Wilhelmij, Harry R., Cabri, Louis J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51 (3) 343-367 doi:10.1007/s00126-015-0603-2

Cabri, Louis J.; Oberthür, Thomas; Keays, Reid R. (2022) Origin and depositional history of platinum-group minerals in placers – A critical review of facts and fiction. Ore Geology Reviews, 144. 104733 doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2022.104733

ⓘ Aegirine

Formula: NaFe³⁺Si₂O₆

Localities:

Songwe Complex, Chitipa, Northern Region, Malawi
Ilomba intrusion, Songwe Complex, Chitipa, Northern Region, Malawi

ⓘ Aegirine-augite

Formula: (Na_aCa_bFe²⁺_cMg_d)(Fe³⁺_eAl_fFe²⁺_gMg_h)Si₂O₆

Localities:

Songwe Complex, Chitipa, Northern Region, Malawi
Ilomba intrusion, Songwe Complex, Chitipa, Northern Region, Malawi
Mbozi complex, Mbeya Region, Tanzania

ⓘ Albite

Formula: Na(AlSi₃O₈)

Localities:

Songwe Complex, Chitipa, Northern Region, Malawi
Ulindi intrusion, Songwe Complex, Chitipa, Northern Region, Malawi
Mbozi complex, Mbeya Region, Tanzania
Nkenga complex, Njombe Region, Tanzania

ⓘ Albite var. Oligoclase

Formula: (Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si₂O₈]

Locality: Mbozi complex, Mbeya Region, Tanzania

References:

Brock, P. W. G., Gellatly, D. C., von Knoebing, O. (1964) Mboziite, a new sodic amphibole end-member. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 33 (267) 1057-1065 doi:10.1180/minmag.1964.033.267.01

ⓘ 'Alkali Feldspar'

Locality: Ilomba intrusion, Songwe Complex, Chitipa, Northern Region, Malawi

References:

doi.org/10.1093/petroj/39.8.1405

Woolley, A.R., Platt, R.G. & Eby, G.N. 1996. Relatively aluminous alkali pyroxene in nepheline syenites from Malawi: mineralogical response to metamorphism in alkaline rocks. The Canadian Mineralogist, 34, 423-434.

Bloomfield, K. (1968). The pre-Karroo geology of Malawi. Memoir, Geological Survey of Malawi, 5.

Ray, G. E. (1974). The structural and metamorphic geology of northern Malawi. Journal of the Geological Society, 130(5), 427-440. doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.130.5.0427

Ray, G. E. (1975). The geology of the Chitipa-Karonga area. Bulletin, Geological Survey of Malawi, 42.

Bloomfield, K., Deans, T. & Wells, M.K. (1981). The Ilomba alkaline complex, northern Malawi and associated uranium-niobium mineralisation. Overseas Geology and Mineral Resources, 57, 1-21.

citeseerx.ist.psu.edu (n.d.) https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.607.4437&rep=rep1&type=pdf

ⓘ Altaite

Formula: PbTe

Locality: Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania

References:

Wilhelmij, Harry R., Cabri, Louis J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51 (3) 343-367 doi:10.1007/s00126-015-0603-2

ⓘ 'Amphibole Supergroup'

Formula: AB₂C₅((Si,Al,Ti)₈O₂₂)(OH,F,Cl,O)₂

Localities:

Songwe Complex, Chitipa, Northern Region, Malawi
Ilomba intrusion, Songwe Complex, Chitipa, Northern Region, Malawi

ⓘ Anorthite

Formula: Ca(Al₂Si₂O₈)

Locality: Peramiho meteorite, Nguni, Ruvuma Region, Tanzania

Description: Relatively homogeneous Plagioclase (Ab85; An84-87) of Bytownite compostion

References:

Hsu, W. & Crozaz, G. (1997) Ion microprobe study of the pomozdino and peramiho eucrites: Meteoritics 32 (2): 271-280. (March 1997)

ⓘ Anorthite var. Bytownite

Formula: (Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si₂O₈]

Locality: Peramiho meteorite, Nguni, Ruvuma Region, Tanzania

Description: Relatively homogeneous Plagioclase (Ab85; An84-87) of Bytownite compostion

References:

Hsu, W. & Crozaz, G. (1997) Ion microprobe study of the pomozdino and peramiho eucrites: Meteoritics 32 (2): 271-280. (March 1997)

ⓘ 'Apatite'

Formula: Ca₅(PO₄)₃(Cl/F/OH)

Localities: Reported from at least 6 localities in this region.

ⓘ Arsenopyrite

Formula: FeAsS

Locality: Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania

References:

Wilhelmij, Harry R., Cabri, Louis J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51 (3) 343-367 doi:10.1007/s00126-015-0603-2

ⓘ Atokite

Formula: (Pd,Pt)₃Sn

Locality: Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania

References:

Wilhelmij, Harry R., Cabri, Louis J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51 (3) 343-367 doi:10.1007/s00126-015-0603-2

ⓘ Augite

Formula: (Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆

Localities:

Ilomba intrusion, Songwe Complex, Chitipa, Northern Region, Malawi
Peramiho meteorite, Nguni, Ruvuma Region, Tanzania
Nkenga complex, Njombe Region, Tanzania

ⓘ Auricupride

Formula: Cu₃Au

Locality: Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania

References:

Wilhelmij, Harry R., Cabri, Louis J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51 (3) 343-367 doi:10.1007/s00126-015-0603-2

ⓘ Aurostibite

Formula: AuSb₂

Locality: Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania

References:

Wilhelmij, Harry R., Cabri, Louis J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51 (3) 343-367 doi:10.1007/s00126-015-0603-2

ⓘ Baddeleyite

Formula: ZrO₂

Locality: Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania

References:

Wilhelmij, Harry R., Cabri, Louis J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51 (3) 343-367 doi:10.1007/s00126-015-0603-2

ⓘ Baryte

Formula: BaSO₄

Locality: Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania

References:

Wilhelmij, Harry R., Cabri, Louis J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51 (3) 343-367 doi:10.1007/s00126-015-0603-2

ⓘ 'Bastnäsite'

Formula: (Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO₃)F

Locality: Ulindi intrusion, Songwe Complex, Chitipa, Northern Region, Malawi

References:

doi.org/10.1093/petroj/39.8.1405

Ray, G. E. (1974). The structural and metamorphic geology of northern Malawi. Journal of the Geological Society, 130(5), 427-440. doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.130.5.0427

Eby, G. N., Woolley, A. R., Din, V., Platt, G. (1998) Geochemistry and Petrogenesis of Nepheline Syenites: Kasungu-Chipala, Ilomba, and Ulindi Nepheline Syenite Intrusions, North Nyasa Alkaline Province, Malawi. Journal of Petrology, 39 (8) 1405-1424 doi:10.1093/petroj/39.8.1405

ⓘ Beryl

Formula: Be₃Al₂(Si₆O₁₈)

Locality: Kalambazite, Sumbawanga District, Rukwa Region, Tanzania

References:

USGS (2003) Minerals Yearbook - Tanzania.

ⓘ Beryl var. Emerald

Formula: Be₃Al₂(Si₆O₁₈)

Locality: Kalambazite, Sumbawanga District, Rukwa Region, Tanzania

References:

USGS (2003) Minerals Yearbook - Tanzania.

ⓘ 'Biotite'

Formula: K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂

Localities:

Panda Hill, Mbeya, Mbeya Region, Tanzania
Songwe Complex, Chitipa, Northern Region, Malawi
Ilomba intrusion, Songwe Complex, Chitipa, Northern Region, Malawi
Ulindi intrusion, Songwe Complex, Chitipa, Northern Region, Malawi
Mbozi complex, Mbeya Region, Tanzania

ⓘ Boltwoodite

Formula: (K,Na)(UO₂)(SiO₃OH) · 1.5H₂O

Locality: Kayelekera mine, Karonga, Karonga District, Northern Region, Malawi

References:

Becker, E., K. Karner, J. C. Corbin, and J. Mwenelupembe. The geology of the Kayelekera uranium mine, Malawi. No. IAEA-TECDOC-CD--1739. 2014.

ⓘ Bornite

Formula: Cu₅FeS₄

Locality: Nkenga complex, Njombe Region, Tanzania

References:

Evans, D. M., Barrett, F. M., Prichard, H. M., & Fisher, P. C. (2012). Platinum–palladium–gold mineralization in the Nkenja mafic–ultramafic body, Ubendian metamorphic belt, Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 47(1-2), 175-196.

ⓘ Cabriite

Formula: Pd₂CuSn

Locality: Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania

References:

Wilhelmij, Harry R., Cabri, Louis J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51 (3) 343-367 doi:10.1007/s00126-015-0603-2

ⓘ Calcite

Formula: CaCO₃

Localities:

Panda Hill, Mbeya, Mbeya Region, Tanzania
Ilomba intrusion, Songwe Complex, Chitipa, Northern Region, Malawi
Kayelekera mine, Karonga, Karonga District, Northern Region, Malawi

ⓘ Cancrinite

Formula: (Na,Ca,◻)₈(Al₆Si₆O₂₄)(CO₃,SO₄)₂ · 2H₂O

Locality: Ilomba intrusion, Songwe Complex, Chitipa, Northern Region, Malawi

References:

ⓘ Chalcocite

Formula: Cu₂S

Locality: Nkenga complex, Njombe Region, Tanzania

References:

ⓘ Chalcopyrite

Formula: CuFeS₂

Localities:

Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania
Nkenga complex, Njombe Region, Tanzania

ⓘ 'Chlorite Group'

Localities:

Panda Hill, Mbeya, Mbeya Region, Tanzania
Liganga, Lake Malawi, Ludewa District, Njombe Region, Tanzania
Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania
Nkenga complex, Njombe Region, Tanzania

ⓘ Chromite

Formula: Fe²⁺Cr³⁺₂O₄

Localities:

Peramiho meteorite, Nguni, Ruvuma Region, Tanzania
Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania
Nkenga complex, Njombe Region, Tanzania

ⓘ Clausthalite

Formula: PbSe

Locality: Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania

References:

Wilhelmij, Harry R., Cabri, Louis J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51 (3) 343-367 doi:10.1007/s00126-015-0603-2

ⓘ Clinochlore

Formula: Mg₅Al(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₈

Locality: Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania

References:

Wilhelmij, Harry R., Cabri, Louis J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51 (3) 343-367 doi:10.1007/s00126-015-0603-2

Cabri, Louis J.; Wilhelmij, Harry R.; Eksteen, Jacobus J. (2017) Contrasting mineralogical and processing potential of two mineralization types in the platinum group element and Ni-bearing Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Ore Geology Reviews, 90. doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2017.04.009

ⓘ 'Clinopyroxene Subgroup'

Locality: Nkenga complex, Njombe Region, Tanzania

References:

ⓘ Coffinite

Formula: U(SiO₄) · nH₂O

Locality: Kayelekera mine, Karonga, Karonga District, Northern Region, Malawi

References:

Becker, E., K. Karner, J. C. Corbin, and J. Mwenelupembe. The geology of the Kayelekera uranium mine, Malawi. No. IAEA-TECDOC-CD--1739. 2014.

ⓘ 'Columbite-(Fe)-Columbite-(Mn) Series'

Locality: Panda Hill, Mbeya, Mbeya Region, Tanzania

References:

Mineralogical Magazine 32, 10-25

ⓘ Cooperite

Formula: PtS

Locality: Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania

References:

Wilhelmij, Harry R., Cabri, Louis J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51 (3) 343-367 doi:10.1007/s00126-015-0603-2

ⓘ Corundum

Formula: Al₂O₃

Localities: Reported from at least 6 localities in this region.

ⓘ Corundum var. Ruby

Formula: Al₂O₃

Localities:

Songea, Songea Urban District, Ruvuma Region, Tanzania
Kisumba Mine, Chala village, Nkasi District, Rukwa Region, Tanzania
Naende Mine, Chala village, Nkasi District, Rukwa Region, Tanzania

ⓘ Corundum var. Sapphire

Formula: Al₂O₃

Localities:

Amanimakoro, Mbinga District, Ruvuma Region, Tanzania
Songea, Songea Urban District, Ruvuma Region, Tanzania
Tawete, Sumbawanga District, Rukwa Region, Tanzania
Mabwenkoswe, Sumbawanga District, Rukwa Region, Tanzania

ⓘ Diopside

Formula: CaMgSi₂O₆

Localities:

Ilomba intrusion, Songwe Complex, Chitipa, Northern Region, Malawi
Nkenga complex, Njombe Region, Tanzania

ⓘ Dolomite

Formula: CaMg(CO₃)₂

Locality: Panda Hill, Mbeya, Mbeya Region, Tanzania

References:

Berger, Vladimir I.; Singer, Donald A.; Orris, Greta J. (2009) Carbonatites of the World, Explored Deposits of Nb and REE—Database and Grade and Tonnage Models . Open-File Report 2009-1139. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr20091139

ⓘ Enstatite

Formula: Mg₂Si₂O₆

Locality: Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania

References:

Wilhelmij, Harry R., Cabri, Louis J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51 (3) 343-367 doi:10.1007/s00126-015-0603-2

ⓘ Epidote

Formula: (CaCa)(AlAlFe³⁺)O[Si₂O₇][SiO₄](OH)

Locality: Songea, Songea Urban District, Ruvuma Region, Tanzania

References:

Lomthong, P. (2004) Characteristics of some Corundum from Songea Deposit, Tanzania.

ⓘ Eudialyte

Formula: Na₁₅Ca₆Fe₃Zr₃Si(Si₂₅O₇₃)(O,OH,H₂O)₃(Cl,OH)₂

Locality: Ilomba intrusion, Songwe Complex, Chitipa, Northern Region, Malawi

References:

doi.org/10.1093/petroj/39.8.1405

Bloomfield, K. (1968). The pre-Karroo geology of Malawi. Memoir, Geological Survey of Malawi, 5.

Ray, G. E. (1974). The structural and metamorphic geology of northern Malawi. Journal of the Geological Society, 130(5), 427-440. doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.130.5.0427

Ray, G. E. (1975). The geology of the Chitipa-Karonga area. Bulletin, Geological Survey of Malawi, 42.

Bloomfield, K., Deans, T. & Wells, M.K. (1981). The Ilomba alkaline complex, northern Malawi and associated uranium-niobium mineralisation. Overseas Geology and Mineral Resources, 57, 1-21.

Woolley, A. R., Platt, R. G., Eby, N. (1992) Niobian titanite and eudialyte from the Ilomba nepheline syenite complex, north Malawi. Mineralogical Magazine, 56 (384) 428-430 doi:10.1180/minmag.1992.056.384.19

Orris, Greta J., Grauch, Richard I. (2002) Rare Earth Element Mines, Deposits, and Occurrences. Open-File Report 2002-189. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr02189

citeseerx.ist.psu.edu (n.d.) https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.607.4437&rep=rep1&type=pdf

ⓘ 'Fayalite-Forsterite Series'

Localities:

Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania
Nkenga complex, Njombe Region, Tanzania

ⓘ 'Feldspar Group'

Localities:

Songwe Complex, Chitipa, Northern Region, Malawi
Ilomba intrusion, Songwe Complex, Chitipa, Northern Region, Malawi
Kayelekera mine, Karonga, Karonga District, Northern Region, Malawi

ⓘ 'Feldspar Group var. Perthite'

Localities:

Songwe Complex, Chitipa, Northern Region, Malawi
Ilomba intrusion, Songwe Complex, Chitipa, Northern Region, Malawi

ⓘ 'Ferritchromit'

Locality: Nkenga complex, Njombe Region, Tanzania

References:

ⓘ Fersmite

Formula: CaNb₂O₆

Locality: Panda Hill, Mbeya, Mbeya Region, Tanzania

References:

Chakhmouradian, A. R., Reguir, E. P., Kressall, R. D., Crozier, J., Pisiak, L. K., Sidhu, R., & Yang, P. (2015). Carbonatite-hosted niobium deposit at Aley, northern British Columbia (Canada): Mineralogy, geochemistry and petrogenesis. Ore Geology Reviews, 64, 642-666.

