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Ilomba intrusion, Songwe Complex, Chitipa, Northern Region, Malawi i
Regional Level Types
Ilomba intrusion Intrusion
Songwe Complex Complex
Chitipa District
Northern Region Region
Malawi Country

Regional Level Types
Ilomba intrusion	Intrusion
Songwe Complex	Complex
Chitipa	District
Northern Region	Region
Malawi	Country

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Sodalite, etc.

Ilomba intrusion, Songwe Complex, Chitipa, Northern Region, Malawi

Sodalite, etc.

Ilomba intrusion, Songwe Complex, Chitipa, Northern Region, Malawi

Sodalite, etc.

Ilomba intrusion, Songwe Complex, Chitipa, Northern Region, Malawi

Latitude & Longitude (WGS84):

9° 31' 0'' South , 33° 10' 59'' East

Latitude & Longitude (decimal):

Type:

Köppen climate type:

Cwb : Subtropical highland climate or temperate oceanic climate with dry winters

Nearest Settlements:

Place	Population	Distance
Itumba	13,438 (2018)	13.0km
Chitipa	8,824 (2011)	22.7km
Ilembo	2,607 (2016)	36.9km
Tunduma	36,556 (2018)	51.6km
Nakonde	10,652 (2018)	51.8km

Mindat Locality ID:

26434

Long-form identifier:

mindat:1:2:26434:6

GUID (UUID V4):

Late Proterozoic to Early Paleozoic nepheline syenites and aegirine syenites.

The Nb and U mineralization has been investigated by Bloomfield et al. 1981 and they give data on the contents of U, Th and Nb in 6 pyroxenite samples.

Select Mineral List Type

Standard Detailed Gallery Strunz Chemical Elements

Mineral List

17 valid minerals.

Rock Types Recorded

Select Rock List Type

Alphabetical List Tree Diagram

Detailed Mineral List:

ⓘ Aegirine

Formula: NaFe³⁺Si₂O₆

References:

doi.org/10.1093/petroj/39.8.1405

Woolley, A.R., Platt, R.G., Eby, G.N. (1996): Relatively aluminous alkali pyroxene in nepheline syenites from Malawi: mineralogical response to metamorphism in alkaline rocks. The Canadian Mineralogist, 34, 423-434.

Bloomfield, K. (1968). The pre-Karroo geology of Malawi. Memoir, Geological Survey of Malawi, 5.

RAY, GERALD E. (1974) The structural and metamorphic geology of northern Malawi. Journal of the Geological Society, 130 (5) 427-440 doi:10.1144/gsjgs.130.5.0427

Ray, G. E. (1975). The geology of the Chitipa-Karonga area. Bulletin, Geological Survey of Malawi, 42.

Bloomfield, K., Deans, T. & Wells, M.K. (1981). The Ilomba alkaline complex, northern Malawi and associated uranium-niobium mineralisation. Overseas Geology and Mineral Resources, 57, 1-21.

Woolley, A. R., Platt, R. G., Eby, N. (1992) Niobian titanite and eudialyte from the Ilomba nepheline syenite complex, north Malawi. Mineralogical Magazine, 56 (384) 428-430 doi:10.1180/minmag.1992.056.384.19

Eby, G. N., Woolley, A. R., Din, V., Platt, G. (1998) Geochemistry and Petrogenesis of Nepheline Syenites: Kasungu-Chipala, Ilomba, and Ulindi Nepheline Syenite Intrusions, North Nyasa Alkaline Province, Malawi. Journal of Petrology, 39 (8) 1405-1424 doi:10.1093/petroj/39.8.1405

Orris, Greta J., Grauch, Richard I. (2002) Rare Earth Element Mines, Deposits, and Occurrences. Open-File Report 2002-189. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr02189

citeseerx.ist.psu.edu (n.d.) https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.607.4437&rep=rep1&type=pdf

ⓘ Aegirine-augite

Formula: (Na_aCa_bFe²⁺_cMg_d)(Fe³⁺_eAl_fFe²⁺_gMg_h)Si₂O₆

References:

doi.org/10.1093/petroj/39.8.1405

Bloomfield, K. (1968). The pre-Karroo geology of Malawi. Memoir, Geological Survey of Malawi, 5.

RAY, GERALD E. (1974) The structural and metamorphic geology of northern Malawi. Journal of the Geological Society, 130 (5) 427-440 doi:10.1144/gsjgs.130.5.0427

Ray, G. E. (1975). The geology of the Chitipa-Karonga area. Bulletin, Geological Survey of Malawi, 42.

Bloomfield, K., Deans, T. & Wells, M.K. (1981). The Ilomba alkaline complex, northern Malawi and associated uranium-niobium mineralisation. Overseas Geology and Mineral Resources, 57, 1-21.

citeseerx.ist.psu.edu (n.d.) https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.607.4437&rep=rep1&type=pdf

ⓘ 'Alkali Feldspar'

References:

doi.org/10.1093/petroj/39.8.1405

Bloomfield, K. (1968). The pre-Karroo geology of Malawi. Memoir, Geological Survey of Malawi, 5.

RAY, GERALD E. (1974) The structural and metamorphic geology of northern Malawi. Journal of the Geological Society, 130 (5) 427-440 doi:10.1144/gsjgs.130.5.0427

Ray, G. E. (1975). The geology of the Chitipa-Karonga area. Bulletin, Geological Survey of Malawi, 42.

