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Junguni Hill, Machinga, Southern Region, Malawii
Regional Level Types
Junguni HillHill
MachingaDistrict
Southern RegionRegion
MalawiCountry

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PhotosMapsSearch
04153560017271981845229.jpg
Kupletskite

Junguni Hill, Machinga, Southern Region, Malawi
08103710017272061362102.jpg
Kupletskite, etc.

Junguni Hill, Machinga, Southern Region, Malawi
04153560017271981845229.jpg
Kupletskite

Junguni Hill, Machinga, Southern Region, Malawi
08103710017272061362102.jpg
Kupletskite, etc.

Junguni Hill, Machinga, Southern Region, Malawi
04153560017271981845229.jpg
Kupletskite

Junguni Hill, Machinga, Southern Region, Malawi
08103710017272061362102.jpg
Kupletskite, etc.

Junguni Hill, Machinga, Southern Region, Malawi
Latitude & Longitude (WGS84):
15° 1' 59'' South , 35° 16' 59'' East
Latitude & Longitude (decimal):
-15.03333,35.28333
GeoHash:
G#: kv346zk83
GRN:
S11E24
Type:
Hill
Köppen climate type:
Aw : Tropical savanna, wet
Nearest Settlements:
PlacePopulationDistance
Liwonde22,469 (2013)7.2km
Machinga1,418 (2011)15.1km
Balaka18,902 (2011)35.7km
Zomba80,932 (2011)39.4km
Mindat Locality ID:
30879
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:2:30879:2
GUID (UUID V4):
0
Other/historical names associated with this locality:
Chinguni


Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous nepheline syenites and foyaites.

Junguni forms a horseshoe-shaped hill of nepheline syenite 2.5 km in diameter that is surrounded by recent unconsolidated sediments: there are 2 small satellite intrusions to the NE (Bloomfield 1965).

Select Mineral List Type

Standard Detailed Gallery Strunz Chemical Elements

Mineral List


16 valid minerals.

Rock Types Recorded

Note: data is currently VERY limited. Please bear with us while we work towards adding this information!

Select Rock List Type

Alphabetical List Tree Diagram

Detailed Mineral List:

ⓘ Aegirine
Formula: NaFe3+Si2O6
References:
Bloomfield, K. (1965). The geology of the Zomba area. Geological Survey Dept. Bulletin, (16).
Woolley, A. R., & Jones, G. C. (1987). The petrochemistry of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30(1), 335-355. doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.16
Woolley, Alan R., Platt, R. Garth (1988) The Peralkaline Nepheline Syenites of the Junguni Intrusion, Chilwa Province, Malawi. Mineralogical Magazine, 52 (367) 425-433 doi:10.1180/minmag.1988.052.367.01
Eby, G.N., Roden-Tice, M., Kreuger, H.L., Ewing, W., Faxon, E.H., and Woolley, A.R. (1995): Geochronology and cooling history of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi. Journal Afr. Earth Sci. 20, 275-288. doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(95)00054-W
Woolley, A. R. (2001) Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World, Part 3: Africa - Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World. The Geological Society of London.
ⓘ Albite
Formula: Na(AlSi3O8)
References:
Bloomfield, K. (1965). The geology of the Zomba area. Geological Survey Dept. Bulletin, (16).
Woolley, A. R., & Jones, G. C. (1987). The petrochemistry of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30(1), 335-355. doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.16
Woolley, Alan R., Platt, R. Garth (1988) The Peralkaline Nepheline Syenites of the Junguni Intrusion, Chilwa Province, Malawi. Mineralogical Magazine, 52 (367) 425-433 doi:10.1180/minmag.1988.052.367.01
Eby, G.N., Roden-Tice, M., Kreuger, H.L., Ewing, W., Faxon, E.H., and Woolley, A.R. (1995): Geochronology and cooling history of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi. Journal Afr. Earth Sci. 20, 275-288. doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(95)00054-W
Woolley, A. R. (2001) Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World, Part 3: Africa - Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World. The Geological Society of London.
ⓘ 'Alkali pyroxene'
References:
Bloomfield, K. (1965). The geology of the Zomba area. Geological Survey Dept. Bulletin, (16).
Woolley, A. R., & Jones, G. C. (1987). The petrochemistry of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30(1), 335-355. doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.16
Woolley, Alan R., Platt, R. Garth (1988) The Peralkaline Nepheline Syenites of the Junguni Intrusion, Chilwa Province, Malawi. Mineralogical Magazine, 52 (367) 425-433 doi:10.1180/minmag.1988.052.367.01
Eby, G.N., Roden-Tice, M., Kreuger, H.L., Ewing, W., Faxon, E.H., and Woolley, A.R. (1995): Geochronology and cooling history of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi. Journal Afr. Earth Sci. 20, 275-288. doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(95)00054-W
Woolley, A. R. (2001) Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World, Part 3: Africa - Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World. The Geological Society of London.
ⓘ 'Amphibole Supergroup'
Formula: AB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2
References:
Bloomfield, K. (1965). The geology of the Zomba area. Geological Survey Dept. Bulletin, (16).
Woolley, A. R., & Jones, G. C. (1987). The petrochemistry of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30(1), 335-355. doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.16
Woolley, Alan R., Platt, R. Garth (1988) The Peralkaline Nepheline Syenites of the Junguni Intrusion, Chilwa Province, Malawi. Mineralogical Magazine, 52 (367) 425-433 doi:10.1180/minmag.1988.052.367.01
Eby, G.N., Roden-Tice, M., Kreuger, H.L., Ewing, W., Faxon, E.H., and Woolley, A.R. (1995): Geochronology and cooling history of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi. Journal Afr. Earth Sci. 20, 275-288. doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(95)00054-W
Woolley, A. R. (2001) Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World, Part 3: Africa - Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World. The Geological Society of London.
ⓘ Arfvedsonite
Formula: [Na][Na2][Fe2+4Fe3+]Si8O22(OH)2
References:
Bloomfield, K. (1965). The geology of the Zomba area. Geological Survey Dept. Bulletin, (16).
Woolley, A. R., & Jones, G. C. (1987). The petrochemistry of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30(1), 335-355. doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.16
Woolley, Alan R., Platt, R. Garth (1988) The Peralkaline Nepheline Syenites of the Junguni Intrusion, Chilwa Province, Malawi. Mineralogical Magazine, 52 (367) 425-433 doi:10.1180/minmag.1988.052.367.01
Eby, G.N., Roden-Tice, M., Kreuger, H.L., Ewing, W., Faxon, E.H., and Woolley, A.R. (1995): Geochronology and cooling history of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi. Journal Afr. Earth Sci. 20, 275-288. doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(95)00054-W
Woolley, A. R. (2001) Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World, Part 3: Africa - Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World. The Geological Society of London.
Orris, Greta J., Grauch, Richard I. (2002) Rare Earth Element Mines, Deposits, and Occurrences. Open-File Report 2002-189. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr02189
ⓘ Astrophyllite
Formula: K2NaFe2+7Ti2[Si4O12]2O2(OH)4F
References:
Bloomfield, K. (1965). The geology of the Zomba area. Geological Survey Dept. Bulletin, (16).
Woolley, A. R., & Jones, G. C. (1987). The petrochemistry of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30(1), 335-355. doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.16
Woolley, Alan R., Platt, R. Garth (1988) The Peralkaline Nepheline Syenites of the Junguni Intrusion, Chilwa Province, Malawi. Mineralogical Magazine, 52 (367) 425-433 doi:10.1180/minmag.1988.052.367.01
Eby, G.N., Roden-Tice, M., Kreuger, H.L., Ewing, W., Faxon, E.H., and Woolley, A.R. (1995): Geochronology and cooling history of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi. Journal Afr. Earth Sci. 20, 275-288. doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(95)00054-W
Woolley, A. R. (2001) Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World, Part 3: Africa - Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World. The Geological Society of London.
Orris, Greta J., Grauch, Richard I. (2002) Rare Earth Element Mines, Deposits, and Occurrences. Open-File Report 2002-189. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr02189
ⓘ 'Biotite'
Formula: K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
References:
Bloomfield, K. (1965). The geology of the Zomba area. Geological Survey Dept. Bulletin, (16).
