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East African Rift-west, East African Rift, African Platei
Regional Level Types
East African Rift-westNarrow Rift
East African Rift- not defined -
African PlateTectonic Plate

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PhotosSearch
00174990017272017012186.jpg
Lava flow in the outskirts of Goma

Nyiragongo Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
05121270017272040105267.jpg
Margherita Peak (Uganda) and Alexandra Peak (RD Congo)

Margherita Peak, Kasese, Western Region, Uganda
05235070017271980427084.jpg
Dingdaohengite-(Ce), etc.

Mulanje Massif, Mulanje, Southern Region, Malawi
00174990017272017012186.jpg
Lava flow in the outskirts of Goma

Nyiragongo Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
05121270017272040105267.jpg
Margherita Peak (Uganda) and Alexandra Peak (RD Congo)

Margherita Peak, Kasese, Western Region, Uganda
03045080017368991422040.jpg
Dingdaohengite-(Ce), etc.

Mulanje Massif, Mulanje, Southern Region, Malawi
00174990017272017012186.jpg
Lava flow in the outskirts of Goma

Nyiragongo Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
05121270017272040105267.jpg
Margherita Peak (Uganda) and Alexandra Peak (RD Congo)

Margherita Peak, Kasese, Western Region, Uganda
Area:
144,218 km2
Type:
Narrow Rift
Largest Settlements:
PlacePopulation
Blantyre584,877 (2014)
Bujumbura331,700 (2012)
Mbeya291,649 (2016)
Uvira170,391 (2012)
Kigoma164,268 (2016)
Goma144,124 (2012)
Mindat Locality ID:
444977
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:2:444977:8
GUID (UUID V4):
0


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Standard Detailed Gallery Strunz Chemical Elements

Commodity List

This is a list of exploitable or exploited mineral commodities recorded from this region.


Mineral List

Mineral list contains entries from the region specified including sub-localities

175 valid minerals. 7 (TL) - type locality of valid minerals.

Rock Types Recorded

Note: data is currently VERY limited. Please bear with us while we work towards adding this information!

Rock list contains entries from the region specified including sub-localities

Select Rock List Type

Alphabetical List Tree Diagram

Detailed Mineral List:

ⓘ Aegirine
Formula: NaFe3+Si2O6
Localities: Reported from at least 13 localities in this region.
ⓘ Aegirine-augite
Formula: (NaaCabFe2+cMgd)(Fe3+eAlfFe2+gMgh)Si2O6
Localities: Reported from at least 7 localities in this region.
ⓘ Aenigmatite
Formula: Na4[Fe2+10Ti2]O4[Si12O36]
ⓘ Albite
Formula: Na(AlSi3O8)
Localities: Reported from at least 11 localities in this region.
ⓘ Albite var. Andesine
Formula: (Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si2O8]
ⓘ Albite var. Anorthoclase
Formula: (Na,K)AlSi3O8
References:
Richard, J.J. & Padang, M.N. 1957. Active volcanoes of the world. Part 4 Africa and the Red Sea. International Volcanological Association, Napoli, Italy.
Holmes, A., & Harwood, H. F. (1937). The volcanic area of Bufumbira. Part 2. The petrology of the volcanic field of Bufumbria, south-west Uganda, and of other parts of the Birunga field. Geological Survey of Uganda, Memoir, 3 (Part 2).
Denaeyer, M. E., Schellinck, F., & Coppez, A. (1965). Recueil d'analyses des laves du fossé tectonique de l'Afrique centrale. Annales. Musée Roy. Afrique Centrale. Belgique, Ann. Ser. 8, Sci. Geol., 49, 1-234.
Thonnard, R. L. G., & Denaeyer, M. E. (1965). Carte volcanologique des Virunga, Feuille No. 1. 1:50000 and Introduction generale et Notice Explicative de la Feuille No. 1. Centre National de Volcanologie (Belgique), Bruxelles.
Bell, K., & Powell, J. L. (1969). Strontium isotopic studies of alkalic rocks: the potassium-rich lavas of the Birunga and Toro—Ankole Regions, East and Central Equatorial Africa. Journal of Petrology, 10(3), 536-572. doi.org/10.1093/petrology/10.3.536
Aoki, K., Ishiwaka, K., & Kanisawa, S. (1981). Fluorine geochemistry of basaltic rocks from continental and oceanic regions and petrogenetic application. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 76(1), 53-59. doi.org/10.1007/BF00373683
Hamaguchi, H. (1983). Volcanoes Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira: geophysical aspects. Tohoku Univ.
Ueki, S. (1983). Recent volcanism of Nyamuragira and Nyiragongo. Volcanoes Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira: geophysical aspects, 7-18.
Aoki, K. I., & Kurasawa, H. (1984). Sr isotope study of the tephrite series from Nyamuragira volcano, Zaire. Geochemical Journal, 18(2), 95-100. doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.18.95
Aoki, K. I., Yoshida, T., Yusa, K., & Nakamura, Y. (1985). Petrology and geochemistry of the Nyamuragira volcano, Zaire. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 25(1-2), 1-28. doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(85)90002-2
ⓘ Albite var. Oligoclase
Formula: (Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si2O8]
References:
pdfs.semanticscholar.org (n.d.) https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8543/4bac56889ec26ceb38473c1e81e904df30e7.pdf
Dixey, F. (1927). The Mlanje Mountains of Nyasaland. Geographical Review, 17(4), 611-626. doi.org/10.2307/208001
Van der Post, L. (1957). Venture into the Interior. Penguin Books.
Garson, M. S., & Walshaw, R. D. (1969). The geology of the Mlanje area. Bulletin, Geological Survey of Malawi, 21.
Platt, R. Garth, Woolley, Alan R. (1986) The mafic mineralogy of the peralkaline syenites and granites of the Mulanje complex, Malawi. Mineralogical Magazine, 50 (355) 85-99 doi:10.1180/minmag.1986.050.355.12
Platt, R. G., Wall, F., Williams, C. T., Woolley, A. R. (1987) Zirconolite, chevkinite and other rare earth minerals from nepheline syenites and peralkaline granites and syenites of the Chilwa Alkaline Province, Malawi. Mineralogical Magazine, 51 (360) 253-263 doi:10.1180/minmag.1987.051.360.07
ⓘ 'Alkali Feldspar'
Localities: Reported from at least 10 localities in this region.
ⓘ 'Alkali pyroxene'
ⓘ 'Allanite Group'
Formula: (A12+REE3+)(M13+M23+M32+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH)
ⓘ Almandine
Formula: Fe2+3Al2(SiO4)3
ⓘ 'Aloisiite'
Formula: Na2(Ca,Fe,Mg)5Si2O10 · 2H2O
ⓘ Amblygonite
Formula: LiAl(PO4)F
ⓘ 'Amphibole Supergroup'
Formula: AB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2
Localities: Reported from at least 14 localities in this region.
ⓘ Analcime
Formula: Na(AlSi2O6) · H2O
ⓘ Anapaite
Formula: Ca2Fe2+(PO4)2 · 4H2O
ⓘ Anatase
Formula: TiO2
ⓘ Andalusite
Formula: Al2(SiO4)O
ⓘ Andradite
Formula: Ca3Fe3+2(SiO4)3
ⓘ Andradite var. Melanite
Formula: Ca3Fe3+2(SiO4)3
ⓘ Andrémeyerite (TL)
Formula: BaFe2+2(Si2O7)
Type Locality:
Description: The mineral was identified from a single specimen in vesicles of melilite-leucite-nephelinite lava,…Associated minerals are nepheline, leucite, clinopyroxene, kirschsteinite, and melilite, along with a green glass (intimately associated. Crystals are less than 0.2 mm long,0.1 mm in diameter with {100} and {011> dominant. Color pale emerald-green
References:
Richard, J.J. & Padang, M.N. 1957. Active volcanoes of the world. Part 4 Africa and the Red Sea. International Volcanological Association, Napoli, Italy.
Tazieff, H. 1975. Nyiragongo: the forbidden volcano. Cassell, London.
Sahama, G., & Meyer, A. (1958). Study of the volcano Niragongo. A progress Report, Exploration du parc National Albert, mission d’études volcanologiques, Fasc 2, 1-85.
Sahama, T. G. (1960). Kalsilite in the lavas of mt. Nyiragongo (Belgian Congo). Journal of Petrology, 1(2), 146-171. doi.org/10.1093/petrology/1.2.146
Denaeyer, M. E., Schellinck, F., & Coppez, A. (1965). Recueil d'analyses des laves du fossé tectonique de l'Afrique centrale. Annales. Musée Roy. Afrique Centrale. Belgique, Ann. Ser. 8, Sci. Geol., 49, 1-234.
Thonnard, R. L. G., & Denaeyer, M. E. (1965). Carte volcanologique des Virunga, Feuille No. 1. 1:50000 and Introduction generale et Notice Explicative de la Feuille No. 1. Centre National de Volcanologie (Belgique), Bruxelles.
Bell, K., & Powell, J. L. (1969). Strontium isotopic studies of alkalic rocks: the potassium-rich lavas of the Birunga and Toro—Ankole Regions, East and Central Equatorial Africa. Journal of Petrology, 10(3), 536-572. doi.org/10.1093/petrology/10.3.536
Denaeyer, M. E. (1972). LES LAVES DU FOSSE TECTONIQUE DE L'AFRIQUE CENTRALE (KIVU, RWANDA, TORO-ANKOLE). I. SUPPLEMENT AU RECUEIL D'ANALYSES DE 1965. II. MAGMATOLOGIE. Annales, Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgique. Serie In 8º, Sciences Geologiques, 72.
Sahama, Th.G., Siivola, J., Rehtijärvi, P. (1973) Andremeyerite, a new barium iron silicate, from Nyiragongo, Zaire. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland, 45 (1). 1-8 doi:10.17741/bgsf/45.1.001
Sahama, T. G. (1973). Evolution of the Nyiragongo magma. Journal of Petrology, 14(1), 33-48. doi.org/10.1093/petrology/14.1.33
Sahama, T. G. (1978). The Nyiragongo main cone. Annales, Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgique. Serie In 8º, Sciences Geologiques 81.
Hamaguchi, H. (1983). Volcanoes Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira: geophysical aspects. Tohoku Univ.
Vollmer, R., & Norry, M. J. (1983). Possible origin of K-rich volcanic rocks from Virunga, East Africa, by metasomatism of continental crustal material: Pb, Nd and Sr isotopic evidence. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 64(3), 374-386. doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(83)90097-3
Tazieff, H. (1984). Mt. Niragongo: renewed activity of the lava lake. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 20(3-4), 267-280. doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(84)90043-X
GEE, L. L., SACK, R. O. (1988) Experimental Petrology of Melilite Nephelinites. Journal of Petrology, 29 (6) 1233-1255 doi:10.1093/petrology/29.6.1233
Demant, A., Lestrade, P., Lubala, R. T., Kampunzu, A. B., & Durieux, J. (1994). Volcanological and petrological evolution of Nyiragongo volcano, Virunga volcanic field, Zaire. Bulletin of Volcanology, 56(1), 47-61. doi.org/10.1007/BF00279728
Andersen, Tom, Elburg, Marlina A., Erambert, Muriel (2014) Extreme peralkalinity in delhayelite- and andremeyerite-bearing nephelinite from Nyiragongo volcano, East African Rift. Lithos, 206. 164-178 doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2014.07.025
ⓘ Anglesite
Formula: PbSO4
ⓘ Ankerite
Formula: Ca(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2
Localities: Reported from at least 8 localities in this region.
ⓘ Anorthite
Formula: Ca(Al2Si2O8)
ⓘ Anorthite var. Labradorite
Formula: (Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si2O8]
ⓘ 'Apatite'
Formula: Ca5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
Localities: Reported from at least 21 localities in this region.
ⓘ Aphthitalite
Formula: (K,Na)3Na(SO4)2
ⓘ Arcanite
Formula: K2SO4
ⓘ Arfvedsonite
Formula: [Na][Na2][Fe2+4Fe3+]Si8O22(OH)2
Localities: Reported from at least 7 localities in this region.
ⓘ Åkermanite
Formula: Ca2Mg[Si2O7]
ⓘ Arsenopyrite
Formula: FeAsS
ⓘ Astrophyllite
Formula: K2NaFe2+7Ti2[Si4O12]2O2(OH)4F
ⓘ Augite
Formula: (CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6
ⓘ Azurite
Formula: Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2
ⓘ Baryte
Formula: BaSO4
Localities: Reported from at least 7 localities in this region.
ⓘ 'Bastnäsite'
Formula: (Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)F
ⓘ 'Biotite'
Formula: K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Localities: Reported from at least 21 localities in this region.
ⓘ 'Biotite var. Titanium-bearing Biotite'
Formula: K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
References:
Richard, J.J. & Padang, M.N. 1957. Active volcanoes of the world. Part 4 Africa and the Red Sea. International Volcanological Association, Napoli, Italy.
Holmes, A., & Harwood, H. F. (1937). The volcanic area of Bufumbira. Part 2. The petrology of the volcanic field of Bufumbria, south-west Uganda, and of other parts of the Birunga field. Geological Survey of Uganda, Memoir, 3 (Part 2).
Denaeyer, M. E., Schellinck, F., & Coppez, A. (1965). Recueil d'analyses des laves du fossé tectonique de l'Afrique centrale. Annales. Musée Roy. Afrique Centrale. Belgique, Ann. Ser. 8, Sci. Geol., 49, 1-234.
Thonnard, R. L. G., & Denaeyer, M. E. (1965). Carte volcanologique des Virunga, Feuille No. 1. 1:50000 and Introduction generale et Notice Explicative de la Feuille No. 1. Centre National de Volcanologie (Belgique), Bruxelles.
Bell, K., & Powell, J. L. (1969). Strontium isotopic studies of alkalic rocks: the potassium-rich lavas of the Birunga and Toro—Ankole Regions, East and Central Equatorial Africa. Journal of Petrology, 10(3), 536-572. doi.org/10.1093/petrology/10.3.536
Aoki, K., Ishiwaka, K., & Kanisawa, S. (1981). Fluorine geochemistry of basaltic rocks from continental and oceanic regions and petrogenetic application. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 76(1), 53-59. doi.org/10.1007/BF00373683
Hamaguchi, H. (1983). Volcanoes Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira: geophysical aspects. Tohoku Univ.
Ueki, S. (1983). Recent volcanism of Nyamuragira and Nyiragongo. Volcanoes Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira: geophysical aspects, 7-18.
Aoki, K. I., & Kurasawa, H. (1984). Sr isotope study of the tephrite series from Nyamuragira volcano, Zaire. Geochemical Journal, 18(2), 95-100. doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.18.95
Aoki, K. I., Yoshida, T., Yusa, K., & Nakamura, Y. (1985). Petrology and geochemistry of the Nyamuragira volcano, Zaire. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 25(1-2), 1-28. doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(85)90002-2
ⓘ Bismuthinite
Formula: Bi2S3
ⓘ Bismutite ?
Formula: (BiO)2CO3
Description: Described as "bismuth carbonate". May be beyerite or other Bi carbonate mineral.
ⓘ Blödite
Formula: Na2Mg(SO4)2 · 4H2O
ⓘ Boulangerite
Formula: Pb5Sb4S11
ⓘ Britholite-(Ce)
Formula: (Ce,Ca)5(SiO4)3OH
ⓘ 'Britholite Group'
Formula: (REE,Ca)5[(Si,P)O4]3X
ⓘ Brookite
Formula: TiO2
ⓘ Burkeite
Formula: Na6(CO3)(SO4)2
ⓘ Calcite
Formula: CaCO3
Localities: Reported from at least 18 localities in this region.
Habit: Tabular
Description: In the groundmass carbonatite lava; recrystallized in weathered lava zones and, in vesicles in lava and rare dike rocks.
ⓘ Cancrinite
Formula: (Na,Ca,◻)8(Al6Si6O24)(CO3,SO4)2 · 2H2O
ⓘ Cassiterite
Formula: SnO2
ⓘ 'Cerite'
References:
Denaeyer, M. E. (1958) Les syénites feldspathoïdiques du Kivu et leur rôle dans la genèse des laves des Virunga. Bulletin de la Société Belge de Géologie de Paléontologie & d'Hydrologie, 67. 459-488
Denaeyer, M. E. (1959). Les syénites métasomatiques du massif de Kirumba: Mémoires de l’Académie Royale des Sciences Coloniales. Classe Sci. Tech. NS, 9(2).
Cahen, L., & Snelling, N. J. (1966). The geochronology of equatorial Africa. North-Holland Publishing Company.
Denaeyer, M. E. (1966). Sur la présence d'une carbonatite ankéritique (rauhaugite) en bordure du complexe alcalin de Kirumba (Kivu). Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, 263(1), 9-12.
Denayer, M. E. (1970). Rapports isotopiques O e C et condition d'affleurement dês carbonatites de 1'Affrique Central. Compt. Rend. D, 270, 2155-2158.
Kampunzu, A.B., Kramers, J.D., Makutu, M.N. (1998) Rb-Sr whole rock ages of the Lueshe, Kirumba and Numbi igneous complexes (Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo) and the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 26 (1). 29-36 doi:10.1016/s0899-5362(97)00134-6
ⓘ Chalcanthite
Formula: CuSO4 · 5H2O
ⓘ Chalcopyrite
Formula: CuFeS2
Localities: Reported from at least 6 localities in this region.
ⓘ 'Chevkinite Group'
ⓘ Chlorbartonite ?
Formula: K6Fe24S26(Cl,S)
ⓘ 'Chlorite Group'
ⓘ 'Chrome-Spinel (of Dana)'
References:
Richard, J.J. & Padang, M.N. 1957. Active volcanoes of the world. Part 4 Africa and the Red Sea. International Volcanological Association, Napoli, Italy.
Holmes, A., & Harwood, H. F. (1937). The volcanic area of Bufumbira. Part 2. The petrology of the volcanic field of Bufumbria, south-west Uganda, and of other parts of the Birunga field. Geological Survey of Uganda, Memoir, 3 (Part 2).
Denaeyer, M. E., Schellinck, F., & Coppez, A. (1965). Recueil d'analyses des laves du fossé tectonique de l'Afrique centrale. Annales. Musée Roy. Afrique Centrale. Belgique, Ann. Ser. 8, Sci. Geol., 49, 1-234.
Thonnard, R. L. G., & Denaeyer, M. E. (1965). Carte volcanologique des Virunga, Feuille No. 1. 1:50000 and Introduction generale et Notice Explicative de la Feuille No. 1. Centre National de Volcanologie (Belgique), Bruxelles.
Bell, K., & Powell, J. L. (1969). Strontium isotopic studies of alkalic rocks: the potassium-rich lavas of the Birunga and Toro—Ankole Regions, East and Central Equatorial Africa. Journal of Petrology, 10(3), 536-572. doi.org/10.1093/petrology/10.3.536
Aoki, K., Ishiwaka, K., & Kanisawa, S. (1981). Fluorine geochemistry of basaltic rocks from continental and oceanic regions and petrogenetic application. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 76(1), 53-59. doi.org/10.1007/BF00373683
Hamaguchi, H. (1983). Volcanoes Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira: geophysical aspects. Tohoku Univ.
Ueki, S. (1983). Recent volcanism of Nyamuragira and Nyiragongo. Volcanoes Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira: geophysical aspects, 7-18.
Aoki, K. I., & Kurasawa, H. (1984). Sr isotope study of the tephrite series from Nyamuragira volcano, Zaire. Geochemical Journal, 18(2), 95-100. doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.18.95
Aoki, K. I., Yoshida, T., Yusa, K., & Nakamura, Y. (1985). Petrology and geochemistry of the Nyamuragira volcano, Zaire. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 25(1-2), 1-28. doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(85)90002-2
ⓘ Chromite
Formula: Fe2+Cr3+2O4
ⓘ Chrysocolla
Formula: Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1
ⓘ 'Clinopyroxene Subgroup'
ⓘ Columbite-(Fe)
Formula: Fe2+Nb2O6
ⓘ 'Columbite-(Fe)-Columbite-(Mn) Series'
ⓘ Columbite-(Mn)
Formula: Mn2+Nb2O6
ⓘ 'Columbite-Tantalite'
ⓘ Combeite (TL)
Formula: Na4.5Ca3.5Si6O17.5(OH)0.5
ⓘ Cordierite
Formula: (Mg,Fe)2Al3(AlSi5O18)
ⓘ Corundum
Formula: Al2O3
ⓘ Corundum var. Ruby
Formula: Al2O3
ⓘ Corundum var. Sapphire
Formula: Al2O3
ⓘ Cubanite
Formula: CuFe2S3
ⓘ Cuprite
Formula: Cu2O
ⓘ Cuspidine
Formula: Ca8(Si2O7)2F4
ⓘ Daqingshanite-(Ce)
Formula: (Sr,Ca,Ba)3(Ce,La)(CO3)3-x(PO4)(OH,F)2x
ⓘ Davidite-(La)
Formula: La(Y,U)Fe2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH,F)38
ⓘ Delhayelite (TL)
Formula: (Na,K)10Ca5Al6Si32O80(Cl2,F2,SO4)3 · 18H2O
ⓘ Diamond
Formula: C
✪ Dingdaohengite-(Ce)
Formula: (Ce,La)4Fe2+(Ti,Fe2+,Mg,Fe3+)2Ti2(Si2O7)2O8
ⓘ Diopside
Formula: CaMgSi2O6
ⓘ Diopside var. Chromium-bearing Diopside
Formula: Ca(Mg,Cr)Si2O6
References:
Richard, J.J. & Padang, M.N. 1957. Active volcanoes of the world. Part 4 Africa and the Red Sea. International Volcanological Association, Napoli, Italy.
Holmes, A., & Harwood, H. F. (1937). The volcanic area of Bufumbira. Part 2. The petrology of the volcanic field of Bufumbria, south-west Uganda, and of other parts of the Birunga field. Geological Survey of Uganda, Memoir, 3 (Part 2).
Denaeyer, M. E., Schellinck, F., & Coppez, A. (1965). Recueil d'analyses des laves du fossé tectonique de l'Afrique centrale. Annales. Musée Roy. Afrique Centrale. Belgique, Ann. Ser. 8, Sci. Geol., 49, 1-234.
Thonnard, R. L. G., & Denaeyer, M. E. (1965). Carte volcanologique des Virunga, Feuille No. 1. 1:50000 and Introduction generale et Notice Explicative de la Feuille No. 1. Centre National de Volcanologie (Belgique), Bruxelles.
Bell, K., & Powell, J. L. (1969). Strontium isotopic studies of alkalic rocks: the potassium-rich lavas of the Birunga and Toro—Ankole Regions, East and Central Equatorial Africa. Journal of Petrology, 10(3), 536-572. doi.org/10.1093/petrology/10.3.536
Aoki, K., Ishiwaka, K., & Kanisawa, S. (1981). Fluorine geochemistry of basaltic rocks from continental and oceanic regions and petrogenetic application. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 76(1), 53-59. doi.org/10.1007/BF00373683
Hamaguchi, H. (1983). Volcanoes Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira: geophysical aspects. Tohoku Univ.
Ueki, S. (1983). Recent volcanism of Nyamuragira and Nyiragongo. Volcanoes Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira: geophysical aspects, 7-18.
Aoki, K. I., & Kurasawa, H. (1984). Sr isotope study of the tephrite series from Nyamuragira volcano, Zaire. Geochemical Journal, 18(2), 95-100. doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.18.95
Aoki, K. I., Yoshida, T., Yusa, K., & Nakamura, Y. (1985). Petrology and geochemistry of the Nyamuragira volcano, Zaire. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 25(1-2), 1-28. doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(85)90002-2
ⓘ Diopside var. Salite
Formula: CaMgSi2O6
ⓘ Dolomite
Formula: CaMg(CO3)2
ⓘ Eckermannite
Formula: NaNa2(Mg4Al}Si8O22(OH)2
References:
Bloomfield, K. (1965). The geology of the Zomba area. Geological Survey Dept. Bulletin, (16).
Woolley, A. R., & Jones, G. C. (1987). The petrochemistry of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30(1), 335-355. doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.16
Woolley, Alan R., Platt, R. Garth (1988) The Peralkaline Nepheline Syenites of the Junguni Intrusion, Chilwa Province, Malawi. Mineralogical Magazine, 52 (367) 425-433 doi:10.1180/minmag.1988.052.367.01
Eby, G.N., Roden-Tice, M., Kreuger, H.L., Ewing, W., Faxon, E.H., and Woolley, A.R. (1995): Geochronology and cooling history of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi. Journal Afr. Earth Sci. 20, 275-288. doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(95)00054-W
Woolley, A. R. (2001) Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World, Part 3: Africa - Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World. The Geological Society of London.
ⓘ Elpasolite
Formula: K2NaAlF6
ⓘ Epidote
Formula: (CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH)
Localities: Reported from at least 6 localities in this region.
ⓘ Epsomite
Formula: MgSO4 · 7H2O
ⓘ Eudialyte
Formula: Na15Ca6Fe3Zr3Si(Si25O73)(O,OH,H2O)3(Cl,OH)2
ⓘ Fayalite
Formula: Fe2+2SiO4
ⓘ 'Fayalite-Forsterite Series'
Localities: Reported from at least 9 localities in this region.
ⓘ 'Feldspar Group'
Localities: Reported from at least 16 localities in this region.
ⓘ 'Feldspar Group var. Perthite'
Localities: Reported from at least 8 localities in this region.
ⓘ Ferberite
Formula: FeWO4
References:
Roy Kristiansen
ⓘ 'Fergusonite'
ⓘ Ferroalluaudite
Formula: (Na,Ca)Fe2+(Fe3+,Mn2+,Fe2+)2(PO4)3
ⓘ Ferro-edenite
Formula: NaCa2Fe2+5(Si7Al)O22(OH)2
References:
Garson, M. S. (1960). The geology of the Lake Chilwa area (No. 12). Government Printer.
Stillman, C. J. (1960). The Chikala Hill syenite-complex of southern Nyasaland. South African Journal of Geology, 63(Transactions 1960), 99-118.
Vail, J. R., & Monkman, L. J. (1960). A geological reconnaissance survey of the Chaone Hill ring complex, southern Nyasaland. South African Journal of Geology, 63(1), 119-135.
Bloomfield, K. (1961). The age of the Chilwa alkaline province. Records, Geological Survey of Malawi, 1, 95-100.
Bloomfield, K. (1965). The geology of the Zomba area. Geological Survey Dept. Bulletin, (16).
Vail, J. R., & Mallick, D. I. J. (1965). The Mongolowe Hills nepheline-syenite ring-complex, southern Malawi. Rec. geol. Surv. Malawi, 3, 49-60.
Woolley, Alan R., Garth Platt, R. (1986) The mineralogy of nepheline syenite complexes from the northern part of the Chilwa Province, Malawi. Mineralogical Magazine, 50 (358) 597-610 doi:10.1180/minmag.1986.050.358.05
Woolley, A. R., & Jones, G. C. (1987). The petrochemistry of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30(1), 335-355. doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.16
Eby, G.N., Roden-Tice, M., Kreuger, H.L., Ewing, W., Faxon, E.H., and Woolley, A.R. (1995): Geochronology and cooling history of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi. Journal Afr. Earth Sci. 20, 275-288. doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(95)00054-W
Woolley, A. R. (2001) Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World, Part 3: Africa - Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World. The Geological Society of London.p.167
ⓘ Ferro-katophorite
Formula: {Na}{CaNa}{Fe2+4Al}[(AlSi7)O22](OH)2
References:
Wooley (2001)
ⓘ Ferro-richterite
Formula: {Na}{CaNa}{Fe2+5}(Si8O22)(OH)2
ⓘ Fillowite
Formula: Na3CaMn2+11(PO4)9
Description: The Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 36,pp. 355-366 (1998) gave a Johnsomervilleite composition
ⓘ 'Florencite'
ⓘ Florencite-(Nd)
Formula: NdAl3(PO4)2(OH)6
ⓘ 'Fluocerite'
ⓘ Fluorapatite
Formula: Ca5(PO4)3F
ⓘ Fluorite
