Woolley, A.R., Williams, C.T., Wall, F., Garcia, D., Moute, J. (1995) The Bingo carbonatite-ijolite-nepheline syenite complex, Zaire: geology, petrography, mineralogy and petrochemistry. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 21 (3) 329-348 doi:10.1016/0899-5362(95)00093-9

Williams, C.T, Wall, F, Woolley, A.R, Phillipo, S (1997) Compositional variation in pyrochlore from the Bingo carbonatite, Zaïre. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 25 (1) 137-145 doi:10.1016/s0899-5362(97)00066-3

Berger, Vladimir I.; Singer, Donald A.; Orris, Greta J. (2009) Carbonatites of the World, Explored Deposits of Nb and REE—Database and Grade and Tonnage Models . Open-File Report 2009-1139. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr20091139

ⓘ Aegirine-augite

Formula: (Na_aCa_bFe²⁺_cMg_d)(Fe³⁺_eAl_fFe²⁺_gMg_h)Si₂O₆

Locality: Bingo carbonatite, Bashu, Beni Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

References:

ⓘ Albite

Formula: Na(AlSi₃O₈)

Locality: Nyamuragira volcano, Bahunde, Masisi Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

References:

Richard, J.J. & Padang, M.N. 1957. Active volcanoes of the world. Part 4 Africa and the Red Sea. International Volcanological Association, Napoli, Italy.

Holmes, A., & Harwood, H. F. (1937). The volcanic area of Bufumbira. Part 2. The petrology of the volcanic field of Bufumbria, south-west Uganda, and of other parts of the Birunga field. Geological Survey of Uganda, Memoir, 3 (Part 2).

Denaeyer, M. E., Schellinck, F., & Coppez, A. (1965). Recueil d'analyses des laves du fossé tectonique de l'Afrique centrale. Annales. Musée Roy. Afrique Centrale. Belgique, Ann. Ser. 8, Sci. Geol., 49, 1-234.

Thonnard, R. L. G., & Denaeyer, M. E. (1965). Carte volcanologique des Virunga, Feuille No. 1. 1:50000 and Introduction generale et Notice Explicative de la Feuille No. 1. Centre National de Volcanologie (Belgique), Bruxelles.

Bell, K., & Powell, J. L. (1969). Strontium isotopic studies of alkalic rocks: the potassium-rich lavas of the Birunga and Toro—Ankole Regions, East and Central Equatorial Africa. Journal of Petrology, 10(3), 536-572. doi.org/10.1093/petrology/10.3.536

Aoki, K., Ishiwaka, K., & Kanisawa, S. (1981). Fluorine geochemistry of basaltic rocks from continental and oceanic regions and petrogenetic application. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 76(1), 53-59. doi.org/10.1007/BF00373683

Hamaguchi, H. (1983). Volcanoes Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira: geophysical aspects. Tohoku Univ.

Ueki, S. (1983). Recent volcanism of Nyamuragira and Nyiragongo. Volcanoes Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira: geophysical aspects, 7-18.

Aoki, K. I., & Kurasawa, H. (1984). Sr isotope study of the tephrite series from Nyamuragira volcano, Zaire. Geochemical Journal, 18(2), 95-100. doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.18.95

Aoki, K. I., Yoshida, T., Yusa, K., & Nakamura, Y. (1985). Petrology and geochemistry of the Nyamuragira volcano, Zaire. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 25(1-2), 1-28. doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(85)90002-2

ⓘ Albite var. Anorthoclase

Formula: (Na,K)AlSi₃O₈

Locality: Nyamuragira volcano, Bahunde, Masisi Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

References:

Richard, J.J. & Padang, M.N. 1957. Active volcanoes of the world. Part 4 Africa and the Red Sea. International Volcanological Association, Napoli, Italy.

Hamaguchi, H. (1983). Volcanoes Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira: geophysical aspects. Tohoku Univ.

Ueki, S. (1983). Recent volcanism of Nyamuragira and Nyiragongo. Volcanoes Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira: geophysical aspects, 7-18.

Aoki, K. I., & Kurasawa, H. (1984). Sr isotope study of the tephrite series from Nyamuragira volcano, Zaire. Geochemical Journal, 18(2), 95-100. doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.18.95

ⓘ 'Alkali Feldspar'

Localities:

Bingo carbonatite, Bashu, Beni Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
Mikeno Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

ⓘ 'Alkali pyroxene'

Locality: Bingo carbonatite, Bashu, Beni Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

References:

ⓘ 'Amphibole Supergroup'

Formula: AB₂C₅((Si,Al,Ti)₈O₂₂)(OH,F,Cl,O)₂

Locality: Bingo carbonatite, Bashu, Beni Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

References:

ⓘ Andradite

Formula: Ca₃Fe³⁺₂(SiO₄)₃

Locality: Bingo carbonatite, Bashu, Beni Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

References:

USGS Open-File Report 02–156–A

ⓘ Andradite var. Melanite

Formula: Ca₃Fe³⁺₂(SiO₄)₃

Locality: Bingo carbonatite, Bashu, Beni Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

References:

ⓘ Andrémeyerite (TL)

Formula: BaFe²⁺₂(Si₂O₇)

Type Locality:

Description: The mineral was identified from a single specimen in vesicles of melilite-leucite-nephelinite lava,…Associated minerals are nepheline, leucite, clinopyroxene, kirschsteinite, and melilite, along with a green glass (intimately associated. Crystals are less than 0.2 mm long,0.1 mm in diameter with {100} and {011> dominant. Color pale emerald-green

References:

Richard, J.J. & Padang, M.N. 1957. Active volcanoes of the world. Part 4 Africa and the Red Sea. International Volcanological Association, Napoli, Italy.

Tazieff, H. 1975. Nyiragongo: the forbidden volcano. Cassell, London.

Sahama, G., & Meyer, A. (1958). Study of the volcano Niragongo. A progress Report, Exploration du parc National Albert, mission d’études volcanologiques, Fasc 2, 1-85.

Sahama, T. G. (1960). Kalsilite in the lavas of mt. Nyiragongo (Belgian Congo). Journal of Petrology, 1(2), 146-171. doi.org/10.1093/petrology/1.2.146

Denaeyer, M. E. (1972). LES LAVES DU FOSSE TECTONIQUE DE L'AFRIQUE CENTRALE (KIVU, RWANDA, TORO-ANKOLE). I. SUPPLEMENT AU RECUEIL D'ANALYSES DE 1965. II. MAGMATOLOGIE. Annales, Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgique. Serie In 8º, Sciences Geologiques, 72.

Sahama, Th.G., Siivola, J., Rehtijärvi, P. (1973) Andremeyerite, a new barium iron silicate, from Nyiragongo, Zaire. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland, 45 (1). 1-8 doi:10.17741/bgsf/45.1.001

Sahama, T. G. (1973). Evolution of the Nyiragongo magma. Journal of Petrology, 14(1), 33-48. doi.org/10.1093/petrology/14.1.33

Sahama, T. G. (1978). The Nyiragongo main cone. Annales, Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgique. Serie In 8º, Sciences Geologiques 81.

Hamaguchi, H. (1983). Volcanoes Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira: geophysical aspects. Tohoku Univ.

Vollmer, R., & Norry, M. J. (1983). Possible origin of K-rich volcanic rocks from Virunga, East Africa, by metasomatism of continental crustal material: Pb, Nd and Sr isotopic evidence. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 64(3), 374-386. doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(83)90097-3

Tazieff, H. (1984). Mt. Niragongo: renewed activity of the lava lake. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 20(3-4), 267-280. doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(84)90043-X

GEE, L. L., SACK, R. O. (1988) Experimental Petrology of Melilite Nephelinites. Journal of Petrology, 29 (6) 1233-1255 doi:10.1093/petrology/29.6.1233

Demant, A., Lestrade, P., Lubala, R. T., Kampunzu, A. B., & Durieux, J. (1994). Volcanological and petrological evolution of Nyiragongo volcano, Virunga volcanic field, Zaire. Bulletin of Volcanology, 56(1), 47-61. doi.org/10.1007/BF00279728

Andersen, Tom, Elburg, Marlina A., Erambert, Muriel (2014) Extreme peralkalinity in delhayelite- and andremeyerite-bearing nephelinite from Nyiragongo volcano, East African Rift. Lithos, 206. 164-178 doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2014.07.025

ⓘ Anglesite

Formula: PbSO₄

Locality: Rugarama cone, Nyamuragira volcano, Bahunde, Masisi Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

References:

Deleins, M. (1975): Volcanic sublimates of Rugarama, Kivu region, Republic of Zaire. Repub. Rivandaise, Bull. Serv. Geol.: 8: l-ll (in French)

Fleischer, M., Mandarino, A. (1977) New mineral names. American Mineralogist, 62 (1-2). 173-176 p.175

ⓘ Anorthite

Formula: Ca(Al₂Si₂O₈)

Localities:

Alexandra Peak, Mutwanga, Ruwenzori, Beni Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
Mont Emin, Mutwanga, Ruwenzori, Beni Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

ⓘ Anorthite var. Labradorite

Formula: (Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si₂O₈]

Localities:

Alexandra Peak, Mutwanga, Ruwenzori, Beni Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
Mont Emin, Mutwanga, Ruwenzori, Beni Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

ⓘ 'Apatite'

Formula: Ca₅(PO₄)₃(Cl/F/OH)

Localities:

Mount Shaheru, Nyiragongo Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
Nyiragongo Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
Bingo carbonatite, Bashu, Beni Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
Nyamuragira volcano, Bahunde, Masisi Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
Mikeno Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

ⓘ Aphthitalite

Formula: (K,Na)₃Na(SO₄)₂

Locality: Nyiragongo Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

References:

Bailey, J. C. (1980) Formation of cryolite and other aluminofluorides: A petrologic review. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark, 29. 1-45 doi:10.37570/bgsd-1980-29-01

ⓘ Åkermanite

Formula: Ca₂Mg[Si₂O₇]

Locality: Nyiragongo Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

References:

ⓘ Augite

Formula: (Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆

Locality: Mikeno Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

References:

Combe, A. D., & Simmons, W. C. (1933). The volcanic area of Bufumbira: The geology of the volcanic area of Bufumbira, south-west Uganda: Geol. Survey Uganda Mem. Ill, pt. I, 1-143.

Guibert, P., Delaloye, M., & Hunziker, J. (1975). Contribution à l’étude géologique du volcan Mikeno, chaîne des Virunga (République du Zaïre). CR Scé. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat., Genève, ns, 10(1), 57-66.

ⓘ Baddeleyite

Formula: ZrO₂

Locality: Bingo carbonatite, Bashu, Beni Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

References:

Mineral. Deposita (Berl.) 6, 153-155 (1971)

Anthony, J. W. et al. (1997): Handbook of Mineralogy, Vol. 3, 33

ⓘ Baryte

Formula: BaSO₄

Locality: Nyiragongo Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

References:

ⓘ 'Biotite'

Formula: K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂

Localities:

Mount Shaheru, Nyiragongo Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
Bingo carbonatite, Bashu, Beni Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
Nyamuragira volcano, Bahunde, Masisi Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

ⓘ 'Biotite var. Titanium-bearing Biotite'

Formula: K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂

Locality: Nyamuragira volcano, Bahunde, Masisi Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

References:

Richard, J.J. & Padang, M.N. 1957. Active volcanoes of the world. Part 4 Africa and the Red Sea. International Volcanological Association, Napoli, Italy.