Woolley, A. R., & Jones, G. C. (1987). The petrochemistry of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30(1), 335-355. doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.16
Woolley, Alan R., Platt, R. Garth (1988) The Peralkaline Nepheline Syenites of the Junguni Intrusion, Chilwa Province, Malawi. Mineralogical Magazine, 52 (367) 425-433 doi:10.1180/minmag.1988.052.367.01
Eby, G.N., Roden-Tice, M., Kreuger, H.L., Ewing, W., Faxon, E.H., and Woolley, A.R. (1995): Geochronology and cooling history of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi. Journal Afr. Earth Sci. 20, 275-288. doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(95)00054-W
Woolley, A. R. (2001) Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World, Part 3: Africa - Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World. The Geological Society of London.
Orris, Greta J., Grauch, Richard I. (2002) Rare Earth Element Mines, Deposits, and Occurrences. Open-File Report 2002-189. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr02189
ⓘ Britholite-(Ce)
Formula: (Ce,Ca)5(SiO4)3OH
ⓘ 'Britholite Group'
Formula: (REE,Ca)5[(Si,P)O4]3X
References:
Bloomfield, K. (1965). The geology of the Zomba area. Geological Survey Dept. Bulletin, (16).
Woolley, A. R., & Jones, G. C. (1987). The petrochemistry of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30(1), 335-355. doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.16
Woolley, Alan R., Platt, R. Garth (1988) The Peralkaline Nepheline Syenites of the Junguni Intrusion, Chilwa Province, Malawi. Mineralogical Magazine, 52 (367) 425-433 doi:10.1180/minmag.1988.052.367.01
Eby, G.N., Roden-Tice, M., Kreuger, H.L., Ewing, W., Faxon, E.H., and Woolley, A.R. (1995): Geochronology and cooling history of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi. Journal Afr. Earth Sci. 20, 275-288. doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(95)00054-W
Woolley, A. R. (2001) Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World, Part 3: Africa - Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World. The Geological Society of London.
ⓘ Eckermannite
Formula: NaNa2(Mg4Al}Si8O22(OH)2
References:
Bloomfield, K. (1965). The geology of the Zomba area. Geological Survey Dept. Bulletin, (16).
Woolley, A. R., & Jones, G. C. (1987). The petrochemistry of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30(1), 335-355. doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.16
Woolley, Alan R., Platt, R. Garth (1988) The Peralkaline Nepheline Syenites of the Junguni Intrusion, Chilwa Province, Malawi. Mineralogical Magazine, 52 (367) 425-433 doi:10.1180/minmag.1988.052.367.01
Eby, G.N., Roden-Tice, M., Kreuger, H.L., Ewing, W., Faxon, E.H., and Woolley, A.R. (1995): Geochronology and cooling history of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi. Journal Afr. Earth Sci. 20, 275-288. doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(95)00054-W
Woolley, A. R. (2001) Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World, Part 3: Africa - Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World. The Geological Society of London.
ⓘ Eudialyte
Formula: Na15Ca6Fe3Zr3Si(Si25O73)(O,OH,H2O)3(Cl,OH)2
References:
Bloomfield, K. (1965). The geology of the Zomba area. Geological Survey Dept. Bulletin, (16).
Woolley, A. R., & Jones, G. C. (1987). The petrochemistry of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30(1), 335-355. doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.16
Woolley, Alan R., Platt, R. Garth (1988) The Peralkaline Nepheline Syenites of the Junguni Intrusion, Chilwa Province, Malawi. Mineralogical Magazine, 52 (367) 425-433 doi:10.1180/minmag.1988.052.367.01
Eby, G.N., Roden-Tice, M., Kreuger, H.L., Ewing, W., Faxon, E.H., and Woolley, A.R. (1995): Geochronology and cooling history of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi. Journal Afr. Earth Sci. 20, 275-288. doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(95)00054-W
Woolley, A. R. (2001) Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World, Part 3: Africa - Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World. The Geological Society of London.
Orris, Greta J., Grauch, Richard I. (2002) Rare Earth Element Mines, Deposits, and Occurrences. Open-File Report 2002-189. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr02189
ⓘ 'Feldspar Group'
References:
Bloomfield, K. (1965). The geology of the Zomba area. Geological Survey Dept. Bulletin, (16).
Woolley, A. R., & Jones, G. C. (1987). The petrochemistry of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30(1), 335-355. doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.16
Woolley, Alan R., Platt, R. Garth (1988) The Peralkaline Nepheline Syenites of the Junguni Intrusion, Chilwa Province, Malawi. Mineralogical Magazine, 52 (367) 425-433 doi:10.1180/minmag.1988.052.367.01
Eby, G.N., Roden-Tice, M., Kreuger, H.L., Ewing, W., Faxon, E.H., and Woolley, A.R. (1995): Geochronology and cooling history of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi. Journal Afr. Earth Sci. 20, 275-288. doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(95)00054-W
Woolley, A. R. (2001) Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World, Part 3: Africa - Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World. The Geological Society of London.
ⓘ 'Feldspar Group var. Perthite'
References:
Bloomfield, K. (1965). The geology of the Zomba area. Geological Survey Dept. Bulletin, (16).
Woolley, A. R., & Jones, G. C. (1987). The petrochemistry of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30(1), 335-355. doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.16
Woolley, Alan R., Platt, R. Garth (1988) The Peralkaline Nepheline Syenites of the Junguni Intrusion, Chilwa Province, Malawi. Mineralogical Magazine, 52 (367) 425-433 doi:10.1180/minmag.1988.052.367.01
Eby, G.N., Roden-Tice, M., Kreuger, H.L., Ewing, W., Faxon, E.H., and Woolley, A.R. (1995): Geochronology and cooling history of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi. Journal Afr. Earth Sci. 20, 275-288. doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(95)00054-W
Woolley, A. R. (2001) Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World, Part 3: Africa - Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World. The Geological Society of London.
ⓘ Fluorite
Formula: CaF2
References:
Bloomfield, K. (1965). The geology of the Zomba area. Geological Survey Dept. Bulletin, (16).
Woolley, A. R., & Jones, G. C. (1987). The petrochemistry of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30(1), 335-355. doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.16
Woolley, Alan R., Platt, R. Garth (1988) The Peralkaline Nepheline Syenites of the Junguni Intrusion, Chilwa Province, Malawi. Mineralogical Magazine, 52 (367) 425-433 doi:10.1180/minmag.1988.052.367.01
