth Element Mines, Deposits, and Occurrences. Open-File Report 2002-189. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr02189

ⓘ Astrophyllite

Formula: K₂NaFe²⁺₇Ti₂[Si₄O₁₂]₂O₂(OH)₄F

Locality: Junguni Hill, Machinga, Southern Region, Malawi

References:

Bloomfield, K. (1965). The geology of the Zomba area. Geological Survey Dept. Bulletin, (16).

Woolley, A. R. (2001) Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World, Part 3: Africa - Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World. The Geological Society of London.

Orris, Greta J., Grauch, Richard I. (2002) Rare Earth Element Mines, Deposits, and Occurrences. Open-File Report 2002-189. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr02189

ⓘ Baryte

Formula: BaSO₄

Locality: Kangankunde Carbonatite Complex, Balaka, Southern Region, Malawi

References:

Garson, M.S. 1965. The geology of the area west of Lake Malombe, Fort Johnston District. Records, Geological Survey of Malawi, 3, 35-48.

Garson, M.S. &. Morgan, D.J. 1978. Secondary strontianite at Kangankunde carbonatite complex, Malawi. Transactions, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 87B, 70-73.

Garson, M.S. 1965. The geology of the area west of Lake Malombe, Fort Johnston District. Records, Geological Survey of Malawi, 3, 35-48.

Garson, M.S. &. Morgan, D.J. 1978. Secondary strontianite at Kangankunde carbonatite complex, Malawi. Transactions, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 87B, 70-73.

Garson, M.S. 1965. The geology of the area west of Lake Malombe, Fort Johnston District. Records, Geological Survey of Malawi, 3, 35-48.

Garson, M.S. &. Morgan, D.J. 1978. Secondary strontianite at Kangankunde carbonatite complex, Malawi. Transactions, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 87B, 70-73.

Cahen, L., & Snelling, N. J. (1966). The geochronology of equatorial Africa. North-Holland Publishing Company.

Woolley, A. R. (1969). Some aspects of fenitization with particular reference to Chilwa Island and Kangankunde, Malawi. British Museum (Natural History), Mineralogy, 2, 189-219.

Buckley, H. A., & Woolley, A. R. (1990). Carbonates of the magnesite–siderite series from four carbonatite complexes. Mineralogical Magazine, 54(376), 413-418. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.617.6641&rep=rep1&type=pdf

ZIEGLER, U. F. (1992). Preliminary results of geochemistry, Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr studies of post-Karoo carbonatite complexes in Southern Africa. Schweizerische mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen, 72(1), 141-148.

Wall, F. and Mariano, A.N. (1996) Rare earth minerals in carbonatites: a discussion centered on the Kangankunde carbonatite, Malawi. In: Rare Earth Minerals: Chemistry, Origin and Ore Deposits (A.P. Jones, F. Wall, & C.T. Williams, editors). Chapman & Hall, London, U.K. (193-225).

Berger, Vladimir I.; Singer, Donald A.; Orris, Greta J. (2009) Carbonatites of the World, Explored Deposits of Nb and REE—Database and Grade and Tonnage Models . Open-File Report 2009-1139. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr20091139

ⓘ 'Bastnäsite'

Formula: (Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO₃)F

Locality: Kangankunde Carbonatite Complex, Balaka, Southern Region, Malawi

References:

Garson, M.S. 1965. The geology of the area west of Lake Malombe, Fort Johnston District. Records, Geological Survey of Malawi, 3, 35-48.

Garson, M.S. &. Morgan, D.J. 1978. Secondary strontianite at Kangankunde carbonatite complex, Malawi. Transactions, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 87B, 70-73.

Cahen, L., & Snelling, N. J. (1966). The geochronology of equatorial Africa. North-Holland Publishing Company.

Woolley, A. R. (1969). Some aspects of fenitization with particular reference to Chilwa Island and Kangankunde, Malawi. British Museum (Natural History), Mineralogy, 2, 189-219.

ⓘ 'Biotite'

Formula: K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂

Localities:

Kangankunde Carbonatite Complex, Balaka, Southern Region, Malawi
Junguni Hill, Machinga, Southern Region, Malawi

ⓘ Boulangerite

Formula: Pb₅Sb₄S₁₁

Locality: Kangankunde Carbonatite Complex, Balaka, Southern Region, Malawi

References:

ⓘ Britholite-(Ce)

Formula: (Ce,Ca)₅(SiO₄)₃OH

Locality: Junguni Hill, Machinga, Southern Region, Malawi

References:

Orris, Greta J., Grauch, Richard I. (2002) Rare Earth Element Mines, Deposits, and Occurrences. Open-File Report 2002-189. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr02189

ⓘ 'Britholite Group'

Formula: (REE,Ca)₅[(Si,P)O₄]₃X

Locality: Junguni Hill, Machinga, Southern Region, Malawi

References:

Bloomfield, K. (1965). The geology of the Zomba area. Geological Survey Dept. Bulletin, (16).

Woolley, A. R. (2001) Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World, Part 3: Africa - Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World. The Geological Society of London.

ⓘ Brookite

Formula: TiO₂

Locality: Utale Occurrence, Balaka, Southern Region, Malawi

References:

Garson, M.S. 1965. The geology of the area west of Lake Malombe, Fort Johnston District. Records, Geological Survey of Malawi, 3, 35-48.

ⓘ Calcite

Formula: CaCO₃

Localities:

Kangankunde Carbonatite Complex, Balaka, Southern Region, Malawi
Utale Occurrence, Balaka, Southern Region, Malawi

ⓘ Cancrinite

Formula: (Na,Ca,◻)₈(Al₆Si₆O₂₄)(CO₃,SO₄)₂ · 2H₂O

Locality: Kangankunde Carbonatite Complex, Balaka, Southern Region, Malawi

References:

Garson, M.S. 1965. The geology of the area west of Lake Malombe, Fort Johnston District. Records, Geological Survey of Malawi, 3, 35-48.

Garson, M.S. &. Morgan, D.J. 1978. Secondary strontianite at Kangankunde carbonatite complex, Malawi. Transactions, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 87B, 70-73.

Cahen, L., & Snelling, N. J. (1966). The geochronology of equatorial Africa. North-Holland Publishing Company.

Woolley, A. R. (1969). Some aspects of fenitization with particular reference to Chilwa Island and Kangankunde, Malawi. British Museum (Natural History), Mineralogy, 2, 189-219.

ⓘ 'Columbite-(Fe)-Columbite-(Mn) Series'

Locality: Kangankunde Carbonatite Complex, Balaka, Southern Region, Malawi

References:

ⓘ Daqingshanite-(Ce)

Formula: (Sr,Ca,Ba)₃(Ce,La)(CO₃)_3-x(PO₄)(OH,F)_2x

Locality: Kangankunde Carbonatite Complex, Balaka, Southern Region, Malawi

References:

Orris, Greta J., Grauch, Richard I. (2002) Rare Earth Element Mines, Deposits, and Occurrences. Open-File Report 2002-189. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr02189

ⓘ Dolomite

Formula: CaMg(CO₃)₂

Locality: Kangankunde Carbonatite Complex, Balaka, Southern Region, Malawi

References:

Orris, Greta J., Grauch, Richard I. (2002) Rare Earth Element Mines, Deposits, and Occurrences. Open-File Report 2002-189. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr02189

ⓘ Eckermannite

Formula: NaNa₂(Mg₄Al}Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂

Locality: Junguni Hill, Machinga, Southern Region, Malawi

References:

Bloomfield, K. (1965). The geology of the Zomba area. Geological Survey Dept. Bulletin, (16).

Woolley, A. R. (2001) Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World, Part 3: Africa - Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World. The Geological Society of London.

ⓘ Eudialyte

Formula: Na₁₅Ca₆Fe₃Zr₃Si(Si₂₅O₇₃)(O,OH,H₂O)₃(Cl,OH)₂

Locality: Junguni Hill, Machinga, Southern Region, Malawi

References:

Bloomfield, K. (1965). The geology of the Zomba area. Geological Survey Dept. Bulletin, (16).

Woolley, A. R. (2001) Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World, Part 3: Africa - Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World. The Geological Society of London.