Bloomfield, K., Deans, T. & Wells, M.K. (1981). The Ilomba alkaline complex, northern Malawi and associated uranium-niobium mineralisation. Overseas Geology and Mineral Resources, 57, 1-21.

citeseerx.ist.psu.edu (n.d.) https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.607.4437&rep=rep1&type=pdf

ⓘ 'Amphibole Supergroup'

Formula: AB₂C₅((Si,Al,Ti)₈O₂₂)(OH,F,Cl,O)₂

References:

doi.org/10.1093/petroj/39.8.1405

Bloomfield, K. (1968). The pre-Karroo geology of Malawi. Memoir, Geological Survey of Malawi, 5.

RAY, GERALD E. (1974) The structural and metamorphic geology of northern Malawi. Journal of the Geological Society, 130 (5) 427-440 doi:10.1144/gsjgs.130.5.0427

Ray, G. E. (1975). The geology of the Chitipa-Karonga area. Bulletin, Geological Survey of Malawi, 42.

Bloomfield, K., Deans, T. & Wells, M.K. (1981). The Ilomba alkaline complex, northern Malawi and associated uranium-niobium mineralisation. Overseas Geology and Mineral Resources, 57, 1-21.

Orris, Greta J., Grauch, Richard I. (2002) Rare Earth Element Mines, Deposits, and Occurrences. Open-File Report 2002-189. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr02189

citeseerx.ist.psu.edu (n.d.) https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.607.4437&rep=rep1&type=pdf

ⓘ 'Apatite'

Formula: Ca₅(PO₄)₃(Cl/F/OH)

References:

doi.org/10.1093/petroj/39.8.1405

Bloomfield, K. (1968). The pre-Karroo geology of Malawi. Memoir, Geological Survey of Malawi, 5.

RAY, GERALD E. (1974) The structural and metamorphic geology of northern Malawi. Journal of the Geological Society, 130 (5) 427-440 doi:10.1144/gsjgs.130.5.0427

Ray, G. E. (1975). The geology of the Chitipa-Karonga area. Bulletin, Geological Survey of Malawi, 42.

Bloomfield, K., Deans, T. & Wells, M.K. (1981). The Ilomba alkaline complex, northern Malawi and associated uranium-niobium mineralisation. Overseas Geology and Mineral Resources, 57, 1-21.

Orris, Greta J., Grauch, Richard I. (2002) Rare Earth Element Mines, Deposits, and Occurrences. Open-File Report 2002-189. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr02189

citeseerx.ist.psu.edu (n.d.) https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.607.4437&rep=rep1&type=pdf

ⓘ Augite

Formula: (Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆

References:

ⓘ 'Biotite'

Formula: K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂

References:

doi.org/10.1093/petroj/39.8.1405

Bloomfield, K. (1968). The pre-Karroo geology of Malawi. Memoir, Geological Survey of Malawi, 5.

RAY, GERALD E. (1974) The structural and metamorphic geology of northern Malawi. Journal of the Geological Society, 130 (5) 427-440 doi:10.1144/gsjgs.130.5.0427

Ray, G. E. (1975). The geology of the Chitipa-Karonga area. Bulletin, Geological Survey of Malawi, 42.

Bloomfield, K., Deans, T. & Wells, M.K. (1981). The Ilomba alkaline complex, northern Malawi and associated uranium-niobium mineralisation. Overseas Geology and Mineral Resources, 57, 1-21.

citeseerx.ist.psu.edu (n.d.) https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.607.4437&rep=rep1&type=pdf

ⓘ Calcite

Formula: CaCO₃

References:

doi.org/10.1093/petroj/39.8.1405

Bloomfield, K. (1968). The pre-Karroo geology of Malawi. Memoir, Geological Survey of Malawi, 5.

RAY, GERALD E. (1974) The structural and metamorphic geology of northern Malawi. Journal of the Geological Society, 130 (5) 427-440 doi:10.1144/gsjgs.130.5.0427

Ray, G. E. (1975). The geology of the Chitipa-Karonga area. Bulletin, Geological Survey of Malawi, 42.

Bloomfield, K., Deans, T. & Wells, M.K. (1981). The Ilomba alkaline complex, northern Malawi and associated uranium-niobium mineralisation. Overseas Geology and Mineral Resources, 57, 1-21.

Orris, Greta J., Grauch, Richard I. (2002) Rare Earth Element Mines, Deposits, and Occurrences. Open-File Report 2002-189. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr02189

citeseerx.ist.psu.edu (n.d.) https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.607.4437&rep=rep1&type=pdf

ⓘ Cancrinite

Formula: (Na,Ca,◻)₈(Al₆Si₆O₂₄)(CO₃,SO₄)₂ · 2H₂O

References:

ⓘ Diopside

Formula: CaMgSi₂O₆

References:

doi.org/10.1093/petroj/39.8.1405

Bloomfield, K. (1968). The pre-Karroo geology of Malawi. Memoir, Geological Survey of Malawi, 5.

RAY, GERALD E. (1974) The structural and metamorphic geology of northern Malawi. Journal of the Geological Society, 130 (5) 427-440 doi:10.1144/gsjgs.130.5.0427

Ray, G. E. (1975). The geology of the Chitipa-Karonga area. Bulletin, Geological Survey of Malawi, 42.