Hamaguchi, H. (1983). Volcanoes Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira: geophysical aspects. Tohoku Univ.

Ueki, S. (1983). Recent volcanism of Nyamuragira and Nyiragongo. Volcanoes Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira: geophysical aspects, 7-18.

Aoki, K. I., & Kurasawa, H. (1984). Sr isotope study of the tephrite series from Nyamuragira volcano, Zaire. Geochemical Journal, 18(2), 95-100. doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.18.95

ⓘ Calcite

Formula: CaCO₃

Localities:

Nyiragongo Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
Bingo carbonatite, Bashu, Beni Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
Alexandra Peak, Mutwanga, Ruwenzori, Beni Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

ⓘ Cancrinite

Formula: (Na,Ca,◻)₈(Al₆Si₆O₂₄)(CO₃,SO₄)₂ · 2H₂O

Locality: Bingo carbonatite, Bashu, Beni Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

References:

ⓘ Cassiterite

Formula: SnO₂

Locality: Bingo carbonatite, Bashu, Beni Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

References:

Mineral. Deposita (Berl.) 6, 153-155 (1971)

ⓘ Chalcanthite

Formula: CuSO₄ · 5H₂O

Locality: Rugarama cone, Nyamuragira volcano, Bahunde, Masisi Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

References:

Deleins, M. (1975): Volcanic sublimates of Rugarama, Kivu region, Republic of Zaire. Repub. Rivandaise, Bull. Serv. Geol.: 8: l-ll (in French)

Fleischer, M., Mandarino, A. (1977) New mineral names. American Mineralogist, 62 (1-2). 173-176 p.175

ⓘ Chlorbartonite ?

Formula: K₆Fe₂₄S₂₆(Cl,S)

Locality: Nyiragongo Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

References:

ⓘ 'Chrome-Spinel (of Dana)'

Locality: Nyamuragira volcano, Bahunde, Masisi Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

References:

Richard, J.J. & Padang, M.N. 1957. Active volcanoes of the world. Part 4 Africa and the Red Sea. International Volcanological Association, Napoli, Italy.

Hamaguchi, H. (1983). Volcanoes Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira: geophysical aspects. Tohoku Univ.

Ueki, S. (1983). Recent volcanism of Nyamuragira and Nyiragongo. Volcanoes Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira: geophysical aspects, 7-18.

Aoki, K. I., & Kurasawa, H. (1984). Sr isotope study of the tephrite series from Nyamuragira volcano, Zaire. Geochemical Journal, 18(2), 95-100. doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.18.95

ⓘ 'Clinopyroxene Subgroup'

Localities:

Mount Shaheru, Nyiragongo Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
Nyiragongo Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
Nyamuragira volcano, Bahunde, Masisi Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

ⓘ 'Columbite-(Fe)-Columbite-(Mn) Series'

Locality: Bingo carbonatite, Bashu, Beni Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

References:

ⓘ Combeite (TL)

Formula: Na_4.5Ca_3.5Si₆O_17.5(OH)_0.5

Localities:

Mount Shaheru, Nyiragongo Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
Nyiragongo Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

Type Locality: Mount Shaheru, Nyiragongo Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

ⓘ Cordierite

Formula: (Mg,Fe)₂Al₃(AlSi₅O₁₈)

Locality: Nyiragongo Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

References:

Haapala, I. L. M. A. R. I. (2011). Th. G. Sahama’s (1910–1983) volcanological and mineralogical studies in Africa: Part I. Expeditions to the Virunga Volcanic Field and petrological-mineralogical studies on the Nyiragongo volcano. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland, 83, 41-55.

ⓘ Crandallite

Formula: CaAl₃(PO₄)(PO₃OH)(OH)₆

Locality: Bingo carbonatite, Bashu, Beni Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

References:

Mineral. Deposita (Berl.) 6, 153-155 (1971)

ⓘ Cuspidine

Formula: Ca₈(Si₂O₇)₂F₄

Locality: Nyiragongo Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

References:

ⓘ Delhayelite (TL)

Formula: (Na,K)₁₀Ca₅Al₆Si₃₂O₈₀(Cl₂,F₂,SO₄)₃ · 18H₂O

Localities:

Mount Shaheru, Nyiragongo Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
Nyiragongo Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

Type Locality: Mount Shaheru, Nyiragongo Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

ⓘ Diopside

Formula: CaMgSi₂O₆

Localities:

Nyiragongo Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
Nyamuragira volcano, Bahunde, Masisi Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

ⓘ Diopside var. Chromium-bearing Diopside

Formula: Ca(Mg,Cr)Si₂O₆

Locality: Nyamuragira volcano, Bahunde, Masisi Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

References:

Richard, J.J. & Padang, M.N. 1957. Active volcanoes of the world. Part 4 Africa and the Red Sea. International Volcanological Association, Napoli, Italy.

Hamaguchi, H. (1983). Volcanoes Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira: geophysical aspects. Tohoku Univ.

Ueki, S. (1983). Recent volcanism of Nyamuragira and Nyiragongo. Volcanoes Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira: geophysical aspects, 7-18.

Aoki, K. I., & Kurasawa, H. (1984). Sr isotope study of the tephrite series from Nyamuragira volcano, Zaire. Geochemical Journal, 18(2), 95-100. doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.18.95

ⓘ Diopside var. Salite

Formula: CaMgSi₂O₆

Locality: Nyamuragira volcano, Bahunde, Masisi Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

References:

Richard, J.J. & Padang, M.N. 1957. Active volcanoes of the world. Part 4 Africa and the Red Sea. International Volcanological Association, Napoli, Italy.

Hamaguchi, H. (1983). Volcanoes Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira: geophysical aspects. Tohoku Univ.

Ueki, S. (1983). Recent volcanism of Nyamuragira and Nyiragongo. Volcanoes Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira: geophysical aspects, 7-18.

Aoki, K. I., & Kurasawa, H. (1984). Sr isotope study of the tephrite series from Nyamuragira volcano, Zaire. Geochemical Journal, 18(2), 95-100. doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.18.95

ⓘ Dolomite

Formula: CaMg(CO₃)₂

Locality: Bingo carbonatite, Bashu, Beni Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

References:

ⓘ Elpasolite

Formula: K₂NaAlF₆

Locality: Nyiragongo Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

References:

Bailey, J. C. (1980) Formation of cryolite and other aluminofluorides: A petrologic review. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark, 29. 1-45 doi:10.37570/bgsd-1980-29-01

ⓘ Epidote

Formula: (CaCa)(AlAlFe³⁺)O[Si₂O₇][SiO₄](OH)

Locality: Alexandra Peak, Mutwanga, Ruwenzori, Beni Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

References:

Roccati, Alessandro (1907) Nell'Uganda e nella catena del Ruwenzori. Relazione preliminare sulle osservazioni geologiche fatte durante la spedizione di S.A.R. il Duca degli Abruzzi nell'anno 1906. Bollettino della Società Geologica Italiana, 26, 2, 127-158.

ⓘ Eudialyte

Formula: Na₁₅Ca₆Fe₃Zr₃Si(Si₂₅O₇₃)(O,OH,H₂O)₃(Cl,OH)₂

Locality: Bingo carbonatite, Bashu, Beni Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

References:

USGS Open-File Report 02–156–A

ⓘ Fayalite

Formula: Fe²⁺₂SiO₄

Locality: Bingo carbonatite, Bashu, Beni Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

References:

USGS Open-File Report 02–156–A

ⓘ 'Fayalite-Forsterite Series'

Localities:

Nyiragongo Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
Nyamuragira volcano, Bahunde, Masisi Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
Mikeno Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

ⓘ 'Feldspar Group'

Localities:

Bingo carbonatite, Bashu, Beni Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
Nyamuragira volcano, Bahunde, Masisi Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

ⓘ Fluorite

Formula: CaF₂

Locality: Bingo carbonatite, Bashu, Beni Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

References:

USGS Open-File Report 02–156–A

ⓘ Forsterite

Formula: Mg₂SiO₄

Locality: Nyiragongo Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

References:

ⓘ Fresnoite

Formula: Ba₂Ti(Si₂O₇)O

Locality: Nyiragongo Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

References:

ⓘ 'Garnet Group'

Formula: X₃Z₂(SiO₄)₃

Locality: Bingo carbonatite, Bashu, Beni Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

References:

ⓘ 'Glass'

Locality: Nyiragongo Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

Description: Green glass.

References:

Bull. Soc. Franç. Minéralo. Cristallo. , 1974, 97, p. 497.

Herzog, G. F., Moynier, F., Albarède, F., & Berezhnoy, A. A. (2009). Isotopic and elemental abundances of copper and zinc in lunar samples, Zagami, Pele’s hairs, and a terrestrial basalt. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 73(19), 5884-5904.

ⓘ Götzenite (TL)

Formula: NaCa₆Ti(Si₂O₇)₂OF₃

Localities:

Type Locality: Mount Shaheru, Nyiragongo Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

ⓘ Gypsum

Formula: CaSO₄ · 2H₂O

Localities:

Nyiragongo Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
Nyamuragira volcano, Bahunde, Masisi Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

ⓘ Halite

Formula: NaCl

Locality: Nyiragongo Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

References:

Bailey, J. C. (1980) Formation of cryolite and other aluminofluorides: A petrologic review. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark, 29. 1-45 doi:10.37570/bgsd-1980-29-01

ⓘ Hedenbergite

Formula: CaFe²⁺Si₂O₆

Locality: Nyiragongo Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

References:

ⓘ Hieratite

Formula: K₂[SiF₆]

Locality: Nyiragongo Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

References:

Bailey, J. C. (1980) Formation of cryolite and other aluminofluorides: A petrologic review. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark, 29. 1-45 doi:10.37570/bgsd-1980-29-01

ⓘ 'Hornblende Root Name Group'

Formula: ◻Ca₂(Z²⁺₄Z³⁺)(AlSi₇O₂₂)(OH,F,Cl)₂

Localities:

Mount Shaheru, Nyiragongo Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
Nyamuragira volcano, Bahunde, Masisi Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

ⓘ Ilmenite

Formula: Fe²⁺TiO₃

Localities:

Bingo carbonatite, Bashu, Beni Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
Nyamuragira volcano, Bahunde, Masisi Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

ⓘ Kalsilite

Formula: KAlSiO₄

Localities:

Mount Shaheru, Nyiragongo Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
Nyiragongo Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
Kabfumu, Nyiragongo Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

ⓘ Kirschsteinite (TL)

Formula: CaFe²⁺SiO₄

Localities:

Mount Shaheru, Nyiragongo Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
Nyiragongo Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

Type Locality: Mount Shaheru, Nyiragongo Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

ⓘ Leucite

Formula: K(AlSi₂O₆)

Localities:

Nyiragongo Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
Nyamuragira volcano, Bahunde, Masisi Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
Mikeno Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

ⓘ Magnetite

Formula: Fe²⁺Fe³⁺₂O₄

Localities:

ⓘ Magnetite var. Titanium-bearing Magnetite

Formula: Fe²⁺(Fe³⁺,Ti)₂O₄

Localities:

Nyiragongo Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
Nyamuragira volcano, Bahunde, Masisi Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

ⓘ Mascagnite

Formula: (NH₄)₂SO₄

Locality: Nyamuragira volcano, Bahunde, Masisi Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

Description: Occurs around active volcanic fumaroles.