Orris, Greta J., Grauch, Richard I. (2002) Rare Earth Element Mines, Deposits, and Occurrences. Open-File Report 2002-189. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr02189

ⓘ 'Fayalite-Forsterite Series'

Locality: Kangankunde Carbonatite Complex, Balaka, Southern Region, Malawi

References:

Garson, M.S. 1965. The geology of the area west of Lake Malombe, Fort Johnston District. Records, Geological Survey of Malawi, 3, 35-48.

Garson, M.S. &. Morgan, D.J. 1978. Secondary strontianite at Kangankunde carbonatite complex, Malawi. Transactions, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 87B, 70-73.

Cahen, L., & Snelling, N. J. (1966). The geochronology of equatorial Africa. North-Holland Publishing Company.

Woolley, A. R. (1969). Some aspects of fenitization with particular reference to Chilwa Island and Kangankunde, Malawi. British Museum (Natural History), Mineralogy, 2, 189-219.

ⓘ 'Feldspar Group'

Localities:

Kangankunde Carbonatite Complex, Balaka, Southern Region, Malawi
Kanono Dike, Balaka, Southern Region, Malawi
Junguni Hill, Machinga, Southern Region, Malawi

ⓘ 'Feldspar Group var. Perthite'

Locality: Junguni Hill, Machinga, Southern Region, Malawi

References:

Bloomfield, K. (1965). The geology of the Zomba area. Geological Survey Dept. Bulletin, (16).

Woolley, A. R. (2001) Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World, Part 3: Africa - Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World. The Geological Society of London.

ⓘ 'Florencite'

Locality: Kangankunde Carbonatite Complex, Balaka, Southern Region, Malawi

References:

Garson, M.S. 1965. The geology of the area west of Lake Malombe, Fort Johnston District. Records, Geological Survey of Malawi, 3, 35-48.

Garson, M.S. &. Morgan, D.J. 1978. Secondary strontianite at Kangankunde carbonatite complex, Malawi. Transactions, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 87B, 70-73.

Cahen, L., & Snelling, N. J. (1966). The geochronology of equatorial Africa. North-Holland Publishing Company.

Woolley, A. R. (1969). Some aspects of fenitization with particular reference to Chilwa Island and Kangankunde, Malawi. British Museum (Natural History), Mineralogy, 2, 189-219.

ⓘ Fluorapatite

Formula: Ca₅(PO₄)₃F

Locality: Kangankunde Carbonatite Complex, Balaka, Southern Region, Malawi

References:

ⓘ Fluorite

Formula: CaF₂

Localities:

Kangankunde Carbonatite Complex, Balaka, Southern Region, Malawi
Junguni Hill, Machinga, Southern Region, Malawi

ⓘ Goethite

Formula: Fe³⁺O(OH)

Locality: Utale Occurrence, Balaka, Southern Region, Malawi

References:

Garson, M.S. 1965. The geology of the area west of Lake Malombe, Fort Johnston District. Records, Geological Survey of Malawi, 3, 35-48.

ⓘ Goyazite

Formula: SrAl₃(PO₄)(PO₃OH)(OH)₆

Locality: Kangankunde Carbonatite Complex, Balaka, Southern Region, Malawi

References:

Orris, Greta J., Grauch, Richard I. (2002) Rare Earth Element Mines, Deposits, and Occurrences. Open-File Report 2002-189. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr02189

ⓘ 'K Feldspar'

Locality: Kangankunde Carbonatite Complex, Balaka, Southern Region, Malawi

References:

Garson, M.S. 1965. The geology of the area west of Lake Malombe, Fort Johnston District. Records, Geological Survey of Malawi, 3, 35-48.

Garson, M.S. &. Morgan, D.J. 1978. Secondary strontianite at Kangankunde carbonatite complex, Malawi. Transactions, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 87B, 70-73.

Cahen, L., & Snelling, N. J. (1966). The geochronology of equatorial Africa. North-Holland Publishing Company.

Woolley, A. R. (1969). Some aspects of fenitization with particular reference to Chilwa Island and Kangankunde, Malawi. British Museum (Natural History), Mineralogy, 2, 189-219.

ⓘ Kupletskite

Formula: K₂NaMn²⁺₇Ti₂[Si₄O₁₂]₂O₂(OH)₄F

Locality: Junguni Hill, Machinga, Southern Region, Malawi

References:

Bloomfield, K. (1965). The geology of the Zomba area. Geological Survey Dept. Bulletin, (16).

Woolley, A. R. (2001) Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World, Part 3: Africa - Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World. The Geological Society of London.

Orris, Greta J., Grauch, Richard I. (2002) Rare Earth Element Mines, Deposits, and Occurrences. Open-File Report 2002-189. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr02189

ⓘ Låvenite

Formula: Na₂Ca₂Mn₂Zr₂(Si₂O₇)₂O₂F₂

Locality: Junguni Hill, Machinga, Southern Region, Malawi

References:

Bloomfield, K. (1965). The geology of the Zomba area. Geological Survey Dept. Bulletin, (16).

Woolley, A. R. (2001) Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World, Part 3: Africa - Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World. The Geological Society of London.

Orris, Greta J., Grauch, Richard I. (2002) Rare Earth Element Mines, Deposits, and Occurrences. Open-File Report 2002-189. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr02189

ⓘ 'Limonite'

Locality: Kangankunde Carbonatite Complex, Balaka, Southern Region, Malawi

References:

ⓘ Magnetite

Formula: Fe²⁺Fe³⁺₂O₄

Locality: Kangankunde Carbonatite Complex, Balaka, Southern Region, Malawi

References:

Garson, M.S. 1965. The geology of the area west of Lake Malombe, Fort Johnston District. Records, Geological Survey of Malawi, 3, 35-48.

Garson, M.S. &. Morgan, D.J. 1978. Secondary strontianite at Kangankunde carbonatite complex, Malawi. Transactions, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 87B, 70-73.

Cahen, L., & Snelling, N. J. (1966). The geochronology of equatorial Africa. North-Holland Publishing Company.

Woolley, A. R. (1969). Some aspects of fenitization with particular reference to Chilwa Island and Kangankunde, Malawi. British Museum (Natural History), Mineralogy, 2, 189-219.

ⓘ 'Manganese Oxides'

Locality: Kangankunde Carbonatite Complex, Balaka, Southern Region, Malawi

References:

Orris, Greta J., Grauch, Richard I. (2002) Rare Earth Element Mines, Deposits, and Occurrences. Open-File Report 2002-189. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr02189

ⓘ 'Melilite Group'

Formula: Ca₂M(XSiO₇)

Locality: Kangankunde Carbonatite Complex, Balaka, Southern Region, Malawi

References:

Garson, M.S. 1965. The geology of the area west of Lake Malombe, Fort Johnston District. Records, Geological Survey of Malawi, 3, 35-48.

Garson, M.S. &. Morgan, D.J. 1978. Secondary strontianite at Kangankunde carbonatite complex, Malawi. Transactions, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 87B, 70-73.

Cahen, L., & Snelling, N. J. (1966). The geochronology of equatorial Africa. North-Holland Publishing Company.

Woolley, A. R. (1969). Some aspects of fenitization with particular reference to Chilwa Island and Kangankunde, Malawi. British Museum (Natural History), Mineralogy, 2, 189-219.

ⓘ 'Mica Group'

Locality: Junguni Hill, Machinga, Southern Region, Malawi

References:

Bloomfield, K. (1965). The geology of the Zomba area. Geological Survey Dept. Bulletin, (16).

Woolley, A. R. (2001) Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World, Part 3: Africa - Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World. The Geological Society of London.

ⓘ Monazite-(Ce)

Formula: Ce(PO₄)

Locality: Kangankunde Carbonatite Complex, Balaka, Southern Region, Malawi

References:

ⓘ 'Monazite Group'

Formula: REE(PO₄)

Localities:

Kangankunde Carbonatite Complex, Balaka, Southern Region, Malawi
Utale Occurrence, Balaka, Southern Region, Malawi

ⓘ Monticellite

Formula: CaMgSiO₄

Locality: Kangankunde Carbonatite Complex, Balaka, Southern Region, Malawi

References:

Garson, M.S. 1965. The geology of the area west of Lake Malombe, Fort Johnston District. Records, Geological Survey of Malawi, 3, 35-48.

Garson, M.S. &. Morgan, D.J. 1978. Secondary strontianite at Kangankunde carbonatite complex, Malawi. Transactions, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 87B, 70-73.