ⓘ Fluorapatite

Formula: Ca₅(PO₄)₃F

Locality: Panda Hill, Mbeya, Mbeya Region, Tanzania

References:

Mgonde, F. (1994). Mobilization and Redistribution of Phosphate and Rare Earth Elements in the Weathering Zone above Panda Hill Carbonatite, SW Tanzania (Doctoral dissertation, Carleton University Ottawa).

ⓘ Fluorite

Formula: CaF₂

Locality: Panda Hill, Mbeya, Mbeya Region, Tanzania

References:

Mineralogical Magazine 32, 10-25

Anthony, J. W. et al. (1997): Handbook of Mineralogy, Vol. 3, 42

ⓘ Forsterite

Formula: Mg₂SiO₄

Localities:

Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania
Nkenga complex, Njombe Region, Tanzania

ⓘ Galena

Formula: PbS

Locality: Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania

References:

Wilhelmij, Harry R., Cabri, Louis J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51 (3) 343-367 doi:10.1007/s00126-015-0603-2

ⓘ 'Garnet Group'

Formula: X₃Z₂(SiO₄)₃

Localities:

Panda Hill, Mbeya, Mbeya Region, Tanzania
Songwe Complex, Chitipa, Northern Region, Malawi
Songea, Songea Urban District, Ruvuma Region, Tanzania
Mwayze, Sumbawanga District, Rukwa Region, Tanzania

ⓘ Genkinite

Formula: Pt₄Sb₃

Locality: Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania

References:

Wilhelmij, Harry R., Cabri, Louis J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51 (3) 343-367 doi:10.1007/s00126-015-0603-2

ⓘ Gersdorffite

Formula: NiAsS

Locality: Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania

References:

Wilhelmij, Harry R., Cabri, Louis J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51 (3) 343-367 doi:10.1007/s00126-015-0603-2

ⓘ Geversite

Formula: PtSb₂

Locality: Nkenga complex, Njombe Region, Tanzania

References:

ⓘ Gibbsite

Formula: Al(OH)₃

Locality: Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania

References:

Wilhelmij, Harry R., Cabri, Louis J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51 (3) 343-367 doi:10.1007/s00126-015-0603-2

ⓘ Goethite

Formula: Fe³⁺O(OH)

Localities:

Panda Hill, Mbeya, Mbeya Region, Tanzania
Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania

ⓘ Goyazite

Formula: SrAl₃(PO₄)(PO₃OH)(OH)₆

Locality: Panda Hill, Mbeya, Mbeya Region, Tanzania

References:

ⓘ Gudmundite

Formula: FeSbS

Locality: Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania

References:

Wilhelmij, Harry R., Cabri, Louis J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51 (3) 343-367 doi:10.1007/s00126-015-0603-2

ⓘ Halloysite

Formula: Al₂(Si₂O₅)(OH)₄

Locality: Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania

References:

Wilhelmij, Harry R., Cabri, Louis J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51 (3) 343-367 doi:10.1007/s00126-015-0603-2

ⓘ Heazlewoodite

Formula: Ni₃S₂

Localities:

Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania
Nkenga complex, Njombe Region, Tanzania

ⓘ Hematite

Formula: Fe₂O₃

Localities:

Panda Hill, Mbeya, Mbeya Region, Tanzania
Songea, Songea Urban District, Ruvuma Region, Tanzania
Liganga, Lake Malawi, Ludewa District, Njombe Region, Tanzania
Kayelekera mine, Karonga, Karonga District, Northern Region, Malawi
Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania

ⓘ Hematite var. Martite

Formula: Fe₂O₃

Locality: Panda Hill, Mbeya, Mbeya Region, Tanzania

References:

Mineralogical Magazine 32, 10-25

ⓘ Hessite

Formula: Ag₂Te

Locality: Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania

References:

Wilhelmij, Harry R., Cabri, Louis J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51 (3) 343-367 doi:10.1007/s00126-015-0603-2

ⓘ 'Hornblende Root Name Group'

Formula: ◻Ca₂(Z²⁺₄Z³⁺)(AlSi₇O₂₂)(OH,F,Cl)₂

Locality: Nkenga complex, Njombe Region, Tanzania

ⓘ Ilmenite

Formula: Fe²⁺TiO₃

Localities: Reported from at least 6 localities in this region.

ⓘ Irarsite

Formula: (Ir,Ru,Rh,Pt)AsS

Locality: Nkenga complex, Njombe Region, Tanzania

References:

ⓘ Isoferroplatinum

Formula: Pt₃Fe

Locality: Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania

References:

Wilhelmij, Harry R., Cabri, Louis J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51 (3) 343-367 doi:10.1007/s00126-015-0603-2

ⓘ Kaolinite

Formula: Al₂(Si₂O₅)(OH)₄

Localities:

Panda Hill, Mbeya, Mbeya Region, Tanzania
Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania

ⓘ Keithconnite

Formula: Pd₂₀Te₇

Locality: Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania

References:

Wilhelmij, Harry R., Cabri, Louis J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51 (3) 343-367 doi:10.1007/s00126-015-0603-2

ⓘ 'K Feldspar'

Locality: Mbozi complex, Mbeya Region, Tanzania

References:

ⓘ Kotulskite

Formula: Pd(Te,Bi)_2-x (x ≈ 0.4)

Locality: Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania

References:

Wilhelmij, Harry R., Cabri, Louis J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51 (3) 343-367 doi:10.1007/s00126-015-0603-2

ⓘ Kyanite

Formula: Al₂(SiO₄)O

Localities:

Kisumba Mine, Chala village, Nkasi District, Rukwa Region, Tanzania
Naende Mine, Chala village, Nkasi District, Rukwa Region, Tanzania
Kalambazite, Sumbawanga District, Rukwa Region, Tanzania
Fito, Sumbawanga District, Rukwa Region, Tanzania

Colour: Yellow, green

ⓘ Laurite

Formula: RuS₂

Locality: Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania

References:

Wilhelmij, Harry R., Cabri, Louis J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51 (3) 343-367 doi:10.1007/s00126-015-0603-2

ⓘ 'Limonite'

Localities:

Panda Hill, Mbeya, Mbeya Region, Tanzania
Mbozi complex, Mbeya Region, Tanzania

ⓘ Lizardite

Formula: Mg₃(Si₂O₅)(OH)₄

Locality: Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania

References:

Wilhelmij, Harry R., Cabri, Louis J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51 (3) 343-367 doi:10.1007/s00126-015-0603-2

ⓘ Maghemite

Formula: (Fe³⁺_0.67◻_0.33)Fe³⁺₂O₄

Locality: Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania

References:

Wilhelmij, Harry R., Cabri, Louis J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51 (3) 343-367 doi:10.1007/s00126-015-0603-2

ⓘ Magnesiohögbomite-6N6S (TL)

Formula: [(Mg,Fe²⁺)₃(Al,Ti,Fe³⁺)₈O₁₅(OH)]₆

Type Locality:

References:

Hejny, Clivia, Armbruster, Thomas (2002) Polysomatism in högbomite: The crystal structures of 10T, 12H, 14T, and 24R polysomes. American Mineralogist, 87 (2-3). 277-292 doi:10.2138/am-2002-2-309

ⓘ Magnetite

Formula: Fe²⁺Fe³⁺₂O₄

Localities: Reported from at least 7 localities in this region.

ⓘ Maslovite

Formula: PtBiTe

Locality: Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania

References:

ⓘ Menshikovite

Formula: Pd₃Ni₂As₃

Locality: Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania

References:

Wilhelmij, Harry R., Cabri, Louis J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51 (3) 343-367 doi:10.1007/s00126-015-0603-2

ⓘ Merrillite

Formula: Ca₉NaMg(PO₄)₇

Locality: Peramiho meteorite, Nguni, Ruvuma Region, Tanzania

References:

Hsu, W. & Crozaz, G. (1996) Pomozdino and Peramiho: Are They Anomalous Eucrites? Lunar and Planetary Science XXVII: 567-568.

ⓘ Meta-autunite

Formula: Ca(UO₂)₂(PO₄)₂ · 6H₂O

Locality: Kayelekera mine, Karonga, Karonga District, Northern Region, Malawi

References:

Becker, E., K. Karner, J. C. Corbin, and J. Mwenelupembe. The geology of the Kayelekera uranium mine, Malawi. No. IAEA-TECDOC-CD--1739. 2014.

ⓘ 'Mica Group'

Locality: Songea, Songea Urban District, Ruvuma Region, Tanzania

References:

Lomthong, P. (2004) Characteristics of some Corundum from Songea Deposit, Tanzania.

ⓘ Michenerite

Formula: PdBiTe

Locality: Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania

References:

Wilhelmij, Harry R., Cabri, Louis J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51 (3) 343-367 doi:10.1007/s00126-015-0603-2

ⓘ Microcline

Formula: K(AlSi₃O₈)

Localities:

Songwe Complex, Chitipa, Northern Region, Malawi
Ulindi intrusion, Songwe Complex, Chitipa, Northern Region, Malawi
Ilomba intrusion, Songwe Complex, Chitipa, Northern Region, Malawi

ⓘ Millerite

Formula: NiS

Localities:

Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania
Nkenga complex, Njombe Region, Tanzania

ⓘ 'Monazite Group'

Formula: REE(PO₄)

Localities:

Panda Hill, Mbeya, Mbeya Region, Tanzania
Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania

ⓘ Moncheite

Formula: Pt(Te,Bi)₂

Locality: Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania

References:

Wilhelmij, Harry R., Cabri, Louis J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51 (3) 343-367 doi:10.1007/s00126-015-0603-2

ⓘ Muscovite

Formula: KAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂

Localities:

Ulindi intrusion, Songwe Complex, Chitipa, Northern Region, Malawi
Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania

ⓘ Muscovite var. Sericite

Formula: KAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂

Locality: Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania

References:

Wilhelmij, Harry R., Cabri, Louis J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51 (3) 343-367 doi:10.1007/s00126-015-0603-2

ⓘ Native Copper

Formula: Cu

Locality: Nkenga complex, Njombe Region, Tanzania

References:

ⓘ Native Gold

Formula: Au

Locality: Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania

References:

Wilhelmij, Harry R., Cabri, Louis J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51 (3) 343-367 doi:10.1007/s00126-015-0603-2

ⓘ Native Gold var. Electrum

Formula: (Au,Ag)

Localities:

Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania
Nkenga complex, Njombe Region, Tanzania

ⓘ Native Osmium

Formula: (Os,Ir,Ru)

Locality: Nkenga complex, Njombe Region, Tanzania

References:

ⓘ Native Palladium

Formula: (Pd,Pt)

Locality: Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania

References:

Wilhelmij, Harry R., Cabri, Louis J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51 (3) 343-367 doi:10.1007/s00126-015-0603-2

ⓘ Native Platinum

Formula: Pt

Localities:

Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania
Nkenga complex, Njombe Region, Tanzania

ⓘ Native Silver

Formula: Ag

Locality: Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania

References:

Wilhelmij, Harry R., Cabri, Louis J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51 (3) 343-367 doi:10.1007/s00126-015-0603-2

ⓘ Nepheline

Formula: Na₃K(Al₄Si₄O₁₆)

Localities:

Ilomba intrusion, Songwe Complex, Chitipa, Northern Region, Malawi
Ulindi intrusion, Songwe Complex, Chitipa, Northern Region, Malawi
Mbozi complex, Mbeya Region, Tanzania

ⓘ Orthoclase

Formula: K(AlSi₃O₈)

Locality: Panda Hill, Mbeya, Mbeya Region, Tanzania

References:

Mineralogical Magazine 32, 10-25

ⓘ 'Orthopyroxene Subgroup'

Locality: Peramiho meteorite, Nguni, Ruvuma Region, Tanzania

References:

Hsu, W. & Crozaz, G. (1997) Ion microprobe study of the pomozdino and peramiho eucrites: Meteoritics & Planetary Science 32 (2):271-280. (March 1997)

ⓘ Palladosilicide (TL)

Formula: Pd₂Si

Type Locality:

References:

Williams, P. A., Hatert, F., Pasero, M., Mills, S. J. (2015) New minerals and nomenclature modifications approved in 2014 and 2015. Newsletter No 23. Mineralogical Magazine, 79 (1) 51-58 doi:10.1180/minmag.2015.079.1.05

Wilhelmij, Harry R., Cabri, Louis J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51 (3) 343-367 doi:10.1007/s00126-015-0603-2

ⓘ Paragonite

Formula: NaAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂

Locality: Songea, Songea Urban District, Ruvuma Region, Tanzania

References:

Lomthong, P. (2004) Characteristics of some Corundum from Songea Deposit, Tanzania.

ⓘ Pentlandite

Formula: (Ni_xFe_y)_Σ9S₈

Localities:

Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania
Nkenga complex, Njombe Region, Tanzania

ⓘ Phlogopite

Formula: KMg₃(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂

Locality: Panda Hill, Mbeya, Mbeya Region, Tanzania

References:

ⓘ Pigeonite

Formula: (Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆

Locality: Peramiho meteorite, Nguni, Ruvuma Region, Tanzania

References:

Mason, Brian (1967) The Bununu meteorite, and a discussion of the pyroxene-plagioclase achondrites. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 31 (2) 107-115 doi:10.1016/s0016-7037(67)80040-1

Hsu, W. & Crozaz, G. (1996) Pomozdino and Peramiho: Are They Anomalous Eucrites? Lunar and Planetary Science XXVII: 567-568.