Formula: CaF2
Localities: Reported from at least 10 localities in this region.
ⓘ Fluorite var. Yttrofluorite
Formula: (Ca1-xYx)F2+x where 0.05 < x < 0.3
References:
pdfs.semanticscholar.org (n.d.) https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8543/4bac56889ec26ceb38473c1e81e904df30e7.pdf
Dixey, F. (1927). The Mlanje Mountains of Nyasaland. Geographical Review, 17(4), 611-626. doi.org/10.2307/208001
Van der Post, L. (1957). Venture into the Interior. Penguin Books.
Garson, M. S., & Walshaw, R. D. (1969). The geology of the Mlanje area. Bulletin, Geological Survey of Malawi, 21.
Platt, R. Garth, Woolley, Alan R. (1986) The mafic mineralogy of the peralkaline syenites and granites of the Mulanje complex, Malawi. Mineralogical Magazine, 50 (355) 85-99 doi:10.1180/minmag.1986.050.355.12
Platt, R. G., Wall, F., Williams, C. T., Woolley, A. R. (1987) Zirconolite, chevkinite and other rare earth minerals from nepheline syenites and peralkaline granites and syenites of the Chilwa Alkaline Province, Malawi. Mineralogical Magazine, 51 (360) 253-263 doi:10.1180/minmag.1987.051.360.07
ⓘ Foordite (TL)
Formula: Sn2+Nb2O6
Type Locality:
Colour: brownish yellow with a greenish tint
Description: Daltry and von Knorring (1998): "it occurs in contact with stannoan plumbomicrolite, cassiterite, ferro-columbite, staringite, and ixiolite. Foordite from Lutsiro is in fact a lead-bearing variety."
ⓘ Forsterite
Formula: Mg2SiO4
ⓘ Fresnoite
Formula: Ba2Ti(Si2O7)O
ⓘ Galena
Formula: PbS
ⓘ 'Garnet Group'
Formula: X3Z2(SiO4)3
ⓘ Gehlenite
Formula: Ca2Al[AlSiO7]
ⓘ 'Glass'
Description: Green glass.
ⓘ Goethite
Formula: Fe3+O(OH)
ⓘ Götzenite (TL)
Formula: NaCa6Ti(Si2O7)2OF3
ⓘ Goyazite
Formula: SrAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6
ⓘ Grossmanite
Formula: CaTi3+ AlSiO6
ⓘ Gypsum
Formula: CaSO4 · 2H2O
ⓘ Halite
Formula: NaCl
ⓘ Hanksite
Formula: Na22K(SO4)9(CO3)2Cl
ⓘ Hastingsite
Formula: NaCa2(Fe2+4Fe3+)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2
References:
Garson, M. S. (1960). The geology of the Lake Chilwa area (No. 12). Government Printer.
Stillman, C. J. (1960). The Chikala Hill syenite-complex of southern Nyasaland. South African Journal of Geology, 63(Transactions 1960), 99-118.
Vail, J. R., & Monkman, L. J. (1960). A geological reconnaissance survey of the Chaone Hill ring complex, southern Nyasaland. South African Journal of Geology, 63(1), 119-135.
Bloomfield, K. (1961). The age of the Chilwa alkaline province. Records, Geological Survey of Malawi, 1, 95-100.
Bloomfield, K. (1965). The geology of the Zomba area. Geological Survey Dept. Bulletin, (16).
Vail, J. R., & Mallick, D. I. J. (1965). The Mongolowe Hills nepheline-syenite ring-complex, southern Malawi. Rec. geol. Surv. Malawi, 3, 49-60.
Woolley, Alan R., Garth Platt, R. (1986) The mineralogy of nepheline syenite complexes from the northern part of the Chilwa Province, Malawi. Mineralogical Magazine, 50 (358) 597-610 doi:10.1180/minmag.1986.050.358.05
Woolley, A. R., & Jones, G. C. (1987). The petrochemistry of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30(1), 335-355. doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.16
Eby, G.N., Roden-Tice, M., Kreuger, H.L., Ewing, W., Faxon, E.H., and Woolley, A.R. (1995): Geochronology and cooling history of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi. Journal Afr. Earth Sci. 20, 275-288. doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(95)00054-W
ⓘ Hedenbergite
Formula: CaFe2+Si2O6
ⓘ Hedenbergite var. Ferrosalite
Formula: CaFe2+Si2O6
References:
pdfs.semanticscholar.org (n.d.) https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8543/4bac56889ec26ceb38473c1e81e904df30e7.pdf
Dixey, F. (1927). The Mlanje Mountains of Nyasaland. Geographical Review, 17(4), 611-626. doi.org/10.2307/208001
Van der Post, L. (1957). Venture into the Interior. Penguin Books.
Garson, M. S., & Walshaw, R. D. (1969). The geology of the Mlanje area. Bulletin, Geological Survey of Malawi, 21.
Platt, R. Garth, Woolley, Alan R. (1986) The mafic mineralogy of the peralkaline syenites and granites of the Mulanje complex, Malawi. Mineralogical Magazine, 50 (355) 85-99 doi:10.1180/minmag.1986.050.355.12
Platt, R. G., Wall, F., Williams, C. T., Woolley, A. R. (1987) Zirconolite, chevkinite and other rare earth minerals from nepheline syenites and peralkaline granites and syenites of the Chilwa Alkaline Province, Malawi. Mineralogical Magazine, 51 (360) 253-263 doi:10.1180/minmag.1987.051.360.07
ⓘ Hematite
Formula: Fe2O3
ⓘ Hematite var. Specularite
Formula: Fe2O3
ⓘ Heterosite
Formula: (Fe3+,Mn3+)PO4
ⓘ Hieratite
Formula: K2[SiF6]
ⓘ 'Hornblende Root Name Group'
Formula: ◻Ca2(Z2+4Z3+)(AlSi7O22)(OH,F,Cl)2
Localities: Reported from at least 7 localities in this region.
ⓘ Hydrotungstite
Formula: WO3 · 2H2O
References:
Roy Kristiansen
ⓘ Hydroxylapatite
Formula: Ca5(PO4)3(OH)
ⓘ 'Hypersthene'
Formula: (Mg,Fe)SiO3
ⓘ Ilmenite
Formula: Fe2+TiO3
Localities: Reported from at least 7 localities in this region.
ⓘ 'Ixiolite-(Mn2+)-Ixiolite-(Fe2+) Series'
ⓘ Jennite
Formula: Ca9(Si3O9)2(OH)8 · 8H2O
Description: Occurs in vesicles in lava and rare dike rocks.
ⓘ Johnsomervilleite
Formula: Na3CaFe11(PO4)9
ⓘ Kalsilite
Formula: KAlSiO4
ⓘ Kaolinite
Formula: Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4
ⓘ Katophorite
Formula: {Na}{CaNa}{Mg4Al}[(AlSi7)O22](OH)2
ⓘ 'K Feldspar'
ⓘ Kieserite
Formula: MgSO4 · H2O
ⓘ Kirschsteinite (TL)
Formula: CaFe2+SiO4
ⓘ Kupletskite
Formula: K2NaMn2+7Ti2[Si4O12]2O2(OH)4F
References:
Bloomfield, K. (1965). The geology of the Zomba area. Geological Survey Dept. Bulletin, (16).
Woolley, A. R., & Jones, G. C. (1987). The petrochemistry of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30(1), 335-355. doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.16
Woolley, Alan R., Platt, R. Garth (1988) The Peralkaline Nepheline Syenites of the Junguni Intrusion, Chilwa Province, Malawi. Mineralogical Magazine, 52 (367) 425-433 doi:10.1180/minmag.1988.052.367.01
Eby, G.N., Roden-Tice, M., Kreuger, H.L., Ewing, W., Faxon, E.H., and Woolley, A.R. (1995): Geochronology and cooling history of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi. Journal Afr. Earth Sci. 20, 275-288. doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(95)00054-W
Woolley, A. R. (2001) Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World, Part 3: Africa - Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World. The Geological Society of London.
Orris, Greta J., Grauch, Richard I. (2002) Rare Earth Element Mines, Deposits, and Occurrences. Open-File Report 2002-189. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr02189
ⓘ Kyanite
Formula: Al2(SiO4)O
ⓘ Lamprophyllite
Formula: (Na,Mn2+)3(Sr,Na)2(Ti,Fe3+)3(Si2O7)2O2(OH,O,F)2
ⓘ Låvenite
Formula: Na2Ca2Mn2Zr2(Si2O7)2O2F2
ⓘ 'Lepidolite'
ⓘ Leucite
Formula: K(AlSi2O6)
ⓘ 'Limonite'
ⓘ Linnaeite
Formula: Co2+Co3+2S4
ⓘ Magnesio-arfvedsonite
Formula: {Na}{Na2}{Mg4Fe3+}(Si8O22)(OH)2
References:
Garson, M. S. (1960). The geology of the Lake Chilwa area (No. 12). Government Printer.
Stillman, C. J. (1960). The Chikala Hill syenite-complex of southern Nyasaland. South African Journal of Geology, 63(Transactions 1960), 99-118.
Vail, J. R., & Monkman, L. J. (1960). A geological reconnaissance survey of the Chaone Hill ring complex, southern Nyasaland. South African Journal of Geology, 63(1), 119-135.
Bloomfield, K. (1961). The age of the Chilwa alkaline province. Records, Geological Survey of Malawi, 1, 95-100.
Bloomfield, K. (1965). The geology of the Zomba area. Geological Survey Dept. Bulletin, (16).
Vail, J. R., & Mallick, D. I. J. (1965). The Mongolowe Hills nepheline-syenite ring-complex, southern Malawi. Rec. geol. Surv. Malawi, 3, 49-60.
Woolley, Alan R., Garth Platt, R. (1986) The mineralogy of nepheline syenite complexes from the northern part of the Chilwa Province, Malawi. Mineralogical Magazine, 50 (358) 597-610 doi:10.1180/minmag.1986.050.358.05
Woolley, A. R., & Jones, G. C. (1987). The petrochemistry of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30(1), 335-355. doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.16
Eby, G.N., Roden-Tice, M., Kreuger, H.L., Ewing, W., Faxon, E.H., and Woolley, A.R. (1995): Geochronology and cooling history of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi. Journal Afr. Earth Sci. 20, 275-288. doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(95)00054-W
ⓘ Magnesite
Formula: MgCO3
ⓘ Magnesite var. Breunnerite
Formula: (Mg,Fe)CO3
ⓘ Magnetite
Formula: Fe2+Fe3+2O4
Localities: Reported from at least 16 localities in this region.
ⓘ Magnetite var. Titanium-bearing Magnetite
Formula: Fe2+(Fe3+,Ti)2O4
ⓘ Malachite
Formula: Cu2(CO3)(OH)2
ⓘ 'Manganese Oxides'
ⓘ Marcasite
Formula: FeS2
ⓘ Mascagnite
Formula: (NH4)2SO4
Description: Occurs around active volcanic fumaroles.
ⓘ 'Melilite Group'
Formula: Ca2M(XSiO7)
Localities: Reported from at least 11 localities in this region.
ⓘ 'Mica Group'
ⓘ Microcline
Formula: K(AlSi3O8)
ⓘ Millisite
Formula: (Na,K)CaAl6(PO4)4(OH)9 · 3H2O
ⓘ Mitridatite
Formula: Ca2Fe3+3(PO4)3O2 · 3H2O
ⓘ Molybdenite
Formula: MoS2
ⓘ Monazite-(Ce)
Formula: Ce(PO4)
ⓘ 'Monazite Group'
Formula: REE(PO4)
Localities: Reported from at least 7 localities in this region.
ⓘ Montebrasite
Formula: LiAl(PO4)(OH)
ⓘ Monticellite
Formula: CaMgSiO4
ⓘ Muscovite
Formula: KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
ⓘ Muscovite var. Illite
Formula: K0.65Al2.0[Al0.65Si3.35O10](OH)2
ⓘ Native Bismuth
Formula: Bi
ⓘ Native Gold
Formula: Au
ⓘ Native Sulphur
Formula: S8
ⓘ Natrolite
Formula: Na2Al2Si3O10 · 2H2O
References:
Garson, M. S. (1960). The geology of the Lake Chilwa area (No. 12). Government Printer.
Stillman, C. J. (1960). The Chikala Hill syenite-complex of southern Nyasaland. South African Journal of Geology, 63(Transactions 1960), 99-118.
Vail, J. R., & Monkman, L. J. (1960). A geological reconnaissance survey of the Chaone Hill ring complex, southern Nyasaland. South African Journal of Geology, 63(1), 119-135.
Bloomfield, K. (1961). The age of the Chilwa alkaline province. Records, Geological Survey of Malawi, 1, 95-100.
Bloomfield, K. (1965). The geology of the Zomba area. Geological Survey Dept. Bulletin, (16).
Vail, J. R., & Mallick, D. I. J. (1965). The Mongolowe Hills nepheline-syenite ring-complex, southern Malawi. Rec. geol. Surv. Malawi, 3, 49-60.
Woolley, Alan R., Garth Platt, R. (1986) The mineralogy of nepheline syenite complexes from the northern part of the Chilwa Province, Malawi. Mineralogical Magazine, 50 (358) 597-610 doi:10.1180/minmag.1986.050.358.05
Woolley, A. R., & Jones, G. C. (1987). The petrochemistry of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30(1), 335-355. doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.16
Eby, G.N., Roden-Tice, M., Kreuger, H.L., Ewing, W., Faxon, E.H., and Woolley, A.R. (1995): Geochronology and cooling history of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi. Journal Afr. Earth Sci. 20, 275-288. doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(95)00054-W
ⓘ Natron
Formula: Na2CO3 · 10H2O
ⓘ 'Natropyrochlore'
ⓘ Nepheline
Formula: Na3K(Al4Si4O16)
Localities: Reported from at least 18 localities in this region.
ⓘ Nitratine
Formula: NaNO3
✪ Northupite
Formula: Na3Mg(CO3)2Cl
Habit: octahedral
Colour: gray/brown
Description: 1,5 cm large
ⓘ Orthoclase
Formula: K(AlSi3O8)
ⓘ 'Oxynatropyrochlore'
Formula: (Na,Ca,U)2Nb2O6(O,OH)
Description: Atencioet al. (2010) comments that the analysis nr 3 in Hogarth & Horne (1989) of a urnapyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977) is oxynatropyrochlore.
ⓘ 'Parisite'
Formula: Ca(Ce/La/Nd/REE)2(CO3)3F2
References:
Garson, M.S. 1965. The geology of the area west of Lake Malombe, Fort Johnston District. Records, Geological Survey of Malawi, 3, 35-48.
Garson, M.S. &. Morgan, D.J. 1978. Secondary strontianite at Kangankunde carbonatite complex, Malawi. Transactions, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 87B, 70-73.
Cahen, L., & Snelling, N. J. (1966). The geochronology of equatorial Africa. North-Holland Publishing Company.
Woolley, A. R. (1969). Some aspects of fenitization with particular reference to Chilwa Island and Kangankunde, Malawi. British Museum (Natural History), Mineralogy, 2, 189-219.
Buckley, H. A., & Woolley, A. R. (1990). Carbonates of the magnesite–siderite series from four carbonatite complexes. Mineralogical Magazine, 54(376), 413-418. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.617.6641&rep=rep1&type=pdf
ZIEGLER, U. F. (1992). Preliminary results of geochemistry, Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr studies of post-Karoo carbonatite complexes in Southern Africa. Schweizerische mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen, 72(1), 141-148.
ⓘ Parisite-(Ce)
Formula: CaCe2(CO3)3F2
ⓘ Pentlandite
Formula: (NixFey)Σ9S8
ⓘ Periclase
Formula: MgO
ⓘ Perovskite
Formula: CaTiO3
Localities: Reported from at least 8 localities in this region.
ⓘ Phlogopite
Formula: KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
ⓘ 'Plagioclase'
Formula: (Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8
ⓘ Planerite ?
Formula: Al6(PO4)2(PO3OH)2(OH)8 · 4H2O
Description: Id based on label. Not analyzed
ⓘ Pyrite
Formula: FeS2
Localities: Reported from at least 8 localities in this region.
ⓘ Pyrite var. Cobalt-bearing Pyrite
Formula: (Fe,Co)S2
ⓘ 'Pyrochlore Group'
Formula: A2Nb2(O,OH)6Z
Localities: Reported from at least 8 localities in this region.
ⓘ 'Pyrochlore Group var. Uranpyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977)'
Formula: (Ca,U,Ce)2(Nb,Ti,Ta)2O6(OH,F)
ⓘ Pyrophanite
Formula: Mn2+TiO3
References:
Bloomfield, K. (1965). The geology of the Zomba area. Geological Survey Dept. Bulletin, (16).
Woolley, A. R., & Jones, G. C. (1987). The petrochemistry of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30(1), 335-355. doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.16
Woolley, Alan R., Platt, R. Garth (1988) The Peralkaline Nepheline Syenites of the Junguni Intrusion, Chilwa Province, Malawi. Mineralogical Magazine, 52 (367) 425-433 doi:10.1180/minmag.1988.052.367.01
Eby, G.N., Roden-Tice, M., Kreuger, H.L., Ewing, W., Faxon, E.H., and Woolley, A.R. (1995): Geochronology and cooling history of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi. Journal Afr. Earth Sci. 20, 275-288. doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(95)00054-W
Woolley, A. R. (2001) Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World, Part 3: Africa - Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World. The Geological Society of London.
Orris, Greta J., Grauch, Richard I. (2002) Rare Earth Element Mines, Deposits, and Occurrences. Open-File Report 2002-189. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr02189
ⓘ 'Pyroxene Group'
Formula: ADSi2O6
Localities: Reported from at least 14 localities in this region.
ⓘ Pyrrhotite
Formula: Fe1-xS
Localities: Reported from at least 7 localities in this region.
Description: As blebs in phenocrysts or xenocrysts surrounded by olivine, clinopyroxene, phlogopite and titanomagnetite.
ⓘ Quartz
Formula: SiO2
Localities: Reported from at least 24 localities in this region.
ⓘ Quartz var. Chalcedony
Formula: SiO2
ⓘ Reinhardbraunsite
Formula: Ca5(SiO4)2(OH,F)2
ⓘ Rhodonite
Formula: CaMn3Mn[Si5O15]
ⓘ 'Rhombohedral Carbonate'
Formula: (Ca/Mg/Fe/Mn etc)CO3
Localities: Reported from at least 11 localities in this region.
ⓘ Richterite
Formula: Na(NaCa)Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2
References:
Garson, M. S. (1960). The geology of the Lake Chilwa area (No. 12). Government Printer.
Stillman, C. J. (1960). The Chikala Hill syenite-complex of southern Nyasaland. South African Journal of Geology, 63(Transactions 1960), 99-118.
Vail, J. R., & Monkman, L. J. (1960). A geological reconnaissance survey of the Chaone Hill ring complex, southern Nyasaland. South African Journal of Geology, 63(1), 119-135.
Bloomfield, K. (1961). The age of the Chilwa alkaline province. Records, Geological Survey of Malawi, 1, 95-100.
Bloomfield, K. (1965). The geology of the Zomba area. Geological Survey Dept. Bulletin, (16).
Vail, J. R., & Mallick, D. I. J. (1965). The Mongolowe Hills nepheline-syenite ring-complex, southern Malawi. Rec. geol. Surv. Malawi, 3, 49-60.
Woolley, Alan R., Garth Platt, R. (1986) The mineralogy of nepheline syenite complexes from the northern part of the Chilwa Province, Malawi. Mineralogical Magazine, 50 (358) 597-610 doi:10.1180/minmag.1986.050.358.05
Woolley, A. R., & Jones, G. C. (1987). The petrochemistry of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30(1), 335-355. doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.16
Eby, G.N., Roden-Tice, M., Kreuger, H.L., Ewing, W., Faxon, E.H., and Woolley, A.R. (1995): Geochronology and cooling history of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi. Journal Afr. Earth Sci. 20, 275-288. doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(95)00054-W
ⓘ Riebeckite
Formula: ◻[Na2][Fe2+3Fe3+2]Si8O22(OH)2
ⓘ Rosenbuschite
Formula: Na6Ca6Zr3Ti(Si2O7)4O2F6
References:
Bloomfield, K. (1965). The geology of the Zomba area. Geological Survey Dept. Bulletin, (16).
Woolley, A. R., & Jones, G. C. (1987). The petrochemistry of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30(1), 335-355. doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.16
Woolley, Alan R., Platt, R. Garth (1988) The Peralkaline Nepheline Syenites of the Junguni Intrusion, Chilwa Province, Malawi. Mineralogical Magazine, 52 (367) 425-433 doi:10.1180/minmag.1988.052.367.01
Eby, G.N., Roden-Tice, M., Kreuger, H.L., Ewing, W., Faxon, E.H., and Woolley, A.R. (1995): Geochronology and cooling history of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi. Journal Afr. Earth Sci. 20, 275-288. doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(95)00054-W
Woolley, A. R. (2001) Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World, Part 3: Africa - Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World. The Geological Society of London.
Orris, Greta J., Grauch, Richard I. (2002) Rare Earth Element Mines, Deposits, and Occurrences. Open-File Report 2002-189. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr02189
ⓘ Rutile
Formula: TiO2
ⓘ Rutile var. Ilmenorutile
Formula: (Ti,Nb)O2
ⓘ Rutile var. Niobium-bearing Rutile
Formula: (Ti,Nb)O2
ⓘ Sanidine
Formula: K(AlSi3O8)
ⓘ Saponite
Formula: Ca0.25(Mg,Fe)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O
ⓘ Sarcopside
Formula: Fe2+3(PO4)2
ⓘ Scorodite
Formula: Fe3+AsO4 · 2H2O
ⓘ 'Serpentine Subgroup'
Formula: D3[Si2O5](OH)4
ⓘ Siderite
Formula: FeCO3
Localities: Reported from at least 8 localities in this region.
ⓘ Siegenite
Formula: CoNi2S4
Description: Ferroan
ⓘ Sillimanite
Formula: Al2(SiO4)O
ⓘ 'Smectite Group'
Formula: A0.3D2-3[T4O10]Z2 · nH2O
ⓘ Sodalite
Formula: Na4(Si3Al3)O12Cl
Localities: Reported from at least 12 localities in this region.
ⓘ 'Sodic amphibole'
ⓘ Sphalerite
Formula: ZnS
ⓘ Spinel
Formula: MgAl2O4
Description: Rims magnetite.
ⓘ Spodumene
Formula: LiAlSi2O6
ⓘ Spurrite
Formula: Ca5(SiO4)2(CO3)
ⓘ 'Staringite'
Formula: (Fe,Mn)x(Ta,Nb)2xSn6-3xO12
ⓘ Staurolite
Formula: Fe2+2Al9Si4O23(OH)
ⓘ Strontianite
Formula: SrCO3
ⓘ Sylvite
Formula: KCl
ⓘ 'Synchysite'
Formula: Ca(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)2F
ⓘ Synchysite-(Ce)
Formula: CaCe(CO3)2F
ⓘ Synchysite-(Y)
Formula: CaY(CO3)2F
ⓘ Tantalite-(Mn)
Formula: Mn2+Ta2O6
ⓘ 'Tennantite-Tetrahedrite Series'
ⓘ Thaumasite
Formula: Ca3(SO4)[Si(OH)6](CO3) · 12H2O
Description: Occurs in vesicles in lava and rare dike rocks.
ⓘ Thénardite
Formula: Na2SO4
ⓘ Thermonatrite
Formula: Na2CO3 · H2O
ⓘ Thorite
Formula: Th(SiO4)
References:
Denaeyer, M. E. (1958) Les syénites feldspathoïdiques du Kivu et leur rôle dans la genèse des laves des Virunga. Bulletin de la Société Belge de Géologie de Paléontologie & d'Hydrologie, 67. 459-488
Denaeyer, M. E. (1959). Les syénites métasomatiques du massif de Kirumba: Mémoires de l’Académie Royale des Sciences Coloniales. Classe Sci. Tech. NS, 9(2).
Cahen, L., & Snelling, N. J. (1966). The geochronology of equatorial Africa. North-Holland Publishing Company.
Denaeyer, M. E. (1966). Sur la présence d'une carbonatite ankéritique (rauhaugite) en bordure du complexe alcalin de Kirumba (Kivu). Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, 263(1), 9-12.
Denayer, M. E. (1970). Rapports isotopiques O e C et condition d'affleurement dês carbonatites de 1'Affrique Central. Compt. Rend. D, 270, 2155-2158.
Kampunzu, A.B., Kramers, J.D., Makutu, M.N. (1998) Rb-Sr whole rock ages of the Lueshe, Kirumba and Numbi igneous complexes (Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo) and the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 26 (1). 29-36 doi:10.1016/s0899-5362(97)00134-6
ⓘ Titanite
Formula: CaTi(SiO4)O
Localities: Reported from at least 10 localities in this region.
ⓘ 'Tourmaline'
Formula: AD3G6 (T6O18)(BO3)3X3Z
ⓘ Trikalsilite (TL)
Formula: K2NaAl3(SiO4)3
Type Locality:
ⓘ Troilite
Formula: FeS
ⓘ Trona
Formula: Na3H(CO3)2 · 2H2O
ⓘ Tschermigite
Formula: (NH4)Al(SO4)2 · 12H2O
ⓘ Tychite
Formula: Na6Mg2(CO3)4(SO4)
ⓘ 'UM1975-16-SO:HKZn'
Formula: K2Zn(SO4)2 · 2H2O
ⓘ Umbrianite
Formula: K7Na2Ca2[Al3Si10O29]F2Cl2
ⓘ Vivianite
Formula: Fe2+Fe2+2(PO4)2 · 8H2O
ⓘ Wavellite
Formula: Al3(PO4)2(OH)3 · 5H2O
ⓘ 'Wolframite Group'
ⓘ Wöhlerite
Formula: Na2Ca4ZrNb(Si2O7)2O3F
References:
Bloomfield, K. (1965). The geology of the Zomba area. Geological Survey Dept. Bulletin, (16).
Woolley, A. R., & Jones, G. C. (1987). The petrochemistry of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30(1), 335-355. doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.16
Woolley, Alan R., Platt, R. Garth (1988) The Peralkaline Nepheline Syenites of the Junguni Intrusion, Chilwa Province, Malawi. Mineralogical Magazine, 52 (367) 425-433 doi:10.1180/minmag.1988.052.367.01
Eby, G.N., Roden-Tice, M., Kreuger, H.L., Ewing, W., Faxon, E.H., and Woolley, A.R. (1995): Geochronology and cooling history of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi. Journal Afr. Earth Sci. 20, 275-288. doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(95)00054-W
Woolley, A. R. (2001) Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World, Part 3: Africa - Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World. The Geological Society of London.
Orris, Greta J., Grauch, Richard I. (2002) Rare Earth Element Mines, Deposits, and Occurrences. Open-File Report 2002-189. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr02189
ⓘ Xenotime-(Y)
Formula: Y(PO4)
ⓘ 'Zeolite Group'
ⓘ Zircon
Formula: Zr(SiO4)
Localities: Reported from at least 9 localities in this region.