Cahen, L., & Snelling, N. J. (1966). The geochronology of equatorial Africa. North-Holland Publishing Company.

Woolley, A. R. (1969). Some aspects of fenitization with particular reference to Chilwa Island and Kangankunde, Malawi. British Museum (Natural History), Mineralogy, 2, 189-219.

ⓘ Nepheline

Formula: Na₃K(Al₄Si₄O₁₆)

Localities:

Aplite occurrence, Snipe River, Thambani Intrusion, Mwanza, Southern Region, Malawi
Kangankunde Carbonatite Complex, Balaka, Southern Region, Malawi
Junguni Hill, Machinga, Southern Region, Malawi

ⓘ Orthoclase

Formula: K(AlSi₃O₈)

Locality: Utale Occurrence, Balaka, Southern Region, Malawi

References:

Garson, M.S. 1965. The geology of the area west of Lake Malombe, Fort Johnston District. Records, Geological Survey of Malawi, 3, 35-48.

ⓘ 'Parisite'

Formula: Ca(Ce/La/Nd/REE)₂(CO₃)₃F₂

Locality: Kangankunde Carbonatite Complex, Balaka, Southern Region, Malawi

References:

Garson, M.S. 1965. The geology of the area west of Lake Malombe, Fort Johnston District. Records, Geological Survey of Malawi, 3, 35-48.

Garson, M.S. &. Morgan, D.J. 1978. Secondary strontianite at Kangankunde carbonatite complex, Malawi. Transactions, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 87B, 70-73.

Cahen, L., & Snelling, N. J. (1966). The geochronology of equatorial Africa. North-Holland Publishing Company.

Woolley, A. R. (1969). Some aspects of fenitization with particular reference to Chilwa Island and Kangankunde, Malawi. British Museum (Natural History), Mineralogy, 2, 189-219.

ⓘ Perovskite

Formula: CaTiO₃

Locality: Kangankunde Carbonatite Complex, Balaka, Southern Region, Malawi

References:

Garson, M.S. 1965. The geology of the area west of Lake Malombe, Fort Johnston District. Records, Geological Survey of Malawi, 3, 35-48.

Garson, M.S. &. Morgan, D.J. 1978. Secondary strontianite at Kangankunde carbonatite complex, Malawi. Transactions, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 87B, 70-73.

Cahen, L., & Snelling, N. J. (1966). The geochronology of equatorial Africa. North-Holland Publishing Company.

Woolley, A. R. (1969). Some aspects of fenitization with particular reference to Chilwa Island and Kangankunde, Malawi. British Museum (Natural History), Mineralogy, 2, 189-219.

ⓘ Phlogopite

Formula: KMg₃(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂

Locality: Kangankunde Carbonatite Complex, Balaka, Southern Region, Malawi

References:

Garson, M.S. 1965. The geology of the area west of Lake Malombe, Fort Johnston District. Records, Geological Survey of Malawi, 3, 35-48.

Garson, M.S. &. Morgan, D.J. 1978. Secondary strontianite at Kangankunde carbonatite complex, Malawi. Transactions, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 87B, 70-73.

Garson, M.S. 1965. The geology of the area west of Lake Malombe, Fort Johnston District. Records, Geological Survey of Malawi, 3, 35-48.

Garson, M.S. &. Morgan, D.J. 1978. Secondary strontianite at Kangankunde carbonatite complex, Malawi. Transactions, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 87B, 70-73.

Cahen, L., & Snelling, N. J. (1966). The geochronology of equatorial Africa. North-Holland Publishing Company.

Woolley, A. R. (1969). Some aspects of fenitization with particular reference to Chilwa Island and Kangankunde, Malawi. British Museum (Natural History), Mineralogy, 2, 189-219.

ⓘ 'Pyrochlore Group'

Formula: A₂Nb₂(O,OH)₆Z

Localities:

Kangankunde Carbonatite Complex, Balaka, Southern Region, Malawi
Junguni Hill, Machinga, Southern Region, Malawi

ⓘ Pyrophanite

Formula: Mn²⁺TiO₃

Locality: Junguni Hill, Machinga, Southern Region, Malawi

References:

Bloomfield, K. (1965). The geology of the Zomba area. Geological Survey Dept. Bulletin, (16).

Woolley, A. R. (2001) Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World, Part 3: Africa - Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World. The Geological Society of London.

Orris, Greta J., Grauch, Richard I. (2002) Rare Earth Element Mines, Deposits, and Occurrences. Open-File Report 2002-189. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr02189

ⓘ 'Pyroxene Group'

Formula: ADSi₂O₆

Localities:

Kangankunde Carbonatite Complex, Balaka, Southern Region, Malawi
Junguni Hill, Machinga, Southern Region, Malawi

ⓘ Quartz

Formula: SiO₂

Localities:

Kangankunde Carbonatite Complex, Balaka, Southern Region, Malawi
Utale Occurrence, Balaka, Southern Region, Malawi
Kanono Dike, Balaka, Southern Region, Malawi

ⓘ 'Rhombohedral Carbonate'

Formula: (Ca/Mg/Fe/Mn etc)CO₃

Localities:

Utale Occurrence, Balaka, Southern Region, Malawi
Kanono Dike, Balaka, Southern Region, Malawi
Kangankunde Carbonatite Complex, Balaka, Southern Region, Malawi

ⓘ Rosenbuschite

Formula: Na₆Ca₆Zr₃Ti(Si₂O₇)₄O₂F₆

Locality: Junguni Hill, Machinga, Southern Region, Malawi

References:

Bloomfield, K. (1965). The geology of the Zomba area. Geological Survey Dept. Bulletin, (16).

Woolley, A. R. (2001) Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World, Part 3: Africa - Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World. The Geological Society of London.

Orris, Greta J., Grauch, Richard I. (2002) Rare Earth Element Mines, Deposits, and Occurrences. Open-File Report 2002-189. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr02189

ⓘ Rutile

Formula: TiO₂

Locality: Kangankunde Carbonatite Complex, Balaka, Southern Region, Malawi

References:

ⓘ Rutile var. Niobium-bearing Rutile

Formula: (Ti,Nb)O₂

Locality: Kangankunde Carbonatite Complex, Balaka, Southern Region, Malawi

References:

ⓘ Siderite

Formula: FeCO₃

Locality: Kangankunde Carbonatite Complex, Balaka, Southern Region, Malawi

References:

Garson, M.S. 1965. The geology of the area west of Lake Malombe, Fort Johnston District. Records, Geological Survey of Malawi, 3, 35-48.

Garson, M.S. &. Morgan, D.J. 1978. Secondary strontianite at Kangankunde carbonatite complex, Malawi. Transactions, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 87B, 70-73.

Cahen, L., & Snelling, N. J. (1966). The geochronology of equatorial Africa. North-Holland Publishing Company.

Woolley, A. R. (1969). Some aspects of fenitization with particular reference to Chilwa Island and Kangankunde, Malawi. British Museum (Natural History), Mineralogy, 2, 189-219.

ⓘ Sodalite

Formula: Na₄(Si₃Al₃)O₁₂Cl

Locality: Junguni Hill, Machinga, Southern Region, Malawi

References:

Bloomfield, K. (1965). The geology of the Zomba area. Geological Survey Dept. Bulletin, (16).

Woolley, A. R. (2001) Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World, Part 3: Africa - Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World. The Geological Society of London.

Orris, Greta J., Grauch, Richard I. (2002) Rare Earth Element Mines, Deposits, and Occurrences. Open-File Report 2002-189. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr02189

ⓘ Sphalerite

Formula: ZnS

Locality: Kangankunde Carbonatite Complex, Balaka, Southern Region, Malawi

References:

Garson, M.S. 1965. The geology of the area west of Lake Malombe, Fort Johnston District. Records, Geological Survey of Malawi, 3, 35-48.

Garson, M.S. &. Morgan, D.J. 1978. Secondary strontianite at Kangankunde carbonatite complex, Malawi. Transactions, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 87B, 70-73.

Cahen, L., & Snelling, N. J. (1966). The geochronology of equatorial Africa. North-Holland Publishing Company.

Woolley, A. R. (1969). Some aspects of fenitization with particular reference to Chilwa Island and Kangankunde, Malawi. British Museum (Natural History), Mineralogy, 2, 189-219.