ⓘ 'Plagioclase'

Formula: (Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈

Localities:

Panda Hill, Mbeya, Mbeya Region, Tanzania
Songea, Songea Urban District, Ruvuma Region, Tanzania
Peramiho meteorite, Nguni, Ruvuma Region, Tanzania
Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania
Nkenga complex, Njombe Region, Tanzania

ⓘ Plumbopalladinite

Formula: Pd₃Pb₂

Locality: Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania

References:

Wilhelmij, Harry R., Cabri, Louis J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51 (3) 343-367 doi:10.1007/s00126-015-0603-2

ⓘ Potassic-ferro-ferri-taramite (TL)

Formula: K(CaNa)(Fe²⁺₃Fe³⁺₂)(Al₂Si₆O₂₂)(OH)₂

Type Locality:

References:

ⓘ Pyrite

Formula: FeS₂

Localities:

Panda Hill, Mbeya, Mbeya Region, Tanzania
Ilomba intrusion, Songwe Complex, Chitipa, Northern Region, Malawi
Kayelekera mine, Karonga, Karonga District, Northern Region, Malawi
Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania
Nkenga complex, Njombe Region, Tanzania

ⓘ 'Pyrochlore Group'

Formula: A₂Nb₂(O,OH)₆Z

Localities:

Panda Hill, Mbeya, Mbeya Region, Tanzania
Ilomba intrusion, Songwe Complex, Chitipa, Northern Region, Malawi
Ulindi intrusion, Songwe Complex, Chitipa, Northern Region, Malawi
Mbozi complex, Mbeya Region, Tanzania

ⓘ 'Pyrochlore Group var. Uranpyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977)'

Formula: (Ca,U,Ce)₂(Nb,Ti,Ta)₂O₆(OH,F)

Locality: Ilomba intrusion, Songwe Complex, Chitipa, Northern Region, Malawi

References:

Orris, Greta J., Grauch, Richard I. (2002) Rare Earth Element Mines, Deposits, and Occurrences. Open-File Report 2002-189. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr02189

ⓘ 'Pyrochlore Group var. Zero valent dominant member of Pyrochlore Group' (FRL)

Formula: A₂Nb₂(O,OH)₆Z

Type Locality:

Description: First described as "pandaite"

References:

Richard GainesIdentified by Vandall Thomas King: Dealer/Collection Label

Jäger, E., Niggli, E. & van der Veen, A.H. (1959): A hydrated barium–strontium pyrochlore in a biotite rock from Panda Hill, Tanganyika. Mineralogical Magazine: 32: 10-25

Atencio, D., Andrade, M. B., Christy, A. G., Giere, R., Kartashov, P. M. (2010) The pyrochlore supergroup of minerals: nomenclature. The Canadian Mineralogist, 48 (3) 673-698 doi:10.3749/canmin.48.3.673

ⓘ 'Pyrochlore Supergroup'

Formula: A_2-mD₂X_6-wZ_1-n

Locality: Ilomba intrusion, Songwe Complex, Chitipa, Northern Region, Malawi

References:

Orris, Greta J., Grauch, Richard I. (2002) Rare Earth Element Mines, Deposits, and Occurrences. Open-File Report 2002-189. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr02189

ⓘ 'Pyrochlore Supergroup var. Betafite (of Hogarth 1977)'

Formula: (Ca,Na,U)₂(Ti, Nb,Ta)₂O₆Z(OH)

Locality: Ilomba intrusion, Songwe Complex, Chitipa, Northern Region, Malawi

References:

Orris, Greta J., Grauch, Richard I. (2002) Rare Earth Element Mines, Deposits, and Occurrences. Open-File Report 2002-189. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr02189

ⓘ 'Pyroxene Group'

Formula: ADSi₂O₆

Localities:

Songwe Complex, Chitipa, Northern Region, Malawi
Ilomba intrusion, Songwe Complex, Chitipa, Northern Region, Malawi
Peramiho meteorite, Nguni, Ruvuma Region, Tanzania
Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania

ⓘ Pyrrhotite

Formula: Fe_1-xS

Localities:

Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania
Nkenga complex, Njombe Region, Tanzania

ⓘ Quartz

Formula: SiO₂

Localities: Reported from at least 6 localities in this region.

ⓘ 'Rhabdophane'

Locality: Panda Hill, Mbeya, Mbeya Region, Tanzania

References:

ⓘ Riebeckite

Formula: ◻[Na₂][Fe²⁺₃Fe³⁺₂]Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂

Localities:

Songwe Complex, Chitipa, Northern Region, Malawi
Ilomba intrusion, Songwe Complex, Chitipa, Northern Region, Malawi

ⓘ Ruarsite

Formula: (Ru,Os)AsS

Locality: Nkenga complex, Njombe Region, Tanzania

References:

ⓘ Rustenburgite

Formula: (Pt,Pd)₃Sn

Locality: Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania

References:

Wilhelmij, Harry R., Cabri, Louis J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51 (3) 343-367 doi:10.1007/s00126-015-0603-2

ⓘ Rutile

Formula: TiO₂

Localities:

Panda Hill, Mbeya, Mbeya Region, Tanzania
Songea, Songea Urban District, Ruvuma Region, Tanzania
Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania

ⓘ 'Serpentine Subgroup'

Formula: D₃[Si₂O₅](OH)₄

Localities:

Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania
Nkenga complex, Njombe Region, Tanzania

ⓘ Skaergaardite

Formula: PdCu

Locality: Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania

References:

Wilhelmij, Harry R., Cabri, Louis J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51 (3) 343-367 doi:10.1007/s00126-015-0603-2

ⓘ 'Smectite Group'

Formula: A_0.3D_2-3[T₄O₁₀]Z₂ · nH₂O

Localities:

Panda Hill, Mbeya, Mbeya Region, Tanzania
Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania

ⓘ Smithsonite

Formula: ZnCO₃

Locality: Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania

References:

Wilhelmij, Harry R., Cabri, Louis J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51 (3) 343-367 doi:10.1007/s00126-015-0603-2

ⓘ Sobolevskite

Formula: PdBi

Locality: Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania

References:

Wilhelmij, Harry R., Cabri, Louis J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51 (3) 343-367 doi:10.1007/s00126-015-0603-2

ⓘ Sodalite

Formula: Na₄(Si₃Al₃)O₁₂Cl

Localities:

Ilomba intrusion, Songwe Complex, Chitipa, Northern Region, Malawi
Ulindi intrusion, Songwe Complex, Chitipa, Northern Region, Malawi

ⓘ 'Sodic amphibole'

Locality: Ilomba intrusion, Songwe Complex, Chitipa, Northern Region, Malawi

References:

doi.org/10.1093/petroj/39.8.1405

Bloomfield, K. (1968). The pre-Karroo geology of Malawi. Memoir, Geological Survey of Malawi, 5.

Ray, G. E. (1974). The structural and metamorphic geology of northern Malawi. Journal of the Geological Society, 130(5), 427-440. doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.130.5.0427

Ray, G. E. (1975). The geology of the Chitipa-Karonga area. Bulletin, Geological Survey of Malawi, 42.

Bloomfield, K., Deans, T. & Wells, M.K. (1981). The Ilomba alkaline complex, northern Malawi and associated uranium-niobium mineralisation. Overseas Geology and Mineral Resources, 57, 1-21.

citeseerx.ist.psu.edu (n.d.) https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.607.4437&rep=rep1&type=pdf

ⓘ Sopcheite

Formula: Ag₄Pd₃Te₄

Locality: Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania

References:

Wilhelmij, Harry R., Cabri, Louis J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51 (3) 343-367 doi:10.1007/s00126-015-0603-2

ⓘ Sperrylite

Formula: PtAs₂

Localities:

Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania
Nkenga complex, Njombe Region, Tanzania

ⓘ Sphalerite

Formula: ZnS

Locality: Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania

References:

Wilhelmij, Harry R., Cabri, Louis J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51 (3) 343-367 doi:10.1007/s00126-015-0603-2

ⓘ Spinel

Formula: MgAl₂O₄

Localities:

Ilomba intrusion, Songwe Complex, Chitipa, Northern Region, Malawi
Liganga, Lake Malawi, Ludewa District, Njombe Region, Tanzania
Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania

ⓘ Stibiopalladinite

Formula: Pd₅Sb₂

Locality: Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania

References:

Wilhelmij, Harry R., Cabri, Louis J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51 (3) 343-367 doi:10.1007/s00126-015-0603-2

ⓘ Sudburyite

Formula: PdSb

Locality: Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania

References:

Wilhelmij, Harry R., Cabri, Louis J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51 (3) 343-367 doi:10.1007/s00126-015-0603-2

ⓘ Svanbergite

Formula: SrAl₃(PO₄)(SO₄)(OH)₆

Locality: Panda Hill, Mbeya, Mbeya Region, Tanzania

References:

ⓘ 'Synchysite'

Formula: Ca(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO₃)₂F

Localities:

Panda Hill, Mbeya, Mbeya Region, Tanzania
Songwe Complex, Chitipa, Northern Region, Malawi

ⓘ Talc

Formula: Mg₃Si₄O₁₀(OH)₂

Locality: Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania

References:

Wilhelmij, Harry R., Cabri, Louis J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51 (3) 343-367 doi:10.1007/s00126-015-0603-2

ⓘ Tanteuxenite-(Y)

Formula: Y(Ta,Nb,Ti)₂(O,OH)₆

Locality: Kayelekera mine, Karonga, Karonga District, Northern Region, Malawi

References:

Becker, E., K. Karner, J. C. Corbin, and J. Mwenelupembe. The geology of the Kayelekera uranium mine, Malawi. No. IAEA-TECDOC-CD--1739. 2014.

ⓘ Tetra-auricupride

Formula: AuCu

Locality: Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania

References:

Wilhelmij, Harry R., Cabri, Louis J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51 (3) 343-367 doi:10.1007/s00126-015-0603-2

ⓘ Tetraferroplatinum

Formula: PtFe

Locality: Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania

References:

Wilhelmij, Harry R., Cabri, Louis J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51 (3) 343-367 doi:10.1007/s00126-015-0603-2

ⓘ Thorianite

Formula: ThO₂

Locality: Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania

References:

Wilhelmij, Harry R., Cabri, Louis J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51 (3) 343-367 doi:10.1007/s00126-015-0603-2

ⓘ Titanite

Formula: CaTi(SiO₄)O

Localities:

Panda Hill, Mbeya, Mbeya Region, Tanzania
Ilomba intrusion, Songwe Complex, Chitipa, Northern Region, Malawi
Mbozi complex, Mbeya Region, Tanzania

ⓘ 'Tourmaline'

Formula: AD₃G₆ (T₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃X₃Z

Localities:

Panda Hill, Mbeya, Mbeya Region, Tanzania
Kisumba Mine, Chala village, Nkasi District, Rukwa Region, Tanzania
Naende Mine, Chala village, Nkasi District, Rukwa Region, Tanzania
Mwayze, Sumbawanga District, Rukwa Region, Tanzania
Uzio, Sumbawanga District, Rukwa Region, Tanzania

ⓘ Tremolite

Formula: ◻Ca₂Mg₅(Si₈O₂₂)(OH)₂

Locality: Nkenga complex, Njombe Region, Tanzania

References:

ⓘ Troilite

Formula: FeS

Localities:

Peramiho meteorite, Nguni, Ruvuma Region, Tanzania
Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania

ⓘ Tulameenite

Formula: Pt₂CuFe

Locality: Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania

References:

Wilhelmij, Harry R., Cabri, Louis J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51 (3) 343-367 doi:10.1007/s00126-015-0603-2

ⓘ Ullmannite

Formula: NiSbS

Locality: Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania

References:

Wilhelmij, Harry R., Cabri, Louis J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51 (3) 343-367 doi:10.1007/s00126-015-0603-2

ⓘ Uraninite

Formula: UO₂

Localities:

Kayelekera mine, Karonga, Karonga District, Northern Region, Malawi
Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania

ⓘ Uranophane

Formula: Ca(UO₂)₂(SiO₃OH)₂ · 5H₂O

Locality: Kayelekera mine, Karonga, Karonga District, Northern Region, Malawi

References:

H.G. Dill, A review of mineral resources in Malawi: With special reference to aluminium variation in mineral deposits, Journal of African Earth Sciences, Volume 47, Issue 3, March 2007, Pages 153-173, ISSN 1464-343X, 10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2006.12.006.

Becker, E., K. Karner, J. C. Corbin, and J. Mwenelupembe. The geology of the Kayelekera uranium mine, Malawi. No. IAEA-TECDOC-CD--1739. 2014.

ⓘ Vermiculite

Formula: Mg_0.7(Mg,Fe,Al)₆(Si,Al)₈O₂₀(OH)₄ · 8H₂O

Localities:

Panda Hill, Mbeya, Mbeya Region, Tanzania
Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania

ⓘ Vysotskite

Formula: PdS

Locality: Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania

References:

Wilhelmij, Harry R., Cabri, Louis J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51 (3) 343-367 doi:10.1007/s00126-015-0603-2

ⓘ 'Wad'

Locality: Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania

References:

ⓘ 'Xenotime'

Locality: Kapalagulu Intrusion, Kigoma Region, Tanzania

References:

Wilhelmij, Harry R., Cabri, Louis J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51 (3) 343-367 doi:10.1007/s00126-015-0603-2

ⓘ Zircon

Formula: Zr(SiO₄)

Localities: Reported from at least 7 localities in this region.

Gallery:

List of minerals arranged by Strunz 10th Edition classification

Group 1 - Elements
ⓘ	Native Copper	1.AA.05	Cu
ⓘ	Native Gold var. Electrum	1.AA.05	(Au,Ag)
ⓘ		1.AA.05	Au
ⓘ	Native Silver	1.AA.05	Ag
ⓘ	Auricupride	1.AA.10a	Cu₃Au
ⓘ	Tetra-auricupride	1.AA.10b	AuCu
ⓘ	Native Osmium	1.AF.05	(Os,Ir,Ru)
ⓘ	Native Palladium	1.AF.10	(Pd,Pt)
ⓘ	Native Platinum	1.AF.10	Pt
ⓘ	Atokite	1.AG.10	(Pd,Pt)₃Sn
ⓘ	Rustenburgite	1.AG.10	(Pt,Pd)₃Sn
ⓘ	Plumbopalladinite	1.AG.25	Pd₃Pb₂
ⓘ	Cabriite	1.AG.30	Pd₂CuSn
ⓘ	Isoferroplatinum	1.AG.35	Pt₃Fe
ⓘ	Tetraferroplatinum	1.AG.40	PtFe
ⓘ	Tulameenite	1.AG.40	Pt₂CuFe
ⓘ	Skaergaardite	1.AG.45	PdCu
ⓘ	Palladosilicide (TL)	1.BB.55	Pd₂Si
Group 2 - Sulphides and Sulfosalts
ⓘ	Stibiopalladinite	2.AC.20a	Pd₅Sb₂
ⓘ	Menshikovite	2.AC.20c	Pd₃Ni₂As₃
ⓘ	Genkinite	2.AC.35a	Pt₄Sb₃
ⓘ	Chalcocite	2.BA.05	Cu₂S
ⓘ	Bornite	2.BA.15	Cu₅FeS₄
ⓘ	Acanthite	2.BA.35	Ag₂S
ⓘ	Hessite	2.BA.60	Ag₂Te
ⓘ	Heazlewoodite	2.BB.05	Ni₃S₂
ⓘ	Pentlandite	2.BB.15	(Ni_xFe_y)_Σ9S₈
ⓘ	Keithconnite	2.BC.20	Pd₂₀Te₇
ⓘ	Sopcheite	2.BC.55	Ag₄Pd₃Te₄
ⓘ	Sphalerite	2.CB.05a	ZnS
ⓘ	Chalcopyrite	2.CB.10a	CuFeS₂
ⓘ	Kotulskite	2.CC.05	Pd(Te,Bi)_2-x (x ≈ 0.4)
ⓘ	Sobolevskite	2.CC.05	PdBi
ⓘ	Sudburyite	2.CC.05	PdSb
ⓘ	Pyrrhotite	2.CC.10	Fe_1-xS
ⓘ	Troilite	2.CC.10	FeS
ⓘ	Millerite	2.CC.20	NiS
ⓘ	Vysotskite	2.CC.35a	PdS
ⓘ	Cooperite	2.CC.35b	PtS
ⓘ	Altaite	2.CD.10	PbTe
ⓘ	Clausthalite	2.CD.10	PbSe
ⓘ	Galena	2.CD.10	PbS
ⓘ	Moncheite	2.EA.20	Pt(Te,Bi)₂
ⓘ	Aurostibite	2.EB.05a	AuSb₂
ⓘ	Geversite	2.EB.05a	PtSb₂
ⓘ	Laurite	2.EB.05a	RuS₂
ⓘ	Pyrite	2.EB.05a	FeS₂
ⓘ	Sperrylite	2.EB.05a	PtAs₂
ⓘ	Arsenopyrite	2.EB.20	FeAsS
ⓘ	Gudmundite	2.EB.20	FeSbS
ⓘ	Ruarsite	2.EB.20	(Ru,Os)AsS
ⓘ	Gersdorffite	2.EB.25	NiAsS
ⓘ	Irarsite	2.EB.25	(Ir,Ru,Rh,Pt)AsS
ⓘ	Maslovite	2.EB.25	PtBiTe
ⓘ	Michenerite	2.EB.25	PdBiTe
ⓘ	Ullmannite	2.EB.25	NiSbS
Group 3 - Halides
ⓘ	Fluorite	3.AB.25	CaF₂
Group 4 - Oxides and Hydroxides
ⓘ	Goethite	4.00.	Fe³⁺O(OH)
ⓘ	'Pyrochlore Group'	4.00.	A₂Nb₂(O,OH)₆Z
ⓘ	'var. Uranpyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977)'	4.00.	(Ca,U,Ce)₂(Nb,Ti,Ta)₂O₆(OH,F)
ⓘ	'var. Zero valent dominant member of Pyrochlore Group' (TL)	4.00.	A₂Nb₂(O,OH)₆Z
ⓘ	Chromite	4.BB.05	Fe²⁺Cr³⁺₂O₄
ⓘ	Magnetite	4.BB.05	Fe²⁺Fe³⁺₂O₄
ⓘ	Spinel	4.BB.05	MgAl₂O₄
ⓘ	Maghemite	4.BB.15	(Fe³⁺_0.67◻_0.33)Fe³⁺₂O₄
ⓘ	Corundum	4.CB.05	Al₂O₃
ⓘ	Hematite	4.CB.05	Fe₂O₃
ⓘ	Ilmenite	4.CB.05	Fe²⁺TiO₃
ⓘ	Hematite var. Martite	4.CB.05	Fe₂O₃
ⓘ	Corundum var. Ruby	4.CB.05	Al₂O₃
ⓘ	var. Sapphire	4.CB.05	Al₂O₃
ⓘ	Magnesiohögbomite-6N6S (TL)	4.CB.20	[(Mg,Fe²⁺)₃(Al,Ti,Fe³⁺)₈O₁₅(OH)]₆
ⓘ	Quartz	4.DA.05	SiO₂
ⓘ	Rutile	4.DB.05	TiO₂
ⓘ	Baddeleyite	4.DE.35	ZrO₂
ⓘ	Fersmite	4.DG.05	CaNb₂O₆
ⓘ	Tanteuxenite-(Y)	4.DG.05	Y(Ta,Nb,Ti)₂(O,OH)₆
ⓘ	Thorianite	4.DL.05	ThO₂
ⓘ	Uraninite	4.DL.05	UO₂
ⓘ	Gibbsite	4.FE.10	Al(OH)₃
Group 5 - Nitrates and Carbonates
ⓘ	Calcite	5.AB.05	CaCO₃
ⓘ	Smithsonite	5.AB.05	ZnCO₃
ⓘ	Dolomite	5.AB.10	CaMg(CO₃)₂
Group 7 - Sulphates, Chromates, Molybdates and Tungstates
ⓘ	Baryte	7.AD.35	BaSO₄
Group 8 - Phosphates, Arsenates and Vanadates
ⓘ	Merrillite	8.AC.45	Ca₉NaMg(PO₄)₇
ⓘ	Svanbergite	8.BL.05	SrAl₃(PO₄)(SO₄)(OH)₆
ⓘ	Goyazite	8.BL.10	SrAl₃(PO₄)(PO₃OH)(OH)₆
ⓘ	Fluorapatite	8.BN.05	Ca₅(PO₄)₃F
ⓘ	Meta-autunite	8.EB.10	Ca(UO₂)₂(PO₄)₂ · 6H₂O
Group 9 - Silicates
ⓘ	Forsterite	9.AC.05	Mg₂SiO₄
ⓘ	Coffinite	9.AD.30	U(SiO₄) · nH₂O
ⓘ	Zircon	9.AD.30	Zr(SiO₄)
ⓘ	Kyanite	9.AF.15	Al₂(SiO₄)O
ⓘ	Titanite	9.AG.15	CaTi(SiO₄)O
ⓘ	Boltwoodite	9.AK.15	(K,Na)(UO₂)(SiO₃OH) · 1.5H₂O
ⓘ	Uranophane	9.AK.15	Ca(UO₂)₂(SiO₃OH)₂ · 5H₂O
ⓘ	Epidote	9.BG.05a	(CaCa)(AlAlFe³⁺)O[Si₂O₇][SiO₄](OH)
ⓘ	Beryl	9.CJ.05	Be₃Al₂(Si₆O₁₈)
ⓘ	var. Emerald	9.CJ.05	Be₃Al₂(Si₆O₁₈)
ⓘ	Eudialyte	9.CO.10	Na₁₅Ca₆Fe₃Zr₃Si(Si₂₅O₇₃)(O,OH,H₂O)₃(Cl,OH)₂
ⓘ	Enstatite	9.DA.05	Mg₂Si₂O₆
ⓘ	Pigeonite	9.DA.10	(Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆
ⓘ	Augite	9.DA.15	(Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆
ⓘ	Diopside	9.DA.15	CaMgSi₂O₆
ⓘ	Aegirine-augite	9.DA.20	(Na_aCa_bFe²⁺_cMg_d)(Fe³⁺_eAl_fFe²⁺_gMg_h)Si₂O₆
ⓘ	Aegirine	9.DA.25	NaFe³⁺Si₂O₆
ⓘ	Tremolite	9.DE.10	◻Ca₂Mg₅(Si₈O₂₂)(OH)₂
ⓘ	Potassic-ferro-ferri-taramite (TL)	9.DE.20	K(CaNa)(Fe²⁺₃Fe³⁺₂)(Al₂Si₆O₂₂)(OH)₂
ⓘ	Riebeckite	9.DE.25	◻[Na₂][Fe²⁺₃Fe³⁺₂]Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂
ⓘ	Talc	9.EC.05	Mg₃Si₄O₁₀(OH)₂
ⓘ	Muscovite	9.EC.15	KAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
ⓘ	Paragonite	9.EC.15	NaAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
ⓘ	Muscovite var. Sericite	9.EC.15	KAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
ⓘ	Phlogopite	9.EC.20	KMg₃(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
ⓘ	Vermiculite	9.EC.50	Mg_0.7(Mg,Fe,Al)₆(Si,Al)₈O₂₀(OH)₄ · 8H₂O
ⓘ	Clinochlore	9.EC.55	Mg₅Al(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₈
ⓘ	Kaolinite	9.ED.05	Al₂(Si₂O₅)(OH)₄
ⓘ	Halloysite	9.ED.10	Al₂(Si₂O₅)(OH)₄
ⓘ	Lizardite	9.ED.15	Mg₃(Si₂O₅)(OH)₄
ⓘ	Nepheline	9.FA.05	Na₃K(Al₄Si₄O₁₆)
ⓘ	Microcline	9.FA.30	K(AlSi₃O₈)
ⓘ	Orthoclase	9.FA.30	K(AlSi₃O₈)
ⓘ	Albite	9.FA.35	Na(AlSi₃O₈)
ⓘ	Anorthite	9.FA.35	Ca(Al₂Si₂O₈)
ⓘ	var. Bytownite	9.FA.35	(Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si₂O₈]
ⓘ	Albite var. Oligoclase	9.FA.35	(Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si₂O₈]
ⓘ	Cancrinite	9.FB.05	(Na,Ca,◻)₈(Al₆Si₆O₂₄)(CO₃,SO₄)₂ · 2H₂O
ⓘ	Sodalite	9.FB.10	Na₄(Si₃Al₃)O₁₂Cl
Unclassified
ⓘ	'Alkali Feldspar'	-
ⓘ	'Amphibole Supergroup'	-	AB₂C₅((Si,Al,Ti)₈O₂₂)(OH,F,Cl,O)₂
ⓘ	'Bastnäsite'	-	(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO₃)F
ⓘ	'Pyrochlore Supergroup var. Betafite (of Hogarth 1977)'	-	(Ca,Na,U)₂(Ti, Nb,Ta)₂O₆Z(OH)
ⓘ	'Biotite'	-	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
ⓘ	'Chlorite Group'	-
ⓘ	'Feldspar Group'	-
ⓘ	'Limonite'	-
ⓘ	'Monazite Group'	-	REE(PO₄)
ⓘ	'Rhabdophane'	-
ⓘ	'Tourmaline'	-	AD₃G₆ (T₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃X₃Z
ⓘ	'Wad'	-
ⓘ	'Xenotime'	-
ⓘ	'Feldspar Group var. Perthite'	-
ⓘ	'Mica Group'	-
ⓘ	'Synchysite'	-	Ca(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO₃)₂F
ⓘ	'Clinopyroxene Subgroup'	-
ⓘ	'Fayalite-Forsterite Series'	-
ⓘ	'Columbite-(Fe)-Columbite-(Mn) Series'	-
ⓘ	'Hornblende Root Name Group'	-	◻Ca₂(Z²⁺₄Z³⁺)(AlSi₇O₂₂)(OH,F,Cl)₂
ⓘ	'Plagioclase'	-	(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈
ⓘ	'K Feldspar'	-
ⓘ	'Pyroxene Group'	-	ADSi₂O₆
ⓘ	'Garnet Group'	-	X₃Z₂(SiO₄)₃
ⓘ	'Orthopyroxene Subgroup'	-
ⓘ	'Smectite Group'	-	A_0.3D_2-3[T₄O₁₀]Z₂ · nH₂O
ⓘ	'Serpentine Subgroup'	-	D₃[Si₂O₅](OH)₄
ⓘ	'Pyrochlore Supergroup'	-	A_2-mD₂X_6-wZ_1-n
ⓘ	'Apatite'	-	Ca₅(PO₄)₃(Cl/F/OH)
ⓘ	'Sodic amphibole'	-
ⓘ	'Ferritchromit'	-