Bloomfield, K., Deans, T. & Wells, M.K. (1981). The Ilomba alkaline complex, northern Malawi and associated uranium-niobium mineralisation. Overseas Geology and Mineral Resources, 57, 1-21.

citeseerx.ist.psu.edu (n.d.) https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.607.4437&rep=rep1&type=pdf

ⓘ Eudialyte

Formula: Na₁₅Ca₆Fe₃Zr₃Si(Si₂₅O₇₃)(O,OH,H₂O)₃(Cl,OH)₂

References:

doi.org/10.1093/petroj/39.8.1405

Bloomfield, K. (1968). The pre-Karroo geology of Malawi. Memoir, Geological Survey of Malawi, 5.

RAY, GERALD E. (1974) The structural and metamorphic geology of northern Malawi. Journal of the Geological Society, 130 (5) 427-440 doi:10.1144/gsjgs.130.5.0427

Ray, G. E. (1975). The geology of the Chitipa-Karonga area. Bulletin, Geological Survey of Malawi, 42.

Bloomfield, K., Deans, T. & Wells, M.K. (1981). The Ilomba alkaline complex, northern Malawi and associated uranium-niobium mineralisation. Overseas Geology and Mineral Resources, 57, 1-21.

Orris, Greta J., Grauch, Richard I. (2002) Rare Earth Element Mines, Deposits, and Occurrences. Open-File Report 2002-189. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr02189

citeseerx.ist.psu.edu (n.d.) https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.607.4437&rep=rep1&type=pdf

ⓘ 'Feldspar Group'

References:

doi.org/10.1093/petroj/39.8.1405

Bloomfield, K. (1968). The pre-Karroo geology of Malawi. Memoir, Geological Survey of Malawi, 5.

RAY, GERALD E. (1974) The structural and metamorphic geology of northern Malawi. Journal of the Geological Society, 130 (5) 427-440 doi:10.1144/gsjgs.130.5.0427

Ray, G. E. (1975). The geology of the Chitipa-Karonga area. Bulletin, Geological Survey of Malawi, 42.

Bloomfield, K., Deans, T. & Wells, M.K. (1981). The Ilomba alkaline complex, northern Malawi and associated uranium-niobium mineralisation. Overseas Geology and Mineral Resources, 57, 1-21.

citeseerx.ist.psu.edu (n.d.) https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.607.4437&rep=rep1&type=pdf

ⓘ 'Feldspar Group var. Perthite'

References:

doi.org/10.1093/petroj/39.8.1405

Bloomfield, K. (1968). The pre-Karroo geology of Malawi. Memoir, Geological Survey of Malawi, 5.

RAY, GERALD E. (1974) The structural and metamorphic geology of northern Malawi. Journal of the Geological Society, 130 (5) 427-440 doi:10.1144/gsjgs.130.5.0427

Ray, G. E. (1975). The geology of the Chitipa-Karonga area. Bulletin, Geological Survey of Malawi, 42.

Bloomfield, K., Deans, T. & Wells, M.K. (1981). The Ilomba alkaline complex, northern Malawi and associated uranium-niobium mineralisation. Overseas Geology and Mineral Resources, 57, 1-21.

citeseerx.ist.psu.edu (n.d.) https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.607.4437&rep=rep1&type=pdf

ⓘ Magnetite

Formula: Fe²⁺Fe³⁺₂O₄

References:

doi.org/10.1093/petroj/39.8.1405

Bloomfield, K. (1968). The pre-Karroo geology of Malawi. Memoir, Geological Survey of Malawi, 5.

RAY, GERALD E. (1974) The structural and metamorphic geology of northern Malawi. Journal of the Geological Society, 130 (5) 427-440 doi:10.1144/gsjgs.130.5.0427

Ray, G. E. (1975). The geology of the Chitipa-Karonga area. Bulletin, Geological Survey of Malawi, 42.

Bloomfield, K., Deans, T. & Wells, M.K. (1981). The Ilomba alkaline complex, northern Malawi and associated uranium-niobium mineralisation. Overseas Geology and Mineral Resources, 57, 1-21.

citeseerx.ist.psu.edu (n.d.) https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.607.4437&rep=rep1&type=pdf

ⓘ Microcline

Formula: K(AlSi₃O₈)

References:

doi.org/10.1093/petroj/39.8.1405

Bloomfield, K. (1968). The pre-Karroo geology of Malawi. Memoir, Geological Survey of Malawi, 5.

RAY, GERALD E. (1974) The structural and metamorphic geology of northern Malawi. Journal of the Geological Society, 130 (5) 427-440 doi:10.1144/gsjgs.130.5.0427

Ray, G. E. (1975). The geology of the Chitipa-Karonga area. Bulletin, Geological Survey of Malawi, 42.

Bloomfield, K., Deans, T. & Wells, M.K. (1981). The Ilomba alkaline complex, northern Malawi and associated uranium-niobium mineralisation. Overseas Geology and Mineral Resources, 57, 1-21.

citeseerx.ist.psu.edu (n.d.) https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.607.4437&rep=rep1&type=pdf

ⓘ Nepheline

Formula: Na₃K(Al₄Si₄O₁₆)

References:

doi.org/10.1093/petroj/39.8.1405

Bloomfield, K. (1968). The pre-Karroo geology of Malawi. Memoir, Geological Survey of Malawi, 5.

RAY, GERALD E. (1974) The structural and metamorphic geology of northern Malawi. Journal of the Geological Society, 130 (5) 427-440 doi:10.1144/gsjgs.130.5.0427

Ray, G. E. (1975). The geology of the Chitipa-Karonga area. Bulletin, Geological Survey of Malawi, 42.