ⓘ Staurolite

Formula: Fe²⁺₂Al₉Si₄O₂₃(OH)

Locality: Kangankunde Carbonatite Complex, Balaka, Southern Region, Malawi

References:

Orris, Greta J., Grauch, Richard I. (2002) Rare Earth Element Mines, Deposits, and Occurrences. Open-File Report 2002-189. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr02189

ⓘ Strontianite

Formula: SrCO₃

Locality: Kangankunde Carbonatite Complex, Balaka, Southern Region, Malawi

References:

H.G. Dill, A review of mineral resources in Malawi: With special reference to aluminium variation in mineral deposits, Journal of African Earth Sciences, Volume 47, Issue 3, March 2007, Pages 153-173, ISSN 1464-343X, 10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2006.12.006.

Garson, M.S. 1965. The geology of the area west of Lake Malombe, Fort Johnston District. Records, Geological Survey of Malawi, 3, 35-48.

Garson, M.S. &. Morgan, D.J. 1978. Secondary strontianite at Kangankunde carbonatite complex, Malawi. Transactions, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 87B, 70-73.

Garson, M.S. 1965. The geology of the area west of Lake Malombe, Fort Johnston District. Records, Geological Survey of Malawi, 3, 35-48.

Garson, M.S. &. Morgan, D.J. 1978. Secondary strontianite at Kangankunde carbonatite complex, Malawi. Transactions, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 87B, 70-73.

Cahen, L., & Snelling, N. J. (1966). The geochronology of equatorial Africa. North-Holland Publishing Company.

Woolley, A. R. (1969). Some aspects of fenitization with particular reference to Chilwa Island and Kangankunde, Malawi. British Museum (Natural History), Mineralogy, 2, 189-219.

ⓘ Titanite

Formula: CaTi(SiO₄)O

Locality: Junguni Hill, Machinga, Southern Region, Malawi

References:

Tony Nikischer specimen and analysis

Bloomfield, K. (1965). The geology of the Zomba area. Geological Survey Dept. Bulletin, (16).

Woolley, A. R. (2001) Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World, Part 3: Africa - Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World. The Geological Society of London.

ⓘ Vivianite

Formula: Fe²⁺Fe²⁺₂(PO₄)₂ · 8H₂O

Locality: Lake Malawi, Malawi/Mozambique/Tanzania

References:

www.uoguelph.ca (2004) http://www.uoguelph.ca/~geology/rocks_for_crops/35malawi.PDF

ⓘ Wöhlerite

Formula: Na₂Ca₄ZrNb(Si₂O₇)₂O₃F

Locality: Junguni Hill, Machinga, Southern Region, Malawi

References:

Bloomfield, K. (1965). The geology of the Zomba area. Geological Survey Dept. Bulletin, (16).

Woolley, A. R. (2001) Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World, Part 3: Africa - Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World. The Geological Society of London.

Orris, Greta J., Grauch, Richard I. (2002) Rare Earth Element Mines, Deposits, and Occurrences. Open-File Report 2002-189. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr02189

ⓘ Xenotime-(Y)

Formula: Y(PO₄)

Locality: Kangankunde Carbonatite Complex, Balaka, Southern Region, Malawi

References:

ⓘ Zircon

Formula: Zr(SiO₄)

Localities:

Utale Occurrence, Balaka, Southern Region, Malawi
Sigulani, Thambani Intrusion, Mwanza, Southern Region, Malawi

Gallery:

K₂NaMn²⁺₇Ti₂[Si₄O₁₂]₂O₂(OH)₄Fⓘ Kupletskite

Kupletskite

Junguni Hill, Machinga, Southern Region, Malawi

Kupletskite

Junguni Hill, Machinga, Southern Region, Malawi

Kupletskite

Junguni Hill, Machinga, Southern Region, Malawi

REE(PO₄)ⓘ 'Monazite Group'

Monazite Group

Kangankunde Carbonatite Complex, Balaka, Southern Region, Malawi

Monazite Group

Kangankunde Carbonatite Complex, Balaka, Southern Region, Malawi

Monazite Group

Kangankunde Carbonatite Complex, Balaka, Southern Region, Malawi

List of minerals arranged by Strunz 10th Edition classification

Group 2 - Sulphides and Sulfosalts
ⓘ	Sphalerite	2.CB.05a	ZnS
ⓘ	Boulangerite	2.HC.15	Pb₅Sb₄S₁₁
Group 3 - Halides
ⓘ	Fluorite	3.AB.25	CaF₂
Group 4 - Oxides and Hydroxides
ⓘ	Goethite	4.00.	Fe³⁺O(OH)
ⓘ	'Pyrochlore Group'	4.00.	A₂Nb₂(O,OH)₆Z
ⓘ	Magnetite	4.BB.05	Fe²⁺Fe³⁺₂O₄
ⓘ	Pyrophanite	4.CB.05	Mn²⁺TiO₃
ⓘ	Perovskite	4.CC.30	CaTiO₃
ⓘ	Quartz	4.DA.05	SiO₂
ⓘ	Rutile	4.DB.05	TiO₂
ⓘ	var. Niobium-bearing Rutile	4.DB.05	(Ti,Nb)O₂
ⓘ	Anatase	4.DD.05	TiO₂
ⓘ	Brookite	4.DD.10	TiO₂
Group 5 - Nitrates and Carbonates
ⓘ	Calcite	5.AB.05	CaCO₃
ⓘ	Siderite	5.AB.05	FeCO₃
ⓘ	Ankerite	5.AB.10	Ca(Fe²⁺,Mg)(CO₃)₂
ⓘ	Dolomite	5.AB.10	CaMg(CO₃)₂
ⓘ	Strontianite	5.AB.15	SrCO₃
ⓘ	Daqingshanite-(Ce)	5.BF.15	(Sr,Ca,Ba)₃(Ce,La)(CO₃)_3-x(PO₄)(OH,F)_2x
Group 7 - Sulphates, Chromates, Molybdates and Tungstates
ⓘ	Baryte	7.AD.35	BaSO₄
Group 8 - Phosphates, Arsenates and Vanadates
ⓘ	Xenotime-(Y)	8.AD.35	Y(PO₄)
ⓘ	Monazite-(Ce)	8.AD.50	Ce(PO₄)
ⓘ	Goyazite	8.BL.10	SrAl₃(PO₄)(PO₃OH)(OH)₆
ⓘ	Fluorapatite	8.BN.05	Ca₅(PO₄)₃F
ⓘ	Vivianite	8.CE.40	Fe²⁺Fe²⁺₂(PO₄)₂ · 8H₂O
ⓘ	Anapaite	8.CH.10	Ca₂Fe²⁺(PO₄)₂ · 4H₂O
Group 9 - Silicates
ⓘ	Monticellite	9.AC.10	CaMgSiO₄
ⓘ	Zircon	9.AD.30	Zr(SiO₄)
ⓘ	Staurolite	9.AF.30	Fe²⁺₂Al₉Si₄O₂₃(OH)
ⓘ	Titanite	9.AG.15	CaTi(SiO₄)O
ⓘ	Britholite-(Ce)	9.AH.25	(Ce,Ca)₅(SiO₄)₃OH
ⓘ	Låvenite	9.BE.17	Na₂Ca₂Mn₂Zr₂(Si₂O₇)₂O₂F₂
ⓘ	Wöhlerite	9.BE.17	Na₂Ca₄ZrNb(Si₂O₇)₂O₃F
ⓘ	Rosenbuschite	9.BE.22	Na₆Ca₆Zr₃Ti(Si₂O₇)₄O₂F₆
ⓘ	Eudialyte	9.CO.10	Na₁₅Ca₆Fe₃Zr₃Si(Si₂₅O₇₃)(O,OH,H₂O)₃(Cl,OH)₂
ⓘ	Aegirine	9.DA.25	NaFe³⁺Si₂O₆
ⓘ	Astrophyllite	9.DC.05	K₂NaFe²⁺₇Ti₂[Si₄O₁₂]₂O₂(OH)₄F
ⓘ	Kupletskite	9.DC.05	K₂NaMn²⁺₇Ti₂[Si₄O₁₂]₂O₂(OH)₄F
ⓘ	Arfvedsonite	9.DE.25	[Na][Na₂][Fe²⁺₄Fe³⁺]Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂
ⓘ	Eckermannite	9.DE.25	NaNa₂(Mg₄Al}Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂
ⓘ	Phlogopite	9.EC.20	KMg₃(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
ⓘ	Nepheline	9.FA.05	Na₃K(Al₄Si₄O₁₆)
ⓘ	Orthoclase	9.FA.30	K(AlSi₃O₈)
ⓘ	Albite	9.FA.35	Na(AlSi₃O₈)
ⓘ	Cancrinite	9.FB.05	(Na,Ca,◻)₈(Al₆Si₆O₂₄)(CO₃,SO₄)₂ · 2H₂O
ⓘ	Sodalite	9.FB.10	Na₄(Si₃Al₃)O₁₂Cl
Unclassified
ⓘ	'Amphibole Supergroup'	-	AB₂C₅((Si,Al,Ti)₈O₂₂)(OH,F,Cl,O)₂
ⓘ	'Bastnäsite'	-	(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO₃)F
ⓘ	'Biotite'	-	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
ⓘ	'Feldspar Group'	-
ⓘ	'Limonite'	-
ⓘ	'Monazite Group'	-	REE(PO₄)
ⓘ	'Feldspar Group var. Perthite'	-
ⓘ	'Mica Group'	-
ⓘ	'Parisite'	-	Ca(Ce/La/Nd/REE)₂(CO₃)₃F₂
ⓘ	'Fayalite-Forsterite Series'	-
ⓘ	'Columbite-(Fe)-Columbite-(Mn) Series'	-
ⓘ	'K Feldspar'	-
ⓘ	'Pyroxene Group'	-	ADSi₂O₆
ⓘ	'Florencite'	-
ⓘ	'Manganese Oxides'	-
ⓘ	'Apatite'	-	Ca₅(PO₄)₃(Cl/F/OH)
ⓘ	'Melilite Group'	-	Ca₂M(XSiO₇)
ⓘ	'Britholite Group'	-	(REE,Ca)₅[(Si,P)O₄]₃X
ⓘ	'Alkali pyroxene'	-
ⓘ	'Rhombohedral Carbonate'	-	(Ca/Mg/Fe/Mn etc)CO₃