List of minerals for each chemical element

H	Hydrogen
H	ⓘ Amphibole Supergroup	AB₂C₅((Si,Al,Ti)₈O₂₂)(OH,F,Cl,O)₂
H	ⓘ Pyrochlore Supergroup var. Betafite (of Hogarth 1977)	(Ca,Na,U)₂(Ti, Nb,Ta)₂O₆Z(OH)
H	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
H	ⓘ Boltwoodite	(K,Na)(UO₂)(SiO₃OH) · 1.5H₂O
H	ⓘ Cancrinite	(Na,Ca,◻)₈(Al₆Si₆O₂₄)(CO₃,SO₄)₂ · 2H₂O
H	ⓘ Clinochlore	Mg₅Al(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₈
H	ⓘ Coffinite	U(SiO₄) · nH₂O
H	ⓘ Epidote	(CaCa)(AlAlFe³⁺)O[Si₂O₇][SiO₄](OH)
H	ⓘ Eudialyte	Na₁₅Ca₆Fe₃Zr₃Si(Si₂₅O₇₃)(O,OH,H₂O)₃(Cl,OH)₂
H	ⓘ Gibbsite	Al(OH)₃
H	ⓘ Goethite	Fe³⁺O(OH)
H	ⓘ Goyazite	SrAl₃(PO₄)(PO₃OH)(OH)₆
H	ⓘ Halloysite	Al₂(Si₂O₅)(OH)₄
H	ⓘ Kaolinite	Al₂(Si₂O₅)(OH)₄
H	ⓘ Lizardite	Mg₃(Si₂O₅)(OH)₄
H	ⓘ Meta-autunite	Ca(UO₂)₂(PO₄)₂ · 6H₂O
H	ⓘ Muscovite	KAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
H	ⓘ Paragonite	NaAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
H	ⓘ Phlogopite	KMg₃(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
H	ⓘ Pyrochlore Group	A₂Nb₂(O,OH)₆Z
H	ⓘ Riebeckite	◻[Na₂][Fe₃²⁺Fe₂³⁺]Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂
H	ⓘ Svanbergite	SrAl₃(PO₄)(SO₄)(OH)₆
H	ⓘ Talc	Mg₃Si₄O₁₀(OH)₂
H	ⓘ Tanteuxenite-(Y)	Y(Ta,Nb,Ti)₂(O,OH)₆
H	ⓘ Tremolite	◻Ca₂Mg₅(Si₈O₂₂)(OH)₂
H	ⓘ Uranophane	Ca(UO₂)₂(SiO₃OH)₂ · 5H₂O
H	ⓘ Pyrochlore Group var. Uranpyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977)	(Ca,U,Ce)₂(Nb,Ti,Ta)₂O₆(OH,F)
H	ⓘ Vermiculite	Mg_0.7(Mg,Fe,Al)₆(Si,Al)₈O₂₀(OH)₄ · 8H₂O
H	ⓘ Hornblende Root Name Group	◻Ca₂(Z₄²⁺Z³⁺)(AlSi₇O₂₂)(OH,F,Cl)₂
H	ⓘ Muscovite var. Sericite	KAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
H	ⓘ Smectite Group	A_0.3D_2-3[T₄O₁₀]Z₂ · nH₂O
H	ⓘ Serpentine Subgroup	D₃[Si₂O₅](OH)₄
H	ⓘ Magnesiohögbomite-6N6S	[(Mg,Fe²⁺)₃(Al,Ti,Fe³⁺)₈O₁₅(OH)]₆
H	ⓘ Apatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃(Cl/F/OH)
H	ⓘ Pyrochlore Group var. Zero valent dominant member of Pyrochlore Group	A₂Nb₂(O,OH)₆Z
H	ⓘ Potassic-ferro-ferri-taramite	K(CaNa)(Fe₃²⁺Fe₂³⁺)(Al₂Si₆O₂₂)(OH)₂
Be	Beryllium
Be	ⓘ Beryl	Be₃Al₂(Si₆O₁₈)
Be	ⓘ Beryl var. Emerald	Be₃Al₂(Si₆O₁₈)
B	Boron
B	ⓘ Tourmaline	AD₃G₆ (T₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃X₃Z
C	Carbon
C	ⓘ Bastnäsite	(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO₃)F
C	ⓘ Calcite	CaCO₃
C	ⓘ Cancrinite	(Na,Ca,◻)₈(Al₆Si₆O₂₄)(CO₃,SO₄)₂ · 2H₂O
C	ⓘ Dolomite	CaMg(CO₃)₂
C	ⓘ Smithsonite	ZnCO₃
C	ⓘ Synchysite	Ca(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO₃)₂F
O	Oxygen
O	ⓘ Aegirine	NaFe³⁺Si₂O₆
O	ⓘ Aegirine-augite	(Na_aCa_bFe_c²⁺Mg_d)(Fe_e³⁺Al_fFe_g²⁺Mg_h)Si₂O₆
O	ⓘ Albite	Na(AlSi₃O₈)
O	ⓘ Amphibole Supergroup	AB₂C₅((Si,Al,Ti)₈O₂₂)(OH,F,Cl,O)₂
O	ⓘ Anorthite	Ca(Al₂Si₂O₈)
O	ⓘ Augite	(Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆
O	ⓘ Baddeleyite	ZrO₂
O	ⓘ Baryte	BaSO₄
O	ⓘ Bastnäsite	(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO₃)F
O	ⓘ Pyrochlore Supergroup var. Betafite (of Hogarth 1977)	(Ca,Na,U)₂(Ti, Nb,Ta)₂O₆Z(OH)
O	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
O	ⓘ Boltwoodite	(K,Na)(UO₂)(SiO₃OH) · 1.5H₂O
O	ⓘ Anorthite var. Bytownite	(Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si₂O₈]
O	ⓘ Beryl	Be₃Al₂(Si₆O₁₈)
O	ⓘ Calcite	CaCO₃
O	ⓘ Cancrinite	(Na,Ca,◻)₈(Al₆Si₆O₂₄)(CO₃,SO₄)₂ · 2H₂O
O	ⓘ Chromite	Fe²⁺Cr₂³⁺O₄
O	ⓘ Clinochlore	Mg₅Al(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₈
O	ⓘ Coffinite	U(SiO₄) · nH₂O
O	ⓘ Corundum	Al₂O₃
O	ⓘ Diopside	CaMgSi₂O₆
O	ⓘ Dolomite	CaMg(CO₃)₂
O	ⓘ Beryl var. Emerald	Be₃Al₂(Si₆O₁₈)
O	ⓘ Enstatite	Mg₂Si₂O₆
O	ⓘ Epidote	(CaCa)(AlAlFe³⁺)O[Si₂O₇][SiO₄](OH)
O	ⓘ Eudialyte	Na₁₅Ca₆Fe₃Zr₃Si(Si₂₅O₇₃)(O,OH,H₂O)₃(Cl,OH)₂
O	ⓘ Fersmite	CaNb₂O₆
O	ⓘ Fluorapatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃F
O	ⓘ Forsterite	Mg₂SiO₄
O	ⓘ Gibbsite	Al(OH)₃
O	ⓘ Goethite	Fe³⁺O(OH)
O	ⓘ Goyazite	SrAl₃(PO₄)(PO₃OH)(OH)₆
O	ⓘ Halloysite	Al₂(Si₂O₅)(OH)₄
O	ⓘ Hematite	Fe₂O₃
O	ⓘ Ilmenite	Fe²⁺TiO₃
O	ⓘ Kaolinite	Al₂(Si₂O₅)(OH)₄
O	ⓘ Kyanite	Al₂(SiO₄)O
O	ⓘ Lizardite	Mg₃(Si₂O₅)(OH)₄
O	ⓘ Maghemite	(Fe³⁺_0.67◻_0.33)Fe₂³⁺O₄
O	ⓘ Magnetite	Fe²⁺Fe₂³⁺O₄
O	ⓘ Hematite var. Martite	Fe₂O₃
O	ⓘ Meta-autunite	Ca(UO₂)₂(PO₄)₂ · 6H₂O
O	ⓘ Microcline	K(AlSi₃O₈)
O	ⓘ Monazite Group	REE(PO₄)
O	ⓘ Muscovite	KAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
O	ⓘ Nepheline	Na₃K(Al₄Si₄O₁₆)
O	ⓘ Albite var. Oligoclase	(Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si₂O₈]
O	ⓘ Orthoclase	K(AlSi₃O₈)
O	ⓘ Paragonite	NaAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
O	ⓘ Phlogopite	KMg₃(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
O	ⓘ Pigeonite	(Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆
O	ⓘ Pyrochlore Group	A₂Nb₂(O,OH)₆Z
O	ⓘ Quartz	SiO₂
O	ⓘ Riebeckite	◻[Na₂][Fe₃²⁺Fe₂³⁺]Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂
O	ⓘ Corundum var. Ruby	Al₂O₃
O	ⓘ Rutile	TiO₂
O	ⓘ Corundum var. Sapphire	Al₂O₃
O	ⓘ Smithsonite	ZnCO₃
O	ⓘ Sodalite	Na₄(Si₃Al₃)O₁₂Cl
O	ⓘ Spinel	MgAl₂O₄
O	ⓘ Svanbergite	SrAl₃(PO₄)(SO₄)(OH)₆
O	ⓘ Talc	Mg₃Si₄O₁₀(OH)₂
O	ⓘ Tanteuxenite-(Y)	Y(Ta,Nb,Ti)₂(O,OH)₆
O	ⓘ Thorianite	ThO₂
O	ⓘ Titanite	CaTi(SiO₄)O
O	ⓘ Tourmaline	AD₃G₆ (T₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃X₃Z
O	ⓘ Tremolite	◻Ca₂Mg₅(Si₈O₂₂)(OH)₂
O	ⓘ Uraninite	UO₂
O	ⓘ Uranophane	Ca(UO₂)₂(SiO₃OH)₂ · 5H₂O
O	ⓘ Pyrochlore Group var. Uranpyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977)	(Ca,U,Ce)₂(Nb,Ti,Ta)₂O₆(OH,F)
O	ⓘ Vermiculite	Mg_0.7(Mg,Fe,Al)₆(Si,Al)₈O₂₀(OH)₄ · 8H₂O
O	ⓘ Zircon	Zr(SiO₄)
O	ⓘ Merrillite	Ca₉NaMg(PO₄)₇
O	ⓘ Synchysite	Ca(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO₃)₂F
O	ⓘ Fayalite-Forsterite Series
O	ⓘ Columbite-(Fe)-Columbite-(Mn) Series
O	ⓘ Hornblende Root Name Group	◻Ca₂(Z₄²⁺Z³⁺)(AlSi₇O₂₂)(OH,F,Cl)₂
O	ⓘ Muscovite var. Sericite	KAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
O	ⓘ Plagioclase	(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈
O	ⓘ Pyroxene Group	ADSi₂O₆
O	ⓘ Garnet Group	X₃Z₂(SiO₄)₃
O	ⓘ Smectite Group	A_0.3D_2-3[T₄O₁₀]Z₂ · nH₂O
O	ⓘ Serpentine Subgroup	D₃[Si₂O₅](OH)₄
O	ⓘ Magnesiohögbomite-6N6S	[(Mg,Fe²⁺)₃(Al,Ti,Fe³⁺)₈O₁₅(OH)]₆
O	ⓘ Apatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃(Cl/F/OH)
O	ⓘ Pyrochlore Group var. Zero valent dominant member of Pyrochlore Group	A₂Nb₂(O,OH)₆Z
O	ⓘ Potassic-ferro-ferri-taramite	K(CaNa)(Fe₃²⁺Fe₂³⁺)(Al₂Si₆O₂₂)(OH)₂
F	Fluorine
F	ⓘ Amphibole Supergroup	AB₂C₅((Si,Al,Ti)₈O₂₂)(OH,F,Cl,O)₂
F	ⓘ Bastnäsite	(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO₃)F
F	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
F	ⓘ Fluorapatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃F
F	ⓘ Fluorite	CaF₂
F	ⓘ Pyrochlore Group var. Uranpyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977)	(Ca,U,Ce)₂(Nb,Ti,Ta)₂O₆(OH,F)
F	ⓘ Synchysite	Ca(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO₃)₂F
F	ⓘ Hornblende Root Name Group	◻Ca₂(Z₄²⁺Z³⁺)(AlSi₇O₂₂)(OH,F,Cl)₂
F	ⓘ Apatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃(Cl/F/OH)
Na	Sodium
Na	ⓘ Aegirine	NaFe³⁺Si₂O₆
Na	ⓘ Aegirine-augite	(Na_aCa_bFe_c²⁺Mg_d)(Fe_e³⁺Al_fFe_g²⁺Mg_h)Si₂O₆
Na	ⓘ Albite	Na(AlSi₃O₈)
Na	ⓘ Pyrochlore Supergroup var. Betafite (of Hogarth 1977)	(Ca,Na,U)₂(Ti, Nb,Ta)₂O₆Z(OH)
Na	ⓘ Boltwoodite	(K,Na)(UO₂)(SiO₃OH) · 1.5H₂O
Na	ⓘ Anorthite var. Bytownite	(Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si₂O₈]
Na	ⓘ Cancrinite	(Na,Ca,◻)₈(Al₆Si₆O₂₄)(CO₃,SO₄)₂ · 2H₂O
Na	ⓘ Eudialyte	Na₁₅Ca₆Fe₃Zr₃Si(Si₂₅O₇₃)(O,OH,H₂O)₃(Cl,OH)₂
Na	ⓘ Nepheline	Na₃K(Al₄Si₄O₁₆)
Na	ⓘ Albite var. Oligoclase	(Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si₂O₈]
Na	ⓘ Paragonite	NaAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
Na	ⓘ Riebeckite	◻[Na₂][Fe₃²⁺Fe₂³⁺]Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂
Na	ⓘ Sodalite	Na₄(Si₃Al₃)O₁₂Cl
Na	ⓘ Merrillite	Ca₉NaMg(PO₄)₇
Na	ⓘ Plagioclase	(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈
Na	ⓘ Potassic-ferro-ferri-taramite	K(CaNa)(Fe₃²⁺Fe₂³⁺)(Al₂Si₆O₂₂)(OH)₂
Mg	Magnesium
Mg	ⓘ Aegirine-augite	(Na_aCa_bFe_c²⁺Mg_d)(Fe_e³⁺Al_fFe_g²⁺Mg_h)Si₂O₆
Mg	ⓘ Augite	(Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆
Mg	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
Mg	ⓘ Clinochlore	Mg₅Al(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₈
Mg	ⓘ Diopside	CaMgSi₂O₆
Mg	ⓘ Dolomite	CaMg(CO₃)₂
Mg	ⓘ Enstatite	Mg₂Si₂O₆
Mg	ⓘ Forsterite	Mg₂SiO₄
Mg	ⓘ Lizardite	Mg₃(Si₂O₅)(OH)₄
Mg	ⓘ Phlogopite	KMg₃(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
Mg	ⓘ Pigeonite	(Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆
Mg	ⓘ Spinel	MgAl₂O₄
Mg	ⓘ Talc	Mg₃Si₄O₁₀(OH)₂
Mg	ⓘ Tremolite	◻Ca₂Mg₅(Si₈O₂₂)(OH)₂
Mg	ⓘ Vermiculite	Mg_0.7(Mg,Fe,Al)₆(Si,Al)₈O₂₀(OH)₄ · 8H₂O
Mg	ⓘ Merrillite	Ca₉NaMg(PO₄)₇
Mg	ⓘ Fayalite-Forsterite Series
Mg	ⓘ Magnesiohögbomite-6N6S	[(Mg,Fe²⁺)₃(Al,Ti,Fe³⁺)₈O₁₅(OH)]₆
Al	Aluminium
Al	ⓘ Aegirine-augite	(Na_aCa_bFe_c²⁺Mg_d)(Fe_e³⁺Al_fFe_g²⁺Mg_h)Si₂O₆
Al	ⓘ Albite	Na(AlSi₃O₈)
Al	ⓘ Amphibole Supergroup	AB₂C₅((Si,Al,Ti)₈O₂₂)(OH,F,Cl,O)₂
Al	ⓘ Anorthite	Ca(Al₂Si₂O₈)
Al	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
Al	ⓘ Anorthite var. Bytownite	(Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si₂O₈]
Al	ⓘ Beryl	Be₃Al₂(Si₆O₁₈)
Al	ⓘ Cancrinite	(Na,Ca,◻)₈(Al₆Si₆O₂₄)(CO₃,SO₄)₂ · 2H₂O
Al	ⓘ Clinochlore	Mg₅Al(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₈
Al	ⓘ Corundum	Al₂O₃
Al	ⓘ Beryl var. Emerald	Be₃Al₂(Si₆O₁₈)
Al	ⓘ Epidote	(CaCa)(AlAlFe³⁺)O[Si₂O₇][SiO₄](OH)
Al	ⓘ Gibbsite	Al(OH)₃
Al	ⓘ Goyazite	SrAl₃(PO₄)(PO₃OH)(OH)₆
Al	ⓘ Halloysite	Al₂(Si₂O₅)(OH)₄
Al	ⓘ Kaolinite	Al₂(Si₂O₅)(OH)₄
Al	ⓘ Kyanite	Al₂(SiO₄)O
Al	ⓘ Microcline	K(AlSi₃O₈)
Al	ⓘ Muscovite	KAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
Al	ⓘ Nepheline	Na₃K(Al₄Si₄O₁₆)
Al	ⓘ Albite var. Oligoclase	(Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si₂O₈]
Al	ⓘ Orthoclase	K(AlSi₃O₈)
Al	ⓘ Paragonite	NaAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
Al	ⓘ Phlogopite	KMg₃(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
Al	ⓘ Corundum var. Ruby	Al₂O₃
Al	ⓘ Corundum var. Sapphire	Al₂O₃
Al	ⓘ Sodalite	Na₄(Si₃Al₃)O₁₂Cl
Al	ⓘ Spinel	MgAl₂O₄
Al	ⓘ Svanbergite	SrAl₃(PO₄)(SO₄)(OH)₆
Al	ⓘ Vermiculite	Mg_0.7(Mg,Fe,Al)₆(Si,Al)₈O₂₀(OH)₄ · 8H₂O
Al	ⓘ Hornblende Root Name Group	◻Ca₂(Z₄²⁺Z³⁺)(AlSi₇O₂₂)(OH,F,Cl)₂
Al	ⓘ Muscovite var. Sericite	KAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
Al	ⓘ Plagioclase	(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈
Al	ⓘ Magnesiohögbomite-6N6S	[(Mg,Fe²⁺)₃(Al,Ti,Fe³⁺)₈O₁₅(OH)]₆
Al	ⓘ Potassic-ferro-ferri-taramite	K(CaNa)(Fe₃²⁺Fe₂³⁺)(Al₂Si₆O₂₂)(OH)₂
Si	Silicon
Si	ⓘ Aegirine	NaFe³⁺Si₂O₆
Si	ⓘ Aegirine-augite	(Na_aCa_bFe_c²⁺Mg_d)(Fe_e³⁺Al_fFe_g²⁺Mg_h)Si₂O₆
Si	ⓘ Albite	Na(AlSi₃O₈)
Si	ⓘ Amphibole Supergroup	AB₂C₅((Si,Al,Ti)₈O₂₂)(OH,F,Cl,O)₂
Si	ⓘ Anorthite	Ca(Al₂Si₂O₈)
Si	ⓘ Augite	(Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆
Si	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
Si	ⓘ Boltwoodite	(K,Na)(UO₂)(SiO₃OH) · 1.5H₂O
Si	ⓘ Anorthite var. Bytownite	(Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si₂O₈]
Si	ⓘ Beryl	Be₃Al₂(Si₆O₁₈)
Si	ⓘ Cancrinite	(Na,Ca,◻)₈(Al₆Si₆O₂₄)(CO₃,SO₄)₂ · 2H₂O
Si	ⓘ Clinochlore	Mg₅Al(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₈
Si	ⓘ Coffinite	U(SiO₄) · nH₂O
Si	ⓘ Diopside	CaMgSi₂O₆
Si	ⓘ Beryl var. Emerald	Be₃Al₂(Si₆O₁₈)
Si	ⓘ Enstatite	Mg₂Si₂O₆
Si	ⓘ Epidote	(CaCa)(AlAlFe³⁺)O[Si₂O₇][SiO₄](OH)
Si	ⓘ Eudialyte	Na₁₅Ca₆Fe₃Zr₃Si(Si₂₅O₇₃)(O,OH,H₂O)₃(Cl,OH)₂