References:

Palache, Charles, Berman, Harry, Frondel, Clifford (1951) The System of Mineralogy (7th ed.) Vol. 2 - Halides, Nitrates, Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Tungstates, Molybdates, Ect. John Wiley and Sons, New York.

ⓘ 'Melilite Group'

Formula: Ca₂M(XSiO₇)

Localities:

ⓘ 'Mica Group'

Locality: Bingo carbonatite, Bashu, Beni Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

References:

ⓘ Native Sulphur

Formula: S₈

Localities:

Nyamuragira volcano, Bahunde, Masisi Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
Rugarama cone, Nyamuragira volcano, Bahunde, Masisi Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

ⓘ Nepheline

Formula: Na₃K(Al₄Si₄O₁₆)

Localities: Reported from at least 6 localities in this region.

ⓘ Pectolite

Formula: NaCa₂Si₃O₈(OH)

Locality: Bingo carbonatite, Bashu, Beni Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

References:

USGS Open-File Report 02–156–A

ⓘ Perovskite

Formula: CaTiO₃

Localities:

Mount Shaheru, Nyiragongo Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
Nyiragongo Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
Mikeno Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

ⓘ Phlogopite

Formula: KMg₃(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂

Locality: Nyiragongo Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

References:

ⓘ 'Plagioclase'

Formula: (Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈

Localities:

Nyamuragira volcano, Bahunde, Masisi Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
Mikeno Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

ⓘ 'Pyrochlore Group'

Formula: A₂Nb₂(O,OH)₆Z

Locality: Bingo carbonatite, Bashu, Beni Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

References:

Mineral. Deposita (Berl.) 6, 153-155 (1971)

Anthony, J. W. et al. (1997): Handbook of Mineralogy, Vol. 3, 42

ⓘ 'Pyrochlore Group var. Zero valent dominant member of Pyrochlore Group'

Formula: A₂Nb₂(O,OH)₆Z

Locality: Bingo carbonatite, Bashu, Beni Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

References:

Mineral. Deposita (Berl.) 6, 153-155 (1971)

Anthony, J. W. et al. (1997): Handbook of Mineralogy, Vol. 3, 42

ⓘ 'Pyroxene Group'

Formula: ADSi₂O₆

Localities:

Nyiragongo Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
Bingo carbonatite, Bashu, Beni Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
Mikeno Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

ⓘ Pyrrhotite

Formula: Fe_1-xS

Localities:

Nyiragongo Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
Nyamuragira volcano, Bahunde, Masisi Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

ⓘ Quartz

Formula: SiO₂

Locality: Bingo carbonatite, Bashu, Beni Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

References:

Mineral. Deposita (Berl.) 6, 153-155 (1971)

ⓘ Rutile

Formula: TiO₂

Locality: Bingo carbonatite, Bashu, Beni Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

References:

Mineral. Deposita (Berl.) 6, 153-155 (1971)

ⓘ Sanidine

Formula: K(AlSi₃O₈)

Localities:

Nyiragongo Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
Nyamuragira volcano, Bahunde, Masisi Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

ⓘ Sillimanite

Formula: Al₂(SiO₄)O

Locality: Nyiragongo Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

References:

ⓘ Sodalite

Formula: Na₄(Si₃Al₃)O₁₂Cl

Localities:

ⓘ 'Sodic amphibole'

Locality: Bingo carbonatite, Bashu, Beni Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

References:

ⓘ Spinel

Formula: MgAl₂O₄

Locality: Nyiragongo Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

References:

ⓘ Sylvite

Formula: KCl

Locality: Nyiragongo Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

References:

Bailey, J. C. (1980) Formation of cryolite and other aluminofluorides: A petrologic review. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark, 29. 1-45 doi:10.37570/bgsd-1980-29-01

ⓘ Tetraferriphlogopite

Formula: KMg₃(Fe³⁺Si₃O₁₀)(OH,F)₂

Locality: Bingo carbonatite, Bashu, Beni Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

References:

ⓘ Thénardite

Formula: Na₂SO₄

Localities:

Nyiragongo Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
Rugarama cone, Nyamuragira volcano, Bahunde, Masisi Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo ? (more information)

ⓘ Titanite

Formula: CaTi(SiO₄)O

Locality: Bingo carbonatite, Bashu, Beni Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

References:

ⓘ Trikalsilite (TL)

Formula: K₂NaAl₃(SiO₄)₃

Type Locality:

References:

Sahama, Th. G., Smith, J. V. (1957) Tri-kalsilite, a new mineral. American Mineralogist, 42 (3-4) 286

ⓘ Troilite

Formula: FeS

Locality: Nyiragongo Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

References:

ⓘ Tschermigite

Formula: (NH₄)Al(SO₄)₂ · 12H₂O

Locality: Nyamuragira volcano, Bahunde, Masisi Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

References:

ⓘ 'UM1975-16-SO:HKZn'

Formula: K₂Zn(SO₄)₂ · 2H₂O

Locality: Rugarama cone, Nyamuragira volcano, Bahunde, Masisi Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

References:

Deleins, M. (1975): Volcanic sublimates of Rugarama, Kivu region, Republic of Zaire. Repub. Rivandaise, Bull. Serv. Geol.: 8: l-ll (in French)

Fleischer, M., Mandarino, A. (1977) New mineral names. American Mineralogist, 62 (1-2). 173-176 p.175

ⓘ Umbrianite

Formula: K₇Na₂Ca₂[Al₃Si₁₀O₂₉]F₂Cl₂

Locality: Nyiragongo Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

References:

ⓘ Wollastonite

Formula: Ca₃(Si₃O₉)

Locality: Bingo carbonatite, Bashu, Beni Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

References:

USGS Open-File Report 02–156–A

ⓘ Zircon

Formula: Zr(SiO₄)

Locality: Bingo carbonatite, Bashu, Beni Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

References:

List of minerals arranged by Strunz 10th Edition classification

Group 1 - Elements
ⓘ	Native Sulphur	1.CC.05	S₈
Group 2 - Sulphides and Sulfosalts
ⓘ	Pyrrhotite	2.CC.10	Fe_1-xS
ⓘ	Troilite	2.CC.10	FeS
ⓘ	Chlorbartonite ?	2.FC.10	K₆Fe₂₄S₂₆(Cl,S)
Group 3 - Halides
ⓘ	Halite	3.AA.20	NaCl
ⓘ	Sylvite	3.AA.20	KCl
ⓘ	Fluorite	3.AB.25	CaF₂
ⓘ	Elpasolite	3.CB.15	K₂NaAlF₆
ⓘ	Hieratite	3.CH.15	K₂[SiF₆]
Group 4 - Oxides and Hydroxides
ⓘ	'Pyrochlore Group'	4.00.	A₂Nb₂(O,OH)₆Z
ⓘ	'var. Zero valent dominant member of Pyrochlore Group'	4.00.	A₂Nb₂(O,OH)₆Z
ⓘ	Magnetite	4.BB.05	Fe²⁺Fe³⁺₂O₄
ⓘ	Spinel	4.BB.05	MgAl₂O₄
ⓘ	Magnetite var. Titanium-bearing Magnetite	4.BB.05	Fe²⁺(Fe³⁺,Ti)₂O₄
ⓘ	Ilmenite	4.CB.05	Fe²⁺TiO₃
ⓘ	Perovskite	4.CC.30	CaTiO₃
ⓘ	Quartz	4.DA.05	SiO₂
ⓘ	Cassiterite	4.DB.05	SnO₂
ⓘ	Rutile	4.DB.05	TiO₂
ⓘ	Baddeleyite	4.DE.35	ZrO₂
Group 5 - Nitrates and Carbonates
ⓘ	Calcite	5.AB.05	CaCO₃
ⓘ	Dolomite	5.AB.10	CaMg(CO₃)₂
Group 7 - Sulphates, Chromates, Molybdates and Tungstates
ⓘ	Aphthitalite	7.AC.35	(K,Na)₃Na(SO₄)₂
ⓘ	Mascagnite	7.AD.05	(NH₄)₂SO₄
ⓘ	Thénardite	7.AD.25	Na₂SO₄
ⓘ	Anglesite	7.AD.35	PbSO₄
ⓘ	Baryte	7.AD.35	BaSO₄
ⓘ	Chalcanthite	7.CB.20	CuSO₄ · 5H₂O
ⓘ	Tschermigite	7.CC.20	(NH₄)Al(SO₄)₂ · 12H₂O
ⓘ	Gypsum	7.CD.40	CaSO₄ · 2H₂O
Group 8 - Phosphates, Arsenates and Vanadates
ⓘ	Crandallite	8.BL.10	CaAl₃(PO₄)(PO₃OH)(OH)₆
Group 9 - Silicates
ⓘ	Fayalite	9.AC.05	Fe²⁺₂SiO₄
ⓘ	Forsterite	9.AC.05	Mg₂SiO₄
ⓘ	Kirschsteinite (TL)	9.AC.05	CaFe²⁺SiO₄
ⓘ	Andradite	9.AD.25	Ca₃Fe³⁺₂(SiO₄)₃
ⓘ	var. Melanite	9.AD.25	Ca₃Fe³⁺₂(SiO₄)₃
ⓘ	Zircon	9.AD.30	Zr(SiO₄)
ⓘ	Sillimanite	9.AF.05	Al₂(SiO₄)O
ⓘ	Titanite	9.AG.15	CaTi(SiO₄)O
ⓘ	Åkermanite	9.BB.10	Ca₂Mg[Si₂O₇]
ⓘ	Andrémeyerite (TL)	9.BB.20	BaFe²⁺₂(Si₂O₇)
ⓘ	Fresnoite	9.BE.15	Ba₂Ti(Si₂O₇)O
ⓘ	Cuspidine	9.BE.17	Ca₈(Si₂O₇)₂F₄
ⓘ	Götzenite (TL)	9.BE.22	NaCa₆Ti(Si₂O₇)₂OF₃
ⓘ	Epidote	9.BG.05a	(CaCa)(AlAlFe³⁺)O[Si₂O₇][SiO₄](OH)
ⓘ	Cordierite	9.CJ.10	(Mg,Fe)₂Al₃(AlSi₅O₁₈)
ⓘ	Combeite (TL)	9.CJ.15a	Na_4.5Ca_3.5Si₆O_17.5(OH)_0.5
ⓘ	Eudialyte	9.CO.10	Na₁₅Ca₆Fe₃Zr₃Si(Si₂₅O₇₃)(O,OH,H₂O)₃(Cl,OH)₂
ⓘ	Augite	9.DA.15	(Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆
ⓘ	Diopside var. Chromium-bearing Diopside	9.DA.15	Ca(Mg,Cr)Si₂O₆
ⓘ		9.DA.15	CaMgSi₂O₆
ⓘ	Hedenbergite	9.DA.15	CaFe²⁺Si₂O₆
ⓘ	Diopside var. Salite	9.DA.15	CaMgSi₂O₆
ⓘ	Aegirine-augite	9.DA.20	(Na_aCa_bFe²⁺_cMg_d)(Fe³⁺_eAl_fFe²⁺_gMg_h)Si₂O₆
ⓘ	Aegirine	9.DA.25	NaFe³⁺Si₂O₆
ⓘ	Pectolite	9.DG.05	NaCa₂Si₃O₈(OH)
ⓘ	Wollastonite	9.DG.05	Ca₃(Si₃O₉)
ⓘ	Delhayelite (TL)	9.EB.10	(Na,K)₁₀Ca₅Al₆Si₃₂O₈₀(Cl₂,F₂,SO₄)₃ · 18H₂O
ⓘ	Umbrianite	9.EB.25	K₇Na₂Ca₂[Al₃Si₁₀O₂₉]F₂Cl₂
ⓘ	Phlogopite	9.EC.20	KMg₃(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
ⓘ	Tetraferriphlogopite	9.EC.20	KMg₃(Fe³⁺Si₃O₁₀)(OH,F)₂
ⓘ	Kalsilite	9.FA.05	KAlSiO₄
ⓘ	Nepheline	9.FA.05	Na₃K(Al₄Si₄O₁₆)
ⓘ	Trikalsilite (TL)	9.FA.05	K₂NaAl₃(SiO₄)₃
ⓘ	Sanidine	9.FA.30	K(AlSi₃O₈)
ⓘ	Albite	9.FA.35	Na(AlSi₃O₈)
ⓘ	Anorthite	9.FA.35	Ca(Al₂Si₂O₈)
ⓘ	Albite var. Anorthoclase	9.FA.35	(Na,K)AlSi₃O₈
ⓘ	Anorthite var. Labradorite	9.FA.35	(Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si₂O₈]
ⓘ	Cancrinite	9.FB.05	(Na,Ca,◻)₈(Al₆Si₆O₂₄)(CO₃,SO₄)₂ · 2H₂O
ⓘ	Sodalite	9.FB.10	Na₄(Si₃Al₃)O₁₂Cl
ⓘ	Leucite	9.GB.05	K(AlSi₂O₆)
Unclassified
ⓘ	'Alkali Feldspar'	-
ⓘ	'Amphibole Supergroup'	-	AB₂C₅((Si,Al,Ti)₈O₂₂)(OH,F,Cl,O)₂
ⓘ	'Biotite'	-	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
ⓘ	'Feldspar Group'	-
ⓘ	'Mica Group'	-
ⓘ	'Clinopyroxene Subgroup'	-
ⓘ	'Fayalite-Forsterite Series'	-
ⓘ	'Columbite-(Fe)-Columbite-(Mn) Series'	-
ⓘ	'Hornblende Root Name Group'	-	◻Ca₂(Z²⁺₄Z³⁺)(AlSi₇O₂₂)(OH,F,Cl)₂
ⓘ	'Plagioclase'	-	(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈
ⓘ	'Pyroxene Group'	-	ADSi₂O₆
ⓘ	'Chrome-Spinel (of Dana)'	-
ⓘ	'Garnet Group'	-	X₃Z₂(SiO₄)₃
ⓘ	'Biotite var. Titanium-bearing Biotite'	-	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
ⓘ	'Glass'	-
ⓘ	'Apatite'	-	Ca₅(PO₄)₃(Cl/F/OH)
ⓘ	'Melilite Group'	-	Ca₂M(XSiO₇)
ⓘ	'UM1975-16-SO:HKZn'	-	K₂Zn(SO₄)₂ · 2H₂O
ⓘ	'Sodic amphibole'	-
ⓘ	'Alkali pyroxene'	-