List of minerals for each chemical element

H	Hydrogen
H	ⓘ Amphibole Supergroup	AB₂C₅((Si,Al,Ti)₈O₂₂)(OH,F,Cl,O)₂
H	ⓘ Anapaite	Ca₂Fe²⁺(PO₄)₂ · 4H₂O
H	ⓘ Arfvedsonite	[Na][Na₂][Fe₄²⁺Fe³⁺]Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂
H	ⓘ Astrophyllite	K₂NaFe₇²⁺Ti₂[Si₄O₁₂]₂O₂(OH)₄F
H	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
H	ⓘ Britholite-(Ce)	(Ce,Ca)₅(SiO₄)₃OH
H	ⓘ Cancrinite	(Na,Ca,◻)₈(Al₆Si₆O₂₄)(CO₃,SO₄)₂ · 2H₂O
H	ⓘ Daqingshanite-(Ce)	(Sr,Ca,Ba)₃(Ce,La)(CO₃)_3-x(PO₄)(OH,F)_2x
H	ⓘ Eckermannite	NaNa₂(Mg₄Al}Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂
H	ⓘ Eudialyte	Na₁₅Ca₆Fe₃Zr₃Si(Si₂₅O₇₃)(O,OH,H₂O)₃(Cl,OH)₂
H	ⓘ Goethite	Fe³⁺O(OH)
H	ⓘ Goyazite	SrAl₃(PO₄)(PO₃OH)(OH)₆
H	ⓘ Kupletskite	K₂NaMn₇²⁺Ti₂[Si₄O₁₂]₂O₂(OH)₄F
H	ⓘ Phlogopite	KMg₃(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
H	ⓘ Pyrochlore Group	A₂Nb₂(O,OH)₆Z
H	ⓘ Staurolite	Fe₂²⁺Al₉Si₄O₂₃(OH)
H	ⓘ Vivianite	Fe²⁺Fe₂²⁺(PO₄)₂ · 8H₂O
H	ⓘ Apatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃(Cl/F/OH)
C	Carbon
C	ⓘ Ankerite	Ca(Fe²⁺,Mg)(CO₃)₂
C	ⓘ Bastnäsite	(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO₃)F
C	ⓘ Calcite	CaCO₃
C	ⓘ Cancrinite	(Na,Ca,◻)₈(Al₆Si₆O₂₄)(CO₃,SO₄)₂ · 2H₂O
C	ⓘ Daqingshanite-(Ce)	(Sr,Ca,Ba)₃(Ce,La)(CO₃)_3-x(PO₄)(OH,F)_2x
C	ⓘ Dolomite	CaMg(CO₃)₂
C	ⓘ Siderite	FeCO₃
C	ⓘ Strontianite	SrCO₃
C	ⓘ Parisite	Ca(Ce/La/Nd/REE)₂(CO₃)₃F₂
C	ⓘ Rhombohedral Carbonate	(Ca/Mg/Fe/Mn etc)CO₃
O	Oxygen
O	ⓘ Aegirine	NaFe³⁺Si₂O₆
O	ⓘ Albite	Na(AlSi₃O₈)
O	ⓘ Amphibole Supergroup	AB₂C₅((Si,Al,Ti)₈O₂₂)(OH,F,Cl,O)₂
O	ⓘ Anapaite	Ca₂Fe²⁺(PO₄)₂ · 4H₂O
O	ⓘ Anatase	TiO₂
O	ⓘ Ankerite	Ca(Fe²⁺,Mg)(CO₃)₂
O	ⓘ Arfvedsonite	[Na][Na₂][Fe₄²⁺Fe³⁺]Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂
O	ⓘ Astrophyllite	K₂NaFe₇²⁺Ti₂[Si₄O₁₂]₂O₂(OH)₄F
O	ⓘ Baryte	BaSO₄
O	ⓘ Bastnäsite	(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO₃)F
O	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
O	ⓘ Britholite-(Ce)	(Ce,Ca)₅(SiO₄)₃OH
O	ⓘ Brookite	TiO₂
O	ⓘ Calcite	CaCO₃
O	ⓘ Cancrinite	(Na,Ca,◻)₈(Al₆Si₆O₂₄)(CO₃,SO₄)₂ · 2H₂O
O	ⓘ Daqingshanite-(Ce)	(Sr,Ca,Ba)₃(Ce,La)(CO₃)_3-x(PO₄)(OH,F)_2x
O	ⓘ Dolomite	CaMg(CO₃)₂
O	ⓘ Eckermannite	NaNa₂(Mg₄Al}Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂
O	ⓘ Eudialyte	Na₁₅Ca₆Fe₃Zr₃Si(Si₂₅O₇₃)(O,OH,H₂O)₃(Cl,OH)₂
O	ⓘ Fluorapatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃F
O	ⓘ Goethite	Fe³⁺O(OH)
O	ⓘ Goyazite	SrAl₃(PO₄)(PO₃OH)(OH)₆
O	ⓘ Kupletskite	K₂NaMn₇²⁺Ti₂[Si₄O₁₂]₂O₂(OH)₄F
O	ⓘ Låvenite	Na₂Ca₂Mn₂Zr₂(Si₂O₇)₂O₂F₂
O	ⓘ Magnetite	Fe²⁺Fe₂³⁺O₄
O	ⓘ Monazite Group	REE(PO₄)
O	ⓘ Monazite-(Ce)	Ce(PO₄)
O	ⓘ Monticellite	CaMgSiO₄
O	ⓘ Nepheline	Na₃K(Al₄Si₄O₁₆)
O	ⓘ Orthoclase	K(AlSi₃O₈)
O	ⓘ Perovskite	CaTiO₃
O	ⓘ Phlogopite	KMg₃(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
O	ⓘ Pyrochlore Group	A₂Nb₂(O,OH)₆Z
O	ⓘ Pyrophanite	Mn²⁺TiO₃
O	ⓘ Quartz	SiO₂
O	ⓘ Rosenbuschite	Na₆Ca₆Zr₃Ti(Si₂O₇)₄O₂F₆
O	ⓘ Rutile	TiO₂
O	ⓘ Siderite	FeCO₃
O	ⓘ Sodalite	Na₄(Si₃Al₃)O₁₂Cl
O	ⓘ Staurolite	Fe₂²⁺Al₉Si₄O₂₃(OH)
O	ⓘ Strontianite	SrCO₃
O	ⓘ Titanite	CaTi(SiO₄)O
O	ⓘ Vivianite	Fe²⁺Fe₂²⁺(PO₄)₂ · 8H₂O
O	ⓘ Wöhlerite	Na₂Ca₄ZrNb(Si₂O₇)₂O₃F
O	ⓘ Xenotime-(Y)	Y(PO₄)
O	ⓘ Zircon	Zr(SiO₄)
O	ⓘ Parisite	Ca(Ce/La/Nd/REE)₂(CO₃)₃F₂
O	ⓘ Fayalite-Forsterite Series
O	ⓘ Columbite-(Fe)-Columbite-(Mn) Series
O	ⓘ Pyroxene Group	ADSi₂O₆
O	ⓘ Rutile var. Niobium-bearing Rutile	(Ti,Nb)O₂
O	ⓘ Apatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃(Cl/F/OH)
O	ⓘ Melilite Group	Ca₂M(XSiO₇)
O	ⓘ Britholite Group	(REE,Ca)₅[(Si,P)O₄]₃X
O	ⓘ Rhombohedral Carbonate	(Ca/Mg/Fe/Mn etc)CO₃
F	Fluorine
F	ⓘ Amphibole Supergroup	AB₂C₅((Si,Al,Ti)₈O₂₂)(OH,F,Cl,O)₂
F	ⓘ Astrophyllite	K₂NaFe₇²⁺Ti₂[Si₄O₁₂]₂O₂(OH)₄F
F	ⓘ Bastnäsite	(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO₃)F
F	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
F	ⓘ Daqingshanite-(Ce)	(Sr,Ca,Ba)₃(Ce,La)(CO₃)_3-x(PO₄)(OH,F)_2x