Eby, G.N., Roden-Tice, M., Kreuger, H.L., Ewing, W., Faxon, E.H., and Woolley, A.R. (1995): Geochronology and cooling history of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi. Journal Afr. Earth Sci. 20, 275-288. doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(95)00054-W
Woolley, A. R. (2001) Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World, Part 3: Africa - Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World. The Geological Society of London.
Orris, Greta J., Grauch, Richard I. (2002) Rare Earth Element Mines, Deposits, and Occurrences. Open-File Report 2002-189. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr02189
ⓘ Kupletskite
Formula: K2NaMn2+7Ti2[Si4O12]2O2(OH)4F
References:
Bloomfield, K. (1965). The geology of the Zomba area. Geological Survey Dept. Bulletin, (16).
Woolley, A. R., & Jones, G. C. (1987). The petrochemistry of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30(1), 335-355. doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.16
Woolley, Alan R., Platt, R. Garth (1988) The Peralkaline Nepheline Syenites of the Junguni Intrusion, Chilwa Province, Malawi. Mineralogical Magazine, 52 (367) 425-433 doi:10.1180/minmag.1988.052.367.01
Eby, G.N., Roden-Tice, M., Kreuger, H.L., Ewing, W., Faxon, E.H., and Woolley, A.R. (1995): Geochronology and cooling history of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi. Journal Afr. Earth Sci. 20, 275-288. doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(95)00054-W
Woolley, A. R. (2001) Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World, Part 3: Africa - Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World. The Geological Society of London.
Orris, Greta J., Grauch, Richard I. (2002) Rare Earth Element Mines, Deposits, and Occurrences. Open-File Report 2002-189. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr02189
ⓘ Låvenite
Formula: Na2Ca2Mn2Zr2(Si2O7)2O2F2
References:
Bloomfield, K. (1965). The geology of the Zomba area. Geological Survey Dept. Bulletin, (16).
Woolley, A. R., & Jones, G. C. (1987). The petrochemistry of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30(1), 335-355. doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.16
Woolley, Alan R., Platt, R. Garth (1988) The Peralkaline Nepheline Syenites of the Junguni Intrusion, Chilwa Province, Malawi. Mineralogical Magazine, 52 (367) 425-433 doi:10.1180/minmag.1988.052.367.01
Eby, G.N., Roden-Tice, M., Kreuger, H.L., Ewing, W., Faxon, E.H., and Woolley, A.R. (1995): Geochronology and cooling history of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi. Journal Afr. Earth Sci. 20, 275-288. doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(95)00054-W
Woolley, A. R. (2001) Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World, Part 3: Africa - Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World. The Geological Society of London.
Orris, Greta J., Grauch, Richard I. (2002) Rare Earth Element Mines, Deposits, and Occurrences. Open-File Report 2002-189. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr02189
ⓘ 'Mica Group'
References:
Bloomfield, K. (1965). The geology of the Zomba area. Geological Survey Dept. Bulletin, (16).
Woolley, A. R., & Jones, G. C. (1987). The petrochemistry of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30(1), 335-355. doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.16
Woolley, Alan R., Platt, R. Garth (1988) The Peralkaline Nepheline Syenites of the Junguni Intrusion, Chilwa Province, Malawi. Mineralogical Magazine, 52 (367) 425-433 doi:10.1180/minmag.1988.052.367.01
Eby, G.N., Roden-Tice, M., Kreuger, H.L., Ewing, W., Faxon, E.H., and Woolley, A.R. (1995): Geochronology and cooling history of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi. Journal Afr. Earth Sci. 20, 275-288. doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(95)00054-W
Woolley, A. R. (2001) Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World, Part 3: Africa - Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World. The Geological Society of London.
ⓘ Nepheline
Formula: Na3K(Al4Si4O16)
References:
Bloomfield, K. (1965). The geology of the Zomba area. Geological Survey Dept. Bulletin, (16).
Woolley, A. R., & Jones, G. C. (1987). The petrochemistry of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30(1), 335-355. doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.16
Woolley, Alan R., Platt, R. Garth (1988) The Peralkaline Nepheline Syenites of the Junguni Intrusion, Chilwa Province, Malawi. Mineralogical Magazine, 52 (367) 425-433 doi:10.1180/minmag.1988.052.367.01
Eby, G.N., Roden-Tice, M., Kreuger, H.L., Ewing, W., Faxon, E.H., and Woolley, A.R. (1995): Geochronology and cooling history of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi. Journal Afr. Earth Sci. 20, 275-288. doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(95)00054-W
Woolley, A. R. (2001) Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World, Part 3: Africa - Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World. The Geological Society of London.
Orris, Greta J., Grauch, Richard I. (2002) Rare Earth Element Mines, Deposits, and Occurrences. Open-File Report 2002-189. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr02189
ⓘ 'Pyrochlore Group'
Formula: A2Nb2(O,OH)6Z
References:
Bloomfield, K. (1965). The geology of the Zomba area. Geological Survey Dept. Bulletin, (16).
Woolley, A. R., & Jones, G. C. (1987). The petrochemistry of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30(1), 335-355. doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.16
Woolley, Alan R., Platt, R. Garth (1988) The Peralkaline Nepheline Syenites of the Junguni Intrusion, Chilwa Province, Malawi. Mineralogical Magazine, 52 (367) 425-433 doi:10.1180/minmag.1988.052.367.01
Eby, G.N., Roden-Tice, M., Kreuger, H.L., Ewing, W., Faxon, E.H., and Woolley, A.R. (1995): Geochronology and cooling history of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi. Journal Afr. Earth Sci. 20, 275-288. doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(95)00054-W
Woolley, A. R. (2001) Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World, Part 3: Africa - Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World. The Geological Society of London.
Orris, Greta J., Grauch, Richard I. (2002) Rare Earth Element Mines, Deposits, and Occurrences. Open-File Report 2002-189. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr02189
ⓘ Pyrophanite
Formula: Mn2+TiO3
References:
Bloomfield, K. (1965). The geology of the Zomba area. Geological Survey Dept. Bulletin, (16).
Woolley, A. R., & Jones, G. C. (1987). The petrochemistry of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30(1), 335-355. doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.16