Bloomfield, K., Deans, T. & Wells, M.K. (1981). The Ilomba alkaline complex, northern Malawi and associated uranium-niobium mineralisation. Overseas Geology and Mineral Resources, 57, 1-21.

citeseerx.ist.psu.edu (n.d.) https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.607.4437&rep=rep1&type=pdf

ⓘ Pyrite

Formula: FeS₂

References:

ⓘ 'Pyrochlore Group'

Formula: A₂Nb₂(O,OH)₆Z

References:

doi.org/10.1093/petroj/39.8.1405

Bloomfield, K. (1968). The pre-Karroo geology of Malawi. Memoir, Geological Survey of Malawi, 5.

RAY, GERALD E. (1974) The structural and metamorphic geology of northern Malawi. Journal of the Geological Society, 130 (5) 427-440 doi:10.1144/gsjgs.130.5.0427

Ray, G. E. (1975). The geology of the Chitipa-Karonga area. Bulletin, Geological Survey of Malawi, 42.

Bloomfield, K., Deans, T. & Wells, M.K. (1981). The Ilomba alkaline complex, northern Malawi and associated uranium-niobium mineralisation. Overseas Geology and Mineral Resources, 57, 1-21.

Orris, Greta J., Grauch, Richard I. (2002) Rare Earth Element Mines, Deposits, and Occurrences. Open-File Report 2002-189. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr02189

citeseerx.ist.psu.edu (n.d.) https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.607.4437&rep=rep1&type=pdf

ⓘ 'Pyrochlore Group var. Uranpyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977)'

Formula: (Ca,U,Ce)₂(Nb,Ti,Ta)₂O₆(OH,F)

References:

Orris, Greta J., Grauch, Richard I. (2002) Rare Earth Element Mines, Deposits, and Occurrences. Open-File Report 2002-189. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr02189

ⓘ 'Pyrochlore Supergroup'

Formula: A_2-mD₂X_6-wZ_1-n

References:

Orris, Greta J., Grauch, Richard I. (2002) Rare Earth Element Mines, Deposits, and Occurrences. Open-File Report 2002-189. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr02189

ⓘ 'Pyrochlore Supergroup var. Betafite (of Hogarth 1977)'

Formula: (Ca,Na,U)₂(Ti, Nb,Ta)₂O₆Z(OH)

References:

Orris, Greta J., Grauch, Richard I. (2002) Rare Earth Element Mines, Deposits, and Occurrences. Open-File Report 2002-189. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr02189

ⓘ 'Pyroxene Group'

Formula: ADSi₂O₆

References:

doi.org/10.1093/petroj/39.8.1405

Bloomfield, K. (1968). The pre-Karroo geology of Malawi. Memoir, Geological Survey of Malawi, 5.

RAY, GERALD E. (1974) The structural and metamorphic geology of northern Malawi. Journal of the Geological Society, 130 (5) 427-440 doi:10.1144/gsjgs.130.5.0427

Ray, G. E. (1975). The geology of the Chitipa-Karonga area. Bulletin, Geological Survey of Malawi, 42.

Bloomfield, K., Deans, T. & Wells, M.K. (1981). The Ilomba alkaline complex, northern Malawi and associated uranium-niobium mineralisation. Overseas Geology and Mineral Resources, 57, 1-21.

citeseerx.ist.psu.edu (n.d.) https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.607.4437&rep=rep1&type=pdf

ⓘ Quartz

Formula: SiO₂

References:

ⓘ Riebeckite

Formula: ◻[Na₂][Fe²⁺₃Fe³⁺₂]Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂

References:

ⓘ Sodalite

Formula: Na₄(Si₃Al₃)O₁₂Cl

References:

doi.org/10.1093/petroj/39.8.1405

Bloomfield, K. (1968). The pre-Karroo geology of Malawi. Memoir, Geological Survey of Malawi, 5.

RAY, GERALD E. (1974) The structural and metamorphic geology of northern Malawi. Journal of the Geological Society, 130 (5) 427-440 doi:10.1144/gsjgs.130.5.0427

Ray, G. E. (1975). The geology of the Chitipa-Karonga area. Bulletin, Geological Survey of Malawi, 42.

Bloomfield, K., Deans, T. & Wells, M.K. (1981). The Ilomba alkaline complex, northern Malawi and associated uranium-niobium mineralisation. Overseas Geology and Mineral Resources, 57, 1-21.

citeseerx.ist.psu.edu (n.d.) https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.607.4437&rep=rep1&type=pdf

ⓘ 'Sodic amphibole'

References:

doi.org/10.1093/petroj/39.8.1405

Bloomfield, K. (1968). The pre-Karroo geology of Malawi. Memoir, Geological Survey of Malawi, 5.

RAY, GERALD E. (1974) The structural and metamorphic geology of northern Malawi. Journal of the Geological Society, 130 (5) 427-440 doi:10.1144/gsjgs.130.5.0427

Ray, G. E. (1975). The geology of the Chitipa-Karonga area. Bulletin, Geological Survey of Malawi, 42.