F	ⓘ Fluorapatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃F
F	ⓘ Fluorite	CaF₂
F	ⓘ Kupletskite	K₂NaMn₇²⁺Ti₂[Si₄O₁₂]₂O₂(OH)₄F
F	ⓘ Låvenite	Na₂Ca₂Mn₂Zr₂(Si₂O₇)₂O₂F₂
F	ⓘ Rosenbuschite	Na₆Ca₆Zr₃Ti(Si₂O₇)₄O₂F₆
F	ⓘ Wöhlerite	Na₂Ca₄ZrNb(Si₂O₇)₂O₃F
F	ⓘ Parisite	Ca(Ce/La/Nd/REE)₂(CO₃)₃F₂
F	ⓘ Apatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃(Cl/F/OH)
Na	Sodium
Na	ⓘ Aegirine	NaFe³⁺Si₂O₆
Na	ⓘ Albite	Na(AlSi₃O₈)
Na	ⓘ Arfvedsonite	[Na][Na₂][Fe₄²⁺Fe³⁺]Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂
Na	ⓘ Astrophyllite	K₂NaFe₇²⁺Ti₂[Si₄O₁₂]₂O₂(OH)₄F
Na	ⓘ Cancrinite	(Na,Ca,◻)₈(Al₆Si₆O₂₄)(CO₃,SO₄)₂ · 2H₂O
Na	ⓘ Eckermannite	NaNa₂(Mg₄Al}Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂
Na	ⓘ Eudialyte	Na₁₅Ca₆Fe₃Zr₃Si(Si₂₅O₇₃)(O,OH,H₂O)₃(Cl,OH)₂
Na	ⓘ Kupletskite	K₂NaMn₇²⁺Ti₂[Si₄O₁₂]₂O₂(OH)₄F
Na	ⓘ Låvenite	Na₂Ca₂Mn₂Zr₂(Si₂O₇)₂O₂F₂
Na	ⓘ Nepheline	Na₃K(Al₄Si₄O₁₆)
Na	ⓘ Rosenbuschite	Na₆Ca₆Zr₃Ti(Si₂O₇)₄O₂F₆
Na	ⓘ Sodalite	Na₄(Si₃Al₃)O₁₂Cl
Na	ⓘ Wöhlerite	Na₂Ca₄ZrNb(Si₂O₇)₂O₃F
Mg	Magnesium
Mg	ⓘ Ankerite	Ca(Fe²⁺,Mg)(CO₃)₂
Mg	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
Mg	ⓘ Dolomite	CaMg(CO₃)₂
Mg	ⓘ Eckermannite	NaNa₂(Mg₄Al}Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂
Mg	ⓘ Monticellite	CaMgSiO₄
Mg	ⓘ Phlogopite	KMg₃(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
Mg	ⓘ Fayalite-Forsterite Series
Mg	ⓘ Rhombohedral Carbonate	(Ca/Mg/Fe/Mn etc)CO₃
Al	Aluminium
Al	ⓘ Albite	Na(AlSi₃O₈)
Al	ⓘ Amphibole Supergroup	AB₂C₅((Si,Al,Ti)₈O₂₂)(OH,F,Cl,O)₂
Al	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
Al	ⓘ Cancrinite	(Na,Ca,◻)₈(Al₆Si₆O₂₄)(CO₃,SO₄)₂ · 2H₂O
Al	ⓘ Eckermannite	NaNa₂(Mg₄Al}Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂
Al	ⓘ Goyazite	SrAl₃(PO₄)(PO₃OH)(OH)₆
Al	ⓘ Nepheline	Na₃K(Al₄Si₄O₁₆)
Al	ⓘ Orthoclase	K(AlSi₃O₈)
Al	ⓘ Phlogopite	KMg₃(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
Al	ⓘ Sodalite	Na₄(Si₃Al₃)O₁₂Cl
Al	ⓘ Staurolite	Fe₂²⁺Al₉Si₄O₂₃(OH)
Si	Silicon
Si	ⓘ Aegirine	NaFe³⁺Si₂O₆
Si	ⓘ Albite	Na(AlSi₃O₈)
Si	ⓘ Amphibole Supergroup	AB₂C₅((Si,Al,Ti)₈O₂₂)(OH,F,Cl,O)₂
Si	ⓘ Arfvedsonite	[Na][Na₂][Fe₄²⁺Fe³⁺]Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂
Si	ⓘ Astrophyllite	K₂NaFe₇²⁺Ti₂[Si₄O₁₂]₂O₂(OH)₄F
Si	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
Si	ⓘ Britholite-(Ce)	(Ce,Ca)₅(SiO₄)₃OH
Si	ⓘ Cancrinite	(Na,Ca,◻)₈(Al₆Si₆O₂₄)(CO₃,SO₄)₂ · 2H₂O
Si	ⓘ Eckermannite	NaNa₂(Mg₄Al}Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂
Si	ⓘ Eudialyte	Na₁₅Ca₆Fe₃Zr₃Si(Si₂₅O₇₃)(O,OH,H₂O)₃(Cl,OH)₂
Si	ⓘ Kupletskite	K₂NaMn₇²⁺Ti₂[Si₄O₁₂]₂O₂(OH)₄F
Si	ⓘ Låvenite	Na₂Ca₂Mn₂Zr₂(Si₂O₇)₂O₂F₂
Si	ⓘ Monticellite	CaMgSiO₄
Si	ⓘ Nepheline	Na₃K(Al₄Si₄O₁₆)
Si	ⓘ Orthoclase	K(AlSi₃O₈)
Si	ⓘ Phlogopite	KMg₃(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
Si	ⓘ Quartz	SiO₂
Si	ⓘ Rosenbuschite	Na₆Ca₆Zr₃Ti(Si₂O₇)₄O₂F₆
Si	ⓘ Sodalite	Na₄(Si₃Al₃)O₁₂Cl
Si	ⓘ Staurolite	Fe₂²⁺Al₉Si₄O₂₃(OH)
Si	ⓘ Titanite	CaTi(SiO₄)O
Si	ⓘ Wöhlerite	Na₂Ca₄ZrNb(Si₂O₇)₂O₃F
Si	ⓘ Zircon	Zr(SiO₄)
Si	ⓘ Fayalite-Forsterite Series
Si	ⓘ Pyroxene Group	ADSi₂O₆
Si	ⓘ Melilite Group	Ca₂M(XSiO₇)
Si	ⓘ Britholite Group	(REE,Ca)₅[(Si,P)O₄]₃X
P	Phosphorus
P	ⓘ Anapaite	Ca₂Fe²⁺(PO₄)₂ · 4H₂O
P	ⓘ Daqingshanite-(Ce)	(Sr,Ca,Ba)₃(Ce,La)(CO₃)_3-x(PO₄)(OH,F)_2x
P	ⓘ Fluorapatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃F
P	ⓘ Goyazite	SrAl₃(PO₄)(PO₃OH)(OH)₆
P	ⓘ Monazite Group	REE(PO₄)
P	ⓘ Monazite-(Ce)	Ce(PO₄)
P	ⓘ Vivianite	Fe²⁺Fe₂²⁺(PO₄)₂ · 8H₂O
P	ⓘ Xenotime-(Y)	Y(PO₄)
P	ⓘ Apatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃(Cl/F/OH)
P	ⓘ Britholite Group	(REE,Ca)₅[(Si,P)O₄]₃X
S	Sulfur
S	ⓘ Baryte	BaSO₄
S	ⓘ Boulangerite	Pb₅Sb₄S₁₁
S	ⓘ Cancrinite	(Na,Ca,◻)₈(Al₆Si₆O₂₄)(CO₃,SO₄)₂ · 2H₂O
S	ⓘ Sphalerite	ZnS
Cl	Chlorine
Cl	ⓘ Amphibole Supergroup	AB₂C₅((Si,Al,Ti)₈O₂₂)(OH,F,Cl,O)₂
Cl	ⓘ Eudialyte	Na₁₅Ca₆Fe₃Zr₃Si(Si₂₅O₇₃)(O,OH,H₂O)₃(Cl,OH)₂
Cl	ⓘ Sodalite	Na₄(Si₃Al₃)O₁₂Cl
Cl	ⓘ Apatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃(Cl/F/OH)