Si	ⓘ Forsterite	Mg₂SiO₄
Si	ⓘ Halloysite	Al₂(Si₂O₅)(OH)₄
Si	ⓘ Kaolinite	Al₂(Si₂O₅)(OH)₄
Si	ⓘ Kyanite	Al₂(SiO₄)O
Si	ⓘ Lizardite	Mg₃(Si₂O₅)(OH)₄
Si	ⓘ Microcline	K(AlSi₃O₈)
Si	ⓘ Muscovite	KAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
Si	ⓘ Nepheline	Na₃K(Al₄Si₄O₁₆)
Si	ⓘ Albite var. Oligoclase	(Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si₂O₈]
Si	ⓘ Orthoclase	K(AlSi₃O₈)
Si	ⓘ Paragonite	NaAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
Si	ⓘ Phlogopite	KMg₃(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
Si	ⓘ Pigeonite	(Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆
Si	ⓘ Quartz	SiO₂
Si	ⓘ Riebeckite	◻[Na₂][Fe₃²⁺Fe₂³⁺]Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂
Si	ⓘ Sodalite	Na₄(Si₃Al₃)O₁₂Cl
Si	ⓘ Talc	Mg₃Si₄O₁₀(OH)₂
Si	ⓘ Titanite	CaTi(SiO₄)O
Si	ⓘ Tremolite	◻Ca₂Mg₅(Si₈O₂₂)(OH)₂
Si	ⓘ Uranophane	Ca(UO₂)₂(SiO₃OH)₂ · 5H₂O
Si	ⓘ Vermiculite	Mg_0.7(Mg,Fe,Al)₆(Si,Al)₈O₂₀(OH)₄ · 8H₂O
Si	ⓘ Zircon	Zr(SiO₄)
Si	ⓘ Fayalite-Forsterite Series
Si	ⓘ Hornblende Root Name Group	◻Ca₂(Z₄²⁺Z³⁺)(AlSi₇O₂₂)(OH,F,Cl)₂
Si	ⓘ Muscovite var. Sericite	KAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
Si	ⓘ Plagioclase	(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈
Si	ⓘ Pyroxene Group	ADSi₂O₆
Si	ⓘ Garnet Group	X₃Z₂(SiO₄)₃
Si	ⓘ Serpentine Subgroup	D₃[Si₂O₅](OH)₄
Si	ⓘ Potassic-ferro-ferri-taramite	K(CaNa)(Fe₃²⁺Fe₂³⁺)(Al₂Si₆O₂₂)(OH)₂
Si	ⓘ Palladosilicide	Pd₂Si
P	Phosphorus
P	ⓘ Fluorapatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃F
P	ⓘ Goyazite	SrAl₃(PO₄)(PO₃OH)(OH)₆
P	ⓘ Meta-autunite	Ca(UO₂)₂(PO₄)₂ · 6H₂O
P	ⓘ Monazite Group	REE(PO₄)
P	ⓘ Svanbergite	SrAl₃(PO₄)(SO₄)(OH)₆
P	ⓘ Merrillite	Ca₉NaMg(PO₄)₇
P	ⓘ Apatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃(Cl/F/OH)
S	Sulfur
S	ⓘ Acanthite	Ag₂S
S	ⓘ Arsenopyrite	FeAsS
S	ⓘ Baryte	BaSO₄
S	ⓘ Bornite	Cu₅FeS₄
S	ⓘ Cancrinite	(Na,Ca,◻)₈(Al₆Si₆O₂₄)(CO₃,SO₄)₂ · 2H₂O
S	ⓘ Chalcopyrite	CuFeS₂
S	ⓘ Chalcocite	Cu₂S
S	ⓘ Cooperite	PtS
S	ⓘ Galena	PbS
S	ⓘ Gersdorffite	NiAsS
S	ⓘ Gudmundite	FeSbS
S	ⓘ Heazlewoodite	Ni₃S₂
S	ⓘ Irarsite	(Ir,Ru,Rh,Pt)AsS
S	ⓘ Laurite	RuS₂
S	ⓘ Millerite	NiS
S	ⓘ Pentlandite	(Ni_xFe_y)_Σ9S₈
S	ⓘ Pyrite	FeS₂
S	ⓘ Pyrrhotite	Fe_1-xS
S	ⓘ Ruarsite	(Ru,Os)AsS
S	ⓘ Sphalerite	ZnS
S	ⓘ Svanbergite	SrAl₃(PO₄)(SO₄)(OH)₆
S	ⓘ Troilite	FeS
S	ⓘ Ullmannite	NiSbS
S	ⓘ Vysotskite	PdS
Cl	Chlorine
Cl	ⓘ Amphibole Supergroup	AB₂C₅((Si,Al,Ti)₈O₂₂)(OH,F,Cl,O)₂
Cl	ⓘ Eudialyte	Na₁₅Ca₆Fe₃Zr₃Si(Si₂₅O₇₃)(O,OH,H₂O)₃(Cl,OH)₂
Cl	ⓘ Sodalite	Na₄(Si₃Al₃)O₁₂Cl
Cl	ⓘ Hornblende Root Name Group	◻Ca₂(Z₄²⁺Z³⁺)(AlSi₇O₂₂)(OH,F,Cl)₂
Cl	ⓘ Apatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃(Cl/F/OH)
K	Potassium
K	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
K	ⓘ Boltwoodite	(K,Na)(UO₂)(SiO₃OH) · 1.5H₂O
K	ⓘ Microcline	K(AlSi₃O₈)
K	ⓘ Muscovite	KAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
K	ⓘ Nepheline	Na₃K(Al₄Si₄O₁₆)
K	ⓘ Orthoclase	K(AlSi₃O₈)
K	ⓘ Phlogopite	KMg₃(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
K	ⓘ Muscovite var. Sericite	KAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
K	ⓘ Potassic-ferro-ferri-taramite	K(CaNa)(Fe₃²⁺Fe₂³⁺)(Al₂Si₆O₂₂)(OH)₂
Ca	Calcium
Ca	ⓘ Aegirine-augite	(Na_aCa_bFe_c²⁺Mg_d)(Fe_e³⁺Al_fFe_g²⁺Mg_h)Si₂O₆
Ca	ⓘ Anorthite	Ca(Al₂Si₂O₈)
Ca	ⓘ Augite	(Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆
Ca	ⓘ Pyrochlore Supergroup var. Betafite (of Hogarth 1977)	(Ca,Na,U)₂(Ti, Nb,Ta)₂O₆Z(OH)
Ca	ⓘ Anorthite var. Bytownite	(Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si₂O₈]
Ca	ⓘ Calcite	CaCO₃
Ca	ⓘ Cancrinite	(Na,Ca,◻)₈(Al₆Si₆O₂₄)(CO₃,SO₄)₂ · 2H₂O
Ca	ⓘ Diopside	CaMgSi₂O₆
Ca	ⓘ Dolomite	CaMg(CO₃)₂
Ca	ⓘ Epidote	(CaCa)(AlAlFe³⁺)O[Si₂O₇][SiO₄](OH)
Ca	ⓘ Eudialyte	Na₁₅Ca₆Fe₃Zr₃Si(Si₂₅O₇₃)(O,OH,H₂O)₃(Cl,OH)₂
Ca	ⓘ Fersmite	CaNb₂O₆
Ca	ⓘ Fluorapatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃F
Ca	ⓘ Fluorite	CaF₂
Ca	ⓘ Meta-autunite	Ca(UO₂)₂(PO₄)₂ · 6H₂O
Ca	ⓘ Albite var. Oligoclase	(Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si₂O₈]
Ca	ⓘ Pigeonite	(Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆
Ca	ⓘ Titanite	CaTi(SiO₄)O
Ca	ⓘ Tremolite	◻Ca₂Mg₅(Si₈O₂₂)(OH)₂
Ca	ⓘ Uranophane	Ca(UO₂)₂(SiO₃OH)₂ · 5H₂O
Ca	ⓘ Pyrochlore Group var. Uranpyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977)	(Ca,U,Ce)₂(Nb,Ti,Ta)₂O₆(OH,F)
Ca	ⓘ Merrillite	Ca₉NaMg(PO₄)₇
Ca	ⓘ Synchysite	Ca(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO₃)₂F
Ca	ⓘ Hornblende Root Name Group	◻Ca₂(Z₄²⁺Z³⁺)(AlSi₇O₂₂)(OH,F,Cl)₂
Ca	ⓘ Plagioclase	(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈
Ca	ⓘ Apatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃(Cl/F/OH)
Ca	ⓘ Potassic-ferro-ferri-taramite	K(CaNa)(Fe₃²⁺Fe₂³⁺)(Al₂Si₆O₂₂)(OH)₂
Ti	Titanium
Ti	ⓘ Amphibole Supergroup	AB₂C₅((Si,Al,Ti)₈O₂₂)(OH,F,Cl,O)₂
Ti	ⓘ Pyrochlore Supergroup var. Betafite (of Hogarth 1977)	(Ca,Na,U)₂(Ti, Nb,Ta)₂O₆Z(OH)
Ti	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
Ti	ⓘ Ilmenite	Fe²⁺TiO₃
Ti	ⓘ Rutile	TiO₂
Ti	ⓘ Tanteuxenite-(Y)	Y(Ta,Nb,Ti)₂(O,OH)₆
Ti	ⓘ Titanite	CaTi(SiO₄)O
Ti	ⓘ Pyrochlore Group var. Uranpyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977)	(Ca,U,Ce)₂(Nb,Ti,Ta)₂O₆(OH,F)
Ti	ⓘ Magnesiohögbomite-6N6S	[(Mg,Fe²⁺)₃(Al,Ti,Fe³⁺)₈O₁₅(OH)]₆
Cr	Chromium
Cr	ⓘ Chromite	Fe²⁺Cr₂³⁺O₄
Mn	Manganese
Mn	ⓘ Columbite-(Fe)-Columbite-(Mn) Series
Fe	Iron
Fe	ⓘ Aegirine	NaFe³⁺Si₂O₆
Fe	ⓘ Aegirine-augite	(Na_aCa_bFe_c²⁺Mg_d)(Fe_e³⁺Al_fFe_g²⁺Mg_h)Si₂O₆
Fe	ⓘ Arsenopyrite	FeAsS
Fe	ⓘ Augite	(Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆
Fe	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
Fe	ⓘ Bornite	Cu₅FeS₄
Fe	ⓘ Chalcopyrite	CuFeS₂
Fe	ⓘ Chromite	Fe²⁺Cr₂³⁺O₄
Fe	ⓘ Epidote	(CaCa)(AlAlFe³⁺)O[Si₂O₇][SiO₄](OH)
Fe	ⓘ Eudialyte	Na₁₅Ca₆Fe₃Zr₃Si(Si₂₅O₇₃)(O,OH,H₂O)₃(Cl,OH)₂
Fe	ⓘ Goethite	Fe³⁺O(OH)
Fe	ⓘ Gudmundite	FeSbS
Fe	ⓘ Hematite	Fe₂O₃
Fe	ⓘ Ilmenite	Fe²⁺TiO₃
Fe	ⓘ Isoferroplatinum	Pt₃Fe
Fe	ⓘ Maghemite	(Fe³⁺_0.67◻_0.33)Fe₂³⁺O₄
Fe	ⓘ Magnetite	Fe²⁺Fe₂³⁺O₄
Fe	ⓘ Hematite var. Martite	Fe₂O₃
Fe	ⓘ Pentlandite	(Ni_xFe_y)_Σ9S₈
Fe	ⓘ Pigeonite	(Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆
Fe	ⓘ Pyrite	FeS₂
Fe	ⓘ Pyrrhotite	Fe_1-xS
Fe	ⓘ Riebeckite	◻[Na₂][Fe₃²⁺Fe₂³⁺]Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂
Fe	ⓘ Tetraferroplatinum	PtFe
Fe	ⓘ Troilite	FeS
Fe	ⓘ Tulameenite	Pt₂CuFe
Fe	ⓘ Vermiculite	Mg_0.7(Mg,Fe,Al)₆(Si,Al)₈O₂₀(OH)₄ · 8H₂O
Fe	ⓘ Fayalite-Forsterite Series
Fe	ⓘ Columbite-(Fe)-Columbite-(Mn) Series
Fe	ⓘ Magnesiohögbomite-6N6S	[(Mg,Fe²⁺)₃(Al,Ti,Fe³⁺)₈O₁₅(OH)]₆
Fe	ⓘ Potassic-ferro-ferri-taramite	K(CaNa)(Fe₃²⁺Fe₂³⁺)(Al₂Si₆O₂₂)(OH)₂
Ni	Nickel
Ni	ⓘ Gersdorffite	NiAsS
Ni	ⓘ Heazlewoodite	Ni₃S₂
Ni	ⓘ Millerite	NiS
Ni	ⓘ Pentlandite	(Ni_xFe_y)_Σ9S₈
Ni	ⓘ Ullmannite	NiSbS
Ni	ⓘ Menshikovite	Pd₃Ni₂As₃
Cu	Copper
Cu	ⓘ Auricupride	Cu₃Au
Cu	ⓘ Bornite	Cu₅FeS₄
Cu	ⓘ Cabriite	Pd₂CuSn
Cu	ⓘ Chalcopyrite	CuFeS₂
Cu	ⓘ Chalcocite	Cu₂S
Cu	ⓘ Native Copper	Cu
Cu	ⓘ Tetra-auricupride	AuCu
Cu	ⓘ Tulameenite	Pt₂CuFe
Cu	ⓘ Skaergaardite	PdCu
Zn	Zinc
Zn	ⓘ Smithsonite	ZnCO₃
Zn	ⓘ Sphalerite	ZnS
As	Arsenic
As	ⓘ Arsenopyrite	FeAsS
As	ⓘ Gersdorffite	NiAsS
As	ⓘ Irarsite	(Ir,Ru,Rh,Pt)AsS
As	ⓘ Ruarsite	(Ru,Os)AsS
As	ⓘ Sperrylite	PtAs₂
As	ⓘ Menshikovite	Pd₃Ni₂As₃
Se	Selenium
Se	ⓘ Clausthalite	PbSe
Sr	Strontium
Sr	ⓘ Goyazite	SrAl₃(PO₄)(PO₃OH)(OH)₆
Sr	ⓘ Svanbergite	SrAl₃(PO₄)(SO₄)(OH)₆
Y	Yttrium
Y	ⓘ Bastnäsite	(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO₃)F
Y	ⓘ Tanteuxenite-(Y)	Y(Ta,Nb,Ti)₂(O,OH)₆
Y	ⓘ Synchysite	Ca(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO₃)₂F
Zr	Zirconium
Zr	ⓘ Baddeleyite	ZrO₂
Zr	ⓘ Eudialyte	Na₁₅Ca₆Fe₃Zr₃Si(Si₂₅O₇₃)(O,OH,H₂O)₃(Cl,OH)₂
Zr	ⓘ Zircon	Zr(SiO₄)
Nb	Niobium
Nb	ⓘ Pyrochlore Supergroup var. Betafite (of Hogarth 1977)	(Ca,Na,U)₂(Ti, Nb,Ta)₂O₆Z(OH)
Nb	ⓘ Fersmite	CaNb₂O₆
Nb	ⓘ Pyrochlore Group	A₂Nb₂(O,OH)₆Z
Nb	ⓘ Tanteuxenite-(Y)	Y(Ta,Nb,Ti)₂(O,OH)₆
Nb	ⓘ Pyrochlore Group var. Uranpyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977)	(Ca,U,Ce)₂(Nb,Ti,Ta)₂O₆(OH,F)
Nb	ⓘ Columbite-(Fe)-Columbite-(Mn) Series
Nb	ⓘ Pyrochlore Group var. Zero valent dominant member of Pyrochlore Group	A₂Nb₂(O,OH)₆Z
Ru	Ruthenium
Ru	ⓘ Irarsite	(Ir,Ru,Rh,Pt)AsS
Ru	ⓘ Laurite	RuS₂
Ru	ⓘ Native Osmium	(Os,Ir,Ru)
Ru	ⓘ Ruarsite	(Ru,Os)AsS
Rh	Rhodium
Rh	ⓘ Irarsite	(Ir,Ru,Rh,Pt)AsS
Pd	Palladium
Pd	ⓘ Atokite	(Pd,Pt)₃Sn
Pd	ⓘ Cabriite	Pd₂CuSn
Pd	ⓘ Keithconnite	Pd₂₀Te₇
Pd	ⓘ Kotulskite	Pd(Te,Bi)_2-x (x ≈ 0.4)
Pd	ⓘ Michenerite	PdBiTe
Pd	ⓘ Native Palladium	(Pd,Pt)
Pd	ⓘ Plumbopalladinite	Pd₃Pb₂
Pd	ⓘ Rustenburgite	(Pt,Pd)₃Sn
Pd	ⓘ Sobolevskite	PdBi
Pd	ⓘ Sopcheite	Ag₄Pd₃Te₄
Pd	ⓘ Stibiopalladinite	Pd₅Sb₂
Pd	ⓘ Sudburyite	PdSb
Pd	ⓘ Vysotskite	PdS
Pd	ⓘ Menshikovite	Pd₃Ni₂As₃
Pd	ⓘ Skaergaardite	PdCu
Pd	ⓘ Palladosilicide	Pd₂Si
Ag	Silver
Ag	ⓘ Acanthite	Ag₂S
Ag	ⓘ Native Gold var. Electrum	(Au,Ag)
Ag	ⓘ Hessite	Ag₂Te
Ag	ⓘ Native Silver	Ag
Ag	ⓘ Sopcheite	Ag₄Pd₃Te₄
Sn	Tin
Sn	ⓘ Atokite	(Pd,Pt)₃Sn
Sn	ⓘ Cabriite	Pd₂CuSn
Sn	ⓘ Rustenburgite	(Pt,Pd)₃Sn
Sb	Antimony
Sb	ⓘ Aurostibite	AuSb₂
Sb	ⓘ Genkinite	Pt₄Sb₃
Sb	ⓘ Geversite	PtSb₂
Sb	ⓘ Gudmundite	FeSbS
Sb	ⓘ Stibiopalladinite	Pd₅Sb₂
Sb	ⓘ Sudburyite	PdSb
Sb	ⓘ Ullmannite	NiSbS
Te	Tellurium
Te	ⓘ Altaite	PbTe
Te	ⓘ Hessite	Ag₂Te
Te	ⓘ Keithconnite	Pd₂₀Te₇
Te	ⓘ Kotulskite	Pd(Te,Bi)_2-x (x ≈ 0.4)
Te	ⓘ Maslovite	PtBiTe
Te	ⓘ Michenerite	PdBiTe
Te	ⓘ Moncheite	Pt(Te,Bi)₂
Te	ⓘ Sopcheite	Ag₄Pd₃Te₄
Ba	Barium
Ba	ⓘ Baryte	BaSO₄
Ce	Cerium
Ce	ⓘ Bastnäsite	(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO₃)F
Ce	ⓘ Pyrochlore Group var. Uranpyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977)	(Ca,U,Ce)₂(Nb,Ti,Ta)₂O₆(OH,F)
Ce	ⓘ Synchysite	Ca(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO₃)₂F
Nd	Neodymium
Nd	ⓘ Bastnäsite	(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO₃)F
Nd	ⓘ Synchysite	Ca(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO₃)₂F
Ta	Tantalum
Ta	ⓘ Pyrochlore Supergroup var. Betafite (of Hogarth 1977)	(Ca,Na,U)₂(Ti, Nb,Ta)₂O₆Z(OH)
Ta	ⓘ Tanteuxenite-(Y)	Y(Ta,Nb,Ti)₂(O,OH)₆
Ta	ⓘ Pyrochlore Group var. Uranpyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977)	(Ca,U,Ce)₂(Nb,Ti,Ta)₂O₆(OH,F)
Os	Osmium
Os	ⓘ Native Osmium	(Os,Ir,Ru)
Os	ⓘ Ruarsite	(Ru,Os)AsS
Ir	Iridium
Ir	ⓘ Irarsite	(Ir,Ru,Rh,Pt)AsS
Ir	ⓘ Native Osmium	(Os,Ir,Ru)
Pt	Platinum
Pt	ⓘ Atokite	(Pd,Pt)₃Sn
Pt	ⓘ Cooperite	PtS
Pt	ⓘ Genkinite	Pt₄Sb₃
Pt	ⓘ Geversite	PtSb₂
Pt	ⓘ Irarsite	(Ir,Ru,Rh,Pt)AsS
Pt	ⓘ Isoferroplatinum	Pt₃Fe
Pt	ⓘ Maslovite	PtBiTe
Pt	ⓘ Moncheite	Pt(Te,Bi)₂
Pt	ⓘ Native Palladium	(Pd,Pt)
Pt	ⓘ Native Platinum	Pt
Pt	ⓘ Rustenburgite	(Pt,Pd)₃Sn
Pt	ⓘ Sperrylite	PtAs₂
Pt	ⓘ Tetraferroplatinum	PtFe
Pt	ⓘ Tulameenite	Pt₂CuFe
Au	Gold
Au	ⓘ Auricupride	Cu₃Au
Au	ⓘ Aurostibite	AuSb₂
Au	ⓘ Native Gold var. Electrum	(Au,Ag)
Au	ⓘ Native Gold	Au
Au	ⓘ Tetra-auricupride	AuCu
Pb	Lead
Pb	ⓘ Altaite	PbTe
Pb	ⓘ Clausthalite	PbSe
Pb	ⓘ Galena	PbS
Pb	ⓘ Plumbopalladinite	Pd₃Pb₂
Bi	Bismuth
Bi	ⓘ Kotulskite	Pd(Te,Bi)_2-x (x ≈ 0.4)
Bi	ⓘ Maslovite	PtBiTe
Bi	ⓘ Michenerite	PdBiTe
Bi	ⓘ Moncheite	Pt(Te,Bi)₂
Bi	ⓘ Sobolevskite	PdBi
Th	Thorium
Th	ⓘ Thorianite	ThO₂
U	Uranium
U	ⓘ Pyrochlore Supergroup var. Betafite (of Hogarth 1977)	(Ca,Na,U)₂(Ti, Nb,Ta)₂O₆Z(OH)
U	ⓘ Boltwoodite	(K,Na)(UO₂)(SiO₃OH) · 1.5H₂O
U	ⓘ Coffinite	U(SiO₄) · nH₂O
U	ⓘ Meta-autunite	Ca(UO₂)₂(PO₄)₂ · 6H₂O
U	ⓘ Uraninite	UO₂
U	ⓘ Uranophane	Ca(UO₂)₂(SiO₃OH)₂ · 5H₂O
U	ⓘ Pyrochlore Group var. Uranpyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977)	(Ca,U,Ce)₂(Nb,Ti,Ta)₂O₆(OH,F)