Bloomfield, K., Deans, T. & Wells, M.K. (1981). The Ilomba alkaline complex, northern Malawi and associated uranium-niobium mineralisation. Overseas Geology and Mineral Resources, 57, 1-21.

citeseerx.ist.psu.edu (n.d.) https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.607.4437&rep=rep1&type=pdf

ⓘ Spinel

Formula: MgAl₂O₄

References:

ⓘ Titanite

Formula: CaTi(SiO₄)O

References:

doi.org/10.1093/petroj/39.8.1405

Bloomfield, K. (1968). The pre-Karroo geology of Malawi. Memoir, Geological Survey of Malawi, 5.

RAY, GERALD E. (1974) The structural and metamorphic geology of northern Malawi. Journal of the Geological Society, 130 (5) 427-440 doi:10.1144/gsjgs.130.5.0427

Ray, G. E. (1975). The geology of the Chitipa-Karonga area. Bulletin, Geological Survey of Malawi, 42.

Bloomfield, K., Deans, T. & Wells, M.K. (1981). The Ilomba alkaline complex, northern Malawi and associated uranium-niobium mineralisation. Overseas Geology and Mineral Resources, 57, 1-21.

Orris, Greta J., Grauch, Richard I. (2002) Rare Earth Element Mines, Deposits, and Occurrences. Open-File Report 2002-189. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr02189

citeseerx.ist.psu.edu (n.d.) https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.607.4437&rep=rep1&type=pdf

ⓘ Zircon

Formula: Zr(SiO₄)

References:

doi.org/10.1093/petroj/39.8.1405

Bloomfield, K. (1968). The pre-Karroo geology of Malawi. Memoir, Geological Survey of Malawi, 5.

RAY, GERALD E. (1974) The structural and metamorphic geology of northern Malawi. Journal of the Geological Society, 130 (5) 427-440 doi:10.1144/gsjgs.130.5.0427

Ray, G. E. (1975). The geology of the Chitipa-Karonga area. Bulletin, Geological Survey of Malawi, 42.

Bloomfield, K., Deans, T. & Wells, M.K. (1981). The Ilomba alkaline complex, northern Malawi and associated uranium-niobium mineralisation. Overseas Geology and Mineral Resources, 57, 1-21.

Orris, Greta J., Grauch, Richard I. (2002) Rare Earth Element Mines, Deposits, and Occurrences. Open-File Report 2002-189. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr02189

citeseerx.ist.psu.edu (n.d.) https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.607.4437&rep=rep1&type=pdf

Gallery:

List of minerals arranged by Strunz 10th Edition classification

Group 2 - Sulphides and Sulfosalts
ⓘ	Pyrite	2.EB.05a	FeS₂
Group 4 - Oxides and Hydroxides
ⓘ	'Pyrochlore Group'	4.00.	A₂Nb₂(O,OH)₆Z
ⓘ	'var. Uranpyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977)'	4.00.	(Ca,U,Ce)₂(Nb,Ti,Ta)₂O₆(OH,F)
ⓘ	Magnetite	4.BB.05	Fe²⁺Fe³⁺₂O₄
ⓘ	Spinel	4.BB.05	MgAl₂O₄
ⓘ	Quartz	4.DA.05	SiO₂
Group 5 - Nitrates and Carbonates
ⓘ	Calcite	5.AB.05	CaCO₃
Group 9 - Silicates
ⓘ	Zircon	9.AD.30	Zr(SiO₄)
ⓘ	Titanite	9.AG.15	CaTi(SiO₄)O
ⓘ	Eudialyte	9.CO.10	Na₁₅Ca₆Fe₃Zr₃Si(Si₂₅O₇₃)(O,OH,H₂O)₃(Cl,OH)₂
ⓘ	Augite	9.DA.15	(Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆
ⓘ	Diopside	9.DA.15	CaMgSi₂O₆
ⓘ	Aegirine-augite	9.DA.20	(Na_aCa_bFe²⁺_cMg_d)(Fe³⁺_eAl_fFe²⁺_gMg_h)Si₂O₆
ⓘ	Aegirine	9.DA.25	NaFe³⁺Si₂O₆
ⓘ	Riebeckite	9.DE.25	◻[Na₂][Fe²⁺₃Fe³⁺₂]Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂
ⓘ	Nepheline	9.FA.05	Na₃K(Al₄Si₄O₁₆)
ⓘ	Microcline	9.FA.30	K(AlSi₃O₈)
ⓘ	Cancrinite	9.FB.05	(Na,Ca,◻)₈(Al₆Si₆O₂₄)(CO₃,SO₄)₂ · 2H₂O
ⓘ	Sodalite	9.FB.10	Na₄(Si₃Al₃)O₁₂Cl
Unclassified
ⓘ	'Alkali Feldspar'	-
ⓘ	'Amphibole Supergroup'	-	AB₂C₅((Si,Al,Ti)₈O₂₂)(OH,F,Cl,O)₂
ⓘ	'Pyrochlore Supergroup var. Betafite (of Hogarth 1977)'	-	(Ca,Na,U)₂(Ti, Nb,Ta)₂O₆Z(OH)
ⓘ	'Biotite'	-	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
ⓘ	'Feldspar Group'	-
ⓘ	'var. Perthite'	-
ⓘ	'Pyroxene Group'	-	ADSi₂O₆
ⓘ	'Pyrochlore Supergroup'	-	A_2-mD₂X_6-wZ_1-n
ⓘ	'Apatite'	-	Ca₅(PO₄)₃(Cl/F/OH)
ⓘ	'Sodic amphibole'	-