Gallery:

SnO2ⓘ Cassiterite
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Cassiterite

Lutsiro, Sebeya river, Kabaya, Ngororero District, Western Province, Rwanda
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Cassiterite

Lutsiro, Sebeya river, Kabaya, Ngororero District, Western Province, Rwanda
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Cassiterite

Lutsiro, Sebeya river, Kabaya, Ngororero District, Western Province, Rwanda
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Cassiterite

Lutsiro, Sebeya river, Kabaya, Ngororero District, Western Province, Rwanda
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Cassiterite

Lutsiro, Sebeya river, Kabaya, Ngororero District, Western Province, Rwanda
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Cassiterite

Lutsiro, Sebeya river, Kabaya, Ngororero District, Western Province, Rwanda
(Ce,La)4Fe2+(Ti,Fe2+,Mg,Fe3+)2Ti2(Si2O7)2O8ⓘ Dingdaohengite-(Ce)
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Dingdaohengite-(Ce)

Mulanje Massif, Mulanje, Southern Region, Malawi
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Dingdaohengite-(Ce)

Mulanje Massif, Mulanje, Southern Region, Malawi
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Dingdaohengite-(Ce)

Mulanje Massif, Mulanje, Southern Region, Malawi
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Dingdaohengite-(Ce)

Mulanje Massif, Mulanje, Southern Region, Malawi
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Dingdaohengite-(Ce)

Mulanje Massif, Mulanje, Southern Region, Malawi
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Dingdaohengite-(Ce)

Mulanje Massif, Mulanje, Southern Region, Malawi
Na3CaMn2+11(PO4)9ⓘ Fillowite
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Fillowite

Kiluli, Western Province, Rwanda
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Fillowite, etc.

Kiluli, Western Province, Rwanda
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Fillowite

Kiluli, Western Province, Rwanda
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Fillowite

Kiluli, Western Province, Rwanda
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Fillowite, etc.

Kiluli, Western Province, Rwanda
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Fillowite

Kiluli, Western Province, Rwanda
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Fillowite

Kiluli, Western Province, Rwanda
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Fillowite, etc.

Kiluli, Western Province, Rwanda
K2NaMn2+7Ti2[Si4O12]2O2(OH)4Fⓘ Kupletskite
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Kupletskite

Junguni Hill, Machinga, Southern Region, Malawi
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Kupletskite

Junguni Hill, Machinga, Southern Region, Malawi
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Kupletskite

Junguni Hill, Machinga, Southern Region, Malawi
Fe2+Fe3+2O4ⓘ Magnetite
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Magnetite

Nyiragongo Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
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Magnetite

Nyiragongo Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
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Magnetite

Nyiragongo Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
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Magnetite

Nyiragongo Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
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Magnetite

Nyiragongo Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
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Magnetite

Nyiragongo Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
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Magnetite

Nyiragongo Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
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Magnetite

Nyiragongo Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
REE(PO4)ⓘ 'Monazite Group'
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Monazite Group

Kangankunde Carbonatite Complex, Balaka, Southern Region, Malawi
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Monazite Group

Kangankunde Carbonatite Complex, Balaka, Southern Region, Malawi
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Monazite Group

Kangankunde Carbonatite Complex, Balaka, Southern Region, Malawi
Na3Mg(CO3)2Clⓘ Northupite
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Northupite

Katwe Crater Lake, Katwe-Kikorongo volcanic field, Kasese, Western Region, Uganda
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Northupite

Katwe Crater Lake, Katwe-Kikorongo volcanic field, Kasese, Western Region, Uganda
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Northupite

Katwe Crater Lake, Katwe-Kikorongo volcanic field, Kasese, Western Region, Uganda
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Northupite

Katwe Crater Lake, Katwe-Kikorongo volcanic field, Kasese, Western Region, Uganda
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Northupite

Katwe Crater Lake, Katwe-Kikorongo volcanic field, Kasese, Western Region, Uganda
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Northupite

Katwe Crater Lake, Katwe-Kikorongo volcanic field, Kasese, Western Region, Uganda
trans.png
Northupite

Katwe Crater Lake, Katwe-Kikorongo volcanic field, Kasese, Western Region, Uganda
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Northupite

Katwe Crater Lake, Katwe-Kikorongo volcanic field, Kasese, Western Region, Uganda

List of minerals arranged by Strunz 10th Edition classification

Group 1 - Elements
ⓘNative Gold1.AA.05Au
ⓘNative Bismuth1.CA.05Bi
ⓘDiamond1.CB.10aC
ⓘNative Sulphur1.CC.05S8
Group 2 - Sulphides and Sulfosalts
ⓘPentlandite2.BB.15(NixFey)Σ9S8
ⓘSphalerite2.CB.05aZnS
ⓘChalcopyrite2.CB.10aCuFeS2
ⓘCubanite2.CB.55aCuFe2S3
ⓘPyrrhotite2.CC.10Fe1-xS
ⓘTroilite2.CC.10FeS
ⓘGalena2.CD.10PbS
ⓘLinnaeite2.DA.05Co2+Co3+2S4
ⓘSiegenite2.DA.05CoNi2S4
ⓘBismuthinite2.DB.05Bi2S3
ⓘMolybdenite2.EA.30MoS2
ⓘPyrite2.EB.05aFeS2
ⓘvar. Cobalt-bearing Pyrite2.EB.05a(Fe,Co)S2
ⓘMarcasite2.EB.10aFeS2
ⓘArsenopyrite2.EB.20FeAsS
ⓘChlorbartonite ?2.FC.10K6Fe24S26(Cl,S)
ⓘBoulangerite2.HC.15Pb5Sb4S11
Group 3 - Halides
ⓘHalite3.AA.20NaCl
ⓘSylvite3.AA.20KCl
ⓘFluorite3.AB.25CaF2
ⓘvar. Yttrofluorite3.AB.25(Ca1-xYx)F2+x where 0.05 < x < 0.3
ⓘElpasolite3.CB.15K2NaAlF6
ⓘHieratite3.CH.15K2[SiF6]
Group 4 - Oxides and Hydroxides
ⓘ'Ixiolite-(Mn2+)-Ixiolite-(Fe2+) Series'4..
ⓘGoethite4.00.Fe3+O(OH)
ⓘ'Pyrochlore Group'4.00.A2Nb2(O,OH)6Z
ⓘ'var. Uranpyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977)'4.00.(Ca,U,Ce)2(Nb,Ti,Ta)2O6(OH,F)
ⓘCuprite4.AA.10Cu2O
ⓘPericlase4.AB.25MgO
ⓘChromite4.BB.05Fe2+Cr3+2O4
ⓘMagnetite4.BB.05Fe2+Fe3+2O4
ⓘSpinel4.BB.05MgAl2O4
ⓘMagnetite
var. Titanium-bearing Magnetite		4.BB.05Fe2+(Fe3+,Ti)2O4
ⓘCorundum4.CB.05Al2O3
ⓘHematite4.CB.05Fe2O3
ⓘIlmenite4.CB.05Fe2+TiO3
ⓘPyrophanite4.CB.05Mn2+TiO3
ⓘCorundum
var. Ruby		4.CB.05Al2O3
ⓘvar. Sapphire4.CB.05Al2O3
ⓘHematite
var. Specularite		4.CB.05Fe2O3
ⓘPerovskite4.CC.30CaTiO3
ⓘDavidite-(La)4.CC.40La(Y,U)Fe2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH,F)38
ⓘQuartz
var. Chalcedony		4.DA.05SiO2
ⓘ4.DA.05SiO2
ⓘCassiterite4.DB.05SnO2
ⓘRutile
var. Ilmenorutile		4.DB.05(Ti,Nb)O2
ⓘ4.DB.05TiO2
ⓘvar. Niobium-bearing Rutile4.DB.05(Ti,Nb)O2
ⓘFerberite4.DB.30FeWO4
ⓘ'Wolframite Group'4.DB.30 va
ⓘColumbite-(Fe)4.DB.35Fe2+Nb2O6
ⓘColumbite-(Mn)4.DB.35Mn2+Nb2O6
ⓘTantalite-(Mn)4.DB.35Mn2+Ta2O6
ⓘAnatase4.DD.05TiO2
ⓘBrookite4.DD.10TiO2
ⓘFoordite (TL)4.DG.15Sn2+Nb2O6
ⓘ'Oxynatropyrochlore'4.DH.15(Na,Ca,U)2Nb2O6(O,OH)
ⓘHydrotungstite4.FJ.15WO3 · 2H2O
Group 5 - Nitrates and Carbonates
ⓘCalcite5.AB.05CaCO3
ⓘMagnesite5.AB.05MgCO3
ⓘSiderite5.AB.05FeCO3
ⓘMagnesite
var. Breunnerite		5.AB.05(Mg,Fe)CO3
ⓘAnkerite5.AB.10Ca(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2
ⓘDolomite5.AB.10CaMg(CO3)2
ⓘStrontianite5.AB.15SrCO3
ⓘAzurite5.BA.05Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2
ⓘMalachite5.BA.10Cu2(CO3)(OH)2
ⓘParisite-(Ce)5.BD.20bCaCe2(CO3)3F2
ⓘSynchysite-(Ce)5.BD.20cCaCe(CO3)2F
ⓘSynchysite-(Y)5.BD.20cCaY(CO3)2F
ⓘBismutite ?5.BE.25(BiO)2CO3
ⓘNorthupite5.BF.05Na3Mg(CO3)2Cl
ⓘTychite5.BF.05Na6Mg2(CO3)4(SO4)
ⓘDaqingshanite-(Ce)5.BF.15(Sr,Ca,Ba)3(Ce,La)(CO3)3-x(PO4)(OH,F)2x
ⓘThermonatrite5.CB.05Na2CO3 · H2O
ⓘNatron5.CB.10Na2CO3 · 10H2O
ⓘTrona5.CB.15Na3H(CO3)2 · 2H2O
ⓘNitratine5.NA.05NaNO3
Group 7 - Sulphates, Chromates, Molybdates and Tungstates
ⓘAphthitalite7.AC.35(K,Na)3Na(SO4)2
ⓘArcanite7.AD.05K2SO4
ⓘMascagnite7.AD.05(NH4)2SO4
ⓘThénardite7.AD.25Na2SO4
ⓘAnglesite7.AD.35PbSO4
ⓘBaryte7.AD.35BaSO4
ⓘBurkeite7.BD.25Na6(CO3)(SO4)2
ⓘHanksite7.BD.30Na22K(SO4)9(CO3)2Cl
ⓘKieserite7.CB.05MgSO4 · H2O
ⓘChalcanthite7.CB.20CuSO4 · 5H2O
ⓘEpsomite7.CB.40MgSO4 · 7H2O
ⓘTschermigite7.CC.20(NH4)Al(SO4)2 · 12H2O
ⓘBlödite7.CC.50Na2Mg(SO4)2 · 4H2O
ⓘGypsum7.CD.40CaSO4 · 2H2O
ⓘThaumasite7.DG.15Ca3(SO4)[Si(OH)6](CO3) · 12H2O
Group 8 - Phosphates, Arsenates and Vanadates
ⓘHeterosite8.AB.10(Fe3+,Mn3+)PO4
ⓘSarcopside8.AB.15Fe2+3(PO4)2
ⓘFerroalluaudite8.AC.10(Na,Ca)Fe2+(Fe3+,Mn2+,Fe2+)2(PO4)3
ⓘFillowite8.AC.50Na3CaMn2+11(PO4)9
ⓘJohnsomervilleite8.AC.50Na3CaFe11(PO4)9
ⓘXenotime-(Y)8.AD.35Y(PO4)
ⓘMonazite-(Ce)8.AD.50Ce(PO4)
ⓘAmblygonite8.BB.05LiAl(PO4)F
ⓘMontebrasite8.BB.05LiAl(PO4)(OH)
ⓘGoyazite8.BL.10SrAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6
ⓘFlorencite-(Nd)8.BL.13NdAl3(PO4)2(OH)6
ⓘFluorapatite8.BN.05Ca5(PO4)3F
ⓘHydroxylapatite8.BN.05Ca5(PO4)3(OH)
ⓘScorodite8.CD.10Fe3+AsO4 · 2H2O
ⓘVivianite8.CE.40Fe2+Fe2+2(PO4)2 · 8H2O
ⓘAnapaite8.CH.10Ca2Fe2+(PO4)2 · 4H2O
ⓘWavellite8.DC.50Al3(PO4)2(OH)3 · 5H2O
ⓘPlanerite ?8.DD.15Al6(PO4)2(PO3OH)2(OH)8 · 4H2O
ⓘMitridatite8.DH.30Ca2Fe3+3(PO4)3O2 · 3H2O
ⓘMillisite8.DL.10(Na,K)CaAl6(PO4)4(OH)9 · 3H2O
Group 9 - Silicates
ⓘFayalite9.AC.05Fe2+2SiO4
ⓘForsterite9.AC.05Mg2SiO4
ⓘKirschsteinite (TL)9.AC.05CaFe2+SiO4
ⓘMonticellite9.AC.10CaMgSiO4
ⓘAndradite9.AD.25Ca3Fe3+2(SiO4)3
ⓘAlmandine9.AD.25Fe2+3Al2(SiO4)3
ⓘAndradite
var. Melanite		9.AD.25Ca3Fe3+2(SiO4)3
ⓘThorite9.AD.30Th(SiO4)
ⓘZircon9.AD.30Zr(SiO4)
ⓘSillimanite9.AF.05Al2(SiO4)O
ⓘAndalusite9.AF.10Al2(SiO4)O
ⓘKyanite9.AF.15Al2(SiO4)O
ⓘStaurolite9.AF.30Fe2+2Al9Si4O23(OH)
ⓘReinhardbraunsite9.AF.45Ca5(SiO4)2(OH,F)2
ⓘTitanite9.AG.15CaTi(SiO4)O
ⓘSpurrite9.AH.15Ca5(SiO4)2(CO3)
ⓘBritholite-(Ce)9.AH.25(Ce,Ca)5(SiO4)3OH
ⓘÅkermanite9.BB.10Ca2Mg[Si2O7]
ⓘGehlenite9.BB.10Ca2Al[AlSiO7]
ⓘAndrémeyerite (TL)9.BB.20BaFe2+2(Si2O7)
ⓘFresnoite9.BE.15Ba2Ti(Si2O7)O
ⓘCuspidine9.BE.17Ca8(Si2O7)2F4
ⓘLåvenite9.BE.17Na2Ca2Mn2Zr2(Si2O7)2O2F2
ⓘWöhlerite9.BE.17Na2Ca4ZrNb(Si2O7)2O3F
ⓘGötzenite (TL)9.BE.22NaCa6Ti(Si2O7)2OF3
ⓘRosenbuschite9.BE.22Na6Ca6Zr3Ti(Si2O7)4O2F6
ⓘLamprophyllite9.BE.25(Na,Mn2+)3(Sr,Na)2(Ti,Fe3+)3(Si2O7)2O2(OH,O,F)2
ⓘDingdaohengite-(Ce)9.BE.70(Ce,La)4Fe2+(Ti,Fe2+,Mg,Fe3+)2Ti2(Si2O7)2O8
ⓘEpidote9.BG.05a(CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH)
ⓘCordierite9.CJ.10(Mg,Fe)2Al3(AlSi5O18)
ⓘCombeite (TL)9.CJ.15aNa4.5Ca3.5Si6O17.5(OH)0.5
ⓘEudialyte9.CO.10Na15Ca6Fe3Zr3Si(Si25O73)(O,OH,H2O)3(Cl,OH)2
ⓘAugite9.DA.15(CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6
ⓘDiopside
var. Chromium-bearing Diopside		9.DA.15Ca(Mg,Cr)Si2O6
ⓘ9.DA.15CaMgSi2O6
ⓘHedenbergite9.DA.15CaFe2+Si2O6
ⓘDiopside
var. Salite		9.DA.15CaMgSi2O6
ⓘGrossmanite9.DA.15CaTi3+ AlSiO6
ⓘHedenbergite
var. Ferrosalite		9.DA.15CaFe2+Si2O6
ⓘAegirine-augite9.DA.20(NaaCabFe2+cMgd)(Fe3+eAlfFe2+gMgh)Si2O6
ⓘAegirine9.DA.25NaFe3+Si2O6
ⓘSpodumene9.DA.30LiAlSi2O6
ⓘAstrophyllite9.DC.05K2NaFe2+7Ti2[Si4O12]2O2(OH)4F
ⓘKupletskite9.DC.05K2NaMn2+7Ti2[Si4O12]2O2(OH)4F
ⓘFerro-edenite9.DE.15NaCa2Fe2+5(Si7Al)O22(OH)2
ⓘHastingsite9.DE.15NaCa2(Fe2+4Fe3+)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2
ⓘFerro-richterite9.DE.20{Na}{CaNa}{Fe2+5}(Si8O22)(OH)2
ⓘFerro-katophorite9.DE.20{Na}{CaNa}{Fe2+4Al}[(AlSi7)O22](OH)2
ⓘRichterite9.DE.20Na(NaCa)Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2
ⓘKatophorite9.DE.20{Na}{CaNa}{Mg4Al}[(AlSi7)O22](OH)2
ⓘArfvedsonite9.DE.25[Na][Na2][Fe2+4Fe3+]Si8O22(OH)2
ⓘEckermannite9.DE.25NaNa2(Mg4Al}Si8O22(OH)2
ⓘMagnesio-arfvedsonite9.DE.25{Na}{Na2}{Mg4Fe3+}(Si8O22)(OH)2
ⓘRiebeckite9.DE.25◻[Na2][Fe2+3Fe3+2]Si8O22(OH)2
ⓘJennite9.DG.20Ca9(Si3O9)2(OH)8 · 8H2O
ⓘAenigmatite9.DH.40Na4[Fe2+10Ti2]O4[Si12O36]
ⓘRhodonite9.DK.05CaMn3Mn[Si5O15]
ⓘDelhayelite (TL)9.EB.10(Na,K)10Ca5Al6Si32O80(Cl2,F2,SO4)3 · 18H2O
ⓘUmbrianite9.EB.25K7Na2Ca2[Al3Si10O29]F2Cl2
ⓘMuscovite
var. Illite		9.EC.15K0.65Al2.0[Al0.65Si3.35O10](OH)2
ⓘ9.EC.15KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
ⓘPhlogopite9.EC.20KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
ⓘSaponite9.EC.45Ca0.25(Mg,Fe)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O
ⓘKaolinite9.ED.05Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4
ⓘChrysocolla9.ED.20Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1
ⓘKalsilite9.FA.05KAlSiO4
ⓘNepheline9.FA.05Na3K(Al4Si4O16)
ⓘTrikalsilite (TL)9.FA.05K2NaAl3(SiO4)3
ⓘMicrocline9.FA.30K(AlSi3O8)
ⓘOrthoclase9.FA.30K(AlSi3O8)
ⓘSanidine9.FA.30K(AlSi3O8)
ⓘAlbite9.FA.35Na(AlSi3O8)
ⓘvar. Andesine9.FA.35(Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si2O8]
ⓘAnorthite9.FA.35Ca(Al2Si2O8)
ⓘAlbite
var. Anorthoclase		9.FA.35(Na,K)AlSi3O8
ⓘAnorthite
var. Labradorite		9.FA.35(Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si2O8]
ⓘAlbite
var. Oligoclase		9.FA.35(Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si2O8]
ⓘCancrinite9.FB.05(Na,Ca,◻)8(Al6Si6O24)(CO3,SO4)2 · 2H2O
ⓘSodalite9.FB.10Na4(Si3Al3)O12Cl
ⓘ'Zeolite Group'9.G0.
ⓘNatrolite9.GA.05Na2Al2Si3O10 · 2H2O
ⓘAnalcime9.GB.05Na(AlSi2O6) · H2O
ⓘLeucite9.GB.05K(AlSi2O6)
Unclassified
ⓘ'Alkali Feldspar'-
ⓘ'Aloisiite'-Na2(Ca,Fe,Mg)5Si2O10 · 2H2O
ⓘ'Amphibole Supergroup'-AB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2
ⓘ'Bastnäsite'-(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)F
ⓘ'Biotite'-K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
ⓘ'Chlorite Group'-
ⓘ'Tennantite-Tetrahedrite Series'-
ⓘ'Fluocerite'-
ⓘ'Feldspar Group'-
ⓘ'Hypersthene'-(Mg,Fe)SiO3
ⓘ'Lepidolite'-
ⓘ'Limonite'-
ⓘ'Monazite Group'-REE(PO4)
ⓘ'Staringite'-(Fe,Mn)x(Ta,Nb)2xSn6-3xO12
ⓘ'Tourmaline'-AD3G6 (T6O18)(BO3)3X3Z
ⓘ'Cerite'-
ⓘ'Feldspar Group
var. Perthite'		-
ⓘ'Mica Group'-
ⓘ'Parisite'-Ca(Ce/La/Nd/REE)2(CO3)3F2
ⓘ'Synchysite'-Ca(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)2F
ⓘ'Clinopyroxene Subgroup'-
ⓘ'Fayalite-Forsterite Series'-
ⓘ'Columbite-(Fe)-Columbite-(Mn) Series'-
ⓘ'Hornblende Root Name Group'-◻Ca2(Z2+4Z3+)(AlSi7O22)(OH,F,Cl)2
ⓘ'Plagioclase'-(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8
ⓘ'K Feldspar'-
ⓘ'Pyroxene Group'-ADSi2O6
ⓘ'Chrome-Spinel (of Dana)'-
ⓘ'Florencite'-
ⓘ'Garnet Group'-X3Z2(SiO4)3
ⓘ'Columbite-Tantalite'-
ⓘ'Fergusonite'-
ⓘ'Biotite
var. Titanium-bearing Biotite'		-K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
ⓘ'Smectite Group'-A0.3D2-3[T4O10]Z2 · nH2O
ⓘ'Serpentine Subgroup'-D3[Si2O5](OH)4
ⓘ'Glass'-
ⓘ'Manganese Oxides'-
ⓘ'Apatite'-Ca5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
ⓘ'Melilite Group'-Ca2M(XSiO7)
ⓘ'Britholite Group'-(REE,Ca)5[(Si,P)O4]3X
ⓘ'Chevkinite Group'-
ⓘ'Natropyrochlore'-
ⓘ'Allanite Group'-(A12+REE3+)(M13+M23+M32+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH)
ⓘ'UM1975-16-SO:HKZn'-K2Zn(SO4)2 · 2H2O
ⓘ'Sodic amphibole'-
ⓘ'Alkali pyroxene'-
ⓘ'Rhombohedral Carbonate'-(Ca/Mg/Fe/Mn etc)CO3