Woolley, Alan R., Platt, R. Garth (1988) The Peralkaline Nepheline Syenites of the Junguni Intrusion, Chilwa Province, Malawi. Mineralogical Magazine, 52 (367) 425-433 doi:10.1180/minmag.1988.052.367.01
Eby, G.N., Roden-Tice, M., Kreuger, H.L., Ewing, W., Faxon, E.H., and Woolley, A.R. (1995): Geochronology and cooling history of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi. Journal Afr. Earth Sci. 20, 275-288. doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(95)00054-W
Woolley, A. R. (2001) Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World, Part 3: Africa - Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World. The Geological Society of London.
Orris, Greta J., Grauch, Richard I. (2002) Rare Earth Element Mines, Deposits, and Occurrences. Open-File Report 2002-189. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr02189
ⓘ 'Pyroxene Group'
Formula: ADSi2O6
References:
Bloomfield, K. (1965). The geology of the Zomba area. Geological Survey Dept. Bulletin, (16).
Woolley, A. R., & Jones, G. C. (1987). The petrochemistry of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30(1), 335-355. doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.16
Woolley, Alan R., Platt, R. Garth (1988) The Peralkaline Nepheline Syenites of the Junguni Intrusion, Chilwa Province, Malawi. Mineralogical Magazine, 52 (367) 425-433 doi:10.1180/minmag.1988.052.367.01
Eby, G.N., Roden-Tice, M., Kreuger, H.L., Ewing, W., Faxon, E.H., and Woolley, A.R. (1995): Geochronology and cooling history of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi. Journal Afr. Earth Sci. 20, 275-288. doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(95)00054-W
Woolley, A. R. (2001) Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World, Part 3: Africa - Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World. The Geological Society of London.
Orris, Greta J., Grauch, Richard I. (2002) Rare Earth Element Mines, Deposits, and Occurrences. Open-File Report 2002-189. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr02189
ⓘ Rosenbuschite
Formula: Na6Ca6Zr3Ti(Si2O7)4O2F6
References:
Bloomfield, K. (1965). The geology of the Zomba area. Geological Survey Dept. Bulletin, (16).
Woolley, A. R., & Jones, G. C. (1987). The petrochemistry of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30(1), 335-355. doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.16
Woolley, Alan R., Platt, R. Garth (1988) The Peralkaline Nepheline Syenites of the Junguni Intrusion, Chilwa Province, Malawi. Mineralogical Magazine, 52 (367) 425-433 doi:10.1180/minmag.1988.052.367.01
Eby, G.N., Roden-Tice, M., Kreuger, H.L., Ewing, W., Faxon, E.H., and Woolley, A.R. (1995): Geochronology and cooling history of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi. Journal Afr. Earth Sci. 20, 275-288. doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(95)00054-W
Woolley, A. R. (2001) Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World, Part 3: Africa - Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World. The Geological Society of London.
Orris, Greta J., Grauch, Richard I. (2002) Rare Earth Element Mines, Deposits, and Occurrences. Open-File Report 2002-189. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr02189
ⓘ Sodalite
Formula: Na4(Si3Al3)O12Cl
References:
Bloomfield, K. (1965). The geology of the Zomba area. Geological Survey Dept. Bulletin, (16).
Woolley, A. R., & Jones, G. C. (1987). The petrochemistry of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30(1), 335-355. doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.16
Woolley, Alan R., Platt, R. Garth (1988) The Peralkaline Nepheline Syenites of the Junguni Intrusion, Chilwa Province, Malawi. Mineralogical Magazine, 52 (367) 425-433 doi:10.1180/minmag.1988.052.367.01
Eby, G.N., Roden-Tice, M., Kreuger, H.L., Ewing, W., Faxon, E.H., and Woolley, A.R. (1995): Geochronology and cooling history of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi. Journal Afr. Earth Sci. 20, 275-288. doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(95)00054-W
Woolley, A. R. (2001) Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World, Part 3: Africa - Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World. The Geological Society of London.
Orris, Greta J., Grauch, Richard I. (2002) Rare Earth Element Mines, Deposits, and Occurrences. Open-File Report 2002-189. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr02189
ⓘ Titanite
Formula: CaTi(SiO4)O
References:
Tony Nikischer specimen and analysis
Bloomfield, K. (1965). The geology of the Zomba area. Geological Survey Dept. Bulletin, (16).
Woolley, A. R., & Jones, G. C. (1987). The petrochemistry of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30(1), 335-355. doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.16
Woolley, Alan R., Platt, R. Garth (1988) The Peralkaline Nepheline Syenites of the Junguni Intrusion, Chilwa Province, Malawi. Mineralogical Magazine, 52 (367) 425-433 doi:10.1180/minmag.1988.052.367.01
Eby, G.N., Roden-Tice, M., Kreuger, H.L., Ewing, W., Faxon, E.H., and Woolley, A.R. (1995): Geochronology and cooling history of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi. Journal Afr. Earth Sci. 20, 275-288. doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(95)00054-W
Woolley, A. R. (2001) Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World, Part 3: Africa - Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World. The Geological Society of London.
ⓘ Wöhlerite
Formula: Na2Ca4ZrNb(Si2O7)2O3F
References:
Bloomfield, K. (1965). The geology of the Zomba area. Geological Survey Dept. Bulletin, (16).
Woolley, A. R., & Jones, G. C. (1987). The petrochemistry of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30(1), 335-355. doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.16
Woolley, Alan R., Platt, R. Garth (1988) The Peralkaline Nepheline Syenites of the Junguni Intrusion, Chilwa Province, Malawi. Mineralogical Magazine, 52 (367) 425-433 doi:10.1180/minmag.1988.052.367.01
Eby, G.N., Roden-Tice, M., Kreuger, H.L., Ewing, W., Faxon, E.H., and Woolley, A.R. (1995): Geochronology and cooling history of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi. Journal Afr. Earth Sci. 20, 275-288. doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(95)00054-W
Woolley, A. R. (2001) Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World, Part 3: Africa - Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World. The Geological Society of London.
Orris, Greta J., Grauch, Richard I. (2002) Rare Earth Element Mines, Deposits, and Occurrences. Open-File Report 2002-189. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr02189