List of minerals for each chemical element

H	Hydrogen
H	ⓘ Amphibole Supergroup	AB₂C₅((Si,Al,Ti)₈O₂₂)(OH,F,Cl,O)₂
H	ⓘ Pyrochlore Supergroup var. Betafite (of Hogarth 1977)	(Ca,Na,U)₂(Ti, Nb,Ta)₂O₆Z(OH)
H	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
H	ⓘ Cancrinite	(Na,Ca,◻)₈(Al₆Si₆O₂₄)(CO₃,SO₄)₂ · 2H₂O
H	ⓘ Eudialyte	Na₁₅Ca₆Fe₃Zr₃Si(Si₂₅O₇₃)(O,OH,H₂O)₃(Cl,OH)₂
H	ⓘ Pyrochlore Group	A₂Nb₂(O,OH)₆Z
H	ⓘ Riebeckite	◻[Na₂][Fe₃²⁺Fe₂³⁺]Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂
H	ⓘ Pyrochlore Group var. Uranpyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977)	(Ca,U,Ce)₂(Nb,Ti,Ta)₂O₆(OH,F)
H	ⓘ Apatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃(Cl/F/OH)
C	Carbon
C	ⓘ Calcite	CaCO₃
C	ⓘ Cancrinite	(Na,Ca,◻)₈(Al₆Si₆O₂₄)(CO₃,SO₄)₂ · 2H₂O
O	Oxygen
O	ⓘ Aegirine	NaFe³⁺Si₂O₆
O	ⓘ Aegirine-augite	(Na_aCa_bFe_c²⁺Mg_d)(Fe_e³⁺Al_fFe_g²⁺Mg_h)Si₂O₆
O	ⓘ Amphibole Supergroup	AB₂C₅((Si,Al,Ti)₈O₂₂)(OH,F,Cl,O)₂
O	ⓘ Augite	(Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆
O	ⓘ Pyrochlore Supergroup var. Betafite (of Hogarth 1977)	(Ca,Na,U)₂(Ti, Nb,Ta)₂O₆Z(OH)
O	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
O	ⓘ Calcite	CaCO₃
O	ⓘ Cancrinite	(Na,Ca,◻)₈(Al₆Si₆O₂₄)(CO₃,SO₄)₂ · 2H₂O
O	ⓘ Diopside	CaMgSi₂O₆
O	ⓘ Eudialyte	Na₁₅Ca₆Fe₃Zr₃Si(Si₂₅O₇₃)(O,OH,H₂O)₃(Cl,OH)₂
O	ⓘ Magnetite	Fe²⁺Fe₂³⁺O₄
O	ⓘ Microcline	K(AlSi₃O₈)
O	ⓘ Nepheline	Na₃K(Al₄Si₄O₁₆)
O	ⓘ Pyrochlore Group	A₂Nb₂(O,OH)₆Z
O	ⓘ Quartz	SiO₂
O	ⓘ Riebeckite	◻[Na₂][Fe₃²⁺Fe₂³⁺]Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂
O	ⓘ Sodalite	Na₄(Si₃Al₃)O₁₂Cl
O	ⓘ Spinel	MgAl₂O₄
O	ⓘ Titanite	CaTi(SiO₄)O
O	ⓘ Pyrochlore Group var. Uranpyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977)	(Ca,U,Ce)₂(Nb,Ti,Ta)₂O₆(OH,F)
O	ⓘ Zircon	Zr(SiO₄)
O	ⓘ Pyroxene Group	ADSi₂O₆
O	ⓘ Apatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃(Cl/F/OH)
F	Fluorine
F	ⓘ Amphibole Supergroup	AB₂C₅((Si,Al,Ti)₈O₂₂)(OH,F,Cl,O)₂
F	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
F	ⓘ Pyrochlore Group var. Uranpyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977)	(Ca,U,Ce)₂(Nb,Ti,Ta)₂O₆(OH,F)
F	ⓘ Apatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃(Cl/F/OH)
Na	Sodium
Na	ⓘ Aegirine	NaFe³⁺Si₂O₆
Na	ⓘ Aegirine-augite	(Na_aCa_bFe_c²⁺Mg_d)(Fe_e³⁺Al_fFe_g²⁺Mg_h)Si₂O₆
Na	ⓘ Pyrochlore Supergroup var. Betafite (of Hogarth 1977)	(Ca,Na,U)₂(Ti, Nb,Ta)₂O₆Z(OH)
Na	ⓘ Cancrinite	(Na,Ca,◻)₈(Al₆Si₆O₂₄)(CO₃,SO₄)₂ · 2H₂O
Na	ⓘ Eudialyte	Na₁₅Ca₆Fe₃Zr₃Si(Si₂₅O₇₃)(O,OH,H₂O)₃(Cl,OH)₂
Na	ⓘ Nepheline	Na₃K(Al₄Si₄O₁₆)
Na	ⓘ Riebeckite	◻[Na₂][Fe₃²⁺Fe₂³⁺]Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂
Na	ⓘ Sodalite	Na₄(Si₃Al₃)O₁₂Cl
Mg	Magnesium
Mg	ⓘ Aegirine-augite	(Na_aCa_bFe_c²⁺Mg_d)(Fe_e³⁺Al_fFe_g²⁺Mg_h)Si₂O₆
Mg	ⓘ Augite	(Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆
Mg	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
Mg	ⓘ Diopside	CaMgSi₂O₆
Mg	ⓘ Spinel	MgAl₂O₄
Al	Aluminium
Al	ⓘ Aegirine-augite	(Na_aCa_bFe_c²⁺Mg_d)(Fe_e³⁺Al_fFe_g²⁺Mg_h)Si₂O₆
Al	ⓘ Amphibole Supergroup	AB₂C₅((Si,Al,Ti)₈O₂₂)(OH,F,Cl,O)₂
Al	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
Al	ⓘ Cancrinite	(Na,Ca,◻)₈(Al₆Si₆O₂₄)(CO₃,SO₄)₂ · 2H₂O
Al	ⓘ Microcline	K(AlSi₃O₈)
Al	ⓘ Nepheline	Na₃K(Al₄Si₄O₁₆)
Al	ⓘ Sodalite	Na₄(Si₃Al₃)O₁₂Cl
Al	ⓘ Spinel	MgAl₂O₄
Si	Silicon
Si	ⓘ Aegirine	NaFe³⁺Si₂O₆
Si	ⓘ Aegirine-augite	(Na_aCa_bFe_c²⁺Mg_d)(Fe_e³⁺Al_fFe_g²⁺Mg_h)Si₂O₆
Si	ⓘ Amphibole Supergroup	AB₂C₅((Si,Al,Ti)₈O₂₂)(OH,F,Cl,O)₂