List of minerals for each chemical element

HHydrogen
Hⓘ AloisiiteNa2(Ca,Fe,Mg)5Si2O10 · 2H2O
Hⓘ Amphibole SupergroupAB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2
Hⓘ AnalcimeNa(AlSi2O6) · H2O
Hⓘ AnapaiteCa2Fe2+(PO4)2 · 4H2O
Hⓘ Arfvedsonite[Na][Na2][Fe42+Fe3+]Si8O22(OH)2
Hⓘ AstrophylliteK2NaFe72+Ti2[Si4O12]2O2(OH)4F
Hⓘ AzuriteCu3(CO3)2(OH)2
Hⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Hⓘ BlöditeNa2Mg(SO4)2 · 4H2O
Hⓘ Britholite-(Ce)(Ce,Ca)5(SiO4)3OH
Hⓘ Cancrinite(Na,Ca,◻)8(Al6Si6O24)(CO3,SO4)2 · 2H2O
Hⓘ ChalcanthiteCuSO4 · 5H2O
Hⓘ ChrysocollaCu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1
Hⓘ CombeiteNa4.5Ca3.5Si6O17.5(OH)0.5
Hⓘ Daqingshanite-(Ce)(Sr,Ca,Ba)3(Ce,La)(CO3)3-x(PO4)(OH,F)2x
Hⓘ Davidite-(La)La(Y,U)Fe2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH,F)38
Hⓘ Delhayelite(Na,K)10Ca5Al6Si32O80(Cl2,F2,SO4)3 · 18H2O
Hⓘ EckermanniteNaNa2(Mg4Al}Si8O22(OH)2
Hⓘ Epidote(CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH)
Hⓘ EpsomiteMgSO4 · 7H2O
Hⓘ EudialyteNa15Ca6Fe3Zr3Si(Si25O73)(O,OH,H2O)3(Cl,OH)2
Hⓘ Ferro-edeniteNaCa2Fe52+(Si7Al)O22(OH)2
Hⓘ Ferro-richterite{Na}{CaNa}{Fe52+}(Si8O22)(OH)2
Hⓘ Florencite-(Nd)NdAl3(PO4)2(OH)6
Hⓘ GoethiteFe3+O(OH)
Hⓘ GypsumCaSO4 · 2H2O
Hⓘ GoyaziteSrAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6
Hⓘ HastingsiteNaCa2(Fe42+Fe3+)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2
Hⓘ HydrotungstiteWO3 · 2H2O
Hⓘ HydroxylapatiteCa5(PO4)3(OH)
Hⓘ Muscovite var. IlliteK0.65Al2.0[Al0.65Si3.35O10](OH)2
Hⓘ JenniteCa9(Si3O9)2(OH)8 · 8H2O
Hⓘ KaoliniteAl2(Si2O5)(OH)4
Hⓘ Ferro-katophorite{Na}{CaNa}{Fe42+Al}[(AlSi7)O22](OH)2
Hⓘ KieseriteMgSO4 · H2O
Hⓘ KupletskiteK2NaMn72+Ti2[Si4O12]2O2(OH)4F
Hⓘ Lamprophyllite(Na,Mn2+)3(Sr,Na)2(Ti,Fe3+)3(Si2O7)2O2(OH,O,F)2
Hⓘ Magnesio-arfvedsonite{Na}{Na2}{Mg4Fe3+}(Si8O22)(OH)2
Hⓘ MalachiteCu2(CO3)(OH)2
Hⓘ Mascagnite(NH4)2SO4
Hⓘ Millisite(Na,K)CaAl6(PO4)4(OH)9 · 3H2O
Hⓘ MitridatiteCa2Fe33+(PO4)3O2 · 3H2O
Hⓘ MontebrasiteLiAl(PO4)(OH)
Hⓘ MuscoviteKAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Hⓘ NatronNa2CO3 · 10H2O
Hⓘ NatroliteNa2Al2Si3O10 · 2H2O
Hⓘ PhlogopiteKMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Hⓘ PlaneriteAl6(PO4)2(PO3OH)2(OH)8 · 4H2O
Hⓘ Pyrochlore GroupA2Nb2(O,OH)6Z
Hⓘ ReinhardbraunsiteCa5(SiO4)2(OH,F)2
Hⓘ RichteriteNa(NaCa)Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2
Hⓘ Riebeckite◻[Na2][Fe32+Fe23+]Si8O22(OH)2
Hⓘ SaponiteCa0.25(Mg,Fe)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O
Hⓘ ScoroditeFe3+AsO4 · 2H2O
Hⓘ StauroliteFe22+Al9Si4O23(OH)
Hⓘ ThaumasiteCa3(SO4)[Si(OH)6](CO3) · 12H2O
Hⓘ ThermonatriteNa2CO3 · H2O
Hⓘ TronaNa3H(CO3)2 · 2H2O
Hⓘ Tschermigite(NH4)Al(SO4)2 · 12H2O
Hⓘ Pyrochlore Group var. Uranpyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977)(Ca,U,Ce)2(Nb,Ti,Ta)2O6(OH,F)
Hⓘ VivianiteFe2+Fe22+(PO4)2 · 8H2O
Hⓘ WavelliteAl3(PO4)2(OH)3 · 5H2O
Hⓘ Katophorite{Na}{CaNa}{Mg4Al}[(AlSi7)O22](OH)2
Hⓘ Hornblende Root Name Group◻Ca2(Z42+Z3+)(AlSi7O22)(OH,F,Cl)2
Hⓘ Biotite var. Titanium-bearing BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Hⓘ Smectite GroupA0.3D2-3[T4O10]Z2 · nH2O
Hⓘ Serpentine SubgroupD3[Si2O5](OH)4
Hⓘ ApatiteCa5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
Hⓘ Oxynatropyrochlore(Na,Ca,U)2Nb2O6(O,OH)
Hⓘ Allanite Group(A12+REE3+)(M13+M23+M32+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH)
Hⓘ UM1975-16-SO:HKZnK2Zn(SO4)2 · 2H2O
LiLithium
Liⓘ AmblygoniteLiAl(PO4)F
Liⓘ MontebrasiteLiAl(PO4)(OH)
Liⓘ SpodumeneLiAlSi2O6
BBoron
Bⓘ TourmalineAD3G6 (T6O18)(BO3)3X3Z
CCarbon
Cⓘ AnkeriteCa(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2
Cⓘ AzuriteCu3(CO3)2(OH)2
Cⓘ Bastnäsite(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)F
Cⓘ Bismutite(BiO)2CO3
Cⓘ BurkeiteNa6(CO3)(SO4)2
Cⓘ CalciteCaCO3
Cⓘ Cancrinite(Na,Ca,◻)8(Al6Si6O24)(CO3,SO4)2 · 2H2O
Cⓘ Daqingshanite-(Ce)(Sr,Ca,Ba)3(Ce,La)(CO3)3-x(PO4)(OH,F)2x
Cⓘ DiamondC
Cⓘ DolomiteCaMg(CO3)2
Cⓘ HanksiteNa22K(SO4)9(CO3)2Cl
Cⓘ MagnesiteMgCO3
Cⓘ MalachiteCu2(CO3)(OH)2
Cⓘ NatronNa2CO3 · 10H2O
Cⓘ NorthupiteNa3Mg(CO3)2Cl
Cⓘ Parisite-(Ce)CaCe2(CO3)3F2
Cⓘ SideriteFeCO3
Cⓘ SpurriteCa5(SiO4)2(CO3)
Cⓘ StrontianiteSrCO3
Cⓘ Synchysite-(Ce)CaCe(CO3)2F
Cⓘ Synchysite-(Y)CaY(CO3)2F
Cⓘ ThaumasiteCa3(SO4)[Si(OH)6](CO3) · 12H2O
Cⓘ ThermonatriteNa2CO3 · H2O
Cⓘ TronaNa3H(CO3)2 · 2H2O
Cⓘ TychiteNa6Mg2(CO3)4(SO4)
Cⓘ ParisiteCa(Ce/La/Nd/REE)2(CO3)3F2
Cⓘ SynchysiteCa(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)2F
Cⓘ Magnesite var. Breunnerite(Mg,Fe)CO3
Cⓘ Rhombohedral Carbonate(Ca/Mg/Fe/Mn etc)CO3
NNitrogen
Nⓘ Mascagnite(NH4)2SO4
Nⓘ NitratineNaNO3
Nⓘ Tschermigite(NH4)Al(SO4)2 · 12H2O
OOxygen
Oⓘ AegirineNaFe3+Si2O6
Oⓘ Aegirine-augite(NaaCabFec2+Mgd)(Fee3+AlfFeg2+Mgh)Si2O6
Oⓘ AenigmatiteNa4[Fe102+Ti2]O4[Si12O36]
Oⓘ ÅkermaniteCa2Mg[Si2O7]
Oⓘ AlbiteNa(AlSi3O8)
Oⓘ AloisiiteNa2(Ca,Fe,Mg)5Si2O10 · 2H2O
Oⓘ AmblygoniteLiAl(PO4)F
Oⓘ Amphibole SupergroupAB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2
Oⓘ AnalcimeNa(AlSi2O6) · H2O
Oⓘ AnapaiteCa2Fe2+(PO4)2 · 4H2O
Oⓘ AnataseTiO2
Oⓘ AndalusiteAl2(SiO4)O
Oⓘ Albite var. Andesine(Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si2O8]
Oⓘ AndraditeCa3Fe23+(SiO4)3
Oⓘ AndrémeyeriteBaFe22+(Si2O7)
Oⓘ AnglesitePbSO4
Oⓘ AnkeriteCa(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2
Oⓘ AnorthiteCa(Al2Si2O8)
Oⓘ Albite var. Anorthoclase(Na,K)AlSi3O8
Oⓘ Aphthitalite(K,Na)3Na(SO4)2
Oⓘ ArcaniteK2SO4
Oⓘ Arfvedsonite[Na][Na2][Fe42+Fe3+]Si8O22(OH)2
Oⓘ AstrophylliteK2NaFe72+Ti2[Si4O12]2O2(OH)4F
Oⓘ Augite(CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6
Oⓘ AzuriteCu3(CO3)2(OH)2
Oⓘ AlmandineFe32+Al2(SiO4)3
Oⓘ BaryteBaSO4
Oⓘ Bastnäsite(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)F
Oⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Oⓘ Bismutite(BiO)2CO3
Oⓘ BlöditeNa2Mg(SO4)2 · 4H2O
Oⓘ Britholite-(Ce)(Ce,Ca)5(SiO4)3OH
Oⓘ BrookiteTiO2
Oⓘ BurkeiteNa6(CO3)(SO4)2
Oⓘ CalciteCaCO3
Oⓘ Cancrinite(Na,Ca,◻)8(Al6Si6O24)(CO3,SO4)2 · 2H2O
Oⓘ CassiteriteSnO2
Oⓘ ChalcanthiteCuSO4 · 5H2O
Oⓘ Quartz var. ChalcedonySiO2
Oⓘ Diopside var. Chromium-bearing DiopsideCa(Mg,Cr)Si2O6
Oⓘ ChromiteFe2+Cr23+O4
Oⓘ ChrysocollaCu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1
Oⓘ CombeiteNa4.5Ca3.5Si6O17.5(OH)0.5
Oⓘ Cordierite(Mg,Fe)2Al3(AlSi5O18)
Oⓘ CorundumAl2O3
Oⓘ CupriteCu2O
Oⓘ CuspidineCa8(Si2O7)2F4
Oⓘ Daqingshanite-(Ce)(Sr,Ca,Ba)3(Ce,La)(CO3)3-x(PO4)(OH,F)2x
Oⓘ Davidite-(La)La(Y,U)Fe2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH,F)38
Oⓘ Delhayelite(Na,K)10Ca5Al6Si32O80(Cl2,F2,SO4)3 · 18H2O
Oⓘ DiopsideCaMgSi2O6
Oⓘ DolomiteCaMg(CO3)2
Oⓘ EckermanniteNaNa2(Mg4Al}Si8O22(OH)2
Oⓘ Epidote(CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH)
Oⓘ EpsomiteMgSO4 · 7H2O
Oⓘ EudialyteNa15Ca6Fe3Zr3Si(Si25O73)(O,OH,H2O)3(Cl,OH)2
Oⓘ FayaliteFe22+SiO4
Oⓘ Ferro-edeniteNaCa2Fe52+(Si7Al)O22(OH)2
Oⓘ FerberiteFeWO4
Oⓘ Ferroalluaudite(Na,Ca)Fe2+(Fe3+,Mn2+,Fe2+)2(PO4)3
Oⓘ Columbite-(Fe)Fe2+Nb2O6
Oⓘ Ferro-richterite{Na}{CaNa}{Fe52+}(Si8O22)(OH)2
Oⓘ FillowiteNa3CaMn112+(PO4)9
Oⓘ Florencite-(Nd)NdAl3(PO4)2(OH)6
Oⓘ FluorapatiteCa5(PO4)3F
Oⓘ FoorditeSn2+Nb2O6
Oⓘ ForsteriteMg2SiO4
Oⓘ FresnoiteBa2Ti(Si2O7)O
Oⓘ GehleniteCa2Al[AlSiO7]
Oⓘ GoethiteFe3+O(OH)
Oⓘ GötzeniteNaCa6Ti(Si2O7)2OF3
Oⓘ GypsumCaSO4 · 2H2O
Oⓘ GoyaziteSrAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6
Oⓘ HanksiteNa22K(SO4)9(CO3)2Cl
Oⓘ HastingsiteNaCa2(Fe42+Fe3+)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2
Oⓘ HedenbergiteCaFe2+Si2O6
Oⓘ HematiteFe2O3
Oⓘ Heterosite(Fe3+,Mn3+)PO4
Oⓘ HydrotungstiteWO3 · 2H2O
Oⓘ HydroxylapatiteCa5(PO4)3(OH)
Oⓘ Hypersthene(Mg,Fe)SiO3
Oⓘ Muscovite var. IlliteK0.65Al2.0[Al0.65Si3.35O10](OH)2
Oⓘ IlmeniteFe2+TiO3
Oⓘ Rutile var. Ilmenorutile(Ti,Nb)O2
Oⓘ Ixiolite-(Mn2+)-Ixiolite-(Fe2+) Series
Oⓘ JenniteCa9(Si3O9)2(OH)8 · 8H2O
Oⓘ JohnsomervilleiteNa3CaFe11(PO4)9
Oⓘ KalsiliteKAlSiO4
Oⓘ KaoliniteAl2(Si2O5)(OH)4
Oⓘ Ferro-katophorite{Na}{CaNa}{Fe42+Al}[(AlSi7)O22](OH)2
Oⓘ KieseriteMgSO4 · H2O
Oⓘ KirschsteiniteCaFe2+SiO4
Oⓘ KupletskiteK2NaMn72+Ti2[Si4O12]2O2(OH)4F
Oⓘ KyaniteAl2(SiO4)O
Oⓘ Anorthite var. Labradorite(Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si2O8]
Oⓘ Lamprophyllite(Na,Mn2+)3(Sr,Na)2(Ti,Fe3+)3(Si2O7)2O2(OH,O,F)2
Oⓘ LåveniteNa2Ca2Mn2Zr2(Si2O7)2O2F2
Oⓘ LeuciteK(AlSi2O6)
Oⓘ MagnesiteMgCO3
Oⓘ Columbite-(Mn)Mn2+Nb2O6
Oⓘ Tantalite-(Mn)Mn2+Ta2O6
Oⓘ Magnesio-arfvedsonite{Na}{Na2}{Mg4Fe3+}(Si8O22)(OH)2
Oⓘ MagnetiteFe2+Fe23+O4
Oⓘ MalachiteCu2(CO3)(OH)2
Oⓘ Mascagnite(NH4)2SO4
Oⓘ MicroclineK(AlSi3O8)
Oⓘ Millisite(Na,K)CaAl6(PO4)4(OH)9 · 3H2O
Oⓘ MitridatiteCa2Fe33+(PO4)3O2 · 3H2O
Oⓘ Monazite GroupREE(PO4)
Oⓘ Monazite-(Ce)Ce(PO4)
Oⓘ MontebrasiteLiAl(PO4)(OH)
Oⓘ MonticelliteCaMgSiO4
Oⓘ MuscoviteKAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Oⓘ NatronNa2CO3 · 10H2O
Oⓘ NephelineNa3K(Al4Si4O16)
Oⓘ NitratineNaNO3
Oⓘ NorthupiteNa3Mg(CO3)2Cl
Oⓘ NatroliteNa2Al2Si3O10 · 2H2O
Oⓘ Albite var. Oligoclase(Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si2O8]
Oⓘ OrthoclaseK(AlSi3O8)
Oⓘ Parisite-(Ce)CaCe2(CO3)3F2
Oⓘ PericlaseMgO
Oⓘ PerovskiteCaTiO3
Oⓘ PhlogopiteKMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Oⓘ PlaneriteAl6(PO4)2(PO3OH)2(OH)8 · 4H2O
Oⓘ Pyrochlore GroupA2Nb2(O,OH)6Z
Oⓘ PyrophaniteMn2+TiO3
Oⓘ QuartzSiO2
Oⓘ ReinhardbraunsiteCa5(SiO4)2(OH,F)2
Oⓘ RhodoniteCaMn3Mn[Si5O15]
Oⓘ RichteriteNa(NaCa)Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2
Oⓘ Riebeckite◻[Na2][Fe32+Fe23+]Si8O22(OH)2
Oⓘ RosenbuschiteNa6Ca6Zr3Ti(Si2O7)4O2F6
Oⓘ Corundum var. RubyAl2O3
Oⓘ RutileTiO2
Oⓘ SanidineK(AlSi3O8)
Oⓘ SaponiteCa0.25(Mg,Fe)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O
Oⓘ Corundum var. SapphireAl2O3
Oⓘ SarcopsideFe32+(PO4)2
Oⓘ ScoroditeFe3+AsO4 · 2H2O
Oⓘ SideriteFeCO3
Oⓘ SillimaniteAl2(SiO4)O
Oⓘ SodaliteNa4(Si3Al3)O12Cl
Oⓘ SpinelMgAl2O4
Oⓘ SpodumeneLiAlSi2O6
Oⓘ SpurriteCa5(SiO4)2(CO3)
Oⓘ StauroliteFe22+Al9Si4O23(OH)
Oⓘ StrontianiteSrCO3
Oⓘ Synchysite-(Ce)CaCe(CO3)2F
Oⓘ Synchysite-(Y)CaY(CO3)2F
Oⓘ ThaumasiteCa3(SO4)[Si(OH)6](CO3) · 12H2O
Oⓘ ThénarditeNa2SO4
Oⓘ ThermonatriteNa2CO3 · H2O
Oⓘ ThoriteTh(SiO4)
Oⓘ TitaniteCaTi(SiO4)O
Oⓘ Magnetite var. Titanium-bearing MagnetiteFe2+(Fe3+,Ti)2O4
Oⓘ TourmalineAD3G6 (T6O18)(BO3)3X3Z
Oⓘ TrikalsiliteK2NaAl3(SiO4)3
Oⓘ TronaNa3H(CO3)2 · 2H2O
Oⓘ Tschermigite(NH4)Al(SO4)2 · 12H2O
Oⓘ TychiteNa6Mg2(CO3)4(SO4)
Oⓘ Pyrochlore Group var. Uranpyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977)(Ca,U,Ce)2(Nb,Ti,Ta)2O6(OH,F)
Oⓘ VivianiteFe2+Fe22+(PO4)2 · 8H2O
Oⓘ WavelliteAl3(PO4)2(OH)3 · 5H2O
Oⓘ WöhleriteNa2Ca4ZrNb(Si2O7)2O3F
Oⓘ Xenotime-(Y)Y(PO4)
Oⓘ ZirconZr(SiO4)
Oⓘ Hematite var. SpeculariteFe2O3
Oⓘ Katophorite{Na}{CaNa}{Mg4Al}[(AlSi7)O22](OH)2
Oⓘ ParisiteCa(Ce/La/Nd/REE)2(CO3)3F2
Oⓘ Andradite var. MelaniteCa3Fe23+(SiO4)3
Oⓘ SynchysiteCa(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)2F
Oⓘ Magnesite var. Breunnerite(Mg,Fe)CO3
Oⓘ Fayalite-Forsterite Series
Oⓘ Columbite-(Fe)-Columbite-(Mn) Series
Oⓘ Hornblende Root Name Group◻Ca2(Z42+Z3+)(AlSi7O22)(OH,F,Cl)2
Oⓘ Plagioclase(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8
Oⓘ Pyroxene GroupADSi2O6
Oⓘ Garnet GroupX3Z2(SiO4)3
Oⓘ Diopside var. SaliteCaMgSi2O6
Oⓘ Rutile var. Niobium-bearing Rutile(Ti,Nb)O2
Oⓘ Biotite var. Titanium-bearing BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Oⓘ Smectite GroupA0.3D2-3[T4O10]Z2 · nH2O
Oⓘ Serpentine SubgroupD3[Si2O5](OH)4
Oⓘ Dingdaohengite-(Ce)(Ce,La)4Fe2+(Ti,Fe2+,Mg,Fe3+)2Ti2(Si2O7)2O8
Oⓘ ApatiteCa5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
Oⓘ Melilite GroupCa2M(XSiO7)
Oⓘ Britholite Group(REE,Ca)5[(Si,P)O4]3X
Oⓘ GrossmaniteCaTi3+ AlSiO6
Oⓘ Hedenbergite var. FerrosaliteCaFe2+Si2O6
Oⓘ Oxynatropyrochlore(Na,Ca,U)2Nb2O6(O,OH)
Oⓘ UmbrianiteK7Na2Ca2[Al3Si10O29]F2Cl2
Oⓘ Allanite Group(A12+REE3+)(M13+M23+M32+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH)
Oⓘ UM1975-16-SO:HKZnK2Zn(SO4)2 · 2H2O
Oⓘ Rhombohedral Carbonate(Ca/Mg/Fe/Mn etc)CO3
FFluorine
Fⓘ AmblygoniteLiAl(PO4)F
Fⓘ Amphibole SupergroupAB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2
Fⓘ AstrophylliteK2NaFe72+Ti2[Si4O12]2O2(OH)4F
Fⓘ Bastnäsite(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)F
Fⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Fⓘ CuspidineCa8(Si2O7)2F4
Fⓘ Daqingshanite-(Ce)(Sr,Ca,Ba)3(Ce,La)(CO3)3-x(PO4)(OH,F)2x
Fⓘ Davidite-(La)La(Y,U)Fe2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH,F)38
Fⓘ Delhayelite(Na,K)10Ca5Al6Si32O80(Cl2,F2,SO4)3 · 18H2O
Fⓘ ElpasoliteK2NaAlF6
Fⓘ FluorapatiteCa5(PO4)3F
Fⓘ FluoriteCaF2
Fⓘ GötzeniteNaCa6Ti(Si2O7)2OF3
Fⓘ HieratiteK2[SiF6]
Fⓘ KupletskiteK2NaMn72+Ti2[Si4O12]2O2(OH)4F
Fⓘ Lamprophyllite(Na,Mn2+)3(Sr,Na)2(Ti,Fe3+)3(Si2O7)2O2(OH,O,F)2
Fⓘ LåveniteNa2Ca2Mn2Zr2(Si2O7)2O2F2
Fⓘ Parisite-(Ce)CaCe2(CO3)3F2
Fⓘ ReinhardbraunsiteCa5(SiO4)2(OH,F)2
Fⓘ RosenbuschiteNa6Ca6Zr3Ti(Si2O7)4O2F6
Fⓘ Synchysite-(Ce)CaCe(CO3)2F
Fⓘ Synchysite-(Y)CaY(CO3)2F
Fⓘ Pyrochlore Group var. Uranpyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977)(Ca,U,Ce)2(Nb,Ti,Ta)2O6(OH,F)
Fⓘ WöhleriteNa2Ca4ZrNb(Si2O7)2O3F
Fⓘ Fluorite var. Yttrofluorite(Ca1-xYx)F2+x where 0.05 < x < 0.3
Fⓘ ParisiteCa(Ce/La/Nd/REE)2(CO3)3F2
Fⓘ SynchysiteCa(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)2F
Fⓘ Hornblende Root Name Group◻Ca2(Z42+Z3+)(AlSi7O22)(OH,F,Cl)2
Fⓘ Biotite var. Titanium-bearing BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Fⓘ ApatiteCa5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
Fⓘ UmbrianiteK7Na2Ca2[Al3Si10O29]F2Cl2
NaSodium
Naⓘ AegirineNaFe3+Si2O6
Naⓘ Aegirine-augite(NaaCabFec2+Mgd)(Fee3+AlfFeg2+Mgh)Si2O6
Naⓘ AenigmatiteNa4[Fe102+Ti2]O4[Si12O36]
Naⓘ AlbiteNa(AlSi3O8)
Naⓘ AloisiiteNa2(Ca,Fe,Mg)5Si2O10 · 2H2O
Naⓘ AnalcimeNa(AlSi2O6) · H2O
Naⓘ Albite var. Andesine(Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si2O8]
Naⓘ Albite var. Anorthoclase(Na,K)AlSi3O8
Naⓘ Aphthitalite(K,Na)3Na(SO4)2
Naⓘ Arfvedsonite[Na][Na2][Fe42+Fe3+]Si8O22(OH)2
Naⓘ AstrophylliteK2NaFe72+Ti2[Si4O12]2O2(OH)4F
Naⓘ BlöditeNa2Mg(SO4)2 · 4H2O
Naⓘ BurkeiteNa6(CO3)(SO4)2
Naⓘ Cancrinite(Na,Ca,◻)8(Al6Si6O24)(CO3,SO4)2 · 2H2O
Naⓘ CombeiteNa4.5Ca3.5Si6O17.5(OH)0.5
Naⓘ Delhayelite(Na,K)10Ca5Al6Si32O80(Cl2,F2,SO4)3 · 18H2O
Naⓘ EckermanniteNaNa2(Mg4Al}Si8O22(OH)2
Naⓘ ElpasoliteK2NaAlF6
Naⓘ EudialyteNa15Ca6Fe3Zr3Si(Si25O73)(O,OH,H2O)3(Cl,OH)2
Naⓘ Ferro-edeniteNaCa2Fe52+(Si7Al)O22(OH)2
Naⓘ Ferroalluaudite(Na,Ca)Fe2+(Fe3+,Mn2+,Fe2+)2(PO4)3
Naⓘ Ferro-richterite{Na}{CaNa}{Fe52+}(Si8O22)(OH)2
Naⓘ FillowiteNa3CaMn112+(PO4)9
Naⓘ GötzeniteNaCa6Ti(Si2O7)2OF3
Naⓘ HaliteNaCl
Naⓘ HanksiteNa22K(SO4)9(CO3)2Cl
Naⓘ HastingsiteNaCa2(Fe42+Fe3+)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2
Naⓘ JohnsomervilleiteNa3CaFe11(PO4)9
Naⓘ Ferro-katophorite{Na}{CaNa}{Fe42+Al}[(AlSi7)O22](OH)2
Naⓘ KupletskiteK2NaMn72+Ti2[Si4O12]2O2(OH)4F
Naⓘ Anorthite var. Labradorite(Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si2O8]
Naⓘ Lamprophyllite(Na,Mn2+)3(Sr,Na)2(Ti,Fe3+)3(Si2O7)2O2(OH,O,F)2
Naⓘ LåveniteNa2Ca2Mn2Zr2(Si2O7)2O2F2
Naⓘ Magnesio-arfvedsonite{Na}{Na2}{Mg4Fe3+}(Si8O22)(OH)2
Naⓘ Millisite(Na,K)CaAl6(PO4)4(OH)9 · 3H2O
Naⓘ NatronNa2CO3 · 10H2O
Naⓘ NephelineNa3K(Al4Si4O16)
Naⓘ NitratineNaNO3
Naⓘ NorthupiteNa3Mg(CO3)2Cl
Naⓘ NatroliteNa2Al2Si3O10 · 2H2O
Naⓘ Albite var. Oligoclase(Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si2O8]
Naⓘ RichteriteNa(NaCa)Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2
Naⓘ Riebeckite◻[Na2][Fe32+Fe23+]Si8O22(OH)2
Naⓘ RosenbuschiteNa6Ca6Zr3Ti(Si2O7)4O2F6
Naⓘ SodaliteNa4(Si3Al3)O12Cl
Naⓘ ThénarditeNa2SO4
Naⓘ ThermonatriteNa2CO3 · H2O
Naⓘ TrikalsiliteK2NaAl3(SiO4)3
Naⓘ TronaNa3H(CO3)2 · 2H2O
Naⓘ TychiteNa6Mg2(CO3)4(SO4)
Naⓘ WöhleriteNa2Ca4ZrNb(Si2O7)2O3F
Naⓘ Katophorite{Na}{CaNa}{Mg4Al}[(AlSi7)O22](OH)2
Naⓘ Plagioclase(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8
Naⓘ Oxynatropyrochlore(Na,Ca,U)2Nb2O6(O,OH)
Naⓘ UmbrianiteK7Na2Ca2[Al3Si10O29]F2Cl2
MgMagnesium
Mgⓘ Aegirine-augite(NaaCabFec2+Mgd)(Fee3+AlfFeg2+Mgh)Si2O6
Mgⓘ ÅkermaniteCa2Mg[Si2O7]
Mgⓘ AloisiiteNa2(Ca,Fe,Mg)5Si2O10 · 2H2O
Mgⓘ AnkeriteCa(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2
Mgⓘ Augite(CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6
Mgⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Mgⓘ BlöditeNa2Mg(SO4)2 · 4H2O
Mgⓘ Diopside var. Chromium-bearing DiopsideCa(Mg,Cr)Si2O6
Mgⓘ Cordierite(Mg,Fe)2Al3(AlSi5O18)
Mgⓘ DiopsideCaMgSi2O6
Mgⓘ DolomiteCaMg(CO3)2
Mgⓘ EckermanniteNaNa2(Mg4Al}Si8O22(OH)2
Mgⓘ EpsomiteMgSO4 · 7H2O
Mgⓘ ForsteriteMg2SiO4
Mgⓘ Hypersthene(Mg,Fe)SiO3
Mgⓘ KieseriteMgSO4 · H2O
Mgⓘ MagnesiteMgCO3
Mgⓘ Magnesio-arfvedsonite{Na}{Na2}{Mg4Fe3+}(Si8O22)(OH)2
Mgⓘ MonticelliteCaMgSiO4
Mgⓘ NorthupiteNa3Mg(CO3)2Cl
Mgⓘ PericlaseMgO
Mgⓘ PhlogopiteKMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Mgⓘ RichteriteNa(NaCa)Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2
Mgⓘ SaponiteCa0.25(Mg,Fe)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O
Mgⓘ SpinelMgAl2O4
Mgⓘ TychiteNa6Mg2(CO3)4(SO4)
Mgⓘ Katophorite{Na}{CaNa}{Mg4Al}[(AlSi7)O22](OH)2
Mgⓘ Magnesite var. Breunnerite(Mg,Fe)CO3
Mgⓘ Fayalite-Forsterite Series
Mgⓘ Diopside var. SaliteCaMgSi2O6
Mgⓘ Biotite var. Titanium-bearing BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Mgⓘ Dingdaohengite-(Ce)(Ce,La)4Fe2+(Ti,Fe2+,Mg,Fe3+)2Ti2(Si2O7)2O8
Mgⓘ Rhombohedral Carbonate(Ca/Mg/Fe/Mn etc)CO3
AlAluminium
Alⓘ Aegirine-augite(NaaCabFec2+Mgd)(Fee3+AlfFeg2+Mgh)Si2O6
Alⓘ AlbiteNa(AlSi3O8)
Alⓘ AmblygoniteLiAl(PO4)F
Alⓘ Amphibole SupergroupAB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2
Alⓘ AnalcimeNa(AlSi2O6) · H2O
Alⓘ AndalusiteAl2(SiO4)O
Alⓘ Albite var. Andesine(Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si2O8]
Alⓘ AnorthiteCa(Al2Si2O8)
Alⓘ Albite var. Anorthoclase(Na,K)AlSi3O8
Alⓘ AlmandineFe32+Al2(SiO4)3
Alⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Alⓘ Cancrinite(Na,Ca,◻)8(Al6Si6O24)(CO3,SO4)2 · 2H2O
Alⓘ ChrysocollaCu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1
Alⓘ Cordierite(Mg,Fe)2Al3(AlSi5O18)
Alⓘ CorundumAl2O3
Alⓘ Delhayelite(Na,K)10Ca5Al6Si32O80(Cl2,F2,SO4)3 · 18H2O
Alⓘ EckermanniteNaNa2(Mg4Al}Si8O22(OH)2
Alⓘ ElpasoliteK2NaAlF6
Alⓘ Epidote(CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH)
Alⓘ Ferro-edeniteNaCa2Fe52+(Si7Al)O22(OH)2
Alⓘ Florencite-(Nd)NdAl3(PO4)2(OH)6
Alⓘ GehleniteCa2Al[AlSiO7]
Alⓘ GoyaziteSrAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6
Alⓘ HastingsiteNaCa2(Fe42+Fe3+)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2
Alⓘ Muscovite var. IlliteK0.65Al2.0[Al0.65Si3.35O10](OH)2
Alⓘ KalsiliteKAlSiO4
Alⓘ KaoliniteAl2(Si2O5)(OH)4
Alⓘ Ferro-katophorite{Na}{CaNa}{Fe42+Al}[(AlSi7)O22](OH)2
Alⓘ KyaniteAl2(SiO4)O
Alⓘ Anorthite var. Labradorite(Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si2O8]
Alⓘ LeuciteK(AlSi2O6)
Alⓘ MicroclineK(AlSi3O8)
Alⓘ Millisite(Na,K)CaAl6(PO4)4(OH)9 · 3H2O
Alⓘ MontebrasiteLiAl(PO4)(OH)
Alⓘ MuscoviteKAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Alⓘ NephelineNa3K(Al4Si4O16)
Alⓘ NatroliteNa2Al2Si3O10 · 2H2O
Alⓘ Albite var. Oligoclase(Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si2O8]
Alⓘ OrthoclaseK(AlSi3O8)
Alⓘ PhlogopiteKMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Alⓘ PlaneriteAl6(PO4)2(PO3OH)2(OH)8 · 4H2O
Alⓘ Corundum var. RubyAl2O3
Alⓘ SanidineK(AlSi3O8)
Alⓘ SaponiteCa0.25(Mg,Fe)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O
Alⓘ Corundum var. SapphireAl2O3
Alⓘ SillimaniteAl2(SiO4)O
Alⓘ SodaliteNa4(Si3Al3)O12Cl
Alⓘ SpinelMgAl2O4
Alⓘ SpodumeneLiAlSi2O6
Alⓘ StauroliteFe22+Al9Si4O23(OH)
Alⓘ TrikalsiliteK2NaAl3(SiO4)3
Alⓘ Tschermigite(NH4)Al(SO4)2 · 12H2O
Alⓘ WavelliteAl3(PO4)2(OH)3 · 5H2O
Alⓘ Katophorite{Na}{CaNa}{Mg4Al}[(AlSi7)O22](OH)2
Alⓘ Hornblende Root Name Group◻Ca2(Z42+Z3+)(AlSi7O22)(OH,F,Cl)2
Alⓘ Plagioclase(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8