List of minerals arranged by Strunz 10th Edition classification

Group 3 - Halides
ⓘFluorite3.AB.25CaF2
Group 4 - Oxides and Hydroxides
ⓘ'Pyrochlore Group'4.00.A2Nb2(O,OH)6Z
ⓘPyrophanite4.CB.05Mn2+TiO3
Group 9 - Silicates
ⓘTitanite9.AG.15CaTi(SiO4)O
ⓘBritholite-(Ce)9.AH.25(Ce,Ca)5(SiO4)3OH
ⓘLåvenite9.BE.17Na2Ca2Mn2Zr2(Si2O7)2O2F2
ⓘWöhlerite9.BE.17Na2Ca4ZrNb(Si2O7)2O3F
ⓘRosenbuschite9.BE.22Na6Ca6Zr3Ti(Si2O7)4O2F6
ⓘEudialyte9.CO.10Na15Ca6Fe3Zr3Si(Si25O73)(O,OH,H2O)3(Cl,OH)2
ⓘAegirine9.DA.25NaFe3+Si2O6
ⓘAstrophyllite9.DC.05K2NaFe2+7Ti2[Si4O12]2O2(OH)4F
ⓘKupletskite9.DC.05K2NaMn2+7Ti2[Si4O12]2O2(OH)4F
ⓘArfvedsonite9.DE.25[Na][Na2][Fe2+4Fe3+]Si8O22(OH)2
ⓘEckermannite9.DE.25NaNa2(Mg4Al}Si8O22(OH)2
ⓘNepheline9.FA.05Na3K(Al4Si4O16)
ⓘAlbite9.FA.35Na(AlSi3O8)
ⓘSodalite9.FB.10Na4(Si3Al3)O12Cl
Unclassified
ⓘ'Amphibole Supergroup'-AB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2
ⓘ'Biotite'-K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
ⓘ'Feldspar Group'-
ⓘ'var. Perthite'-
ⓘ'Mica Group'-
ⓘ'Pyroxene Group'-ADSi2O6
ⓘ'Britholite Group'-(REE,Ca)5[(Si,P)O4]3X
ⓘ'Alkali pyroxene'-