Geochronology

Mineralization age: Neoproterozoic to Cambrian : 685 ± 62 Ma to 490 ± 12 Ma

Important note: This table is based only on rock and mineral ages recorded on mindat.org for this locality and is not necessarily a complete representation of the geochronology, but does give an indication of possible mineralization events relevant to this locality. As more age information is added this table may expand in the future. A break in the table simply indicates a lack of data entered here, not necessarily a break in the geologic sequence. Grey background entries are from different, related, localities.

Geologic Time

Rocks, Minerals and Events

ⓘ Biotite (youngest age)

490 ± 12 Ma

Ilomba intrusion, Songwe Complex, Chitipa, Northern Region, Malawi

Miaolingian

ⓘ Biotite (oldest age)

508 ± 12 Ma

Ilomba intrusion, Songwe Complex, Chitipa, Northern Region, Malawi

ⓘ Sodalite-syenite	655 Ma	Ilomba intrusion, Songwe Complex, Chitipa, Northern Region, Malawi
ⓘ Nepheline-syenite	685 ± 62 Ma	Ilomba intrusion, Songwe Complex, Chitipa, Northern Region, Malawi

Fossils

There are 46 fossil localities from the PaleoBioDB database within this region.

These data are provided on an experimental basis and are taken from external databases. Mindat.org has no control currently over the accuracy of these data.

Occurrences

277

Youngest Fossil Listed

0.01 Ma (Pleistocene)

Oldest Fossil Listed

299 Ma (Carboniferous)

Stratigraphic Units

Click here to view 13 stratigraphic units.

Fossils from Region

Click here to show the list.