Alⓘ Biotite var. Titanium-bearing BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Alⓘ GrossmaniteCaTi3+ AlSiO6
Alⓘ UmbrianiteK7Na2Ca2[Al3Si10O29]F2Cl2
SiSilicon
Siⓘ AegirineNaFe3+Si2O6
Siⓘ Aegirine-augite(NaaCabFec2+Mgd)(Fee3+AlfFeg2+Mgh)Si2O6
Siⓘ AenigmatiteNa4[Fe102+Ti2]O4[Si12O36]
Siⓘ ÅkermaniteCa2Mg[Si2O7]
Siⓘ AlbiteNa(AlSi3O8)
Siⓘ AloisiiteNa2(Ca,Fe,Mg)5Si2O10 · 2H2O
Siⓘ Amphibole SupergroupAB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2
Siⓘ AnalcimeNa(AlSi2O6) · H2O
Siⓘ AndalusiteAl2(SiO4)O
Siⓘ Albite var. Andesine(Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si2O8]
Siⓘ AndraditeCa3Fe23+(SiO4)3
Siⓘ AndrémeyeriteBaFe22+(Si2O7)
Siⓘ AnorthiteCa(Al2Si2O8)
Siⓘ Albite var. Anorthoclase(Na,K)AlSi3O8
Siⓘ Arfvedsonite[Na][Na2][Fe42+Fe3+]Si8O22(OH)2
Siⓘ AstrophylliteK2NaFe72+Ti2[Si4O12]2O2(OH)4F
Siⓘ Augite(CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6
Siⓘ AlmandineFe32+Al2(SiO4)3
Siⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Siⓘ Britholite-(Ce)(Ce,Ca)5(SiO4)3OH
Siⓘ Cancrinite(Na,Ca,◻)8(Al6Si6O24)(CO3,SO4)2 · 2H2O
Siⓘ Quartz var. ChalcedonySiO2
Siⓘ Diopside var. Chromium-bearing DiopsideCa(Mg,Cr)Si2O6
Siⓘ ChrysocollaCu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1
Siⓘ CombeiteNa4.5Ca3.5Si6O17.5(OH)0.5
Siⓘ Cordierite(Mg,Fe)2Al3(AlSi5O18)
Siⓘ CuspidineCa8(Si2O7)2F4
Siⓘ Delhayelite(Na,K)10Ca5Al6Si32O80(Cl2,F2,SO4)3 · 18H2O
Siⓘ DiopsideCaMgSi2O6
Siⓘ EckermanniteNaNa2(Mg4Al}Si8O22(OH)2
Siⓘ Epidote(CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH)
Siⓘ EudialyteNa15Ca6Fe3Zr3Si(Si25O73)(O,OH,H2O)3(Cl,OH)2
Siⓘ FayaliteFe22+SiO4
Siⓘ Ferro-edeniteNaCa2Fe52+(Si7Al)O22(OH)2
Siⓘ Ferro-richterite{Na}{CaNa}{Fe52+}(Si8O22)(OH)2
Siⓘ ForsteriteMg2SiO4
Siⓘ FresnoiteBa2Ti(Si2O7)O
Siⓘ GehleniteCa2Al[AlSiO7]
Siⓘ GötzeniteNaCa6Ti(Si2O7)2OF3
Siⓘ HastingsiteNaCa2(Fe42+Fe3+)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2
Siⓘ HedenbergiteCaFe2+Si2O6
Siⓘ HieratiteK2[SiF6]
Siⓘ Hypersthene(Mg,Fe)SiO3
Siⓘ Muscovite var. IlliteK0.65Al2.0[Al0.65Si3.35O10](OH)2
Siⓘ JenniteCa9(Si3O9)2(OH)8 · 8H2O
Siⓘ KalsiliteKAlSiO4
Siⓘ KaoliniteAl2(Si2O5)(OH)4
Siⓘ Ferro-katophorite{Na}{CaNa}{Fe42+Al}[(AlSi7)O22](OH)2
Siⓘ KirschsteiniteCaFe2+SiO4
Siⓘ KupletskiteK2NaMn72+Ti2[Si4O12]2O2(OH)4F
Siⓘ KyaniteAl2(SiO4)O
Siⓘ Anorthite var. Labradorite(Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si2O8]
Siⓘ Lamprophyllite(Na,Mn2+)3(Sr,Na)2(Ti,Fe3+)3(Si2O7)2O2(OH,O,F)2
Siⓘ LåveniteNa2Ca2Mn2Zr2(Si2O7)2O2F2
Siⓘ LeuciteK(AlSi2O6)
Siⓘ Magnesio-arfvedsonite{Na}{Na2}{Mg4Fe3+}(Si8O22)(OH)2
Siⓘ MicroclineK(AlSi3O8)
Siⓘ MonticelliteCaMgSiO4
Siⓘ MuscoviteKAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Siⓘ NephelineNa3K(Al4Si4O16)
Siⓘ NatroliteNa2Al2Si3O10 · 2H2O
Siⓘ Albite var. Oligoclase(Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si2O8]
Siⓘ OrthoclaseK(AlSi3O8)
Siⓘ PhlogopiteKMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Siⓘ QuartzSiO2
Siⓘ ReinhardbraunsiteCa5(SiO4)2(OH,F)2
Siⓘ RhodoniteCaMn3Mn[Si5O15]
Siⓘ RichteriteNa(NaCa)Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2
Siⓘ Riebeckite◻[Na2][Fe32+Fe23+]Si8O22(OH)2
Siⓘ RosenbuschiteNa6Ca6Zr3Ti(Si2O7)4O2F6
Siⓘ SanidineK(AlSi3O8)
Siⓘ SaponiteCa0.25(Mg,Fe)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O
Siⓘ SillimaniteAl2(SiO4)O
Siⓘ SodaliteNa4(Si3Al3)O12Cl
Siⓘ SpodumeneLiAlSi2O6
Siⓘ SpurriteCa5(SiO4)2(CO3)
Siⓘ StauroliteFe22+Al9Si4O23(OH)
Siⓘ ThaumasiteCa3(SO4)[Si(OH)6](CO3) · 12H2O
Siⓘ ThoriteTh(SiO4)
Siⓘ TitaniteCaTi(SiO4)O
Siⓘ TrikalsiliteK2NaAl3(SiO4)3
Siⓘ WöhleriteNa2Ca4ZrNb(Si2O7)2O3F
Siⓘ ZirconZr(SiO4)
Siⓘ Katophorite{Na}{CaNa}{Mg4Al}[(AlSi7)O22](OH)2
Siⓘ Andradite var. MelaniteCa3Fe23+(SiO4)3
Siⓘ Fayalite-Forsterite Series
Siⓘ Hornblende Root Name Group◻Ca2(Z42+Z3+)(AlSi7O22)(OH,F,Cl)2
Siⓘ Plagioclase(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8
Siⓘ Pyroxene GroupADSi2O6
Siⓘ Garnet GroupX3Z2(SiO4)3
Siⓘ Diopside var. SaliteCaMgSi2O6
Siⓘ Biotite var. Titanium-bearing BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Siⓘ Serpentine SubgroupD3[Si2O5](OH)4
Siⓘ Dingdaohengite-(Ce)(Ce,La)4Fe2+(Ti,Fe2+,Mg,Fe3+)2Ti2(Si2O7)2O8
Siⓘ Melilite GroupCa2M(XSiO7)
Siⓘ Britholite Group(REE,Ca)5[(Si,P)O4]3X
Siⓘ GrossmaniteCaTi3+ AlSiO6
Siⓘ Hedenbergite var. FerrosaliteCaFe2+Si2O6
Siⓘ UmbrianiteK7Na2Ca2[Al3Si10O29]F2Cl2
Siⓘ Allanite Group(A12+REE3+)(M13+M23+M32+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH)
PPhosphorus
Pⓘ AmblygoniteLiAl(PO4)F
Pⓘ AnapaiteCa2Fe2+(PO4)2 · 4H2O
Pⓘ Daqingshanite-(Ce)(Sr,Ca,Ba)3(Ce,La)(CO3)3-x(PO4)(OH,F)2x
Pⓘ Ferroalluaudite(Na,Ca)Fe2+(Fe3+,Mn2+,Fe2+)2(PO4)3
Pⓘ FillowiteNa3CaMn112+(PO4)9
Pⓘ Florencite-(Nd)NdAl3(PO4)2(OH)6
Pⓘ FluorapatiteCa5(PO4)3F
Pⓘ GoyaziteSrAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6
Pⓘ Heterosite(Fe3+,Mn3+)PO4
Pⓘ HydroxylapatiteCa5(PO4)3(OH)
Pⓘ JohnsomervilleiteNa3CaFe11(PO4)9
Pⓘ Millisite(Na,K)CaAl6(PO4)4(OH)9 · 3H2O
Pⓘ MitridatiteCa2Fe33+(PO4)3O2 · 3H2O
Pⓘ Monazite GroupREE(PO4)
Pⓘ Monazite-(Ce)Ce(PO4)
Pⓘ MontebrasiteLiAl(PO4)(OH)
Pⓘ PlaneriteAl6(PO4)2(PO3OH)2(OH)8 · 4H2O
Pⓘ SarcopsideFe32+(PO4)2
Pⓘ VivianiteFe2+Fe22+(PO4)2 · 8H2O
Pⓘ WavelliteAl3(PO4)2(OH)3 · 5H2O
Pⓘ Xenotime-(Y)Y(PO4)
Pⓘ ApatiteCa5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
Pⓘ Britholite Group(REE,Ca)5[(Si,P)O4]3X
SSulfur
Sⓘ AnglesitePbSO4
Sⓘ Aphthitalite(K,Na)3Na(SO4)2
Sⓘ ArsenopyriteFeAsS
Sⓘ ArcaniteK2SO4
Sⓘ BaryteBaSO4
Sⓘ BismuthiniteBi2S3
Sⓘ BlöditeNa2Mg(SO4)2 · 4H2O
Sⓘ BoulangeritePb5Sb4S11
Sⓘ BurkeiteNa6(CO3)(SO4)2
Sⓘ Cancrinite(Na,Ca,◻)8(Al6Si6O24)(CO3,SO4)2 · 2H2O
Sⓘ ChalcopyriteCuFeS2
Sⓘ ChalcanthiteCuSO4 · 5H2O
Sⓘ CubaniteCuFe2S3
Sⓘ Delhayelite(Na,K)10Ca5Al6Si32O80(Cl2,F2,SO4)3 · 18H2O
Sⓘ EpsomiteMgSO4 · 7H2O
Sⓘ Tennantite-Tetrahedrite Series
Sⓘ GalenaPbS
Sⓘ GypsumCaSO4 · 2H2O
Sⓘ HanksiteNa22K(SO4)9(CO3)2Cl
Sⓘ KieseriteMgSO4 · H2O
Sⓘ LinnaeiteCo2+Co23+S4
Sⓘ MarcasiteFeS2
Sⓘ Mascagnite(NH4)2SO4
Sⓘ MolybdeniteMoS2
Sⓘ Pentlandite(NixFey)Σ9S8
Sⓘ PyriteFeS2
Sⓘ PyrrhotiteFe1-xS
Sⓘ SiegeniteCoNi2S4
Sⓘ SphaleriteZnS
Sⓘ Native SulphurS8
Sⓘ ThaumasiteCa3(SO4)[Si(OH)6](CO3) · 12H2O
Sⓘ ThénarditeNa2SO4
Sⓘ TroiliteFeS
Sⓘ Tschermigite(NH4)Al(SO4)2 · 12H2O
Sⓘ TychiteNa6Mg2(CO3)4(SO4)
Sⓘ Pyrite var. Cobalt-bearing Pyrite(Fe,Co)S2
Sⓘ ChlorbartoniteK6Fe24S26(Cl,S)
Sⓘ UM1975-16-SO:HKZnK2Zn(SO4)2 · 2H2O
ClChlorine
Clⓘ Amphibole SupergroupAB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2
Clⓘ Delhayelite(Na,K)10Ca5Al6Si32O80(Cl2,F2,SO4)3 · 18H2O
Clⓘ EudialyteNa15Ca6Fe3Zr3Si(Si25O73)(O,OH,H2O)3(Cl,OH)2
Clⓘ HaliteNaCl
Clⓘ HanksiteNa22K(SO4)9(CO3)2Cl
Clⓘ NorthupiteNa3Mg(CO3)2Cl
Clⓘ SodaliteNa4(Si3Al3)O12Cl
Clⓘ SylviteKCl
Clⓘ Hornblende Root Name Group◻Ca2(Z42+Z3+)(AlSi7O22)(OH,F,Cl)2
Clⓘ ChlorbartoniteK6Fe24S26(Cl,S)
Clⓘ ApatiteCa5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
Clⓘ UmbrianiteK7Na2Ca2[Al3Si10O29]F2Cl2
KPotassium
Kⓘ Albite var. Anorthoclase(Na,K)AlSi3O8
Kⓘ Aphthitalite(K,Na)3Na(SO4)2
Kⓘ ArcaniteK2SO4
Kⓘ AstrophylliteK2NaFe72+Ti2[Si4O12]2O2(OH)4F
Kⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Kⓘ Delhayelite(Na,K)10Ca5Al6Si32O80(Cl2,F2,SO4)3 · 18H2O
Kⓘ ElpasoliteK2NaAlF6
Kⓘ HanksiteNa22K(SO4)9(CO3)2Cl
Kⓘ HieratiteK2[SiF6]
Kⓘ Muscovite var. IlliteK0.65Al2.0[Al0.65Si3.35O10](OH)2
Kⓘ KalsiliteKAlSiO4
Kⓘ KupletskiteK2NaMn72+Ti2[Si4O12]2O2(OH)4F
Kⓘ LeuciteK(AlSi2O6)
Kⓘ MicroclineK(AlSi3O8)
Kⓘ Millisite(Na,K)CaAl6(PO4)4(OH)9 · 3H2O
Kⓘ MuscoviteKAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Kⓘ NephelineNa3K(Al4Si4O16)
Kⓘ OrthoclaseK(AlSi3O8)
Kⓘ PhlogopiteKMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Kⓘ SanidineK(AlSi3O8)
Kⓘ SylviteKCl
Kⓘ TrikalsiliteK2NaAl3(SiO4)3
Kⓘ Biotite var. Titanium-bearing BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Kⓘ ChlorbartoniteK6Fe24S26(Cl,S)
Kⓘ UmbrianiteK7Na2Ca2[Al3Si10O29]F2Cl2
Kⓘ UM1975-16-SO:HKZnK2Zn(SO4)2 · 2H2O
CaCalcium
Caⓘ Aegirine-augite(NaaCabFec2+Mgd)(Fee3+AlfFeg2+Mgh)Si2O6
Caⓘ ÅkermaniteCa2Mg[Si2O7]
Caⓘ AloisiiteNa2(Ca,Fe,Mg)5Si2O10 · 2H2O
Caⓘ AnapaiteCa2Fe2+(PO4)2 · 4H2O
Caⓘ Albite var. Andesine(Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si2O8]
Caⓘ AndraditeCa3Fe23+(SiO4)3
Caⓘ AnkeriteCa(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2
Caⓘ AnorthiteCa(Al2Si2O8)
Caⓘ Augite(CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6
Caⓘ Britholite-(Ce)(Ce,Ca)5(SiO4)3OH
Caⓘ CalciteCaCO3
Caⓘ Cancrinite(Na,Ca,◻)8(Al6Si6O24)(CO3,SO4)2 · 2H2O
Caⓘ Diopside var. Chromium-bearing DiopsideCa(Mg,Cr)Si2O6
Caⓘ CombeiteNa4.5Ca3.5Si6O17.5(OH)0.5
Caⓘ CuspidineCa8(Si2O7)2F4
Caⓘ Daqingshanite-(Ce)(Sr,Ca,Ba)3(Ce,La)(CO3)3-x(PO4)(OH,F)2x
Caⓘ Delhayelite(Na,K)10Ca5Al6Si32O80(Cl2,F2,SO4)3 · 18H2O
Caⓘ DiopsideCaMgSi2O6
Caⓘ DolomiteCaMg(CO3)2
Caⓘ Epidote(CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH)
Caⓘ EudialyteNa15Ca6Fe3Zr3Si(Si25O73)(O,OH,H2O)3(Cl,OH)2
Caⓘ Ferro-edeniteNaCa2Fe52+(Si7Al)O22(OH)2
Caⓘ Ferroalluaudite(Na,Ca)Fe2+(Fe3+,Mn2+,Fe2+)2(PO4)3
Caⓘ Ferro-richterite{Na}{CaNa}{Fe52+}(Si8O22)(OH)2
Caⓘ FillowiteNa3CaMn112+(PO4)9
Caⓘ FluorapatiteCa5(PO4)3F
Caⓘ FluoriteCaF2
Caⓘ GehleniteCa2Al[AlSiO7]
Caⓘ GötzeniteNaCa6Ti(Si2O7)2OF3
Caⓘ GypsumCaSO4 · 2H2O
Caⓘ HastingsiteNaCa2(Fe42+Fe3+)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2
Caⓘ HedenbergiteCaFe2+Si2O6
Caⓘ HydroxylapatiteCa5(PO4)3(OH)
Caⓘ JenniteCa9(Si3O9)2(OH)8 · 8H2O
Caⓘ JohnsomervilleiteNa3CaFe11(PO4)9
Caⓘ Ferro-katophorite{Na}{CaNa}{Fe42+Al}[(AlSi7)O22](OH)2
Caⓘ KirschsteiniteCaFe2+SiO4
Caⓘ Anorthite var. Labradorite(Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si2O8]
Caⓘ LåveniteNa2Ca2Mn2Zr2(Si2O7)2O2F2
Caⓘ Millisite(Na,K)CaAl6(PO4)4(OH)9 · 3H2O
Caⓘ MitridatiteCa2Fe33+(PO4)3O2 · 3H2O
Caⓘ MonticelliteCaMgSiO4
Caⓘ Albite var. Oligoclase(Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si2O8]
Caⓘ Parisite-(Ce)CaCe2(CO3)3F2
Caⓘ PerovskiteCaTiO3
Caⓘ ReinhardbraunsiteCa5(SiO4)2(OH,F)2
Caⓘ RhodoniteCaMn3Mn[Si5O15]
Caⓘ RichteriteNa(NaCa)Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2
Caⓘ RosenbuschiteNa6Ca6Zr3Ti(Si2O7)4O2F6
Caⓘ SaponiteCa0.25(Mg,Fe)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O
Caⓘ SpurriteCa5(SiO4)2(CO3)
Caⓘ Synchysite-(Ce)CaCe(CO3)2F
Caⓘ Synchysite-(Y)CaY(CO3)2F
Caⓘ ThaumasiteCa3(SO4)[Si(OH)6](CO3) · 12H2O
Caⓘ TitaniteCaTi(SiO4)O
Caⓘ Pyrochlore Group var. Uranpyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977)(Ca,U,Ce)2(Nb,Ti,Ta)2O6(OH,F)
Caⓘ WöhleriteNa2Ca4ZrNb(Si2O7)2O3F
Caⓘ Fluorite var. Yttrofluorite(Ca1-xYx)F2+x where 0.05 < x < 0.3
Caⓘ Katophorite{Na}{CaNa}{Mg4Al}[(AlSi7)O22](OH)2
Caⓘ ParisiteCa(Ce/La/Nd/REE)2(CO3)3F2
Caⓘ Andradite var. MelaniteCa3Fe23+(SiO4)3
Caⓘ SynchysiteCa(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)2F
Caⓘ Hornblende Root Name Group◻Ca2(Z42+Z3+)(AlSi7O22)(OH,F,Cl)2
Caⓘ Plagioclase(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8
Caⓘ Diopside var. SaliteCaMgSi2O6
Caⓘ ApatiteCa5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
Caⓘ Melilite GroupCa2M(XSiO7)
Caⓘ Britholite Group(REE,Ca)5[(Si,P)O4]3X
Caⓘ GrossmaniteCaTi3+ AlSiO6
Caⓘ Hedenbergite var. FerrosaliteCaFe2+Si2O6
Caⓘ Oxynatropyrochlore(Na,Ca,U)2Nb2O6(O,OH)
Caⓘ UmbrianiteK7Na2Ca2[Al3Si10O29]F2Cl2
Caⓘ Rhombohedral Carbonate(Ca/Mg/Fe/Mn etc)CO3
TiTitanium
Tiⓘ AenigmatiteNa4[Fe102+Ti2]O4[Si12O36]
Tiⓘ Amphibole SupergroupAB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2
Tiⓘ AnataseTiO2
Tiⓘ AstrophylliteK2NaFe72+Ti2[Si4O12]2O2(OH)4F
Tiⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Tiⓘ BrookiteTiO2
Tiⓘ Davidite-(La)La(Y,U)Fe2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH,F)38
Tiⓘ FresnoiteBa2Ti(Si2O7)O
Tiⓘ GötzeniteNaCa6Ti(Si2O7)2OF3
Tiⓘ IlmeniteFe2+TiO3
Tiⓘ Rutile var. Ilmenorutile(Ti,Nb)O2
Tiⓘ KupletskiteK2NaMn72+Ti2[Si4O12]2O2(OH)4F
Tiⓘ Lamprophyllite(Na,Mn2+)3(Sr,Na)2(Ti,Fe3+)3(Si2O7)2O2(OH,O,F)2
Tiⓘ PerovskiteCaTiO3
Tiⓘ PyrophaniteMn2+TiO3
Tiⓘ RosenbuschiteNa6Ca6Zr3Ti(Si2O7)4O2F6
Tiⓘ RutileTiO2
Tiⓘ TitaniteCaTi(SiO4)O
Tiⓘ Magnetite var. Titanium-bearing MagnetiteFe2+(Fe3+,Ti)2O4
Tiⓘ Pyrochlore Group var. Uranpyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977)(Ca,U,Ce)2(Nb,Ti,Ta)2O6(OH,F)
Tiⓘ Rutile var. Niobium-bearing Rutile(Ti,Nb)O2
Tiⓘ Biotite var. Titanium-bearing BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Tiⓘ Dingdaohengite-(Ce)(Ce,La)4Fe2+(Ti,Fe2+,Mg,Fe3+)2Ti2(Si2O7)2O8
Tiⓘ GrossmaniteCaTi3+ AlSiO6
VVanadium
Vⓘ Davidite-(La)La(Y,U)Fe2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH,F)38
CrChromium
Crⓘ Diopside var. Chromium-bearing DiopsideCa(Mg,Cr)Si2O6
Crⓘ ChromiteFe2+Cr23+O4
Crⓘ Davidite-(La)La(Y,U)Fe2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH,F)38
MnManganese
Mnⓘ Ferroalluaudite(Na,Ca)Fe2+(Fe3+,Mn2+,Fe2+)2(PO4)3
Mnⓘ FillowiteNa3CaMn112+(PO4)9
Mnⓘ Heterosite(Fe3+,Mn3+)PO4
Mnⓘ Ixiolite-(Mn2+)-Ixiolite-(Fe2+) Series
Mnⓘ KupletskiteK2NaMn72+Ti2[Si4O12]2O2(OH)4F
Mnⓘ Lamprophyllite(Na,Mn2+)3(Sr,Na)2(Ti,Fe3+)3(Si2O7)2O2(OH,O,F)2
Mnⓘ LåveniteNa2Ca2Mn2Zr2(Si2O7)2O2F2
Mnⓘ Columbite-(Mn)Mn2+Nb2O6
Mnⓘ Tantalite-(Mn)Mn2+Ta2O6
Mnⓘ PyrophaniteMn2+TiO3
Mnⓘ RhodoniteCaMn3Mn[Si5O15]
Mnⓘ Columbite-(Fe)-Columbite-(Mn) Series
Mnⓘ Rhombohedral Carbonate(Ca/Mg/Fe/Mn etc)CO3
FeIron
Feⓘ AegirineNaFe3+Si2O6
Feⓘ Aegirine-augite(NaaCabFec2+Mgd)(Fee3+AlfFeg2+Mgh)Si2O6
Feⓘ AenigmatiteNa4[Fe102+Ti2]O4[Si12O36]
Feⓘ AloisiiteNa2(Ca,Fe,Mg)5Si2O10 · 2H2O
Feⓘ AnapaiteCa2Fe2+(PO4)2 · 4H2O
Feⓘ AndraditeCa3Fe23+(SiO4)3
Feⓘ AndrémeyeriteBaFe22+(Si2O7)
Feⓘ AnkeriteCa(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2
Feⓘ ArsenopyriteFeAsS
Feⓘ Arfvedsonite[Na][Na2][Fe42+Fe3+]Si8O22(OH)2
Feⓘ AstrophylliteK2NaFe72+Ti2[Si4O12]2O2(OH)4F
Feⓘ Augite(CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6
Feⓘ AlmandineFe32+Al2(SiO4)3
Feⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Feⓘ ChalcopyriteCuFeS2
Feⓘ ChromiteFe2+Cr23+O4
Feⓘ Cordierite(Mg,Fe)2Al3(AlSi5O18)
Feⓘ CubaniteCuFe2S3
Feⓘ Davidite-(La)La(Y,U)Fe2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH,F)38
Feⓘ Epidote(CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH)
Feⓘ EudialyteNa15Ca6Fe3Zr3Si(Si25O73)(O,OH,H2O)3(Cl,OH)2
Feⓘ FayaliteFe22+SiO4
Feⓘ Ferro-edeniteNaCa2Fe52+(Si7Al)O22(OH)2
Feⓘ FerberiteFeWO4
Feⓘ Ferroalluaudite(Na,Ca)Fe2+(Fe3+,Mn2+,Fe2+)2(PO4)3
Feⓘ Columbite-(Fe)Fe2+Nb2O6
Feⓘ Ferro-richterite{Na}{CaNa}{Fe52+}(Si8O22)(OH)2
Feⓘ GoethiteFe3+O(OH)
Feⓘ HastingsiteNaCa2(Fe42+Fe3+)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2
Feⓘ HedenbergiteCaFe2+Si2O6
Feⓘ HematiteFe2O3
Feⓘ Heterosite(Fe3+,Mn3+)PO4
Feⓘ Hypersthene(Mg,Fe)SiO3
Feⓘ IlmeniteFe2+TiO3
Feⓘ Ixiolite-(Mn2+)-Ixiolite-(Fe2+) Series
Feⓘ JohnsomervilleiteNa3CaFe11(PO4)9
Feⓘ Ferro-katophorite{Na}{CaNa}{Fe42+Al}[(AlSi7)O22](OH)2
Feⓘ KirschsteiniteCaFe2+SiO4
Feⓘ Lamprophyllite(Na,Mn2+)3(Sr,Na)2(Ti,Fe3+)3(Si2O7)2O2(OH,O,F)2
Feⓘ Magnesio-arfvedsonite{Na}{Na2}{Mg4Fe3+}(Si8O22)(OH)2
Feⓘ MagnetiteFe2+Fe23+O4
Feⓘ MarcasiteFeS2
Feⓘ MitridatiteCa2Fe33+(PO4)3O2 · 3H2O
Feⓘ Pentlandite(NixFey)Σ9S8
Feⓘ PyriteFeS2
Feⓘ PyrrhotiteFe1-xS
Feⓘ Riebeckite◻[Na2][Fe32+Fe23+]Si8O22(OH)2
Feⓘ SaponiteCa0.25(Mg,Fe)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O
Feⓘ SarcopsideFe32+(PO4)2
Feⓘ ScoroditeFe3+AsO4 · 2H2O
Feⓘ SideriteFeCO3
Feⓘ StauroliteFe22+Al9Si4O23(OH)
Feⓘ Magnetite var. Titanium-bearing MagnetiteFe2+(Fe3+,Ti)2O4
Feⓘ TroiliteFeS
Feⓘ VivianiteFe2+Fe22+(PO4)2 · 8H2O
Feⓘ Hematite var. SpeculariteFe2O3
Feⓘ Andradite var. MelaniteCa3Fe23+(SiO4)3
Feⓘ Magnesite var. Breunnerite(Mg,Fe)CO3
Feⓘ Fayalite-Forsterite Series
Feⓘ Columbite-(Fe)-Columbite-(Mn) Series
Feⓘ Biotite var. Titanium-bearing BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Feⓘ Pyrite var. Cobalt-bearing Pyrite(Fe,Co)S2
Feⓘ ChlorbartoniteK6Fe24S26(Cl,S)
Feⓘ Dingdaohengite-(Ce)(Ce,La)4Fe2+(Ti,Fe2+,Mg,Fe3+)2Ti2(Si2O7)2O8
Feⓘ Hedenbergite var. FerrosaliteCaFe2+Si2O6
Feⓘ Rhombohedral Carbonate(Ca/Mg/Fe/Mn etc)CO3
CoCobalt
Coⓘ LinnaeiteCo2+Co23+S4
Coⓘ SiegeniteCoNi2S4
Coⓘ Pyrite var. Cobalt-bearing Pyrite(Fe,Co)S2
NiNickel
Niⓘ Pentlandite(NixFey)Σ9S8
Niⓘ SiegeniteCoNi2S4
CuCopper
Cuⓘ AzuriteCu3(CO3)2(OH)2
Cuⓘ ChalcopyriteCuFeS2
Cuⓘ ChalcanthiteCuSO4 · 5H2O
Cuⓘ ChrysocollaCu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1
Cuⓘ CubaniteCuFe2S3
Cuⓘ CupriteCu2O
Cuⓘ Tennantite-Tetrahedrite Series
Cuⓘ MalachiteCu2(CO3)(OH)2
ZnZinc
Znⓘ SphaleriteZnS
Znⓘ UM1975-16-SO:HKZnK2Zn(SO4)2 · 2H2O
AsArsenic
Asⓘ ArsenopyriteFeAsS
Asⓘ Tennantite-Tetrahedrite Series
Asⓘ ScoroditeFe3+AsO4 · 2H2O
SrStrontium
Srⓘ Daqingshanite-(Ce)(Sr,Ca,Ba)3(Ce,La)(CO3)3-x(PO4)(OH,F)2x
Srⓘ GoyaziteSrAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6
Srⓘ Lamprophyllite(Na,Mn2+)3(Sr,Na)2(Ti,Fe3+)3(Si2O7)2O2(OH,O,F)2
Srⓘ StrontianiteSrCO3
YYttrium
Yⓘ Bastnäsite(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)F
Yⓘ Davidite-(La)La(Y,U)Fe2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH,F)38
Yⓘ Synchysite-(Y)CaY(CO3)2F
Yⓘ Xenotime-(Y)Y(PO4)
Yⓘ Fluorite var. Yttrofluorite(Ca1-xYx)F2+x where 0.05 < x < 0.3
Yⓘ SynchysiteCa(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)2F
ZrZirconium
Zrⓘ EudialyteNa15Ca6Fe3Zr3Si(Si25O73)(O,OH,H2O)3(Cl,OH)2
Zrⓘ LåveniteNa2Ca2Mn2Zr2(Si2O7)2O2F2
Zrⓘ RosenbuschiteNa6Ca6Zr3Ti(Si2O7)4O2F6
Zrⓘ WöhleriteNa2Ca4ZrNb(Si2O7)2O3F
Zrⓘ ZirconZr(SiO4)
NbNiobium
Nbⓘ Columbite-(Fe)Fe2+Nb2O6
Nbⓘ FoorditeSn2+Nb2O6
Nbⓘ Rutile var. Ilmenorutile(Ti,Nb)O2
Nbⓘ Columbite-(Mn)Mn2+Nb2O6
Nbⓘ Pyrochlore GroupA2Nb2(O,OH)6Z
Nbⓘ Pyrochlore Group var. Uranpyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977)(Ca,U,Ce)2(Nb,Ti,Ta)2O6(OH,F)
Nbⓘ WöhleriteNa2Ca4ZrNb(Si2O7)2O3F
Nbⓘ Columbite-(Fe)-Columbite-(Mn) Series
Nbⓘ Rutile var. Niobium-bearing Rutile(Ti,Nb)O2
Nbⓘ Oxynatropyrochlore(Na,Ca,U)2Nb2O6(O,OH)
MoMolybdenum
Moⓘ MolybdeniteMoS2
SnTin
Snⓘ CassiteriteSnO2
Snⓘ FoorditeSn2+Nb2O6
SbAntimony
Sbⓘ BoulangeritePb5Sb4S11
Sbⓘ Tennantite-Tetrahedrite Series
BaBarium
Baⓘ AndrémeyeriteBaFe22+(Si2O7)
Baⓘ BaryteBaSO4
Baⓘ Daqingshanite-(Ce)(Sr,Ca,Ba)3(Ce,La)(CO3)3-x(PO4)(OH,F)2x
Baⓘ FresnoiteBa2Ti(Si2O7)O
LaLanthanum
Laⓘ Daqingshanite-(Ce)(Sr,Ca,Ba)3(Ce,La)(CO3)3-x(PO4)(OH,F)2x
Laⓘ Davidite-(La)La(Y,U)Fe2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH,F)38
Laⓘ ParisiteCa(Ce/La/Nd/REE)2(CO3)3F2
Laⓘ Dingdaohengite-(Ce)(Ce,La)4Fe2+(Ti,Fe2+,Mg,Fe3+)2Ti2(Si2O7)2O8
CeCerium
Ceⓘ Bastnäsite(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)F
Ceⓘ Britholite-(Ce)(Ce,Ca)5(SiO4)3OH
Ceⓘ Daqingshanite-(Ce)(Sr,Ca,Ba)3(Ce,La)(CO3)3-x(PO4)(OH,F)2x
Ceⓘ Monazite-(Ce)Ce(PO4)
Ceⓘ Parisite-(Ce)CaCe2(CO3)3F2
Ceⓘ Synchysite-(Ce)CaCe(CO3)2F
Ceⓘ Pyrochlore Group var. Uranpyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977)(Ca,U,Ce)2(Nb,Ti,Ta)2O6(OH,F)
Ceⓘ ParisiteCa(Ce/La/Nd/REE)2(CO3)3F2
Ceⓘ SynchysiteCa(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)2F
Ceⓘ Dingdaohengite-(Ce)(Ce,La)4Fe2+(Ti,Fe2+,Mg,Fe3+)2Ti2(Si2O7)2O8
NdNeodymium
Ndⓘ Bastnäsite(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)F
Ndⓘ Florencite-(Nd)NdAl3(PO4)2(OH)6
Ndⓘ ParisiteCa(Ce/La/Nd/REE)2(CO3)3F2
Ndⓘ SynchysiteCa(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)2F
TaTantalum
Taⓘ Ixiolite-(Mn2+)-Ixiolite-(Fe2+) Series
Taⓘ Tantalite-(Mn)Mn2+Ta2O6
Taⓘ Pyrochlore Group var. Uranpyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977)(Ca,U,Ce)2(Nb,Ti,Ta)2O6(OH,F)
WTungsten
Wⓘ FerberiteFeWO4
Wⓘ HydrotungstiteWO3 · 2H2O
AuGold
Auⓘ Native GoldAu
PbLead
Pbⓘ AnglesitePbSO4
Pbⓘ BoulangeritePb5Sb4S11
Pbⓘ GalenaPbS
BiBismuth
Biⓘ Native BismuthBi
Biⓘ BismuthiniteBi2S3
Biⓘ Bismutite(BiO)2CO3
ThThorium
Thⓘ ThoriteTh(SiO4)
UUranium
Uⓘ Davidite-(La)La(Y,U)Fe2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH,F)38
Uⓘ Pyrochlore Group var. Uranpyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977)(Ca,U,Ce)2(Nb,Ti,Ta)2O6(OH,F)
Uⓘ Oxynatropyrochlore(Na,Ca,U)2Nb2O6(O,OH)