Si	ⓘ Augite	(Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆
Si	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
Si	ⓘ Cancrinite	(Na,Ca,◻)₈(Al₆Si₆O₂₄)(CO₃,SO₄)₂ · 2H₂O
Si	ⓘ Diopside	CaMgSi₂O₆
Si	ⓘ Eudialyte	Na₁₅Ca₆Fe₃Zr₃Si(Si₂₅O₇₃)(O,OH,H₂O)₃(Cl,OH)₂
Si	ⓘ Microcline	K(AlSi₃O₈)
Si	ⓘ Nepheline	Na₃K(Al₄Si₄O₁₆)
Si	ⓘ Quartz	SiO₂
Si	ⓘ Riebeckite	◻[Na₂][Fe₃²⁺Fe₂³⁺]Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂
Si	ⓘ Sodalite	Na₄(Si₃Al₃)O₁₂Cl
Si	ⓘ Titanite	CaTi(SiO₄)O
Si	ⓘ Zircon	Zr(SiO₄)
Si	ⓘ Pyroxene Group	ADSi₂O₆
P	Phosphorus
P	ⓘ Apatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃(Cl/F/OH)
S	Sulfur
S	ⓘ Cancrinite	(Na,Ca,◻)₈(Al₆Si₆O₂₄)(CO₃,SO₄)₂ · 2H₂O
S	ⓘ Pyrite	FeS₂
Cl	Chlorine
Cl	ⓘ Amphibole Supergroup	AB₂C₅((Si,Al,Ti)₈O₂₂)(OH,F,Cl,O)₂
Cl	ⓘ Eudialyte	Na₁₅Ca₆Fe₃Zr₃Si(Si₂₅O₇₃)(O,OH,H₂O)₃(Cl,OH)₂
Cl	ⓘ Sodalite	Na₄(Si₃Al₃)O₁₂Cl
Cl	ⓘ Apatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃(Cl/F/OH)
K	Potassium
K	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
K	ⓘ Microcline	K(AlSi₃O₈)
K	ⓘ Nepheline	Na₃K(Al₄Si₄O₁₆)
Ca	Calcium
Ca	ⓘ Aegirine-augite	(Na_aCa_bFe_c²⁺Mg_d)(Fe_e³⁺Al_fFe_g²⁺Mg_h)Si₂O₆
Ca	ⓘ Augite	(Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆
Ca	ⓘ Pyrochlore Supergroup var. Betafite (of Hogarth 1977)	(Ca,Na,U)₂(Ti, Nb,Ta)₂O₆Z(OH)
Ca	ⓘ Calcite	CaCO₃
Ca	ⓘ Cancrinite	(Na,Ca,◻)₈(Al₆Si₆O₂₄)(CO₃,SO₄)₂ · 2H₂O
Ca	ⓘ Diopside	CaMgSi₂O₆
Ca	ⓘ Eudialyte	Na₁₅Ca₆Fe₃Zr₃Si(Si₂₅O₇₃)(O,OH,H₂O)₃(Cl,OH)₂
Ca	ⓘ Titanite	CaTi(SiO₄)O
Ca	ⓘ Pyrochlore Group var. Uranpyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977)	(Ca,U,Ce)₂(Nb,Ti,Ta)₂O₆(OH,F)
Ca	ⓘ Apatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃(Cl/F/OH)
Ti	Titanium
Ti	ⓘ Amphibole Supergroup	AB₂C₅((Si,Al,Ti)₈O₂₂)(OH,F,Cl,O)₂
Ti	ⓘ Pyrochlore Supergroup var. Betafite (of Hogarth 1977)	(Ca,Na,U)₂(Ti, Nb,Ta)₂O₆Z(OH)
Ti	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
Ti	ⓘ Titanite	CaTi(SiO₄)O
Ti	ⓘ Pyrochlore Group var. Uranpyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977)	(Ca,U,Ce)₂(Nb,Ti,Ta)₂O₆(OH,F)
Fe	Iron
Fe	ⓘ Aegirine	NaFe³⁺Si₂O₆
Fe	ⓘ Aegirine-augite	(Na_aCa_bFe_c²⁺Mg_d)(Fe_e³⁺Al_fFe_g²⁺Mg_h)Si₂O₆
Fe	ⓘ Augite	(Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆
Fe	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
Fe	ⓘ Eudialyte	Na₁₅Ca₆Fe₃Zr₃Si(Si₂₅O₇₃)(O,OH,H₂O)₃(Cl,OH)₂
Fe	ⓘ Magnetite	Fe²⁺Fe₂³⁺O₄
Fe	ⓘ Pyrite	FeS₂
Fe	ⓘ Riebeckite	◻[Na₂][Fe₃²⁺Fe₂³⁺]Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂
Zr	Zirconium
Zr	ⓘ Eudialyte	Na₁₅Ca₆Fe₃Zr₃Si(Si₂₅O₇₃)(O,OH,H₂O)₃(Cl,OH)₂
Zr	ⓘ Zircon	Zr(SiO₄)
Nb	Niobium
Nb	ⓘ Pyrochlore Supergroup var. Betafite (of Hogarth 1977)	(Ca,Na,U)₂(Ti, Nb,Ta)₂O₆Z(OH)
Nb	ⓘ Pyrochlore Group	A₂Nb₂(O,OH)₆Z
Nb	ⓘ Pyrochlore Group var. Uranpyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977)	(Ca,U,Ce)₂(Nb,Ti,Ta)₂O₆(OH,F)
Ce	Cerium
Ce	ⓘ Pyrochlore Group var. Uranpyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977)	(Ca,U,Ce)₂(Nb,Ti,Ta)₂O₆(OH,F)
Ta	Tantalum
Ta	ⓘ Pyrochlore Supergroup var. Betafite (of Hogarth 1977)	(Ca,Na,U)₂(Ti, Nb,Ta)₂O₆Z(OH)
Ta	ⓘ Pyrochlore Group var. Uranpyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977)	(Ca,U,Ce)₂(Nb,Ti,Ta)₂O₆(OH,F)
U	Uranium
U	ⓘ Pyrochlore Supergroup var. Betafite (of Hogarth 1977)	(Ca,Na,U)₂(Ti, Nb,Ta)₂O₆Z(OH)
U	ⓘ Pyrochlore Group var. Uranpyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977)	(Ca,U,Ce)₂(Nb,Ti,Ta)₂O₆(OH,F)