List of minerals for each chemical element

HHydrogen
Hⓘ Amphibole SupergroupAB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2
Hⓘ Arfvedsonite[Na][Na2][Fe42+Fe3+]Si8O22(OH)2
Hⓘ AstrophylliteK2NaFe72+Ti2[Si4O12]2O2(OH)4F
Hⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Hⓘ Britholite-(Ce)(Ce,Ca)5(SiO4)3OH
Hⓘ EckermanniteNaNa2(Mg4Al}Si8O22(OH)2
Hⓘ EudialyteNa15Ca6Fe3Zr3Si(Si25O73)(O,OH,H2O)3(Cl,OH)2
Hⓘ KupletskiteK2NaMn72+Ti2[Si4O12]2O2(OH)4F
Hⓘ Pyrochlore GroupA2Nb2(O,OH)6Z
OOxygen
Oⓘ AegirineNaFe3+Si2O6
Oⓘ AlbiteNa(AlSi3O8)
Oⓘ Amphibole SupergroupAB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2
Oⓘ Arfvedsonite[Na][Na2][Fe42+Fe3+]Si8O22(OH)2
Oⓘ AstrophylliteK2NaFe72+Ti2[Si4O12]2O2(OH)4F
Oⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Oⓘ Britholite-(Ce)(Ce,Ca)5(SiO4)3OH
Oⓘ EckermanniteNaNa2(Mg4Al}Si8O22(OH)2
Oⓘ EudialyteNa15Ca6Fe3Zr3Si(Si25O73)(O,OH,H2O)3(Cl,OH)2
Oⓘ KupletskiteK2NaMn72+Ti2[Si4O12]2O2(OH)4F
Oⓘ LåveniteNa2Ca2Mn2Zr2(Si2O7)2O2F2
Oⓘ NephelineNa3K(Al4Si4O16)
Oⓘ Pyrochlore GroupA2Nb2(O,OH)6Z
Oⓘ PyrophaniteMn2+TiO3
Oⓘ RosenbuschiteNa6Ca6Zr3Ti(Si2O7)4O2F6
Oⓘ SodaliteNa4(Si3Al3)O12Cl
Oⓘ TitaniteCaTi(SiO4)O
Oⓘ WöhleriteNa2Ca4ZrNb(Si2O7)2O3F
Oⓘ Pyroxene GroupADSi2O6
Oⓘ Britholite Group(REE,Ca)5[(Si,P)O4]3X
FFluorine
Fⓘ Amphibole SupergroupAB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2
Fⓘ AstrophylliteK2NaFe72+Ti2[Si4O12]2O2(OH)4F
Fⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Fⓘ FluoriteCaF2
Fⓘ KupletskiteK2NaMn72+Ti2[Si4O12]2O2(OH)4F
Fⓘ LåveniteNa2Ca2Mn2Zr2(Si2O7)2O2F2
Fⓘ RosenbuschiteNa6Ca6Zr3Ti(Si2O7)4O2F6
Fⓘ WöhleriteNa2Ca4ZrNb(Si2O7)2O3F
NaSodium
Naⓘ AegirineNaFe3+Si2O6
Naⓘ AlbiteNa(AlSi3O8)
Naⓘ Arfvedsonite[Na][Na2][Fe42+Fe3+]Si8O22(OH)2
Naⓘ AstrophylliteK2NaFe72+Ti2[Si4O12]2O2(OH)4F
Naⓘ EckermanniteNaNa2(Mg4Al}Si8O22(OH)2
Naⓘ EudialyteNa15Ca6Fe3Zr3Si(Si25O73)(O,OH,H2O)3(Cl,OH)2
Naⓘ KupletskiteK2NaMn72+Ti2[Si4O12]2O2(OH)4F
Naⓘ LåveniteNa2Ca2Mn2Zr2(Si2O7)2O2F2
Naⓘ NephelineNa3K(Al4Si4O16)
Naⓘ RosenbuschiteNa6Ca6Zr3Ti(Si2O7)4O2F6
Naⓘ SodaliteNa4(Si3Al3)O12Cl
Naⓘ WöhleriteNa2Ca4ZrNb(Si2O7)2O3F
MgMagnesium
Mgⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Mgⓘ EckermanniteNaNa2(Mg4Al}Si8O22(OH)2
AlAluminium
Alⓘ AlbiteNa(AlSi3O8)
Alⓘ Amphibole SupergroupAB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2
Alⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Alⓘ EckermanniteNaNa2(Mg4Al}Si8O22(OH)2
Alⓘ NephelineNa3K(Al4Si4O16)
Alⓘ SodaliteNa4(Si3Al3)O12Cl
SiSilicon
Siⓘ AegirineNaFe3+Si2O6
Siⓘ AlbiteNa(AlSi3O8)
Siⓘ Amphibole SupergroupAB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2
Siⓘ Arfvedsonite[Na][Na2][Fe42+Fe3+]Si8O22(OH)2
Siⓘ AstrophylliteK2NaFe72+Ti2[Si4O12]2O2(OH)4F
Siⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Siⓘ Britholite-(Ce)(Ce,Ca)5(SiO4)3OH
Siⓘ EckermanniteNaNa2(Mg4Al}Si8O22(OH)2
Siⓘ EudialyteNa15Ca6Fe3Zr3Si(Si25O73)(O,OH,H2O)3(Cl,OH)2
Siⓘ KupletskiteK2NaMn72+Ti2[Si4O12]2O2(OH)4F
Siⓘ LåveniteNa2Ca2Mn2Zr2(Si2O7)2O2F2
Siⓘ NephelineNa3K(Al4Si4O16)
Siⓘ RosenbuschiteNa6Ca6Zr3Ti(Si2O7)4O2F6
Siⓘ SodaliteNa4(Si3Al3)O12Cl
Siⓘ TitaniteCaTi(SiO4)O
Siⓘ WöhleriteNa2Ca4ZrNb(Si2O7)2O3F
Siⓘ Pyroxene GroupADSi2O6
Siⓘ Britholite Group(REE,Ca)5[(Si,P)O4]3X
PPhosphorus
Pⓘ Britholite Group(REE,Ca)5[(Si,P)O4]3X
ClChlorine
Clⓘ Amphibole SupergroupAB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2
Clⓘ EudialyteNa15Ca6Fe3Zr3Si(Si25O73)(O,OH,H2O)3(Cl,OH)2
Clⓘ SodaliteNa4(Si3Al3)O12Cl
KPotassium
Kⓘ AstrophylliteK2NaFe72+Ti2[Si4O12]2O2(OH)4F
Kⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Kⓘ KupletskiteK2NaMn72+Ti2[Si4O12]2O2(OH)4F
Kⓘ NephelineNa3K(Al4Si4O16)
CaCalcium
Caⓘ Britholite-(Ce)(Ce,Ca)5(SiO4)3OH
Caⓘ EudialyteNa15Ca6Fe3Zr3Si(Si25O73)(O,OH,H2O)3(Cl,OH)2
Caⓘ FluoriteCaF2
Caⓘ LåveniteNa2Ca2Mn2Zr2(Si2O7)2O2F2
Caⓘ RosenbuschiteNa6Ca6Zr3Ti(Si2O7)4O2F6
Caⓘ TitaniteCaTi(SiO4)O
Caⓘ WöhleriteNa2Ca4ZrNb(Si2O7)2O3F
Caⓘ Britholite Group(REE,Ca)5[(Si,P)O4]3X
TiTitanium
Tiⓘ Amphibole SupergroupAB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2
Tiⓘ AstrophylliteK2NaFe72+Ti2[Si4O12]2O2(OH)4F
Tiⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Tiⓘ KupletskiteK2NaMn72+Ti2[Si4O12]2O2(OH)4F
Tiⓘ PyrophaniteMn2+TiO3
Tiⓘ RosenbuschiteNa6Ca6Zr3Ti(Si2O7)4O2F6
Tiⓘ TitaniteCaTi(SiO4)O
MnManganese
Mnⓘ KupletskiteK2NaMn72+Ti2[Si4O12]2O2(OH)4F
Mnⓘ LåveniteNa2Ca2Mn2Zr2(Si2O7)2O2F2
Mnⓘ PyrophaniteMn2+TiO3
FeIron
Feⓘ AegirineNaFe3+Si2O6
Feⓘ Arfvedsonite[Na][Na2][Fe42+Fe3+]Si8O22(OH)2
Feⓘ AstrophylliteK2NaFe72+Ti2[Si4O12]2O2(OH)4F
Feⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Feⓘ EudialyteNa15Ca6Fe3Zr3Si(Si25O73)(O,OH,H2O)3(Cl,OH)2
ZrZirconium
Zrⓘ EudialyteNa15Ca6Fe3Zr3Si(Si25O73)(O,OH,H2O)3(Cl,OH)2
Zrⓘ LåveniteNa2Ca2Mn2Zr2(Si2O7)2O2F2
Zrⓘ RosenbuschiteNa6Ca6Zr3Ti(Si2O7)4O2F6
Zrⓘ WöhleriteNa2Ca4ZrNb(Si2O7)2O3F
NbNiobium
Nbⓘ Pyrochlore GroupA2Nb2(O,OH)6Z
Nbⓘ WöhleriteNa2Ca4ZrNb(Si2O7)2O3F
CeCerium
Ceⓘ Britholite-(Ce)(Ce,Ca)5(SiO4)3OH