Geochronology

Mineralization age: Neoproterozoic to Cretaceous : 665 ± 33 Ma to 116 ± 6 Ma

Important note: This table is based only on rock and mineral ages recorded on mindat.org for this locality and is not necessarily a complete representation of the geochronology, but does give an indication of possible mineralization events relevant to this locality. As more age information is added this table may expand in the future. A break in the table simply indicates a lack of data entered here, not necessarily a break in the geologic sequence. Grey background entries are from different, related, localities.

Geologic TimeRocks, Minerals and Events
Phanerozoic
 Mesozoic
  Cretaceous
   Early/Lower Cretaceous
ⓘ Biotite (youngest age)116 ± 6 MaChinduzi Intrusion, Mongolowe-Chaone-Chikala Complexes, Machinga, Southern Region, Malawi
ⓘ Phlogopite (youngest age)117 MaKangankunde Carbonatite Complex, Balaka, Southern Region, Malawi
ⓘ Titanite (youngest age)122.6 ± 11.4 MaMongolowe-Chaone-Chikala Complexes, Machinga, Southern Region, Malawi
ⓘ Amphibole Supergroup123 ± 3 MaMongolowe-Chaone-Chikala Complexes, Machinga, Southern Region, Malawi
ⓘ Phlogopite (oldest age)129 MaKangankunde Carbonatite Complex, Balaka, Southern Region, Malawi
ⓘ Titanite (oldest age)137.4 ± 24.9 MaJunguni Hill, Machinga, Southern Region, Malawi
ⓘ Zircon138 ± 14 MaMongolowe-Chaone-Chikala Complexes, Machinga, Southern Region, Malawi
    
 
Precambrian
 Proterozoic
  Neoproterozoic
   Cryogenian
ⓘ Biotite (oldest age)665 ± 33 MaKirumba Complex, Bwito, Rutshuru Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

Fossils

There are 38 fossil localities from the PaleoBioDB database within this region.

These data are provided on an experimental basis and are taken from external databases. Mindat.org has no control currently over the accuracy of these data.