Geochronology

Mineralization age: Neoproterozoic to Cambrian : 685 ± 62 Ma to 490 ± 12 Ma

Important note: This table is based only on rock and mineral ages recorded on mindat.org for this locality and is not necessarily a complete representation of the geochronology, but does give an indication of possible mineralization events relevant to this locality. As more age information is added this table may expand in the future. A break in the table simply indicates a lack of data entered here, not necessarily a break in the geologic sequence. Grey background entries are from different, related, localities.

Geologic Time

Rocks, Minerals and Events

ⓘ Biotite (youngest age)

490 ± 12 Ma

Miaolingian

ⓘ Biotite (oldest age)

508 ± 12 Ma

ⓘ Sodalite-syenite	655 Ma
ⓘ Nepheline-syenite	685 ± 62 Ma

Other Regions, Features and Areas containing this locality

AfricaContinent

East African Rift System (EARS)Zone (Tectonic)
- Albertine RiftZone (Tectonic)

African PlateTectonic Plate

Congo Craton
- Ubendian BeltShield

This page contains all mineral locality references listed on mindat.org. This does not claim to be a complete list. If you know of more minerals from this site, please register so you can add to our database. This locality information is for reference purposes only. You should never attempt to visit any sites listed in mindat.org without first ensuring that you have the permission of the land and/or mineral rights holders for access and that you are aware of all safety precautions necessary.

References

Bloomfield, K. (1968). The pre-Karroo geology of Malawi. Memoir, Geological Survey of Malawi, 5.

RAY, GERALD E. (1974) The structural and metamorphic geology of northern Malawi. Journal of the Geological Society, 130 (5) 427-440 doi:10.1144/gsjgs.130.5.0427

Ray, G. E. (1975). The geology of the Chitipa-Karonga area. Bulletin, Geological Survey of Malawi, 42.

Bloomfield, K., Deans, T. & Wells, M.K. (1981). The Ilomba alkaline complex, northern Malawi and associated uranium-niobium mineralisation. Overseas Geology and Mineral Resources, 57, 1-21.

Woolley, A. R. (2001) Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World, Part 3: Africa - Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World. The Geological Society of London.p.159

library.iem.ac.ru (n.d.) http://library.iem.ac.ru/j-petr/8-3998/html/egb054_gml.html

Orris, Greta J., Grauch, Richard I. (2002) Rare Earth Element Mines, Deposits, and Occurrences. Open-File Report 2002-189. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr02189

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Ilomba intrusion, Songwe Complex, Chitipa, Northern Region, MalawiiRegional Level TypesIlomba intrusionIntrusion Songwe ComplexComplex ChitipaDistrict Northern RegionRegion MalawiCountry function showexplain() { $("#locexplain").toggle(); if (typeof movemap === "function") movemap(); }

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Detailed Mineral List:

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List of minerals arranged by Strunz 10th Edition classification

List of minerals for each chemical element

Geochronology

Other Regions, Features and Areas containing this locality

References

Ilomba intrusion, Songwe Complex, Chitipa, Northern Region, Malawi i
Regional Level Types
Ilomba intrusion Intrusion
Songwe Complex Complex
Chitipa District
Northern Region Region
Malawi Country