List of minerals for each chemical element

H	Hydrogen
H	ⓘ Amphibole Supergroup	AB₂C₅((Si,Al,Ti)₈O₂₂)(OH,F,Cl,O)₂
H	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
H	ⓘ Cancrinite	(Na,Ca,◻)₈(Al₆Si₆O₂₄)(CO₃,SO₄)₂ · 2H₂O
H	ⓘ Chalcanthite	CuSO₄ · 5H₂O
H	ⓘ Combeite	Na_4.5Ca_3.5Si₆O_17.5(OH)_0.5
H	ⓘ Crandallite	CaAl₃(PO₄)(PO₃OH)(OH)₆
H	ⓘ Delhayelite	(Na,K)₁₀Ca₅Al₆Si₃₂O₈₀(Cl₂,F₂,SO₄)₃ · 18H₂O
H	ⓘ Epidote	(CaCa)(AlAlFe³⁺)O[Si₂O₇][SiO₄](OH)
H	ⓘ Eudialyte	Na₁₅Ca₆Fe₃Zr₃Si(Si₂₅O₇₃)(O,OH,H₂O)₃(Cl,OH)₂
H	ⓘ Gypsum	CaSO₄ · 2H₂O
H	ⓘ Mascagnite	(NH₄)₂SO₄
H	ⓘ Pectolite	NaCa₂Si₃O₈(OH)
H	ⓘ Phlogopite	KMg₃(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
H	ⓘ Pyrochlore Group	A₂Nb₂(O,OH)₆Z
H	ⓘ Tetraferriphlogopite	KMg₃(Fe³⁺Si₃O₁₀)(OH,F)₂
H	ⓘ Tschermigite	(NH₄)Al(SO₄)₂ · 12H₂O
H	ⓘ Hornblende Root Name Group	◻Ca₂(Z₄²⁺Z³⁺)(AlSi₇O₂₂)(OH,F,Cl)₂
H	ⓘ Biotite var. Titanium-bearing Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
H	ⓘ Apatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃(Cl/F/OH)
H	ⓘ Pyrochlore Group var. Zero valent dominant member of Pyrochlore Group	A₂Nb₂(O,OH)₆Z
H	ⓘ UM1975-16-SO:HKZn	K₂Zn(SO₄)₂ · 2H₂O
C	Carbon
C	ⓘ Calcite	CaCO₃
C	ⓘ Cancrinite	(Na,Ca,◻)₈(Al₆Si₆O₂₄)(CO₃,SO₄)₂ · 2H₂O
C	ⓘ Dolomite	CaMg(CO₃)₂
N	Nitrogen
N	ⓘ Mascagnite	(NH₄)₂SO₄
N	ⓘ Tschermigite	(NH₄)Al(SO₄)₂ · 12H₂O
O	Oxygen
O	ⓘ Aegirine	NaFe³⁺Si₂O₆
O	ⓘ Aegirine-augite	(Na_aCa_bFe_c²⁺Mg_d)(Fe_e³⁺Al_fFe_g²⁺Mg_h)Si₂O₆
O	ⓘ Åkermanite	Ca₂Mg[Si₂O₇]
O	ⓘ Albite	Na(AlSi₃O₈)
O	ⓘ Amphibole Supergroup	AB₂C₅((Si,Al,Ti)₈O₂₂)(OH,F,Cl,O)₂
O	ⓘ Andradite	Ca₃Fe₂³⁺(SiO₄)₃
O	ⓘ Andrémeyerite	BaFe₂²⁺(Si₂O₇)
O	ⓘ Anglesite	PbSO₄
O	ⓘ Anorthite	Ca(Al₂Si₂O₈)
O	ⓘ Albite var. Anorthoclase	(Na,K)AlSi₃O₈
O	ⓘ Aphthitalite	(K,Na)₃Na(SO₄)₂
O	ⓘ Augite	(Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆
O	ⓘ Baddeleyite	ZrO₂
O	ⓘ Baryte	BaSO₄
O	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
O	ⓘ Calcite	CaCO₃
O	ⓘ Cancrinite	(Na,Ca,◻)₈(Al₆Si₆O₂₄)(CO₃,SO₄)₂ · 2H₂O
O	ⓘ Cassiterite	SnO₂
O	ⓘ Chalcanthite	CuSO₄ · 5H₂O
O	ⓘ Diopside var. Chromium-bearing Diopside	Ca(Mg,Cr)Si₂O₆
O	ⓘ Combeite	Na_4.5Ca_3.5Si₆O_17.5(OH)_0.5
O	ⓘ Cordierite	(Mg,Fe)₂Al₃(AlSi₅O₁₈)
O	ⓘ Crandallite	CaAl₃(PO₄)(PO₃OH)(OH)₆
O	ⓘ Cuspidine	Ca₈(Si₂O₇)₂F₄
O	ⓘ Delhayelite	(Na,K)₁₀Ca₅Al₆Si₃₂O₈₀(Cl₂,F₂,SO₄)₃ · 18H₂O
O	ⓘ Diopside	CaMgSi₂O₆
O	ⓘ Dolomite	CaMg(CO₃)₂
O	ⓘ Epidote	(CaCa)(AlAlFe³⁺)O[Si₂O₇][SiO₄](OH)
O	ⓘ Eudialyte	Na₁₅Ca₆Fe₃Zr₃Si(Si₂₅O₇₃)(O,OH,H₂O)₃(Cl,OH)₂
O	ⓘ Fayalite	Fe₂²⁺SiO₄
O	ⓘ Forsterite	Mg₂SiO₄
O	ⓘ Fresnoite	Ba₂Ti(Si₂O₇)O
O	ⓘ Götzenite	NaCa₆Ti(Si₂O₇)₂OF₃
O	ⓘ Gypsum	CaSO₄ · 2H₂O
O	ⓘ Hedenbergite	CaFe²⁺Si₂O₆
O	ⓘ Ilmenite	Fe²⁺TiO₃
O	ⓘ Kalsilite	KAlSiO₄
O	ⓘ Kirschsteinite	CaFe²⁺SiO₄
O	ⓘ Anorthite var. Labradorite	(Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si₂O₈]
O	ⓘ Leucite	K(AlSi₂O₆)
O	ⓘ Magnetite	Fe²⁺Fe₂³⁺O₄
O	ⓘ Mascagnite	(NH₄)₂SO₄
O	ⓘ Nepheline	Na₃K(Al₄Si₄O₁₆)
O	ⓘ Pectolite	NaCa₂Si₃O₈(OH)
O	ⓘ Perovskite	CaTiO₃
O	ⓘ Phlogopite	KMg₃(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
O	ⓘ Pyrochlore Group	A₂Nb₂(O,OH)₆Z
O	ⓘ Quartz	SiO₂
O	ⓘ Rutile	TiO₂
O	ⓘ Sanidine	K(AlSi₃O₈)
O	ⓘ Sillimanite	Al₂(SiO₄)O
O	ⓘ Sodalite	Na₄(Si₃Al₃)O₁₂Cl
O	ⓘ Spinel	MgAl₂O₄
O	ⓘ Tetraferriphlogopite	KMg₃(Fe³⁺Si₃O₁₀)(OH,F)₂
O	ⓘ Thénardite	Na₂SO₄
O	ⓘ Titanite	CaTi(SiO₄)O
O	ⓘ Magnetite var. Titanium-bearing Magnetite	Fe²⁺(Fe³⁺,Ti)₂O₄
O	ⓘ Trikalsilite	K₂NaAl₃(SiO₄)₃
O	ⓘ Tschermigite	(NH₄)Al(SO₄)₂ · 12H₂O
O	ⓘ Wollastonite	Ca₃(Si₃O₉)
O	ⓘ Zircon	Zr(SiO₄)
O	ⓘ Andradite var. Melanite	Ca₃Fe₂³⁺(SiO₄)₃
O	ⓘ Fayalite-Forsterite Series
O	ⓘ Columbite-(Fe)-Columbite-(Mn) Series
O	ⓘ Hornblende Root Name Group	◻Ca₂(Z₄²⁺Z³⁺)(AlSi₇O₂₂)(OH,F,Cl)₂
O	ⓘ Plagioclase	(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈
O	ⓘ Pyroxene Group	ADSi₂O₆
O	ⓘ Garnet Group	X₃Z₂(SiO₄)₃
O	ⓘ Diopside var. Salite	CaMgSi₂O₆
O	ⓘ Biotite var. Titanium-bearing Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
O	ⓘ Apatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃(Cl/F/OH)
O	ⓘ Melilite Group	Ca₂M(XSiO₇)
O	ⓘ Pyrochlore Group var. Zero valent dominant member of Pyrochlore Group	A₂Nb₂(O,OH)₆Z
O	ⓘ Umbrianite	K₇Na₂Ca₂[Al₃Si₁₀O₂₉]F₂Cl₂
O	ⓘ UM1975-16-SO:HKZn	K₂Zn(SO₄)₂ · 2H₂O
F	Fluorine
F	ⓘ Amphibole Supergroup	AB₂C₅((Si,Al,Ti)₈O₂₂)(OH,F,Cl,O)₂
F	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
F	ⓘ Cuspidine	Ca₈(Si₂O₇)₂F₄
F	ⓘ Delhayelite	(Na,K)₁₀Ca₅Al₆Si₃₂O₈₀(Cl₂,F₂,SO₄)₃ · 18H₂O
F	ⓘ Elpasolite	K₂NaAlF₆
F	ⓘ Fluorite	CaF₂
F	ⓘ Götzenite	NaCa₆Ti(Si₂O₇)₂OF₃
F	ⓘ Hieratite	K₂[SiF₆]
F	ⓘ Tetraferriphlogopite	KMg₃(Fe³⁺Si₃O₁₀)(OH,F)₂
F	ⓘ Hornblende Root Name Group	◻Ca₂(Z₄²⁺Z³⁺)(AlSi₇O₂₂)(OH,F,Cl)₂
F	ⓘ Biotite var. Titanium-bearing Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
F	ⓘ Apatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃(Cl/F/OH)
F	ⓘ Umbrianite	K₇Na₂Ca₂[Al₃Si₁₀O₂₉]F₂Cl₂
Na	Sodium
Na	ⓘ Aegirine	NaFe³⁺Si₂O₆
Na	ⓘ Aegirine-augite	(Na_aCa_bFe_c²⁺Mg_d)(Fe_e³⁺Al_fFe_g²⁺Mg_h)Si₂O₆
Na	ⓘ Albite	Na(AlSi₃O₈)
Na	ⓘ Albite var. Anorthoclase	(Na,K)AlSi₃O₈
Na	ⓘ Aphthitalite	(K,Na)₃Na(SO₄)₂
Na	ⓘ Cancrinite	(Na,Ca,◻)₈(Al₆Si₆O₂₄)(CO₃,SO₄)₂ · 2H₂O