K	Potassium
K	ⓘ Astrophyllite	K₂NaFe₇²⁺Ti₂[Si₄O₁₂]₂O₂(OH)₄F
K	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
K	ⓘ Kupletskite	K₂NaMn₇²⁺Ti₂[Si₄O₁₂]₂O₂(OH)₄F
K	ⓘ Nepheline	Na₃K(Al₄Si₄O₁₆)
K	ⓘ Orthoclase	K(AlSi₃O₈)
K	ⓘ Phlogopite	KMg₃(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
Ca	Calcium
Ca	ⓘ Anapaite	Ca₂Fe²⁺(PO₄)₂ · 4H₂O
Ca	ⓘ Ankerite	Ca(Fe²⁺,Mg)(CO₃)₂
Ca	ⓘ Britholite-(Ce)	(Ce,Ca)₅(SiO₄)₃OH
Ca	ⓘ Calcite	CaCO₃
Ca	ⓘ Cancrinite	(Na,Ca,◻)₈(Al₆Si₆O₂₄)(CO₃,SO₄)₂ · 2H₂O
Ca	ⓘ Daqingshanite-(Ce)	(Sr,Ca,Ba)₃(Ce,La)(CO₃)_3-x(PO₄)(OH,F)_2x
Ca	ⓘ Dolomite	CaMg(CO₃)₂
Ca	ⓘ Eudialyte	Na₁₅Ca₆Fe₃Zr₃Si(Si₂₅O₇₃)(O,OH,H₂O)₃(Cl,OH)₂
Ca	ⓘ Fluorapatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃F
Ca	ⓘ Fluorite	CaF₂
Ca	ⓘ Låvenite	Na₂Ca₂Mn₂Zr₂(Si₂O₇)₂O₂F₂
Ca	ⓘ Monticellite	CaMgSiO₄
Ca	ⓘ Perovskite	CaTiO₃
Ca	ⓘ Rosenbuschite	Na₆Ca₆Zr₃Ti(Si₂O₇)₄O₂F₆
Ca	ⓘ Titanite	CaTi(SiO₄)O
Ca	ⓘ Wöhlerite	Na₂Ca₄ZrNb(Si₂O₇)₂O₃F
Ca	ⓘ Parisite	Ca(Ce/La/Nd/REE)₂(CO₃)₃F₂
Ca	ⓘ Apatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃(Cl/F/OH)
Ca	ⓘ Melilite Group	Ca₂M(XSiO₇)
Ca	ⓘ Britholite Group	(REE,Ca)₅[(Si,P)O₄]₃X
Ca	ⓘ Rhombohedral Carbonate	(Ca/Mg/Fe/Mn etc)CO₃
Ti	Titanium
Ti	ⓘ Amphibole Supergroup	AB₂C₅((Si,Al,Ti)₈O₂₂)(OH,F,Cl,O)₂
Ti	ⓘ Anatase	TiO₂
Ti	ⓘ Astrophyllite	K₂NaFe₇²⁺Ti₂[Si₄O₁₂]₂O₂(OH)₄F
Ti	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
Ti	ⓘ Brookite	TiO₂
Ti	ⓘ Kupletskite	K₂NaMn₇²⁺Ti₂[Si₄O₁₂]₂O₂(OH)₄F
Ti	ⓘ Perovskite	CaTiO₃
Ti	ⓘ Pyrophanite	Mn²⁺TiO₃
Ti	ⓘ Rosenbuschite	Na₆Ca₆Zr₃Ti(Si₂O₇)₄O₂F₆
Ti	ⓘ Rutile	TiO₂
Ti	ⓘ Titanite	CaTi(SiO₄)O
Ti	ⓘ Rutile var. Niobium-bearing Rutile	(Ti,Nb)O₂
Mn	Manganese
Mn	ⓘ Kupletskite	K₂NaMn₇²⁺Ti₂[Si₄O₁₂]₂O₂(OH)₄F
Mn	ⓘ Låvenite	Na₂Ca₂Mn₂Zr₂(Si₂O₇)₂O₂F₂
Mn	ⓘ Pyrophanite	Mn²⁺TiO₃
Mn	ⓘ Columbite-(Fe)-Columbite-(Mn) Series
Mn	ⓘ Rhombohedral Carbonate	(Ca/Mg/Fe/Mn etc)CO₃
Fe	Iron
Fe	ⓘ Aegirine	NaFe³⁺Si₂O₆
Fe	ⓘ Anapaite	Ca₂Fe²⁺(PO₄)₂ · 4H₂O
Fe	ⓘ Ankerite	Ca(Fe²⁺,Mg)(CO₃)₂
Fe	ⓘ Arfvedsonite	[Na][Na₂][Fe₄²⁺Fe³⁺]Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂
Fe	ⓘ Astrophyllite	K₂NaFe₇²⁺Ti₂[Si₄O₁₂]₂O₂(OH)₄F
Fe	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
Fe	ⓘ Eudialyte	Na₁₅Ca₆Fe₃Zr₃Si(Si₂₅O₇₃)(O,OH,H₂O)₃(Cl,OH)₂
Fe	ⓘ Goethite	Fe³⁺O(OH)
Fe	ⓘ Magnetite	Fe²⁺Fe₂³⁺O₄
Fe	ⓘ Siderite	FeCO₃
Fe	ⓘ Staurolite	Fe₂²⁺Al₉Si₄O₂₃(OH)
Fe	ⓘ Vivianite	Fe²⁺Fe₂²⁺(PO₄)₂ · 8H₂O
Fe	ⓘ Fayalite-Forsterite Series
Fe	ⓘ Columbite-(Fe)-Columbite-(Mn) Series
Fe	ⓘ Rhombohedral Carbonate	(Ca/Mg/Fe/Mn etc)CO₃
Zn	Zinc
Zn	ⓘ Sphalerite	ZnS
Sr	Strontium
Sr	ⓘ Daqingshanite-(Ce)	(Sr,Ca,Ba)₃(Ce,La)(CO₃)_3-x(PO₄)(OH,F)_2x
Sr	ⓘ Goyazite	SrAl₃(PO₄)(PO₃OH)(OH)₆
Sr	ⓘ Strontianite	SrCO₃
Y	Yttrium
Y	ⓘ Bastnäsite	(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO₃)F
Y	ⓘ Xenotime-(Y)	Y(PO₄)
Zr	Zirconium
Zr	ⓘ Eudialyte	Na₁₅Ca₆Fe₃Zr₃Si(Si₂₅O₇₃)(O,OH,H₂O)₃(Cl,OH)₂
Zr	ⓘ Låvenite	Na₂Ca₂Mn₂Zr₂(Si₂O₇)₂O₂F₂
Zr	ⓘ Rosenbuschite	Na₆Ca₆Zr₃Ti(Si₂O₇)₄O₂F₆
Zr	ⓘ Wöhlerite	Na₂Ca₄ZrNb(Si₂O₇)₂O₃F
Zr	ⓘ Zircon	Zr(SiO₄)
Nb	Niobium
Nb	ⓘ Pyrochlore Group	A₂Nb₂(O,OH)₆Z
Nb	ⓘ Wöhlerite	Na₂Ca₄ZrNb(Si₂O₇)₂O₃F
Nb	ⓘ Columbite-(Fe)-Columbite-(Mn) Series
Nb	ⓘ Rutile var. Niobium-bearing Rutile	(Ti,Nb)O₂
Sb	Antimony
Sb	ⓘ Boulangerite	Pb₅Sb₄S₁₁
Ba	Barium
Ba	ⓘ Baryte	BaSO₄
Ba	ⓘ Daqingshanite-(Ce)	(Sr,Ca,Ba)₃(Ce,La)(CO₃)_3-x(PO₄)(OH,F)_2x
La	Lanthanum
La	ⓘ Daqingshanite-(Ce)	(Sr,Ca,Ba)₃(Ce,La)(CO₃)_3-x(PO₄)(OH,F)_2x
La	ⓘ Parisite	Ca(Ce/La/Nd/REE)₂(CO₃)₃F₂
Ce	Cerium
Ce	ⓘ Bastnäsite	(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO₃)F
Ce	ⓘ Britholite-(Ce)	(Ce,Ca)₅(SiO₄)₃OH
Ce	ⓘ Daqingshanite-(Ce)	(Sr,Ca,Ba)₃(Ce,La)(CO₃)_3-x(PO₄)(OH,F)_2x
Ce	ⓘ Monazite-(Ce)	Ce(PO₄)
Ce	ⓘ Parisite	Ca(Ce/La/Nd/REE)₂(CO₃)₃F₂
Nd	Neodymium
Nd	ⓘ Bastnäsite	(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO₃)F
Nd	ⓘ Parisite	Ca(Ce/La/Nd/REE)₂(CO₃)₃F₂
Pb	Lead
Pb	ⓘ Boulangerite	Pb₅Sb₄S₁₁