Geochronology

Mineralization age: Early/Lower Cretaceous : 137.4 ± 24.9 Ma to 128.8 ± 20.1 Ma

Important note: This table is based only on rock and mineral ages recorded on mindat.org for this locality and is not necessarily a complete representation of the geochronology, but does give an indication of possible mineralization events relevant to this locality. As more age information is added this table may expand in the future. A break in the table simply indicates a lack of data entered here, not necessarily a break in the geologic sequence. Grey background entries are from different, related, localities.

Geologic TimeRocks, Minerals and Events
Phanerozoic
 Mesozoic
  Cretaceous
   Early/Lower Cretaceous
ⓘ Titanite (youngest age)128.8 ± 20.1 Ma
ⓘ Titanite (oldest age)137.4 ± 24.9 Ma

Other Regions, Features and Areas containing this locality

AfricaContinent
African Plate
Somali PlateTectonic Plate

This page contains all mineral locality references listed on mindat.org. This does not claim to be a complete list. If you know of more minerals from this site, please register so you can add to our database. This locality information is for reference purposes only. You should never attempt to visit any sites listed in mindat.org without first ensuring that you have the permission of the land and/or mineral rights holders for access and that you are aware of all safety precautions necessary.

References

citeseerx.ist.psu.edu (n.d.) http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.615.7025&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Bloomfield, K. (1965) The geology of the Zomba area. Geological Survey Department Bulletin 16.
Woolley, A.R. (1987) Lithosphere metasomatism and the petrogenesis of the Chilwa Province of alkaline igneous rocks and carbonatites, Malawi. Journal of African Earth Sciences: 6: 891-898.
Woolley, A. R., & Jones, G. C. (1987). The petrochemistry of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30(1), 335-355. doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.16
Woolley, Alan R., Platt, R. Garth (1988) The Peralkaline Nepheline Syenites of the Junguni Intrusion, Chilwa Province, Malawi. Mineralogical Magazine, 52 (367) 425-433 doi:10.1180/minmag.1988.052.367.01
Eby, G.N., Roden-Tice, M., Kreuger, H.L., Ewing, W., Faxon, E.H., Woolley, A.R. (1995) Geochronology and cooling history of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi. Journal of African Earth Sciences: 20: 275-288. doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(95)00054-W
Woolley, A. R. (2001) Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World, Part 3: Africa - Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World. The Geological Society of London.p.166
Orris, Greta J., Grauch, Richard I. (2002) Rare Earth Element Mines, Deposits, and Occurrences. Open-File Report 2002-189. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr02189
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