Na	ⓘ Combeite	Na_4.5Ca_3.5Si₆O_17.5(OH)_0.5
Na	ⓘ Delhayelite	(Na,K)₁₀Ca₅Al₆Si₃₂O₈₀(Cl₂,F₂,SO₄)₃ · 18H₂O
Na	ⓘ Elpasolite	K₂NaAlF₆
Na	ⓘ Eudialyte	Na₁₅Ca₆Fe₃Zr₃Si(Si₂₅O₇₃)(O,OH,H₂O)₃(Cl,OH)₂
Na	ⓘ Götzenite	NaCa₆Ti(Si₂O₇)₂OF₃
Na	ⓘ Halite	NaCl
Na	ⓘ Anorthite var. Labradorite	(Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si₂O₈]
Na	ⓘ Nepheline	Na₃K(Al₄Si₄O₁₆)
Na	ⓘ Pectolite	NaCa₂Si₃O₈(OH)
Na	ⓘ Sodalite	Na₄(Si₃Al₃)O₁₂Cl
Na	ⓘ Thénardite	Na₂SO₄
Na	ⓘ Trikalsilite	K₂NaAl₃(SiO₄)₃
Na	ⓘ Plagioclase	(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈
Na	ⓘ Umbrianite	K₇Na₂Ca₂[Al₃Si₁₀O₂₉]F₂Cl₂
Mg	Magnesium
Mg	ⓘ Aegirine-augite	(Na_aCa_bFe_c²⁺Mg_d)(Fe_e³⁺Al_fFe_g²⁺Mg_h)Si₂O₆
Mg	ⓘ Åkermanite	Ca₂Mg[Si₂O₇]
Mg	ⓘ Augite	(Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆
Mg	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
Mg	ⓘ Diopside var. Chromium-bearing Diopside	Ca(Mg,Cr)Si₂O₆
Mg	ⓘ Cordierite	(Mg,Fe)₂Al₃(AlSi₅O₁₈)
Mg	ⓘ Diopside	CaMgSi₂O₆
Mg	ⓘ Dolomite	CaMg(CO₃)₂
Mg	ⓘ Forsterite	Mg₂SiO₄
Mg	ⓘ Phlogopite	KMg₃(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
Mg	ⓘ Spinel	MgAl₂O₄
Mg	ⓘ Tetraferriphlogopite	KMg₃(Fe³⁺Si₃O₁₀)(OH,F)₂
Mg	ⓘ Fayalite-Forsterite Series
Mg	ⓘ Diopside var. Salite	CaMgSi₂O₆
Mg	ⓘ Biotite var. Titanium-bearing Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
Al	Aluminium
Al	ⓘ Aegirine-augite	(Na_aCa_bFe_c²⁺Mg_d)(Fe_e³⁺Al_fFe_g²⁺Mg_h)Si₂O₆
Al	ⓘ Albite	Na(AlSi₃O₈)
Al	ⓘ Amphibole Supergroup	AB₂C₅((Si,Al,Ti)₈O₂₂)(OH,F,Cl,O)₂
Al	ⓘ Anorthite	Ca(Al₂Si₂O₈)
Al	ⓘ Albite var. Anorthoclase	(Na,K)AlSi₃O₈
Al	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
Al	ⓘ Cancrinite	(Na,Ca,◻)₈(Al₆Si₆O₂₄)(CO₃,SO₄)₂ · 2H₂O
Al	ⓘ Cordierite	(Mg,Fe)₂Al₃(AlSi₅O₁₈)
Al	ⓘ Crandallite	CaAl₃(PO₄)(PO₃OH)(OH)₆
Al	ⓘ Delhayelite	(Na,K)₁₀Ca₅Al₆Si₃₂O₈₀(Cl₂,F₂,SO₄)₃ · 18H₂O
Al	ⓘ Elpasolite	K₂NaAlF₆
Al	ⓘ Epidote	(CaCa)(AlAlFe³⁺)O[Si₂O₇][SiO₄](OH)
Al	ⓘ Kalsilite	KAlSiO₄
Al	ⓘ Anorthite var. Labradorite	(Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si₂O₈]
Al	ⓘ Leucite	K(AlSi₂O₆)
Al	ⓘ Nepheline	Na₃K(Al₄Si₄O₁₆)
Al	ⓘ Phlogopite	KMg₃(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
Al	ⓘ Sanidine	K(AlSi₃O₈)
Al	ⓘ Sillimanite	Al₂(SiO₄)O
Al	ⓘ Sodalite	Na₄(Si₃Al₃)O₁₂Cl
Al	ⓘ Spinel	MgAl₂O₄
Al	ⓘ Trikalsilite	K₂NaAl₃(SiO₄)₃
Al	ⓘ Tschermigite	(NH₄)Al(SO₄)₂ · 12H₂O
Al	ⓘ Hornblende Root Name Group	◻Ca₂(Z₄²⁺Z³⁺)(AlSi₇O₂₂)(OH,F,Cl)₂
Al	ⓘ Plagioclase	(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈
Al	ⓘ Biotite var. Titanium-bearing Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
Al	ⓘ Umbrianite	K₇Na₂Ca₂[Al₃Si₁₀O₂₉]F₂Cl₂
Si	Silicon
Si	ⓘ Aegirine	NaFe³⁺Si₂O₆
Si	ⓘ Aegirine-augite	(Na_aCa_bFe_c²⁺Mg_d)(Fe_e³⁺Al_fFe_g²⁺Mg_h)Si₂O₆
Si	ⓘ Åkermanite	Ca₂Mg[Si₂O₇]
Si	ⓘ Albite	Na(AlSi₃O₈)
Si	ⓘ Amphibole Supergroup	AB₂C₅((Si,Al,Ti)₈O₂₂)(OH,F,Cl,O)₂
Si	ⓘ Andradite	Ca₃Fe₂³⁺(SiO₄)₃
Si	ⓘ Andrémeyerite	BaFe₂²⁺(Si₂O₇)
Si	ⓘ Anorthite	Ca(Al₂Si₂O₈)
Si	ⓘ Albite var. Anorthoclase	(Na,K)AlSi₃O₈
Si	ⓘ Augite	(Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆
Si	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
Si	ⓘ Cancrinite	(Na,Ca,◻)₈(Al₆Si₆O₂₄)(CO₃,SO₄)₂ · 2H₂O
Si	ⓘ Diopside var. Chromium-bearing Diopside	Ca(Mg,Cr)Si₂O₆
Si	ⓘ Combeite	Na_4.5Ca_3.5Si₆O_17.5(OH)_0.5
Si	ⓘ Cordierite	(Mg,Fe)₂Al₃(AlSi₅O₁₈)
Si	ⓘ Cuspidine	Ca₈(Si₂O₇)₂F₄
Si	ⓘ Delhayelite	(Na,K)₁₀Ca₅Al₆Si₃₂O₈₀(Cl₂,F₂,SO₄)₃ · 18H₂O
Si	ⓘ Diopside	CaMgSi₂O₆
Si	ⓘ Epidote	(CaCa)(AlAlFe³⁺)O[Si₂O₇][SiO₄](OH)
Si	ⓘ Eudialyte	Na₁₅Ca₆Fe₃Zr₃Si(Si₂₅O₇₃)(O,OH,H₂O)₃(Cl,OH)₂
Si	ⓘ Fayalite	Fe₂²⁺SiO₄
Si	ⓘ Forsterite	Mg₂SiO₄
Si	ⓘ Fresnoite	Ba₂Ti(Si₂O₇)O
Si	ⓘ Götzenite	NaCa₆Ti(Si₂O₇)₂OF₃
Si	ⓘ Hedenbergite	CaFe²⁺Si₂O₆
Si	ⓘ Hieratite	K₂[SiF₆]
Si	ⓘ Kalsilite	KAlSiO₄
Si	ⓘ Kirschsteinite	CaFe²⁺SiO₄
Si	ⓘ Anorthite var. Labradorite	(Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si₂O₈]
Si	ⓘ Leucite	K(AlSi₂O₆)
Si	ⓘ Nepheline	Na₃K(Al₄Si₄O₁₆)
Si	ⓘ Pectolite	NaCa₂Si₃O₈(OH)
Si	ⓘ Phlogopite	KMg₃(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
Si	ⓘ Quartz	SiO₂
Si	ⓘ Sanidine	K(AlSi₃O₈)
Si	ⓘ Sillimanite	Al₂(SiO₄)O
Si	ⓘ Sodalite	Na₄(Si₃Al₃)O₁₂Cl
Si	ⓘ Tetraferriphlogopite	KMg₃(Fe³⁺Si₃O₁₀)(OH,F)₂
Si	ⓘ Titanite	CaTi(SiO₄)O
Si	ⓘ Trikalsilite	K₂NaAl₃(SiO₄)₃
Si	ⓘ Wollastonite	Ca₃(Si₃O₉)
Si	ⓘ Zircon	Zr(SiO₄)
Si	ⓘ Andradite var. Melanite	Ca₃Fe₂³⁺(SiO₄)₃
Si	ⓘ Fayalite-Forsterite Series
Si	ⓘ Hornblende Root Name Group	◻Ca₂(Z₄²⁺Z³⁺)(AlSi₇O₂₂)(OH,F,Cl)₂
Si	ⓘ Plagioclase	(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈
Si	ⓘ Pyroxene Group	ADSi₂O₆
Si	ⓘ Garnet Group	X₃Z₂(SiO₄)₃
Si	ⓘ Diopside var. Salite	CaMgSi₂O₆
Si	ⓘ Biotite var. Titanium-bearing Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
Si	ⓘ Melilite Group	Ca₂M(XSiO₇)
Si	ⓘ Umbrianite	K₇Na₂Ca₂[Al₃Si₁₀O₂₉]F₂Cl₂
P	Phosphorus
P	ⓘ Crandallite	CaAl₃(PO₄)(PO₃OH)(OH)₆
P	ⓘ Apatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃(Cl/F/OH)
S	Sulfur
S	ⓘ Anglesite	PbSO₄
S	ⓘ Aphthitalite	(K,Na)₃Na(SO₄)₂
S	ⓘ Baryte	BaSO₄
S	ⓘ Cancrinite	(Na,Ca,◻)₈(Al₆Si₆O₂₄)(CO₃,SO₄)₂ · 2H₂O
S	ⓘ Chalcanthite	CuSO₄ · 5H₂O