Occurrences1632
Youngest Fossil Listed0.01 Ma (Pleistocene)
Oldest Fossil Listed247 Ma (Early/Lower Triassic)
Stratigraphic UnitsClick here to view 28 stratigraphic units.
Fossils from RegionClick here to show the list.
Accepted NameHierarchy Age
Corbicula
genus		Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Venerida : Cyrenidae : Corbicula5.333 - 2.588 Ma
Cenozoic
Cypridopsis
genus		Animalia : Arthropoda : Ostracoda : Podocopida : Cyprididae : Cypridopsis2.588 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Osteichthyes
unranked clade		Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes5.333 - 0 Ma
Cenozoic
Siluriformes
order		Animalia : Chordata : Actinopterygii : Siluriformes0.126 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Tetraodon
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Tetraodontiformes : Tetraodontidae : Tetraodon23.03 - 0 Ma
Cenozoic
Reptilia
class		Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Mammalia
class		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Carnivora
order		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora0.126 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Enhydriodon
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Mustelidae : Enhydriodon5.333 - 2.588 Ma
Cenozoic
Xenopus
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Anura : Pipidae : Xenopus28.4 - 23.03 Ma
Cenozoic
Pleurodira
suborder		Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Testudines : Pleurodira5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Trionychidae
family		Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Testudines : Trionychidae5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Cyclanorbis
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Testudines : Trionychidae : Cyclanorbis23.03 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Cycloderma
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Testudines : Trionychidae : Cycloderma5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Trionyx
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Testudines : Trionychidae : Trionyx5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Testudinidae
family		Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Testudines : Testudinidae5.333 - 0 Ma
Cenozoic
Varanus
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Squamata : Varanidae : Varanus23.03 - 2.588 Ma
Cenozoic
Python
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Squamata : Pythonidae : Python23.03 - 2.588 Ma
Cenozoic
Colubridae
family		Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Squamata : Colubridae23.03 - 5.333 Ma
Miocene
Crocodylidae
family		Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Crocodylia : Crocodylidae5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Crocodylus
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Crocodylia : Crocodylidae : Crocodylus5.333 - 2.588 Ma
Cenozoic
Accipitridae
family		Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Accipitriformes : Accipitridae0.126 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Ciconiidae
family		Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Ciconiiformes : Ciconiidae0.126 - 0.0117 Ma
Pleistocene
Soricidae
family		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Soricomorpha : Soricidae23.03 - 5.333 Ma
Miocene
Cercopithecidae
family		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Primates : Cercopithecidae5.333 - 0 Ma
Cenozoic
Papio
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Primates : Cercopithecidae : Papio5.333 - 2.588 Ma
Cenozoic
Paracolobus
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Primates : Cercopithecidae : Paracolobus23.03 - 2.588 Ma
Cenozoic
Parapapio
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Primates : Cercopithecidae : Parapapio5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Theropithecus
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Primates : Cercopithecidae : Theropithecus5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Homo
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Primates : Hominidae : Homo5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Viverridae
family		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Viverridae2.588 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Hyaenidae
family		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Hyaenidae23.03 - 2.588 Ma
Cenozoic
Felidae
family		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Felidae23.03 - 2.588 Ma
Cenozoic
Felis
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Felidae : Felis0.126 - 0.0117 Ma
Pleistocene
Homotherium
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Felidae : Homotherium23.03 - 2.588 Ma
Cenozoic
Aonyx
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Mustelidae : Aonyx2.588 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Canis
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Canidae : Canis0.126 - 0.0117 Ma
Pleistocene
Rodentia
order		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia0.0117 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Acomys
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia : Muridae : Acomys23.03 - 5.333 Ma
Miocene
Hystrix
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia : Hystricidae : Hystrix5.333 - 0 Ma
Cenozoic
Lagomorpha
order		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Lagomorpha0.126 - 0.0117 Ma
Pleistocene
Suidae
family		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Suidae23.03 - 0 Ma
Cenozoic
Kolpochoerus
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Suidae : Kolpochoerus5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Mesochoerus
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Suidae : Mesochoerus5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Metridiochoerus
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Suidae : Metridiochoerus5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Notochoerus
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Suidae : Notochoerus5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Nyanzachoerus
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Suidae : Nyanzachoerus23.03 - 2.588 Ma
Cenozoic
Phacochoerus
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Suidae : Phacochoerus5.333 - 0 Ma
Cenozoic
Potamochoerus
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Suidae : Potamochoerus5.333 - 0 Ma
Cenozoic
Hippopotamidae
family		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Hippopotamidae5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Hippopotamus
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Hippopotamidae : Hippopotamus23.03 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Camelus
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Camelidae : Camelus5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Giraffidae
family		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Giraffidae23.03 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Giraffa
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Giraffidae : Giraffa5.333 - 2.588 Ma
Cenozoic
Sivatherium
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Giraffidae : Sivatherium5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Bovidae
family		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae23.03 - 0 Ma
Cenozoic
Aepyceros
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Aepyceros23.03 - 2.588 Ma
Cenozoic
Alcelaphus
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Alcelaphus5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Damaliscus
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Damaliscus5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Gazella
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Gazella5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Kobus
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Kobus23.03 - 0 Ma
Cenozoic
Madoqua
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Madoqua5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Megalotragus
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Megalotragus5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Menelikia
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Menelikia5.333 - 2.588 Ma
Cenozoic
Oryx
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Oryx5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Redunca
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Redunca5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Simatherium
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Simatherium5.333 - 2.588 Ma
Cenozoic
Syncerus
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Syncerus5.333 - 0 Ma
Cenozoic
Tragelaphus
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Tragelaphus5.333 - 0 Ma
Cenozoic
Equidae
family		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Equidae23.03 - 0 Ma
Cenozoic
Equus
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Equidae : Equus5.333 - 0 Ma
Cenozoic
Hipparion
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Equidae : Hipparion23.03 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Rhinocerotidae
family		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Rhinocerotidae23.03 - 0 Ma
Cenozoic
Ceratotherium
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Rhinocerotidae : Ceratotherium23.03 - 2.588 Ma
Cenozoic
Paradiceros
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Rhinocerotidae : Paradiceros23.03 - 5.333 Ma
Miocene
Stegotetrabelodon
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Proboscidea : Elephantidae : Stegotetrabelodon23.03 - 2.588 Ma
Cenozoic
Elephantidae
family		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Proboscidea : Elephantidae23.03 - 2.588 Ma
Cenozoic
Elephas
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Proboscidea : Elephantidae : Elephas5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Loxodonta
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Proboscidea : Elephantidae : Loxodonta23.03 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Mammuthus
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Proboscidea : Elephantidae : Mammuthus23.03 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Stegodon
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Proboscidea : Stegodontidae : Stegodon0.0117 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Panthera leo
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Felidae : Panthera : Panthera leo0.126 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Taurotragus
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Taurotragus0.126 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Dinosauria
order		Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Dinosauria125 - 93.9 Ma
Cretaceous
Acacia
genus		Plantae : Tracheophyta : Magnoliopsida : Fabales : Fabaceae : Acacia23.03 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Poaceae
family		Plantae : Tracheophyta : Liliopsida : Poales : Poaceae23.03 - 2.588 Ma
Cenozoic
Ficus
genus		Plantae : Tracheophyta : Magnoliopsida : Rosales : Moraceae : Ficus23.03 - 2.588 Ma
Cenozoic
Sapotaceae
family		Plantae : Tracheophyta : Magnoliopsida : Ericales : Sapotaceae23.03 - 2.588 Ma
Cenozoic
Ophidia
suborder		Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Squamata : Ophidia2.588 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Salix
genus		Plantae : Tracheophyta : Magnoliopsida : Malpighiales : Salicaceae : Salix5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Leguminosae
family		Plantae : Spermatophyta : Magnoliopsida : Fabales : Leguminosae23.03 - 2.588 Ma
Cenozoic
Canarium
genus		Plantae : Tracheophyta : Magnoliopsida : Sapindales : Burseraceae : Canarium23.03 - 2.588 Ma
Cenozoic
Meliaceae
family		Plantae : Tracheophyta : Magnoliopsida : Sapindales : Meliaceae23.03 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Diospyros
genus		Plantae : Tracheophyta : Magnoliopsida : Ericales : Ebenaceae : Diospyros23.03 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Pteridophyta
phylum		Plantae : Pteridophyta5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Trapa
genus		Plantae : Tracheophyta : Magnoliopsida : Myrtales : Lythraceae : Trapa23.03 - 2.588 Ma
Cenozoic
Gramineae
family		Plantae : Angiospermae : Cyperales : Gramineae5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Anomodontia
unranked clade		Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Cotylosauria : Anomodontia247.2 - 242 Ma
Triassic
Archosauriformes
unranked clade		Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Eosuchia : Archosauriformes247.2 - 242 Ma
Triassic
Bagridae
family		Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Siluriformes : Bagridae5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Barbus
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Actinopterygii : Cypriniformes : Cyprinidae : Barbus23.03 - 0 Ma
Cenozoic
Python sebae
species		Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Squamata : Pythonidae : Python : Python sebae23.03 - 2.588 Ma
Cenozoic
Anas
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Anseriformes : Anatidae : Anas0.126 - 0.0117 Ma
Pleistocene
Coleoptera
order		Animalia : Arthropoda : Insecta : Coleoptera23.03 - 2.588 Ma
Cenozoic
Cerambycidae
family		Animalia : Arthropoda : Insecta : Coleoptera : Cerambycidae23.03 - 2.588 Ma
Cenozoic
Hippopotamus amphibius
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Hippopotamidae : Hippopotamus : Hippopotamus amphibius5.333 - 0 Ma
Cenozoic
Hippopotamus gorgops
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Hippopotamidae : Hippopotamus : Hippopotamus gorgops5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Hippopotamus kaisensis
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Hippopotamidae : Hippopotamus : Hippopotamus kaisensis23.03 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Hexaprotodon imaguncula
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Hippopotamidae : Hexaprotodon : Hexaprotodon imaguncula23.03 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Juniperus
genus		Plantae : Tracheophyta : Pinopsida : Pinales : Cupressaceae : Juniperus5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Caesalpiniaceae
subfamily		Plantae : Spermatophyta : Magnoliopsida : Fabales : Caesalpiniaceae23.03 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Paranthropus boisei
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Primates : Hominidae : Paranthropus : Paranthropus boisei5.333 - 2.588 Ma
Cenozoic
Homo rudolfensis
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Primates : Hominidae : Homo : Homo rudolfensis5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Homo sapiens
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Primates : Hominidae : Homo : Homo sapiens5.333 - 0 Ma
Cenozoic
Protopterus
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Ceratodontiformes : Lepidosirenidae : Protopterus23.03 - 0 Ma
Cenozoic
Darwinula
genus		Animalia : Arthropoda : Ostracoda : Podocopida : Darwinulidae : Darwinula2.588 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Limnocythere
genus		Animalia : Arthropoda : Ostracoda : Podocopida : Limnocytheridae : Limnocythere2.588 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Ilyocypris
genus		Animalia : Arthropoda : Ostracoda : Podocopida : Cyprididae : Ilyocypris2.588 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Bovini
tribe		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Bovini5.333 - 0 Ma
Cenozoic
Tragelaphini
tribe		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Tragelaphini5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Aepycerotini
tribe		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Aepycerotini5.333 - 2.588 Ma
Cenozoic
Antilopini
tribe		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Antilopini5.333 - 2.588 Ma
Cenozoic
Reduncini
tribe		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Reduncini5.333 - 0 Ma
Cenozoic
Alcelaphini
tribe		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Alcelaphini23.03 - 0 Ma
Cenozoic
Manis (Smutsia) gigantea
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Pholidota : Manidae : Smutsia : Manis (Smutsia) gigantea5.333 - 2.588 Ma
Cenozoic
Potamochoerus porcus
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Suidae : Potamochoerus : Potamochoerus porcus5.333 - 0 Ma
Cenozoic
Diceros bicornis
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Rhinocerotidae : Diceros : Diceros bicornis23.03 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Giraffa camelopardalis
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Giraffidae : Giraffa : Giraffa camelopardalis5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Oryx gazella
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Oryx : Oryx gazella5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Aegypiinae
subfamily		Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Accipitriformes : Accipitridae : Aegypiinae0.126 - 0.0117 Ma
Pleistocene
Lanistes
genus		Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Architaenioglossa : Ampullariidae : Lanistes23.03 - 2.588 Ma
Cenozoic
Ceratotherium simum
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Rhinocerotidae : Ceratotherium : Ceratotherium simum5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Bellamya
genus		Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Architaenioglossa : Viviparidae : Bellamya5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Orycteropus afer
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Tubulidentata : Orycteropodidae : Orycteropus : Orycteropus afer0.126 - 0.0117 Ma
Pleistocene
Rimasuchus lloydi
species		Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Crocodylia : Crocodylidae : Rimasuchus : Rimasuchus lloydi5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Pelusios
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Testudines : Pelomedusidae : Pelusios23.03 - 0 Ma
Cenozoic
Candonopsis
genus		Animalia : Arthropoda : Ostracoda : Podocopida : Candonidae : Candonopsis23.03 - 2.588 Ma
Cenozoic
Clarias
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Siluriformes : Clariidae : Clarias5.333 - 0 Ma
Cenozoic
Clariidae
family		Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Siluriformes : Clariidae23.03 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Lates
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Actinopterygii : Perciformes : Latidae : Lates5.333 - 0 Ma
Cenozoic
Polypterus
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Actinopterygii : Polypteriformes : Polypteridae : Polypterus2.588 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Gymnarchus
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Actinopterygii : Osteoglossiformes : Gymnarchidae : Gymnarchus23.03 - 0 Ma
Cenozoic
Synodontis
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Siluriformes : Mochokidae : Synodontis23.03 - 0 Ma
Cenozoic
Auchenoglanis
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Siluriformes : Bagridae : Auchenoglanis5.333 - 2.588 Ma
Cenozoic
Eurygnathohippus turkanense
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Equidae : Eurygnathohippus : Eurygnathohippus turkanense23.03 - 2.588 Ma
Cenozoic
Eurygnathohippus libycum
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Equidae : Eurygnathohippus : Eurygnathohippus libycum5.333 - 2.588 Ma
Cenozoic
Phacochoerus aethiopicus
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Suidae : Phacochoerus : Phacochoerus aethiopicus0.126 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Palaeoloxodon recki
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Proboscidea : Elephantidae : Elephas : Palaeoloxodon recki5.333 - 0 Ma
Cenozoic
Kolpochoerus majus
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Suidae : Kolpochoerus : Kolpochoerus majus5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Kolpochoerus limnetes
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Suidae : Kolpochoerus : Kolpochoerus limnetes5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Metridiochoerus andrewsi
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Suidae : Metridiochoerus : Metridiochoerus andrewsi5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Giraffa jumae
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Giraffidae : Giraffa : Giraffa jumae5.333 - 2.588 Ma
Cenozoic
Sivatherium maurusium
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Giraffidae : Sivatherium : Sivatherium maurusium23.03 - 2.588 Ma
Cenozoic
Pelorovis antiquus
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Pelorovis : Pelorovis antiquus0.126 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Connochaetes taurina
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Connochaetes : Connochaetes taurina5.333 - 0 Ma
Cenozoic
Pila
genus		Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Architaenioglossa : Ampullariidae : Pila5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Varanus niloticus
species		Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Squamata : Varanidae : Varanus : Varanus niloticus5.333 - 0 Ma
Cenozoic
Buteoninae
subfamily		Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Accipitriformes : Accipitridae : Buteoninae0.126 - 0.0117 Ma
Pleistocene
Ourebia
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Ourebia0.0117 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Ourebia ourebi
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Ourebia : Ourebia ourebi0.126 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Hippotragus equinus
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Hippotragus : Hippotragus equinus0.126 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Alcelaphus lichtensteinii
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Alcelaphus : Alcelaphus lichtensteinii2.588 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Alcelaphus buselaphus
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Alcelaphus : Alcelaphus buselaphus2.588 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Kobus ellipsiprymnus
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Kobus : Kobus ellipsiprymnus0.126 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Redunca redunca
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Redunca : Redunca redunca2.588 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Tragelaphus spekii
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Tragelaphus : Tragelaphus spekii2.588 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Tragelaphus angasii
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Tragelaphus : Tragelaphus angasii5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Syncerus caffer
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Syncerus : Syncerus caffer2.588 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Sivaonyx kamuhangirei
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Mustelidae : Sivaonyx : Sivaonyx kamuhangirei5.333 - 2.588 Ma
Cenozoic
Lutra maculicollis
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Mustelidae : Lutra : Lutra maculicollis0.126 - 0.0117 Ma
Pleistocene
Loxodonta africana
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Proboscidea : Elephantidae : Loxodonta : Loxodonta africana2.588 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Deinotherium bozasi
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Proboscidea : Deinotheriidae : Deinotherium : Deinotherium bozasi5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Crocodylus niloticus
species		Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Crocodylia : Crocodylidae : Crocodylus : Crocodylus niloticus5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Anancus kenyensis
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Proboscidea : Elephantidae : Anancus : Anancus kenyensis23.03 - 2.588 Ma
Cenozoic
Stegodon kaisensis
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Proboscidea : Stegodontidae : Stegodon : Stegodon kaisensis23.03 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Orycteropus chemeldoi
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Tubulidentata : Orycteropodidae : Orycteropus : Orycteropus chemeldoi23.03 - 5.333 Ma
Miocene
Libycosaurus anisae
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Anthracotheriidae : Libycosaurus : Libycosaurus anisae23.03 - 5.333 Ma
Miocene
Francolinus
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Galliformes : Phasianidae : Francolinus0.126 - 0.0117 Ma
Pleistocene
Cichlidae
family		Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Cichliformes : Cichlidae23.03 - 0 Ma
Cenozoic
Giraffa stillei
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Giraffidae : Giraffa : Giraffa stillei5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Giraffa pygmaea
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Giraffidae : Giraffa : Giraffa pygmaea5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Osteolaemus tetraspes
species		Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Crocodylia : Crocodylidae : Osteolaemus : Osteolaemus tetraspes23.03 - 2.588 Ma
Cenozoic
Caelatura
genus		Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Littorinimorpha : Barleeiidae : Caelatura5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Gomphocythere
genus		Animalia : Arthropoda : Ostracoda : Podocopida : Limnocytheridae : Gomphocythere23.03 - 2.588 Ma
Cenozoic
Struthio camelus
species		Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Struthioniformes : Struthionidae : Struthio : Struthio camelus0.126 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Potamonautes niloticus
species		Animalia : Arthropoda : Malacostraca : Decapoda : Potamonautidae : Potamonautes : Potamonautes niloticus23.03 - 2.588 Ma
Cenozoic
Primelephas korotorensis
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Proboscidea : Elephantidae : Primelephas : Primelephas korotorensis23.03 - 2.588 Ma
Cenozoic
Lycaon pictus
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Canidae : Lycaon : Lycaon pictus0.0117 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Hylochoerus meinertzhageni
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Suidae : Hylochoerus : Hylochoerus meinertzhageni5.333 - 0 Ma
Cenozoic
Crocuta crocuta
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Hyaenidae : Crocuta : Crocuta crocuta5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Bulinus
genus		Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Bulinidae : Bulinus5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Cercopithecus
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Primates : Cercopithecidae : Cercopithecus5.333 - 2.588 Ma
Cenozoic
Tragelaphus scriptus
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Tragelaphus : Tragelaphus scriptus0.126 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Tragelaphus strepsiceros
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Tragelaphus : Tragelaphus strepsiceros5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Aepyceros melampus
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Aepyceros : Aepyceros melampus5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Damaliscus dorcas
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Damaliscus : Damaliscus dorcas2.588 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Kobus kob
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Kobus : Kobus kob5.333 - 0 Ma
Cenozoic
Kobus defassa
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Kobus : Kobus defassa0.126 - 0.0117 Ma
Pleistocene
Equus quagga burchelli
subspecies		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Equidae : Equus : Equus quagga burchelli2.588 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Dendrohyrax arboreus
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Hyracoidea : Procaviidae : Dendrohyrax : Dendrohyrax arboreus0.0117 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Tilapiini
tribe		Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Cichliformes : Cichlidae : Tilapiini0.0117 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Lupaceradotus useviaensis
species		Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Ceratodontidae : Lupaceradotus : Lupaceradotus useviaensis125 - 93.9 Ma
Cretaceous
Heterobranchus
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Siluriformes : Clariidae : Heterobranchus0.126 - 0.0117 Ma
Pleistocene
Podocarpus
genus		Plantae : Tracheophyta : Pinopsida : Pinales : Podocarpaceae : Podocarpus5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Eupera
genus		Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Sphaeriida : Sphaeriidae : Eupera5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Alestidae
family		Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Characiformes : Alestidae28.4 - 23.03 Ma
Cenozoic
Characidae
family		Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Characiformes : Characidae23.03 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Cycloderma frenatum
species		Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Testudines : Trionychidae : Cycloderma : Cycloderma frenatum5.333 - 2.588 Ma
Cenozoic
Mecistops nkondoensis
species		Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Crocodylia : Crocodylidae : Mecistops : Mecistops nkondoensis23.03 - 2.588 Ma
Cenozoic
Tomistoma coppensi
species		Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Crocodylia : Crocodylidae : Tomistoma : Tomistoma coppensi23.03 - 2.588 Ma
Cenozoic
Eucypris
genus		Animalia : Arthropoda : Ostracoda : Podocopida : Cyprididae : Eucypris23.03 - 2.588 Ma
Cenozoic
Euphorbia
genus		Plantae : Tracheophyta : Magnoliopsida : Malpighiales : Euphorbiaceae : Euphorbia23.03 - 2.588 Ma
Cenozoic
Morinda
genus		Plantae : Tracheophyta : Magnoliopsida : Gentianales : Rubiaceae : Morinda23.03 - 2.588 Ma
Cenozoic
Protopterus aethiopicus
species		Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Ceratodontiformes : Lepidosirenidae : Protopterus : Protopterus aethiopicus0.126 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Phalacrocorax carbo
species		Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Suliformes : Phalacrocoracidae : Phalacrocorax : Phalacrocorax carbo0.126 - 0.0117 Ma
Pleistocene
Bauhinia
genus		Bauhinia23.03 - 2.588 Ma
Cenozoic
Nsungwepithecus gunnelli
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Primates : Cercopithecidae : Nsungwepithecus : Nsungwepithecus gunnelli28.4 - 23.03 Ma
Cenozoic
Rukwapithecus fleaglei
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Primates : Hominidae : Rukwapithecus : Rukwapithecus fleaglei28.4 - 23.03 Ma
Cenozoic
Grewia
genus		Plantae : Spermatophyta : Magnoliopsida : Malvales : Tiliaceae : Grewia5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Cyclanorbis senegalensis
species		Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Testudines : Trionychidae : Cyclanorbis : Cyclanorbis senegalensis5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Chrysichthys
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Siluriformes : Claroteidae : Chrysichthys23.03 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Clarotes
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Siluriformes : Claroteidae : Clarotes5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Hydrocynus
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Characiformes : Alestidae : Hydrocynus28.4 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Parachanna
genus		Parachanna23.03 - 2.588 Ma
Cenozoic
Pleiodon
genus		Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Unionida : Iridinidae : Pleiodon5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Anhinga melanogaster
species		Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Suliformes : Anhingidae : Anhinga : Anhinga melanogaster0.126 - 0.0117 Ma
Pleistocene
Ardea alba
species		Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Pelecaniformes : Ardeidae : Ardea : Ardea alba0.126 - 0.0117 Ma
Pleistocene
Numenius phaeopus
species		Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Charadriiformes : Scolopacidae : Numenius : Numenius phaeopus0.126 - 0.0117 Ma
Pleistocene
Plectropterus gambensis
species		Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Anseriformes : Anatidae : Plectropterus : Plectropterus gambensis0.126 - 0.0117 Ma
Pleistocene
Microcarbo africanus
species		Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Suliformes : Phalacrocoracidae : Microcarbo : Microcarbo africanus0.126 - 0.0117 Ma
Pleistocene
Hydroprogne caspia
species		Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Charadriiformes : Laridae : Hydroprogne : Hydroprogne caspia0.0117 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Anastomus lamelligerus
species		Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Ciconiiformes : Ciconiidae : Anastomus : Anastomus lamelligerus0.126 - 0.0117 Ma
Pleistocene
Pelomedusa subrufa
species		Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Testudines : Pelomedusidae : Pelomedusa : Pelomedusa subrufa5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Haliaeetus vocifer
species		Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Accipitriformes : Accipitridae : Haliaeetus : Haliaeetus vocifer0.126 - 0.0117 Ma
Pleistocene
Simatherium demissum
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Simatherium : Simatherium demissum23.03 - 2.588 Ma
Cenozoic
Alcelaphus kattwinkeli
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Alcelaphus : Alcelaphus kattwinkeli5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Hippotragus niro
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Hippotragus : Hippotragus niro2.588 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Kobus sigmoidalis
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Kobus : Kobus sigmoidalis5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Redunca ancystrocera
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Redunca : Redunca ancystrocera5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Menelikia lyrocera
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Menelikia : Menelikia lyrocera5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Sus waylandi
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Suidae : Sus : Sus waylandi23.03 - 2.588 Ma
Cenozoic
Nyanzachoerus kanamensis
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Suidae : Nyanzachoerus : Nyanzachoerus kanamensis23.03 - 2.588 Ma
Cenozoic
Nyanzachoerus jaegeri
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Suidae : Nyanzachoerus : Nyanzachoerus jaegeri23.03 - 2.588 Ma
Cenozoic
Hylochoerus euilus
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Suidae : Hylochoerus : Hylochoerus euilus5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Gerontochoerus scotti
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Suidae : Gerontochoerus : Gerontochoerus scotti5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Metridiochoerus compactus
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Suidae : Metridiochoerus : Metridiochoerus compactus5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Torolutra
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Mustelidae : Torolutra23.03 - 2.588 Ma
Cenozoic
Thryonomys swinderianus
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia : Thryonomyidae : Thryonomys : Thryonomys swinderianus0.126 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Damaliscus lunatus
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Damaliscus : Damaliscus lunatus0.126 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Pelecanus rufescens
species		Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Pelecaniformes : Pelecanidae : Pelecanus : Pelecanus rufescens0.126 - 0.0117 Ma
Pleistocene
Mycteria ibis
species		Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Ciconiiformes : Ciconiidae : Mycteria : Mycteria ibis0.126 - 0.0117 Ma
Pleistocene
Phoenicoparrus minor
species		Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Phoenicopteriformes : Phoenicopteridae : Phoenicoparrus : Phoenicoparrus minor0.126 - 0.0117 Ma
Pleistocene
Larus fuscus
species		Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Charadriiformes : Laridae : Larus : Larus fuscus0.0117 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus
species		Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Charadriiformes : Laridae : Chroicocephalus : Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus0.0117 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Bubo lacteus
species		Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Strigiformes : Strigidae : Bubo : Bubo lacteus0.0117 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Corvus albicollis
species		Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Passeriformes : Corvidae : Corvus : Corvus albicollis0.126 - 0.0117 Ma
Pleistocene
Bellamya unicolor
species		Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Architaenioglossa : Viviparidae : Bellamya : Bellamya unicolor5.333 - 0 Ma
Cenozoic
Pila ovata
species		Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Architaenioglossa : Ampullariidae : Pila : Pila ovata0.126 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Gabbiella senaariensis
species		Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Bithyniidae : Gabbiella : Gabbiella senaariensis0.126 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Gabbiella humerosa
species		Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Bithyniidae : Gabbiella : Gabbiella humerosa0.126 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Cleopatra bulimoides
species		Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Sorbeoconcha : Paludomidae : Cleopatra : Cleopatra bulimoides0.126 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Cleopatra
genus		Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Paludomidae : Cleopatra5.333 - 2.588 Ma
Cenozoic
Melanoides tuberculata
species		Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Sorbeoconcha : Thiaridae : Melanoides : Melanoides tuberculata0.126 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Lymnaea natalensis
species		Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Basommatophora : Lymnaeidae : Lymnaea : Lymnaea natalensis0.0117 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Burnupia edwardiana
species		Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Burnupiidae : Burnupia : Burnupia edwardiana0.126 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Ceratophallus kigeziensis
species		Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Basommatophora : Planorbidae : Ceratophallus : Ceratophallus kigeziensis0.126 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Ceratophallus bicarinatus
species		Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Basommatophora : Planorbidae : Ceratophallus : Ceratophallus bicarinatus0.0117 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Ceratophallus apertus
species		Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Basommatophora : Planorbidae : Ceratophallus : Ceratophallus apertus0.126 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Ceratophallus faini
species		Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Basommatophora : Planorbidae : Ceratophallus : Ceratophallus faini0.126 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Gyraulus costulatus
species		Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Basommatophora : Planorbidae : Gyraulus : Gyraulus costulatus0.126 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Biomphalaria choanomphala
species		Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Basommatophora : Planorbidae : Biomphalaria : Biomphalaria choanomphala0.126 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Biomphalaria sudanica
species		Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Basommatophora : Planorbidae : Biomphalaria : Biomphalaria sudanica0.0117 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Bulinus truncatus
species		Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Basommatophora : Planorbidae : Bulinus : Bulinus truncatus0.0117 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Achatina stuhlmanni
species		Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Stylommatophora : Achatinidae : Achatina : Achatina stuhlmanni0.126 - 0.0117 Ma
Pleistocene
Limicolaria martensiana
species		Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Achatinidae : Limicolaria : Limicolaria martensiana0.126 - 0.0117 Ma
Pleistocene
Curvella
genus		Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Stylommatophora : Achatinidae : Curvella0.126 - 0.0117 Ma
Pleistocene
Succinea baumanni
species		Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Stylommatophora : Succineidae : Succinea : Succinea baumanni0.126 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Coelatura bakeri
species		Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Unionida : Unionidae : Coelatura : Coelatura bakeri0.126 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Coelatura acuminata
species		Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Unionida : Unionidae : Coelatura : Coelatura acuminata0.126 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Aspatharia
genus		Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Unionida : Mutelidae : Aspatharia5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Aspatharia rubens
species		Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Unionida : Iridinidae : Aspatharia : Aspatharia rubens0.126 - 0.0117 Ma
Pleistocene
Mutela
genus		Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Unionida : Iridinidae : Mutela5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Mutela nilotica
species		Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Unionida : Iridinidae : Mutela : Mutela nilotica5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Etheria
genus		Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Unionida : Etheriidae : Etheria5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Etheria elliptica
species		Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Unionida : Etheriidae : Etheria : Etheria elliptica0.126 - 0.0117 Ma
Pleistocene
Corbicula consobrina
species		Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Venerida : Cyrenidae : Corbicula : Corbicula consobrina0.126 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Sphaerium hartmanni
species		Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Veneroidei : Sphaeriidae : Sphaerium : Sphaerium hartmanni0.126 - 0.0117 Ma
Pleistocene
Pisidium victoriae
species		Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Sphaeriida : Sphaeriidae : Pisidium : Pisidium victoriae0.126 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Barbus bynni
species		Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Cypriniformes : Cyprinidae : Barbus : Barbus bynni0.126 - 0.0117 Ma
Pleistocene
Barbus altianalis
species		Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Cypriniformes : Cyprinidae : Barbus : Barbus altianalis0.126 - 0.0117 Ma
Pleistocene
Bagrus
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Siluriformes : Bagridae : Bagrus23.03 - 0 Ma
Cenozoic
Synodontis schall
species		Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Siluriformes : Mochokidae : Synodontis : Synodontis schall0.126 - 0.0117 Ma
Pleistocene
Synodontis frontosus
species		Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Siluriformes : Mochokidae : Synodontis : Synodontis frontosus0.126 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Lates niloticus
species		Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Perciformes : Latidae : Lates : Lates niloticus23.03 - 0 Ma
Cenozoic
Mnyamawamtuka moyowamkia
species		Animalia : Chordata : Saurischia : Mnyamawamtuka : Mnyamawamtuka moyowamkia125 - 93.9 Ma
Cretaceous
Fossil LocalitiesClick to show 37 fossil localities

Localities in this Region

Africa
Burundi
DR Congo
Malawi
Malawi
Malawi/Mozambique/Tanzania
Mozambique
Rwanda
Tanzania
Uganda

Other Regions, Features and Areas that Intersect

AfricaContinent
African PlateTectonic Plate
African Plate
DR Congo
Somali PlateTectonic Plate

This page contains all mineral locality references listed on mindat.org. This does not claim to be a complete list. If you know of more minerals from this site, please register so you can add to our database. This locality information is for reference purposes only. You should never attempt to visit any sites listed in mindat.org without first ensuring that you have the permission of the land and/or mineral rights holders for access and that you are aware of all safety precautions necessary.
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