Geochronology

Mineralization age: Early/Lower Cretaceous : 137.4 ± 24.9 Ma to 117 Ma

Important note: This table is based only on rock and mineral ages recorded on mindat.org for this locality and is not necessarily a complete representation of the geochronology, but does give an indication of possible mineralization events relevant to this locality. As more age information is added this table may expand in the future. A break in the table simply indicates a lack of data entered here, not necessarily a break in the geologic sequence. Grey background entries are from different, related, localities.

Geologic Time

Rocks, Minerals and Events

Phanerozoic

Mesozoic

Cretaceous

Early/Lower Cretaceous

ⓘ Phlogopite (youngest age)	117 Ma	Kangankunde Carbonatite Complex, Balaka, Southern Region, Malawi
ⓘ Titanite (youngest age)	128.8 ± 20.1 Ma	Junguni Hill, Machinga, Southern Region, Malawi
ⓘ Phlogopite (oldest age)	129 Ma	Kangankunde Carbonatite Complex, Balaka, Southern Region, Malawi
ⓘ Titanite (oldest age)	137.4 ± 24.9 Ma	Junguni Hill, Machinga, Southern Region, Malawi

Fossils

There are 4 fossil localities from the PaleoBioDB database within this region.

These data are provided on an experimental basis and are taken from external databases. Mindat.org has no control currently over the accuracy of these data.

Occurrences

Youngest Fossil Listed

0.01 Ma (Pleistocene)

Oldest Fossil Listed

247 Ma (Early/Lower Triassic)

Stratigraphic Units

Unit	No. Occurrences	Age
Chiwondo	22	3.6 - 0 Ma (Cenozoic)
Lupata - Dinosaur Beds	2	125 - 113 Ma (Early/Lower Cretaceous)
Manda Beds - Lifua	3	247.2 - 242 Ma (Triassic)

Fossils from Region

Click here to show the list.

Accepted Name	Hierarchy	Age
Megalotragus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : *Megalotragus*	5.333 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Oryx genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : *Oryx*	5.333 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Hipparion genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Equidae : *Hipparion*	5.333 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Loxodonta genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Proboscidea : Elephantidae : *Loxodonta*	5.333 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Mammuthus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Proboscidea : Elephantidae : *Mammuthus*	5.333 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Dinosauria order	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Dinosauria	125 - 113 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
Anomodontia unranked clade	Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Cotylosauria : Anomodontia	247.2 - 242 Ma Triassic
Archosauriformes unranked clade	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Eosuchia : Archosauriformes	247.2 - 242 Ma Triassic
Homo rudolfensis species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Primates : Hominidae : Homo : *Homo rudolfensis*	5.333 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Pelusios genus	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Testudines : Pelomedusidae : *Pelusios*	5.333 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Palaeoloxodon recki species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Proboscidea : Elephantidae : Elephas : *Palaeoloxodon recki*	5.333 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Kolpochoerus limnetes species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Suidae : Kolpochoerus : *Kolpochoerus limnetes*	5.333 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Metridiochoerus andrewsi species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Suidae : Metridiochoerus : *Metridiochoerus andrewsi*	5.333 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Connochaetes taurina species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Connochaetes : *Connochaetes taurina*	5.333 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Tragelaphus angasii species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Tragelaphus : *Tragelaphus angasii*	5.333 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Anancus kenyensis species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Proboscidea : Elephantidae : Anancus : *Anancus kenyensis*	5.333 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Cyclanorbis senegalensis species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Testudines : Trionychidae : Cyclanorbis : *Cyclanorbis senegalensis*	5.333 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Pelomedusa subrufa species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Testudines : Pelomedusidae : Pelomedusa : *Pelomedusa subrufa*	5.333 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Nyanzachoerus jaegeri species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Suidae : Nyanzachoerus : *Nyanzachoerus jaegeri*	5.333 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Hylochoerus euilus species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Suidae : Hylochoerus : *Hylochoerus euilus*	5.333 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Gerontochoerus scotti species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Suidae : Gerontochoerus : *Gerontochoerus scotti*	5.333 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Metridiochoerus compactus species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Suidae : Metridiochoerus : *Metridiochoerus compactus*	5.333 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic

Fossil Localities

Click to show 3 fossil localities

Early/Lower Cretaceous🐚 Deep Bay

Malawi

Northern Region
- Karonga District
  - Early/Lower Cretaceous🐚 Florence Bay
  - Cenozoic🐚 Uraha - Unit 3B

Localities in this Region

Malawi

Central Region
- ⭔Salima
Northern Region
- Karonga District
  - Karonga
Southern Region
- Balaka

Malawi

Southern Region
- Machinga
  - Junguni Hill
  - Machinga
- Mwanza
  - Thambani Intrusion
    - Sigulani
    - Snipe River
      - Aplite occurrence

Malawi/Mozambique/Tanzania

⭔Lake Malawi

Tanzania

Njombe Region
- Ludewa District
  - Lake Malawi

Other Regions, Features and Areas that Intersect

AfricaContinent

East African Rift System (EARS)Zone (Tectonic)

African PlateTectonic Plate

East African Rift
- East African Rift-westNarrow Rift
Malawi ComplexOrogenic Belt

Somali PlateTectonic Plate

This page contains all mineral locality references listed on mindat.org. This does not claim to be a complete list. If you know of more minerals from this site, please register so you can add to our database. This locality information is for reference purposes only. You should never attempt to visit any sites listed in mindat.org without first ensuring that you have the permission of the land and/or mineral rights holders for access and that you are aware of all safety precautions necessary.

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Detailed Mineral List:

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List of minerals arranged by Strunz 10th Edition classification

List of minerals for each chemical element

Geochronology

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Localities in this Region

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Regional Level Types
Malawi Rift basin Basin
African Plate Tectonic Plate