S	ⓘ Delhayelite	(Na,K)₁₀Ca₅Al₆Si₃₂O₈₀(Cl₂,F₂,SO₄)₃ · 18H₂O
S	ⓘ Gypsum	CaSO₄ · 2H₂O
S	ⓘ Mascagnite	(NH₄)₂SO₄
S	ⓘ Pyrrhotite	Fe_1-xS
S	ⓘ Native Sulphur	S₈
S	ⓘ Thénardite	Na₂SO₄
S	ⓘ Troilite	FeS
S	ⓘ Tschermigite	(NH₄)Al(SO₄)₂ · 12H₂O
S	ⓘ Chlorbartonite	K₆Fe₂₄S₂₆(Cl,S)
S	ⓘ UM1975-16-SO:HKZn	K₂Zn(SO₄)₂ · 2H₂O
Cl	Chlorine
Cl	ⓘ Amphibole Supergroup	AB₂C₅((Si,Al,Ti)₈O₂₂)(OH,F,Cl,O)₂
Cl	ⓘ Delhayelite	(Na,K)₁₀Ca₅Al₆Si₃₂O₈₀(Cl₂,F₂,SO₄)₃ · 18H₂O
Cl	ⓘ Eudialyte	Na₁₅Ca₆Fe₃Zr₃Si(Si₂₅O₇₃)(O,OH,H₂O)₃(Cl,OH)₂
Cl	ⓘ Halite	NaCl
Cl	ⓘ Sodalite	Na₄(Si₃Al₃)O₁₂Cl
Cl	ⓘ Sylvite	KCl
Cl	ⓘ Hornblende Root Name Group	◻Ca₂(Z₄²⁺Z³⁺)(AlSi₇O₂₂)(OH,F,Cl)₂
Cl	ⓘ Chlorbartonite	K₆Fe₂₄S₂₆(Cl,S)
Cl	ⓘ Apatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃(Cl/F/OH)
Cl	ⓘ Umbrianite	K₇Na₂Ca₂[Al₃Si₁₀O₂₉]F₂Cl₂
K	Potassium
K	ⓘ Albite var. Anorthoclase	(Na,K)AlSi₃O₈
K	ⓘ Aphthitalite	(K,Na)₃Na(SO₄)₂
K	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
K	ⓘ Delhayelite	(Na,K)₁₀Ca₅Al₆Si₃₂O₈₀(Cl₂,F₂,SO₄)₃ · 18H₂O
K	ⓘ Elpasolite	K₂NaAlF₆
K	ⓘ Hieratite	K₂[SiF₆]
K	ⓘ Kalsilite	KAlSiO₄
K	ⓘ Leucite	K(AlSi₂O₆)
K	ⓘ Nepheline	Na₃K(Al₄Si₄O₁₆)
K	ⓘ Phlogopite	KMg₃(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
K	ⓘ Sanidine	K(AlSi₃O₈)
K	ⓘ Sylvite	KCl
K	ⓘ Tetraferriphlogopite	KMg₃(Fe³⁺Si₃O₁₀)(OH,F)₂
K	ⓘ Trikalsilite	K₂NaAl₃(SiO₄)₃
K	ⓘ Biotite var. Titanium-bearing Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
K	ⓘ Chlorbartonite	K₆Fe₂₄S₂₆(Cl,S)
K	ⓘ Umbrianite	K₇Na₂Ca₂[Al₃Si₁₀O₂₉]F₂Cl₂
K	ⓘ UM1975-16-SO:HKZn	K₂Zn(SO₄)₂ · 2H₂O
Ca	Calcium
Ca	ⓘ Aegirine-augite	(Na_aCa_bFe_c²⁺Mg_d)(Fe_e³⁺Al_fFe_g²⁺Mg_h)Si₂O₆
Ca	ⓘ Åkermanite	Ca₂Mg[Si₂O₇]
Ca	ⓘ Andradite	Ca₃Fe₂³⁺(SiO₄)₃
Ca	ⓘ Anorthite	Ca(Al₂Si₂O₈)
Ca	ⓘ Augite	(Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆
Ca	ⓘ Calcite	CaCO₃
Ca	ⓘ Cancrinite	(Na,Ca,◻)₈(Al₆Si₆O₂₄)(CO₃,SO₄)₂ · 2H₂O
Ca	ⓘ Diopside var. Chromium-bearing Diopside	Ca(Mg,Cr)Si₂O₆
Ca	ⓘ Combeite	Na_4.5Ca_3.5Si₆O_17.5(OH)_0.5
Ca	ⓘ Crandallite	CaAl₃(PO₄)(PO₃OH)(OH)₆
Ca	ⓘ Cuspidine	Ca₈(Si₂O₇)₂F₄
Ca	ⓘ Delhayelite	(Na,K)₁₀Ca₅Al₆Si₃₂O₈₀(Cl₂,F₂,SO₄)₃ · 18H₂O
Ca	ⓘ Diopside	CaMgSi₂O₆
Ca	ⓘ Dolomite	CaMg(CO₃)₂
Ca	ⓘ Epidote	(CaCa)(AlAlFe³⁺)O[Si₂O₇][SiO₄](OH)
Ca	ⓘ Eudialyte	Na₁₅Ca₆Fe₃Zr₃Si(Si₂₅O₇₃)(O,OH,H₂O)₃(Cl,OH)₂
Ca	ⓘ Fluorite	CaF₂
Ca	ⓘ Götzenite	NaCa₆Ti(Si₂O₇)₂OF₃
Ca	ⓘ Gypsum	CaSO₄ · 2H₂O
Ca	ⓘ Hedenbergite	CaFe²⁺Si₂O₆
Ca	ⓘ Kirschsteinite	CaFe²⁺SiO₄
Ca	ⓘ Anorthite var. Labradorite	(Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si₂O₈]
Ca	ⓘ Pectolite	NaCa₂Si₃O₈(OH)
Ca	ⓘ Perovskite	CaTiO₃
Ca	ⓘ Titanite	CaTi(SiO₄)O
Ca	ⓘ Wollastonite	Ca₃(Si₃O₉)
Ca	ⓘ Andradite var. Melanite	Ca₃Fe₂³⁺(SiO₄)₃
Ca	ⓘ Hornblende Root Name Group	◻Ca₂(Z₄²⁺Z³⁺)(AlSi₇O₂₂)(OH,F,Cl)₂
Ca	ⓘ Plagioclase	(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈
Ca	ⓘ Diopside var. Salite	CaMgSi₂O₆
Ca	ⓘ Apatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃(Cl/F/OH)
Ca	ⓘ Melilite Group	Ca₂M(XSiO₇)
Ca	ⓘ Umbrianite	K₇Na₂Ca₂[Al₃Si₁₀O₂₉]F₂Cl₂
Ti	Titanium
Ti	ⓘ Amphibole Supergroup	AB₂C₅((Si,Al,Ti)₈O₂₂)(OH,F,Cl,O)₂
Ti	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
Ti	ⓘ Fresnoite	Ba₂Ti(Si₂O₇)O
Ti	ⓘ Götzenite	NaCa₆Ti(Si₂O₇)₂OF₃
Ti	ⓘ Ilmenite	Fe²⁺TiO₃
Ti	ⓘ Perovskite	CaTiO₃
Ti	ⓘ Rutile	TiO₂
Ti	ⓘ Titanite	CaTi(SiO₄)O
Ti	ⓘ Magnetite var. Titanium-bearing Magnetite	Fe²⁺(Fe³⁺,Ti)₂O₄
Ti	ⓘ Biotite var. Titanium-bearing Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
Cr	Chromium
Cr	ⓘ Diopside var. Chromium-bearing Diopside	Ca(Mg,Cr)Si₂O₆
Mn	Manganese
Mn	ⓘ Columbite-(Fe)-Columbite-(Mn) Series
Fe	Iron
Fe	ⓘ Aegirine	NaFe³⁺Si₂O₆
Fe	ⓘ Aegirine-augite	(Na_aCa_bFe_c²⁺Mg_d)(Fe_e³⁺Al_fFe_g²⁺Mg_h)Si₂O₆
Fe	ⓘ Andradite	Ca₃Fe₂³⁺(SiO₄)₃
Fe	ⓘ Andrémeyerite	BaFe₂²⁺(Si₂O₇)
Fe	ⓘ Augite	(Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆
Fe	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
Fe	ⓘ Cordierite	(Mg,Fe)₂Al₃(AlSi₅O₁₈)
Fe	ⓘ Epidote	(CaCa)(AlAlFe³⁺)O[Si₂O₇][SiO₄](OH)
Fe	ⓘ Eudialyte	Na₁₅Ca₆Fe₃Zr₃Si(Si₂₅O₇₃)(O,OH,H₂O)₃(Cl,OH)₂
Fe	ⓘ Fayalite	Fe₂²⁺SiO₄
Fe	ⓘ Hedenbergite	CaFe²⁺Si₂O₆
Fe	ⓘ Ilmenite	Fe²⁺TiO₃
Fe	ⓘ Kirschsteinite	CaFe²⁺SiO₄
Fe	ⓘ Magnetite	Fe²⁺Fe₂³⁺O₄
Fe	ⓘ Pyrrhotite	Fe_1-xS
Fe	ⓘ Tetraferriphlogopite	KMg₃(Fe³⁺Si₃O₁₀)(OH,F)₂
Fe	ⓘ Magnetite var. Titanium-bearing Magnetite	Fe²⁺(Fe³⁺,Ti)₂O₄
Fe	ⓘ Troilite	FeS
Fe	ⓘ Andradite var. Melanite	Ca₃Fe₂³⁺(SiO₄)₃
Fe	ⓘ Fayalite-Forsterite Series
Fe	ⓘ Columbite-(Fe)-Columbite-(Mn) Series
Fe	ⓘ Biotite var. Titanium-bearing Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
Fe	ⓘ Chlorbartonite	K₆Fe₂₄S₂₆(Cl,S)
Cu	Copper
Cu	ⓘ Chalcanthite	CuSO₄ · 5H₂O
Zn	Zinc
Zn	ⓘ UM1975-16-SO:HKZn	K₂Zn(SO₄)₂ · 2H₂O
Zr	Zirconium
Zr	ⓘ Baddeleyite	ZrO₂
Zr	ⓘ Eudialyte	Na₁₅Ca₆Fe₃Zr₃Si(Si₂₅O₇₃)(O,OH,H₂O)₃(Cl,OH)₂
Zr	ⓘ Zircon	Zr(SiO₄)
Nb	Niobium
Nb	ⓘ Pyrochlore Group	A₂Nb₂(O,OH)₆Z
Nb	ⓘ Columbite-(Fe)-Columbite-(Mn) Series
Nb	ⓘ Pyrochlore Group var. Zero valent dominant member of Pyrochlore Group	A₂Nb₂(O,OH)₆Z
Sn	Tin
Sn	ⓘ Cassiterite	SnO₂
Ba	Barium
Ba	ⓘ Andrémeyerite	BaFe₂²⁺(Si₂O₇)
Ba	ⓘ Baryte	BaSO₄
Ba	ⓘ Fresnoite	Ba₂Ti(Si₂O₇)O
Pb	Lead
Pb	ⓘ Anglesite	PbSO₄