Accepted Name	Hierarchy	Age
Osteichthyes unranked clade	Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes	125 - 113 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
Temnospondyli unranked clade	Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Temnospondyli	247.2 - 242 Ma Triassic
Crocodylia unranked clade	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Crocodylia	125 - 113 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
Aves class	Animalia : Chordata : Aves	100.5 - 72.1 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Booidea superfamily	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Squamata : Booidea	28.4 - 23.03 Ma Cenozoic
Colubroidea superfamily	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Squamata : Colubroidea	28.4 - 23.03 Ma Cenozoic
Elapidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Squamata : Elapidae	28.4 - 23.03 Ma Cenozoic
Archosauromorpha unranked clade	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Eosuchia : Archosauromorpha	247.2 - 242 Ma Triassic
Stenaulorhynchus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Rhynchosauria : Rhynchosauridae : *Stenaulorhynchus*	247.2 - 242 Ma Triassic
Araripesuchus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Crocodylia : *Araripesuchus*	125 - 113 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
Theropoda unranked clade	Animalia : Chordata : Saurischia : Theropoda	125 - 72.1 Ma Cretaceous
Sauropoda unranked clade	Animalia : Chordata : Saurischia : Sauropoda	125 - 113 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
Titanosauridae family	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Dinosauria : Titanosauridae	125 - 113 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
Therapsida unranked clade	Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Cotylosauria : Therapsida	259.9 - 254.17 Ma Permian
Tapinocephalidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Tapinocephalidae	268.8 - 259.9 Ma Permian
Dicynodontia unranked clade	Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Cotylosauria : Dicynodontia	259.9 - 242 Ma Phanerozoic
Endothiodon genus	Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Cotylosauria : *Endothiodon*	298.9 - 252.17 Ma Paleozoic
Dicynodon genus	Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Cotylosauria : *Dicynodon*	259.9 - 254.17 Ma Permian
Gorgonopsia suborder	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Gorgodontia : Gorgonopsia	259.9 - 254.17 Ma Permian
Gorgonopidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Gorgodontia : Gorgonopidae	259.9 - 254.17 Ma Permian
Aloposaurus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Gorgonopsidae : *Aloposaurus*	259.9 - 254.17 Ma Permian
Sycosaurus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Gorgonopsidae : *Sycosaurus*	259.9 - 254.17 Ma Permian
Theriognathus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Therocephalia : Whaitsiidae : *Theriognathus*	259.9 - 254.17 Ma Permian
Cynodontia family	Animalia : Chordata : Cynodontia	247.2 - 242 Ma Triassic
Procynosuchus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Procynosuchidae : *Procynosuchus*	259.9 - 254.17 Ma Permian
Diademodontidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Cotylosauria : Diademodontidae	247.2 - 242 Ma Triassic
Traversodontidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Cotylosauria : Traversodontidae	247.2 - 242 Ma Triassic
Scalenodon genus	Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Cotylosauria : Traversodontidae : *Scalenodon*	247.2 - 242 Ma Triassic
Anthropoidea unranked clade	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Primates : Anthropoidea	28.4 - 23.03 Ma Cenozoic
Hippopotamidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Hippopotamidae	5.333 - 0 Ma Cenozoic
Giraffidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Giraffidae	5.333 - 0 Ma Cenozoic
Bovidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae	5.333 - 0 Ma Cenozoic
Aepyceros genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : *Aepyceros*	5.333 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Kobus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : *Kobus*	5.333 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Megalotragus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : *Megalotragus*	5.333 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Ugandax genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : *Ugandax*	5.333 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Equus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Equidae : *Equus*	5.333 - 0 Ma Cenozoic
Hipparion genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Equidae : *Hipparion*	5.333 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Elephantidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Proboscidea : Elephantidae	5.333 - 0 Ma Cenozoic
Loxodonta genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Proboscidea : Elephantidae : *Loxodonta*	5.333 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Dinosauria order	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Dinosauria	125 - 113 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
Crocodyliformes suborder	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Eosuchia : Crocodyliformes	100.5 - 72.1 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Plantae kingdom	Plantae	125 - 113 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
Hippotragini tribe	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Hippotragini	5.333 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Taeniopteris genus	Plantae : Tracheophyta : Cycadopsida : Cycadales : Crossozamiaceae : *Taeniopteris*	272.3 - 265.1 Ma Permian
Testudines order	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Testudines	100.5 - 72.1 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Hybodontidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Chondrichthyes : Hybodontiformes : Hybodontidae	247.2 - 242 Ma Triassic
Cotylosauria unranked clade	Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Cotylosauria	259.9 - 254.17 Ma Permian
Pareiasauria unranked clade	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Pareiasauria	259.9 - 254.17 Ma Permian
Anthodon serrarius species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Dinosauria : Stegosauridae : Paranthodon : *Anthodon serrarius*	259.9 - 254.17 Ma Permian
Endothiodon bathystoma species	Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Cotylosauria : Endothiodon : *Endothiodon bathystoma*	259.9 - 254.17 Ma Permian
Cistecephalus microrhinus species	Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Cotylosauria : Cistecephalidae : Cistecephalus : *Cistecephalus microrhinus*	259.9 - 254.17 Ma Permian
Kannemeyeria simocephala species	Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Cotylosauria : Kannemeyeria : *Kannemeyeria simocephala*	247.2 - 242 Ma Triassic
Daptocephalus leoniceps species	Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Cotylosauria : Daptocephalus : *Daptocephalus leoniceps*	259.9 - 254.17 Ma Permian
Cynognathus crateronotus species	Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Cotylosauria : Cynognathus : *Cynognathus crateronotus*	247.2 - 242 Ma Triassic
Archosauriformes unranked clade	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Eosuchia : Archosauriformes	247.2 - 242 Ma Triassic
Malawisaurus dixeyi species	Animalia : Chordata : Saurischia : Malawisaurus : *Malawisaurus dixeyi*	125 - 113 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
Dipnoi subclass	Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Dipnoi	247.2 - 242 Ma Triassic
Ceratodontidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Ceratodontidae	100.5 - 72.1 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Unio genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Unionida : Unionidae : *Unio*	247.2 - 113 Ma Mesozoic
Unionidae family	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Unionida : Unionidae	247.2 - 242 Ma Triassic
Teleostei unranked clade	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Teleostei	125 - 72.1 Ma Cretaceous
Alethinophidia infraorder	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Squamata : Alethinophidia	28.4 - 23.03 Ma Cenozoic
Megaloolithidae unranked clade	Animalia : Chordata : Saurischia : Megaloolithidae	100.5 - 72.1 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Karongasaurus gittelmani species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Dinosauria : Karongasaurus : *Karongasaurus gittelmani*	125 - 113 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
Malawisuchus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Crocodylia : Itasuchidae : *Malawisuchus*	125 - 113 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
Malawisuchus mwakasyungutiensis species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Crocodylia : Itasuchidae : Malawisuchus : *Malawisuchus mwakasyungutiensis*	125 - 113 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
Dicynodon huenei species	Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Cotylosauria : Dicynodon : *Dicynodon huenei*	259.9 - 254.17 Ma Permian
Stenaulorhynchus stockleyi species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Rhynchosauria : Rhynchosauridae : Stenaulorhynchus : *Stenaulorhynchus stockleyi*	247.2 - 242 Ma Triassic
Stenaulorhynchus major species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Rhynchosauria : Rhynchosauridae : Stenaulorhynchus : *Stenaulorhynchus major*	247.2 - 242 Ma Triassic
Lithostrotia unranked clade	Animalia : Chordata : Saurischia : Lithostrotia	100.5 - 72.1 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Parringtonia gracilis species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Erpetosuchidae : Parringtonia : *Parringtonia gracilis*	247.2 - 242 Ma Triassic
Oudenodon bainii species	Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Cotylosauria : Oudenodontidae : Oudenodon : *Oudenodon bainii*	259.9 - 254.17 Ma Permian
Osteoglossomorpha superorder	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Osteoglossomorpha	100.5 - 72.1 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Gekkota infraorder	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Squamata : Gekkota	28.4 - 23.03 Ma Cenozoic
Burnetiidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Cotylosauria : Burnetiidae	259.9 - 254.17 Ma Permian
Anura order	Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Anura	125 - 113 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
Podocnemidera unranked clade	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Testudines : Podocnemidera	125 - 113 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
Palaeoloxodon recki species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Proboscidea : Elephantidae : Elephas : *Palaeoloxodon recki*	5.333 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Metridiochoerus andrewsi species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Suidae : Metridiochoerus : *Metridiochoerus andrewsi*	5.333 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Connochaetes gentryi species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Connochaetes : *Connochaetes gentryi*	5.333 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Rubidgeinae subfamily	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Gorgodontia : Gorgonopidae : Rubidgeinae	259.9 - 254.17 Ma Permian
Tragelaphus angasii species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Tragelaphus : *Tragelaphus angasii*	5.333 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Glossopteris genus	Plantae : Tracheophyta : Rigbyaceae : *Glossopteris*	272.3 - 259.9 Ma Permian
Anancus kenyensis species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Proboscidea : Elephantidae : Anancus : *Anancus kenyensis*	5.333 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Hypselorhachis mirabilis species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Thecodontia : Ctenosauriscidae : Hypselorhachis : *Hypselorhachis mirabilis*	247.2 - 242 Ma Triassic
Silesauridae family	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Thecodontia : Silesauridae	247.2 - 242 Ma Triassic
Asilisaurus kongwe species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Thecodontia : Silesauridae : Asilisaurus : *Asilisaurus kongwe*	247.2 - 242 Ma Triassic
Rukwalorax jinokitana species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Hyracoidea : Rukwalorax : *Rukwalorax jinokitana*	28.4 - 23.03 Ma Cenozoic
Stanocephalosaurus pronus species	Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Temnospondyli : Paracyclotosauridae : Stanocephalosaurus : *Stanocephalosaurus pronus*	247.2 - 242 Ma Triassic
Pakasuchus kapilimai species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Crocodylia : Candidodontidae : Pakasuchus : *Pakasuchus kapilimai*	100.5 - 72.1 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Rechnisaurus cristarhynchus species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Kannemeyeriidae : Rechnisaurus : *Rechnisaurus cristarhynchus*	247.2 - 242 Ma Triassic
Cricodon metabolus species	Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Cotylosauria : Trirachodontidae : Cricodon : *Cricodon metabolus*	247.2 - 242 Ma Triassic
Scalenodon angustifrons species	Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Cotylosauria : Traversodontidae : Scalenodon : *Scalenodon angustifrons*	247.2 - 242 Ma Triassic
Aleodon brachyrhamphus species	Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Cotylosauria : Aleodon : *Aleodon brachyrhamphus*	247.2 - 242 Ma Triassic
Angonisaurus cruickshanki species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Kannemeyeriidae : Angonisaurus : *Angonisaurus cruickshanki*	247.2 - 242 Ma Triassic
Stagonosuchus nyassicus species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Stagonosuchus : *Stagonosuchus nyassicus*	247.2 - 242 Ma Triassic
Metaphiomys beadnelli species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia : Diamantomyidae : Metaphiomys : *Metaphiomys beadnelli*	28.4 - 23.03 Ma Cenozoic
Katumbia parringtoni species	Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Cotylosauria : Katumbia : *Katumbia parringtoni*	259.9 - 254.17 Ma Permian
Geikia locusticeps species	Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Cotylosauria : Geikiidae : Geikia : *Geikia locusticeps*	259.9 - 254.17 Ma Permian
Euptychognathus bathyrhynchus species	Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Cotylosauria : Lystrosauridae : Euptychognathus : *Euptychognathus bathyrhynchus*	259.9 - 254.17 Ma Permian
Dicynodontoides nowacki species	Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Cotylosauria : Kingoriidae : Dicynodontoides : *Dicynodontoides nowacki*	259.9 - 254.17 Ma Permian
Rhachiocephalidae unranked clade	Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Cotylosauria : Rhachiocephalidae	259.9 - 254.17 Ma Permian
Nyasasaurus parringtoni species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Dinosauria : Nyasasaurus : *Nyasasaurus parringtoni*	247.2 - 242 Ma Triassic
Vertebraria genus	Plantae : Peltaspermophyta : Arberiopsida : Arberiales : *Vertebraria*	272.3 - 259.9 Ma Permian
Rhineceps nyasaensis species	Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Temnospondyli : Rhinesuchidae : Rhineceps : *Rhineceps nyasaensis*	259.9 - 254.17 Ma Permian
Cycloderma frenatum species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Testudines : Trionychidae : Cycloderma : *Cycloderma frenatum*	3.6 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Phyllotheca genus	Plantae : Pteridophyta : *Phyllotheca*	265.1 - 259.9 Ma Permian
Asperoris mnyama species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Asperoris : *Asperoris mnyama*	247.2 - 242 Ma Triassic
Schizoneura genus	Plantae : Tracheophyta : Polypodiopsida : Equisetales : *Schizoneura*	272.3 - 265.1 Ma Permian
Rukwasuchus yajabalijekundu species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Crocodylia : Peirosauridae : Rukwasuchus : *Rukwasuchus yajabalijekundu*	100.5 - 72.1 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Syops vanhoepeni species	Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Cotylosauria : Syops : *Syops vanhoepeni*	259.9 - 254.17 Ma Permian
Ruhuhuaria reiszi species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Ruhuhuaria : *Ruhuhuaria reiszi*	247.2 - 242 Ma Triassic
Mandagomphodon hirschsoni species	Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Cotylosauria : Traversodontidae : Mandagomphodon : *Mandagomphodon hirschsoni*	247.2 - 242 Ma Triassic
Scalenodon attridgei species	Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Cotylosauria : Traversodontidae : Scalenodon : *Scalenodon attridgei*	247.2 - 242 Ma Triassic
Scalenodon charigi species	Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Cotylosauria : Traversodontidae : Scalenodon : *Scalenodon charigi*	247.2 - 242 Ma Triassic
Rukwanyoka holmani species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Squamata : Boidae : Rukwanyoka : *Rukwanyoka holmani*	28.4 - 23.03 Ma Cenozoic
Rukwatitan bisepultus species	Animalia : Chordata : Saurischia : Rukwatitan : *Rukwatitan bisepultus*	100.5 - 72.1 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Aenigmastropheus parringtoni species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Protorosauridae : Aenigmastropheus : *Aenigmastropheus parringtoni*	259.9 - 254.17 Ma Permian
Procynosuchus delaharpeae species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Procynosuchidae : Procynosuchus : *Procynosuchus delaharpeae*	259.9 - 254.17 Ma Permian
Rubidgea atrox species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Gorgonopsidae : Rubidgea : *Rubidgea atrox*	259.9 - 254.17 Ma Permian
Ruhuhucerberus haughtoni species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Gorgodontia : Gorgonopidae : Ruhuhucerberus : *Ruhuhucerberus haughtoni*	259.9 - 254.17 Ma Permian
Lycaenops quadrata species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Gorgodontia : Gorgonopidae : Lycaenops : *Lycaenops quadrata*	259.9 - 254.17 Ma Permian
Sauroctonus parringtoni species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Gorgodontia : Gorgonopidae : Sauroctonus : *Sauroctonus parringtoni*	259.9 - 254.17 Ma Permian
Dinogorgon rubidgei species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Gorgonopsidae : Dinogorgon : *Dinogorgon rubidgei*	259.9 - 254.17 Ma Permian
Sycosaurus nowaki species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Gorgodontia : Gorgonopidae : Sycosaurus : *Sycosaurus nowaki*	259.9 - 254.17 Ma Permian
Gorgonops dixeyi species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Gorgodontia : Gorgonopidae : Gorgonops : *Gorgonops dixeyi*	259.9 - 254.17 Ma Permian
Lende chiweta species	Animalia : Chordata : Burnetidae : Lende : *Lende chiweta*	259.9 - 254.17 Ma Permian
Rhachiocephalus magnus species	Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Cotylosauria : Rhachiocephalidae : Rhachiocephalus : *Rhachiocephalus magnus*	259.9 - 254.17 Ma Permian
Tetragonias njalilus species	Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Cotylosauria : Dicynodontidae : Tetragonias : *Tetragonias njalilus*	247.2 - 242 Ma Triassic
Arctognathus nasuta species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Gorgodontia : Gorgonopidae : Arctognathus : *Arctognathus nasuta*	259.9 - 254.17 Ma Permian
Lycaenops tenuirostris species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Gorgodontia : Gorgonopidae : Lycaenops : *Lycaenops tenuirostris*	259.9 - 254.17 Ma Permian
Kahawamys mbeyaensis species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia : Kahawamys : *Kahawamys mbeyaensis*	28.4 - 23.03 Ma Cenozoic
Theriognathus microps species	Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Therocephalia : Whaitsiidae : Theriognathus : *Theriognathus microps*	259.9 - 242 Ma Phanerozoic
Ptychadenidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Anura : Ptychadenidae	28.4 - 23.03 Ma Cenozoic
Rhachiocephalus behemoth species	Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Cotylosauria : Rhachiocephalidae : Rhachiocephalus : *Rhachiocephalus behemoth*	259.9 - 254.17 Ma Permian
Kawingasaurus fossilis species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Cistecephalidae : Kawingasaurus : *Kawingasaurus fossilis*	259.9 - 254.17 Ma Permian
Teleocrater rhadinus species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Teleocrater : *Teleocrater rhadinus*	247.2 - 242 Ma Triassic
Shingopana songwensis species	Animalia : Chordata : Saurischia : Shingopana : *Shingopana songwensis*	100.5 - 72.1 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Pakakali rukwaensis species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Teratodontidae : Pakakali : *Pakakali rukwaensis*	28.4 - 23.03 Ma Cenozoic
Endothiodon tolani species	Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Cotylosauria : Endothiodon : *Endothiodon tolani*	265.1 - 259.9 Ma Permian
Silphoictidoides ruhuhuensis species	Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Therocephalia : Silphoictidoides : *Silphoictidoides ruhuhuensis*	259.9 - 254.17 Ma Permian
Peltobatrachus pustulatus species	Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Temnospondyli : Peltobatrachus : *Peltobatrachus pustulatus*	259.9 - 254.17 Ma Permian
Abajudon genus	Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Cotylosauria : *Abajudon*	298.9 - 252.17 Ma Paleozoic
Mandaphon nadra species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Procolophonidae : Mandaphon : *Mandaphon nadra*	247.2 - 242 Ma Triassic
Mandasuchus tanyauchen species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Crocodylia : Rauisuchidae : Mandasuchus : *Mandasuchus tanyauchen*	247.2 - 242 Ma Triassic
Nundasuchus songeaensis species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Eosuchia : Nundasuchus : *Nundasuchus songeaensis*	247.2 - 242 Ma Triassic
Phenacotragus vanhoepeni species	Phenacotragus : *Phenacotragus vanhoepeni*	5.333 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Nyanzachoerus jaegeri species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Suidae : Nyanzachoerus : *Nyanzachoerus jaegeri*	5.333 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Hylochoerus euilus species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Suidae : Hylochoerus : *Hylochoerus euilus*	5.333 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Notochoerus capensis species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Suidae : Notochoerus : *Notochoerus capensis*	5.333 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Gerontochoerus scotti species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Suidae : Gerontochoerus : *Gerontochoerus scotti*	5.333 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Sangusaurus parringtonii species	Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Cotylosauria : Stahleckeriidae : Sangusaurus : *Sangusaurus parringtonii*	247.2 - 242 Ma Triassic
Stagonosuchus tanganyikaensis species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Eosuchia : Stagonosuchus : *Stagonosuchus tanganyikaensis*	247.2 - 242 Ma Triassic
Galulatherium jenkinsi species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Sudamericidae : Galulatherium : *Galulatherium jenkinsi*	100.5 - 72.1 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Hourcqia genus	Animalia : Arthropoda : Ostracoda : Podocopida : Cyprideidae : *Hourcqia*	125 - 113 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous

Fossil Localities

Click to show 46 fossil localities

Malawi

Northern Region
- Karonga District
  - Cenozoic🐚 UCMP V65152 Mwenrondi 1
  - Early/Lower Cretaceous🐚 CD-1
  - Early/Lower Cretaceous🐚 CD-12
  - Early/Lower Cretaceous🐚 CD-13
- Rumphi
  - Permian🐚 Fossils 'B2'

Tanzania

Mbeya Region
- Late/Upper Cretaceous🐚 Locality RRBP 2007-04
- Phanerozoic🐚 TZ-07
Njombe Region
- Ludewa District
  - Triassic🐚 B17
  - Permian🐚 B21
  - Cenozoic🐚 Karonga - Unit 3A
  - Cenozoic🐚 Mwaganda's Village
Ruvuma Region
- Permian🐚 B1
- Permian🐚 B16
- Permian🐚 B2
- Permian🐚 B4
- Triassic🐚 B5 of Stockley
- Triassic🐚 Ketewaka-Mchuchuma sub-basin
- Triassic🐚 Njalila
- Triassic🐚 NMT Z137
- Triassic🐚 northwestern Slope Lihandje Mountains/Njalila
- Triassic🐚 Parrington
- Triassic🐚 Parrington locality B36
- Triassic🐚 U11/2

Tanzania

Ruvuma Region
- Triassic🐚 U12
- Triassic🐚 U15/1
- Triassic🐚 U17
- Triassic🐚 U9/1
- Triassic🐚 Z183
- Triassic🐚 Z51
- Mbinga District
  - Permian🐚 2.3 km west of Usili Mountain
  - Permian🐚 B18
  - Permian🐚 B19
  - Triassic🐚 B26
  - Triassic🐚 B29
  - Permian🐚 B32
  - Permian🐚 B35 of Stockley
  - Triassic🐚 B9
  - Permian🐚 Kingori locality
  - Triassic🐚 Litumba Ndyosi
  - Permian🐚 Locality L2
  - Permian🐚 Locality L4
  - Paleozoic🐚 Mngaka River 1
  - Permian🐚 Ruhuhu Coalfield
  - Triassic🐚 U2
  - Permian🐚 Usili Basal Conglomerate
  - Triassic🐚 Z91

Localities in this Region

Malawi

Northern Region
- Chitipa
  - Songwe Complex
    - Ilomba intrusion
    - Ulindi intrusion
- Karonga District
  - Karonga
    - Kayelekera mine

Tanzania

Kigoma Region
- Kapalagulu Intrusion
Mbeya Region
- Mbeya
  - Panda Hill
- Mbozi complex
Njombe Region
- Ludewa District
  - Lake Malawi
    - Liganga
- Nkenga complex
Rukwa Region
- Nkasi District
  - Chala village
    - Kisumba Mine
    - Naende Mine

Tanzania

Rukwa Region
- Nkasi District
  - Rweko
- Sumbawanga District
Ruvuma Region
- Mbinga District
  - Amanimakoro
- Nguni
  - Peramiho meteorite
- Songea Urban District
  - Songea

Other Regions, Features and Areas that Intersect

AfricaContinent

East African Rift System (EARS)Zone (Tectonic)
- Albertine RiftZone (Tectonic)

African PlateTectonic Plate

Tanzanian Coastal basinBasin

Somali PlateTectonic Plate

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Ubendian Belt, Congo Craton, African PlateiRegional Level TypesUbendian BeltShield Congo Craton- not defined - African PlateTectonic Plate function showexplain() { $("#locexplain").toggle(); if (typeof movemap === "function") movemap(); }

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Detailed Mineral List:

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List of minerals arranged by Strunz 10th Edition classification

List of minerals for each chemical element

Geochronology

Fossils

Localities in this Region

Other Regions, Features and Areas that Intersect

Ubendian Belt, Congo Craton, African Plate i
Regional Level Types
Ubendian Belt Shield
Congo Craton - not defined -
African Plate Tectonic Plate