Fossils

There are 23 fossil localities from the PaleoBioDB database within this region.

These data are provided on an experimental basis and are taken from external databases. Mindat.org has no control currently over the accuracy of these data.

Occurrences

631

Youngest Fossil Listed

0.01 Ma (Pleistocene)

Oldest Fossil Listed

5.33 Ma (Miocene)

Stratigraphic Units

Unit	No. Occurrences	Age
Albertine	317	0.0117 - 0 Ma (Quaternary)
Semliki - Lusso Beds	75	5.333 - 0.0117 Ma (Cenozoic)

Fossils from Region

Click here to show the list.

Accepted Name	Hierarchy	Age
Osteichthyes unranked clade	Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes	5.333 - 0 Ma Cenozoic
Siluriformes order	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopterygii : Siluriformes	0.126 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Mammalia class	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia	5.333 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Carnivora order	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora	0.126 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Pleurodira suborder	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Testudines : Pleurodira	5.333 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Trionychidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Testudines : Trionychidae	5.333 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Cycloderma genus	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Testudines : Trionychidae : *Cycloderma*	5.333 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Testudinidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Testudines : Testudinidae	5.333 - 0 Ma Cenozoic
Crocodylidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Crocodylia : Crocodylidae	5.333 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Accipitridae family	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Accipitriformes : Accipitridae	0.126 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Ciconiidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Ciconiiformes : Ciconiidae	0.126 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Cercopithecidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Primates : Cercopithecidae	5.333 - 0 Ma Cenozoic
Theropithecus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Primates : Cercopithecidae : *Theropithecus*	5.333 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Viverridae family	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Viverridae	2.588 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Felis genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Felidae : *Felis*	0.126 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Aonyx genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Mustelidae : *Aonyx*	2.588 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Canis genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Canidae : *Canis*	0.126 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Rodentia order	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia	0.0117 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Hystrix genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia : Hystricidae : *Hystrix*	2.588 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Lagomorpha order	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Lagomorpha	0.126 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Suidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Suidae	5.333 - 0 Ma Cenozoic
Kolpochoerus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Suidae : *Kolpochoerus*	5.333 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Metridiochoerus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Suidae : *Metridiochoerus*	5.333 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Phacochoerus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Suidae : *Phacochoerus*	2.588 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Potamochoerus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Suidae : *Potamochoerus*	0.126 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Hippopotamidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Hippopotamidae	5.333 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Giraffidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Giraffidae	5.333 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Bovidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae	5.333 - 0 Ma Cenozoic
Alcelaphus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : *Alcelaphus*	0.126 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Kobus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : *Kobus*	2.588 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Syncerus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : *Syncerus*	5.333 - 0 Ma Cenozoic
Tragelaphus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : *Tragelaphus*	5.333 - 0 Ma Cenozoic
Equidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Equidae	5.333 - 0 Ma Cenozoic
Equus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Equidae : *Equus*	5.333 - 0 Ma Cenozoic
Rhinocerotidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Rhinocerotidae	5.333 - 0 Ma Cenozoic
Stegodon genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Proboscidea : Stegodontidae : *Stegodon*	0.0117 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Panthera leo species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Felidae : Panthera : *Panthera leo*	0.126 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Taurotragus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : *Taurotragus*	0.126 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Acacia genus	Plantae : Tracheophyta : Magnoliopsida : Fabales : Fabaceae : *Acacia*	5.333 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Ophidia suborder	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Squamata : Ophidia	2.588 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Salix genus	Plantae : Tracheophyta : Magnoliopsida : Malpighiales : Salicaceae : *Salix*	5.333 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Diospyros genus	Plantae : Tracheophyta : Magnoliopsida : Ericales : Ebenaceae : *Diospyros*	5.333 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Pteridophyta phylum	Plantae : Pteridophyta	5.333 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Gramineae family	Plantae : Angiospermae : Cyperales : Gramineae	5.333 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Bagridae family	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Siluriformes : Bagridae	5.333 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Barbus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopterygii : Cypriniformes : Cyprinidae : *Barbus*	2.588 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Anas genus	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Anseriformes : Anatidae : *Anas*	0.126 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Hippopotamus amphibius species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Hippopotamidae : Hippopotamus : *Hippopotamus amphibius*	5.333 - 0 Ma Cenozoic
Hexaprotodon imaguncula species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Hippopotamidae : Hexaprotodon : *Hexaprotodon imaguncula*	5.333 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Juniperus genus	Plantae : Tracheophyta : Pinopsida : Pinales : Cupressaceae : *Juniperus*	5.333 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Homo sapiens species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Primates : Hominidae : Homo : *Homo sapiens*	5.333 - 0 Ma Cenozoic
Protopterus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Ceratodontiformes : Lepidosirenidae : *Protopterus*	2.588 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Bovini tribe	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Bovini	5.333 - 0 Ma Cenozoic
Tragelaphini tribe	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Tragelaphini	0.126 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Reduncini tribe	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Reduncini	5.333 - 0 Ma Cenozoic
Alcelaphini tribe	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Alcelaphini	5.333 - 0 Ma Cenozoic
Potamochoerus porcus species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Suidae : Potamochoerus : *Potamochoerus porcus*	2.588 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Aegypiinae subfamily	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Accipitriformes : Accipitridae : Aegypiinae	0.126 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Bellamya genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Architaenioglossa : Viviparidae : *Bellamya*	5.333 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Orycteropus afer species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Tubulidentata : Orycteropodidae : Orycteropus : *Orycteropus afer*	0.126 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Pelusios genus	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Testudines : Pelomedusidae : *Pelusios*	5.333 - 0 Ma Cenozoic
Clarias genus	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Siluriformes : Clariidae : *Clarias*	2.588 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Lates genus	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopterygii : Perciformes : Latidae : *Lates*	5.333 - 0 Ma Cenozoic
Polypterus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopterygii : Polypteriformes : Polypteridae : *Polypterus*	2.588 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Gymnarchus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopterygii : Osteoglossiformes : Gymnarchidae : *Gymnarchus*	5.333 - 0 Ma Cenozoic
Synodontis genus	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Siluriformes : Mochokidae : *Synodontis*	5.333 - 0 Ma Cenozoic
Phacochoerus aethiopicus species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Suidae : Phacochoerus : *Phacochoerus aethiopicus*	0.126 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Palaeoloxodon recki species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Proboscidea : Elephantidae : Elephas : *Palaeoloxodon recki*	5.333 - 0 Ma Cenozoic
Pelorovis antiquus species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Pelorovis : *Pelorovis antiquus*	0.126 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Connochaetes taurina species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Connochaetes : *Connochaetes taurina*	2.588 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Varanus niloticus species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Squamata : Varanidae : Varanus : *Varanus niloticus*	2.588 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Buteoninae subfamily	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Accipitriformes : Accipitridae : Buteoninae	0.126 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Ourebia genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : *Ourebia*	0.0117 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Ourebia ourebi species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Ourebia : *Ourebia ourebi*	0.126 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Hippotragus equinus species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Hippotragus : *Hippotragus equinus*	0.126 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Alcelaphus lichtensteinii species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Alcelaphus : *Alcelaphus lichtensteinii*	2.588 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Alcelaphus buselaphus species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Alcelaphus : *Alcelaphus buselaphus*	2.588 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Kobus ellipsiprymnus species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Kobus : *Kobus ellipsiprymnus*	0.126 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Redunca redunca species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Redunca : *Redunca redunca*	2.588 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Tragelaphus spekii species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Tragelaphus : *Tragelaphus spekii*	2.588 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Syncerus caffer species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Syncerus : *Syncerus caffer*	2.588 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Lutra maculicollis species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Mustelidae : Lutra : *Lutra maculicollis*	0.126 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Loxodonta africana species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Proboscidea : Elephantidae : Loxodonta : *Loxodonta africana*	2.588 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Crocodylus niloticus species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Crocodylia : Crocodylidae : Crocodylus : *Crocodylus niloticus*	5.333 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Stegodon kaisensis species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Proboscidea : Stegodontidae : Stegodon : *Stegodon kaisensis*	5.333 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Francolinus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Galliformes : Phasianidae : *Francolinus*	0.126 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Cichlidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Cichliformes : Cichlidae	5.333 - 0 Ma Cenozoic
Caelatura genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Littorinimorpha : Barleeiidae : *Caelatura*	5.333 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Struthio camelus species	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Struthioniformes : Struthionidae : Struthio : *Struthio camelus*	0.126 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Lycaon pictus species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Canidae : Lycaon : *Lycaon pictus*	0.0117 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Hylochoerus meinertzhageni species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Suidae : Hylochoerus : *Hylochoerus meinertzhageni*	0.126 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Bulinus genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Bulinidae : *Bulinus*	5.333 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Tragelaphus scriptus species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Tragelaphus : *Tragelaphus scriptus*	0.126 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Tragelaphus strepsiceros species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Tragelaphus : *Tragelaphus strepsiceros*	0.126 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Damaliscus dorcas species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Damaliscus : *Damaliscus dorcas*	2.588 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Kobus kob species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Kobus : *Kobus kob*	5.333 - 0 Ma Cenozoic
Kobus defassa species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Kobus : *Kobus defassa*	0.126 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Equus quagga burchelli subspecies	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Equidae : Equus : *Equus quagga burchelli*	2.588 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Dendrohyrax arboreus species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Hyracoidea : Procaviidae : Dendrohyrax : *Dendrohyrax arboreus*	0.0117 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Tilapiini tribe	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Cichliformes : Cichlidae : Tilapiini	0.0117 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Heterobranchus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Siluriformes : Clariidae : *Heterobranchus*	0.126 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Podocarpus genus	Plantae : Tracheophyta : Pinopsida : Pinales : Podocarpaceae : *Podocarpus*	5.333 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Eupera genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Sphaeriida : Sphaeriidae : *Eupera*	5.333 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Characidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Characiformes : Characidae	5.333 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Protopterus aethiopicus species	Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Ceratodontiformes : Lepidosirenidae : Protopterus : *Protopterus aethiopicus*	0.126 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Phalacrocorax carbo species	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Suliformes : Phalacrocoracidae : Phalacrocorax : *Phalacrocorax carbo*	0.126 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Grewia genus	Plantae : Spermatophyta : Magnoliopsida : Malvales : Tiliaceae : *Grewia*	5.333 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Clarotes genus	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Siluriformes : Claroteidae : *Clarotes*	5.333 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Hydrocynus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Characiformes : Alestidae : *Hydrocynus*	5.333 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Pleiodon genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Unionida : Iridinidae : *Pleiodon*	5.333 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Anhinga melanogaster species	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Suliformes : Anhingidae : Anhinga : *Anhinga melanogaster*	0.126 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Ardea alba species	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Pelecaniformes : Ardeidae : Ardea : *Ardea alba*	0.126 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Numenius phaeopus species	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Charadriiformes : Scolopacidae : Numenius : *Numenius phaeopus*	0.126 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Plectropterus gambensis species	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Anseriformes : Anatidae : Plectropterus : *Plectropterus gambensis*	0.126 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Microcarbo africanus species	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Suliformes : Phalacrocoracidae : Microcarbo : *Microcarbo africanus*	0.126 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Hydroprogne caspia species	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Charadriiformes : Laridae : Hydroprogne : *Hydroprogne caspia*	0.0117 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Anastomus lamelligerus species	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Ciconiiformes : Ciconiidae : Anastomus : *Anastomus lamelligerus*	0.126 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Haliaeetus vocifer species	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Accipitriformes : Accipitridae : Haliaeetus : *Haliaeetus vocifer*	0.126 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Hippotragus niro species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Hippotragus : *Hippotragus niro*	2.588 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Kobus sigmoidalis species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Kobus : *Kobus sigmoidalis*	5.333 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Redunca ancystrocera species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Redunca : *Redunca ancystrocera*	5.333 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Menelikia lyrocera species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Menelikia : *Menelikia lyrocera*	5.333 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Hylochoerus euilus species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Suidae : Hylochoerus : *Hylochoerus euilus*	5.333 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Thryonomys swinderianus species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia : Thryonomyidae : Thryonomys : *Thryonomys swinderianus*	0.126 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Damaliscus lunatus species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Damaliscus : *Damaliscus lunatus*	0.126 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Pelecanus rufescens species	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Pelecaniformes : Pelecanidae : Pelecanus : *Pelecanus rufescens*	0.126 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Mycteria ibis species	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Ciconiiformes : Ciconiidae : Mycteria : *Mycteria ibis*	0.126 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Phoenicoparrus minor species	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Phoenicopteriformes : Phoenicopteridae : Phoenicoparrus : *Phoenicoparrus minor*	0.126 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Larus fuscus species	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Charadriiformes : Laridae : Larus : *Larus fuscus*	0.0117 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus species	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Charadriiformes : Laridae : Chroicocephalus : *Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus*	0.0117 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Bubo lacteus species	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Strigiformes : Strigidae : Bubo : *Bubo lacteus*	0.0117 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Corvus albicollis species	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Passeriformes : Corvidae : Corvus : *Corvus albicollis*	0.126 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Bellamya unicolor species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Architaenioglossa : Viviparidae : Bellamya : *Bellamya unicolor*	5.333 - 0 Ma Cenozoic
Pila ovata species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Architaenioglossa : Ampullariidae : Pila : *Pila ovata*	0.126 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Gabbiella senaariensis species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Bithyniidae : Gabbiella : *Gabbiella senaariensis*	0.126 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Gabbiella humerosa species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Bithyniidae : Gabbiella : *Gabbiella humerosa*	0.126 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Cleopatra bulimoides species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Sorbeoconcha : Paludomidae : Cleopatra : *Cleopatra bulimoides*	0.126 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Melanoides tuberculata species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Sorbeoconcha : Thiaridae : Melanoides : *Melanoides tuberculata*	0.126 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Lymnaea natalensis species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Basommatophora : Lymnaeidae : Lymnaea : *Lymnaea natalensis*	0.0117 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Burnupia edwardiana species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Burnupiidae : Burnupia : *Burnupia edwardiana*	0.126 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Ceratophallus kigeziensis species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Basommatophora : Planorbidae : Ceratophallus : *Ceratophallus kigeziensis*	0.126 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Ceratophallus bicarinatus species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Basommatophora : Planorbidae : Ceratophallus : *Ceratophallus bicarinatus*	0.0117 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Ceratophallus apertus species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Basommatophora : Planorbidae : Ceratophallus : *Ceratophallus apertus*	0.126 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Ceratophallus faini species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Basommatophora : Planorbidae : Ceratophallus : *Ceratophallus faini*	0.126 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Gyraulus costulatus species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Basommatophora : Planorbidae : Gyraulus : *Gyraulus costulatus*	0.126 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Biomphalaria choanomphala species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Basommatophora : Planorbidae : Biomphalaria : *Biomphalaria choanomphala*	0.126 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Biomphalaria sudanica species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Basommatophora : Planorbidae : Biomphalaria : *Biomphalaria sudanica*	0.0117 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Bulinus truncatus species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Basommatophora : Planorbidae : Bulinus : *Bulinus truncatus*	0.0117 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Achatina stuhlmanni species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Stylommatophora : Achatinidae : Achatina : *Achatina stuhlmanni*	0.126 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Limicolaria martensiana species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Achatinidae : Limicolaria : *Limicolaria martensiana*	0.126 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Curvella genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Stylommatophora : Achatinidae : *Curvella*	0.126 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Succinea baumanni species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Stylommatophora : Succineidae : Succinea : *Succinea baumanni*	0.126 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Coelatura bakeri species	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Unionida : Unionidae : Coelatura : *Coelatura bakeri*	0.126 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Coelatura acuminata species	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Unionida : Unionidae : Coelatura : *Coelatura acuminata*	0.126 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Aspatharia genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Unionida : Mutelidae : *Aspatharia*	5.333 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Aspatharia rubens species	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Unionida : Iridinidae : Aspatharia : *Aspatharia rubens*	0.126 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Mutela nilotica species	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Unionida : Iridinidae : Mutela : *Mutela nilotica*	0.126 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Etheria genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Unionida : Etheriidae : *Etheria*	5.333 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Etheria elliptica species	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Unionida : Etheriidae : Etheria : *Etheria elliptica*	0.126 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Corbicula consobrina species	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Venerida : Cyrenidae : Corbicula : *Corbicula consobrina*	0.126 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Sphaerium hartmanni species	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Veneroidei : Sphaeriidae : Sphaerium : *Sphaerium hartmanni*	0.126 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Pisidium victoriae species	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Sphaeriida : Sphaeriidae : Pisidium : *Pisidium victoriae*	0.126 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Barbus bynni species	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Cypriniformes : Cyprinidae : Barbus : *Barbus bynni*	0.126 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Barbus altianalis species	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Cypriniformes : Cyprinidae : Barbus : *Barbus altianalis*	0.126 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Bagrus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Siluriformes : Bagridae : *Bagrus*	5.333 - 0 Ma Cenozoic
Synodontis schall species	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Siluriformes : Mochokidae : Synodontis : *Synodontis schall*	0.126 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Synodontis frontosus species	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Siluriformes : Mochokidae : Synodontis : *Synodontis frontosus*	0.126 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Lates niloticus species	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Perciformes : Latidae : Lates : *Lates niloticus*	5.333 - 0 Ma Cenozoic

Fossil Localities

Click to show 23 fossil localities

Other Databases

Wikipedia:	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virunga_National_Park
Wikidata ID:	Q223589
GeoNames ID:	6942127

Localities in this Region

DR Congo

North Kivu
- Beni Territory
  - Bashu
    - Bingo carbonatite
  - Ruwenzori
    - Mutwanga
      - Alexandra Peak
      - Mont Emin
- Masisi Territory
  - Bahunde
    - Nyamuragira volcano
      - Rugarama cone
- Nyiragongo Territory
  - Mikeno Volcano
  - Nyiragongo Volcano
    - Kabfumu
    - Mount Shaheru

Other Regions, Features and Areas that Intersect

AfricaContinent

East African Rift System (EARS)Zone (Tectonic)
- Albertine RiftZone (Tectonic)
  - Ruwenzori MountainsRange of Mountains and Hills

African PlateTectonic Plate

African Plate

Albert-Edward Rift basinBasin
Congo Craton
- Kibaran BeltShield
East African Rift
- East African Rift-westNarrow Rift
Kivu Rift basinBasin

DR Congo

North Kivu
- Virunga Volcanic FieldVolcanic Field

Somali PlateTectonic Plate

This page contains all mineral locality references listed on mindat.org. This does not claim to be a complete list. If you know of more minerals from this site, please register so you can add to our database. This locality information is for reference purposes only. You should never attempt to visit any sites listed in mindat.org without first ensuring that you have the permission of the land and/or mineral rights holders for access and that you are aware of all safety precautions necessary.

References

Combe, A. D., & Simmons, W. C. (1933). The volcanic area of Bufumbira: The geology of the volcanic area of Bufumbira, south-west Uganda: Geol. Survey Uganda Mem. Ill, pt. I, 1-143.

Woolley, A. R. (2001) Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World, Part 3: Africa - Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World. The Geological Society of London.p.46

Quick NavTop Mineral List Rock Types Fossils Other Databases Localities in Region Other Regions References

Mindat.org® is an outreach project of the Hudson Institute of Mineralogy, a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization. Mindat® and mindat.org® are registered trademarks of the Hudson Institute of Mineralogy.
Copyright © mindat.org and the Hudson Institute of Mineralogy 1993-2026, except where stated. Most political location boundaries are © OpenStreetMap contributors. Mindat.org relies on the contributions of thousands of members and supporters. Founded in 2000 by Jolyon Ralph and Ida Chau.
Content on this site may not be used to train, fine-tune, or otherwise develop artificial intelligence or machine learning models without prior written permission - see our Terms & Conditions.
To cite: Ralph, J., Von Bargen, D., Martynov, P., Zhang, J., Que, X., Prabhu, A., Morrison, S. M., Li, W., Chen, W., & Ma, X. (2025). Mindat.org: The open access mineralogy database to accelerate data-intensive geoscience research. American Mineralogist, 110(6), 833–844. doi:10.2138/am-2024-9486.
Privacy Policy - Terms & Conditions - Contact Us / DMCA issues - Report a bug/vulnerability Current server date and time: October 19, 2026 09:54:23 Page updated: August 15, 2025 21:23:37

Go to top of page

Virunga National Park, North Kivu, DR CongoiRegional Level TypesVirunga National ParkNational Park North KivuProvince DR CongoCountry function showexplain() { $("#locexplain").toggle(); if (typeof movemap === "function") movemap(); }

Select Mineral List Type

Mineral List

Rock Types Recorded

Select Rock List Type

Detailed Mineral List:

Gallery:

List of minerals arranged by Strunz 10th Edition classification

List of minerals for each chemical element

Fossils

Other Databases

Localities in this Region

Other Regions, Features and Areas that Intersect

References

Virunga National Park, North Kivu, DR Congo i
Regional Level Types
Virunga National Park National Park
North Kivu Province
DR Congo Country